Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Chechen-Ingush War? Liquidation of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

The transcript of the Chechen Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was known to everyone who lived in the Soviet Union. This republic had two stages in its history. The first of them began shortly before the Great Patriotic War. At the very end of 1936, a new Stalinist constitution was adopted. It contained provisions according to which the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Region was withdrawn from the North Caucasus Territory. This is how Checheno- Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, then the decoding of the Chechen Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic became known.

Soon after the start of the Great Patriotic War, a small part of this region was occupied by German troops, remained in this position throughout 1942 and 1943.

In 1944, one of the most unpleasant pages in the history of the Chechens and Ingush opened, when the authorities officially accused them of collaboration. They were suspected of deliberate and voluntary collaboration with the enemy to the detriment of their state and in its interests. As a rule, this term is used in a narrower sense, implying cooperation with the occupiers.

As punishment, he was deported en masse to Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan as part of Operation Lentil. And in March of the same year, the Chechen-Ingush Republic was abolished, and the decoding of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic had to be forgotten for a while. As a result, the Grozny District appeared, which became part of the Stavropol Territory. The Nozhai-Yurtovsky, Vedensky, Cheberloevsky, Sayasanovsky, Sharoevsky and Kurchaloevsky districts were included in the Dagestan Republic. By decision of the Presidium of the RSFSR, the district was abolished, and the former territory of the republic became the Grozny region. The abolition of the Chechen Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was officially approved by the decision of the Presidium of the Supreme Council; its mention was excluded from the 1937 constitution.

Second Life

In fact, the republic’s second life began shortly after Stalin’s death, in 1957. It was restored by decrees of the RSFSR. It is noteworthy that this time it was formed within significantly larger boundaries than during its abolition. In particular, it included the Shelkovsky and Naursky districts, which were transferred in 1944 to the Grozny region from the Stavropol Territory. The Russian population lived there predominantly. It is interesting that the Prigorodny district, which was previously part of it, remained within the borders of North Ossetia. After restoration it amounted to 19,300 square kilometers.

The decision of the presidium was approved by the Supreme Council in February 1957, and the corresponding article was returned to the Soviet constitution. It formalized the restoration of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.

Mass riots

It should be noted that the situation in the region remained extremely tense. For example, in the mountains. Grozny Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in August 1958 there were mass riots that lasted about a week. The reason for them was a murder on ethnic grounds. It all started with a fight between representatives of different nationalities.

On August 23, in the suburbs of Grozny, where mostly workers of the local chemical plant lived, a group of Chechens, which included one Russian guy, were drinking alcohol. During the feast, a quarrel occurred between them. Chechen Lulu Maltsagov stabbed Russian Vladimir Korotchev in the stomach. After this, the company went to dance at the House of Culture. Another conflict arose there. This time with plant workers Ryabov and Stepashin. Stepashin was beaten and stabbed five times, from which he died. There were many witnesses around who called the police. The suspects were detained. A seemingly domestic crime became publicized due to interethnic tension. All this led to actions against the Chechen population.

Rumors of the murder of a factory worker spread quickly. The youth reacted unusually violently. They demanded that the murderers be severely punished, but the authorities did not react to this. The situation was aggravated by the general political and economic situation in the country and the defiant behavior of the Chechens towards the Russians.

On August 25, the workers asked to organize an official farewell at the factory club, but the authorities considered this inappropriate, fearing a further escalation of the situation. The farewell was organized in the garden in front of his bride's house. It turned into a mass protest rally, and spontaneous protests began near Stepashin’s coffin. Everyone demanded that measures be taken to stop hooliganism and murders on the part of the Ingush and Chechens.

On August 26, a funeral meeting was prohibited. Then a group of 200 people moved to Grozny with the coffin of the deceased. He was to be buried in the city cemetery, the road to which went through the city center. It was planned to stop near the regional committee building and hold a funeral meeting there. Along the way, many people joined the procession. Gradually the procession turned into an anti-Chechen demonstration. The authorities blocked the passage to the center of the mountains. Grozny, Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. However, the cordon was broken.

In the evening, the aggressive part of the crowd broke into the regional committee building and started a pogrom there. It was possible to suppress the unrest only on the evening of August 27, when troops were brought into the city.

Once again, the situation worsened in 1973, when a rally of Ingush people continued in Grozny for several days, demanding that the issue of territorial rehabilitation be resolved, for example, the return of the Prigorodny district, in which the Ingush predominantly lived, to the republic. The rally was dispersed by troops using water cannons.

Collapse of the Republic

The events that began in 1990 led to another collapse of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, this time final. The Republican Supreme Council adopted a declaration of state sovereignty. In May 1991, amendments were made to the constitution, approving the formation of the Chechen-Ingush Soviet Socialist Republic.

In June, on the initiative of Dzhokhar Dudayev, delegates of the First Chechen National Congress gathered in Grozny and proclaimed the formation of the National Congress of the Chechen People. Almost immediately after this, the Chechen Republic of Nokhchi-cho was proclaimed, and the leaders of the Supreme Council were declared usurpers.

Aggravation of the situation

The August events in Moscow became a catalyst for a socio-political explosion. After the failure of the State Emergency Committee, demands arose for the resignation of the local Supreme Council and the holding of new elections. Dudayev's supporters occupied parliament and the television center.

During the seizure of the Supreme Council, there was a meeting of the parliament, which was assembled in full, including consultations with business leaders and local clergy. Dudayev and his supporters decided to storm the building. It began approximately a quarter of an hour after the capital's emissaries left the Supreme Council.

As a result, about forty deputies were beaten, and the chairman of the Grozny city council, Kutsenko, was thrown out of a window by the separatists. He was then finished off in the hospital.

At the same time, in fact, the structures of legitimate power on the territory of the republic were preserved for several months after the completion of the coup. For example, the regional State Security Committee and the police were abolished only at the very end of 1991. The republic's prosecutor spent about a week in the basement, who was captured by the rebels when he called Dudayev's actions illegal.

After negotiations with the participation of Khasbulatov, who at that moment was the acting chairman of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR, a temporary government body was formed - the Provisional Supreme Council.

Administrative division

After the formation of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, the republic included 24 districts and one city of regional subordination - Grozny. In 1944, Novogroznensky and Goragorsky districts were created, which were then liquidated in 1951.

After the restoration of the region in 1957, it consisted of only 16 districts and two cities of republican subordination. Malgobek came second after Grozny.

In 1990, the republic already included five cities of republican subordination - Grozny, Nazran, Gudermes, Malgobek and Argun. There were also 15 districts of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. These are Achkhoy-Martanovsky, Vvedensky, Grozny, Gudermessky, Itum-Kalinsky, Malgobeksky, Nadterechny, Naursky, Nazranovsky, Nozhai-Yurtovsky, Sunzhensky, Urus-Martanovsky, Shalinsky, Shatoevsky, Shelkovsky.

Population

The number of the ASSR increased throughout the entire 20th century. If in 1939 about 700 thousand people lived on the territory of the republic, then in 1959, shortly after the restoration of the region, the number of local residents remained at approximately the same level.

According to the results of the 1970 census, more than one million people had already settled in the republic; the peak was reached in 1979, when one million 153 thousand inhabitants lived in the republic. According to the 1989 census, there were one million 275 thousand people in Checheno-Ingushetia.

National composition

As of 1959, the majority of local residents were Russian, about 49 percent, versus 34 percent Chechens. The situation changed dramatically in 1970, when about 48% of the population was Chechen, and 34.5% remained Russian.

In 1989, almost 58% of Chechens, 23% of Russians, about 13% of Ingush, and a little more than one percent of Armenians lived on the territory of the republic.

Grozny

Throughout this time, Grozny was the capital of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.

During the Great Patriotic War, the Germans never managed to take it. But they bombed an oil storage facility and oil fields. The resulting fires took several days to be extinguished. Local authorities managed to restore the operation of industrial facilities in the shortest possible time in order to send the necessary petroleum products to the front and rear.

After the deportation, Grozny in the Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic turned into the center of the Grozny Okrug, which was part of the Stavropol Territory. However, a few weeks later the Grozny region was formed. After the rehabilitation of the Ingush and Chechens, the city again turned into the capital of the autonomous republic.

Gudermes

For many years this city was actually the second most important in the republic. However, the settlement acquired city status only in 1941. At that time, more than ten thousand people lived in it.

By the end of the existence of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, almost forty thousand inhabitants already lived in Gudermes. Currently, the population has increased by fifty-three thousand people. The overwhelming majority of local residents are Chechens. There are more than 95 percent of them. About two percent are Russians, almost one percent of the inhabitants are Kumyks.

To the history of the issue

Having lost the first battle to capture the city of Vladikavkaz, based on the ancestral Ingush lands, the Ossetian leaders, supported by I. Stalin, began to prepare for a new stage of the struggle against the Ingush Autonomous Region (IAO) from an unexpected direction: Ossetia conceived and began to implement a plan for the unification of Chechnya and Ingushetia into one autonomy with the capital in Grozny, which greatly facilitated the task of ousting the Ingush from Vladikavkaz (the Ingush did not even imagine that Vladikavkaz would later be followed by the whole of Ingushetia, including the Prigorodny district).

However, this move of the Ossetians was figured out by the secretary of the Ingush Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) Idris Zyazikov and did everything possible to prevent the abolition of the IAO, and achieved a postponement of consideration of the issue of unification of Chechnya and Ingushetia. Even earlier than the well-known resolution of the Bureau of the North Caucasian Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks dated October 13, 1928, Bulatu and Zyazikov issued a report on November 28, 1927. A resolution was adopted: a) to take note of the message from Bulatu and Zyazikov; b) consider the issue of uniting Chechnya and Ingushetia in the near future premature; c) to instruct within a month to examine the work of the National Development Council national culture in general and, in particular, carrying out joint work in the Chechen and Ingush autonomous regions; d) recognize it necessary, upon completion of the study, to convene a meeting of workers from national regions to discuss this issue and consider it in the National Commission.

Both the Ossetians and Stalin’s envoy, the secretary of the North Caucasus Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) Andrei Andreev, perfectly understood the difficulty of resolving the issue of the unification of Chechnya and Ingushetia, which opened the way for the Ossetians to oust the Ingush from Vladikavkaz while Ingushetia was led by I. Zyazikov, an opponent of such a unification. He was not needed, because he interfered with the implementation of insidious plans against the Ingush. And he was removed from the post of secretary of the Ingush Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and sent to courses in Marxism-Leninism under the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, and then arrested and subsequently physically eliminated. The path to the capture of Vladikavkaz was clear, which the Ingush neighbors did not fail to take advantage of. This was facilitated by the new secretary of the Ingush Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, Isidor Chernoglaz.

In September 1931, the city of Vladikavkaz was renamed on the initiative of the Ingush to the city of Ordzhonikidze, and on June 20, 1933, by a resolution of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the USSR, the city of Ordzhonikidze was included in the North Ossetian Autonomous Region, and the first stage of the Ossetian expansion of the Ingush territories was completed.

To begin the second repressive stage, it was necessary to complete the unification of Chechnya and Ingushetia. Having gained a foothold in power, it was not difficult for Stalin to complete this anti-Ingush operation, which resulted in the resolution of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the USSR “On the formation of a united Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Region” with the center in Grozny. This process ended on January 15, 1934. By the way, there was no consent of the peoples of Chechnya and Ingushetia, and, nevertheless, the document on the formation of the united Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Region of an anti-constitutional nature, in violation of Article 13 of the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1925, was adopted signed by the Chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee M. Kalinin and the Secretary of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee A. Kiselev.

In 1934, the period of independent development of the Ingush people in the wake of Russian policy ended. Ingushetia was assigned the role of a raw material appendage in the new public education– Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Region (CHI AO), with the loss of its capital.

After 1934, a new, main stage began in the elimination of the national statehood of the Ingush, who, together with the Chechens, were deported to Kazakhstan and Central Asia February 23, 1944

This is truly a state crime and all the false slander and rumors go back to it in huge quantities, and the consequences of the deportation of these peoples have not yet been eliminated, especially in relation to the Ingush.

Much has been written and spoken about repeatedly about the thirteen-year exile of the Ingush. Less known are the behind-the-scenes anti-Ingush games of the Ossetian leadership. Even less known are the actions of the anti-Ingush forces after the 20th Congress of the CPSU related to the restoration of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, although we find the key to solving the Ingush tragedy precisely in the actions of the anti-Ingush forces. It is extremely important to note the following fact here. The Chairman of the Organizing Committee for the Restoration of the Chi ASSR, and then the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Chi ASSR, Muslim Gairbekov, without any knowledge of the Ingush, conducted behind-the-scenes negotiations with the leadership of North Ossetia on the issue of retaining the Prigorodny and part of the Malgobek districts, although as a Chechen he had no moral right to do so. , especially since the Ingush did not authorize him to do this.

Soon at the VI Plenum of the Chechen-Ingush Regional Committee of the CPSU, held in Grozny on August 12, 1957 with the agenda: “On the progress of implementation of the resolution of the CPSU Central Committee of November 24, 1956 “On the restoration of the national autonomy of the Chechen and Ingush peoples,” with the participation of the Secretary of the Central Committee CPSU Petr Pospelov, the question was raised about the need to return the Prigorodny District to the CHI ASSR.

At this plenum, the chairman of the government of the SO ASSR, B. Zangiev, spoke, stating that the Ossetian population living within the Prigorodny district expressed a desire to move to North Ossetia.

And yet, M. Gairbekov, in agreement with the Ossetian leadership, headed by the first secretary of the North Ossetian regional committee of the CPSU A. Agkatsev, is implementing a plan behind the backs of the Ingush, according to which the Prigorodny and part of the Malgobek districts of the former Chi ASSR remain part of the SO ASSR, and in return, for the resettlement of Chechens in the mountainous regions of the Chi ASSR, as the Ossetian side claims today, it receives the flat Shelkovsky, Naursky and Karagalinsky districts of the Stavropol Territory, along with the Cossack and Nogai population.

Speaking about the unsightly role played by M. Gairbekov in the anti-Ingush political intrigue, at the Second Congress of the Ingush people on September 9, 1989 in Grozny, the delegate of the congress, the Chief State Inspector for the Use and Protection of the Land Fund of the Chi ASSR, Bembulat Bogatyrev, noted: “ In 1957, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR asked to be informed of which regions it would be desirable and necessary to restore the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.” Alexey Slyusarev, who was then replacing M. Gairbekov, gave an answer to this question, and at the same time he placed special emphasis on the need to return the Prigorodny region to the Ingush. He (M. Gairbekov - B.K.) recalled the telegram sent signed by A. Slyusarev, and sent a new one, in which he argued that the Ingush could do without the Prigorodny district. At the same time, an unpleasant conversation took place between M. Gairbekov and A. Slyusarev. A. Slyusarev was categorically against this scam. M. Gairbekov referred to the promise he made to A. Agkatsev.

In 1973, the Minister of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR Shchelokov, who arrived in Grozny after the famous January rally of the Ingush, brought with him and showed this particular telegram from M. Gairbekov as an argument against the demands of the Ingush to return their lands to them.

How and why the Checheno-Ingush Republic collapsed

The beginning of perestroika introduced fundamental changes to the system government structure on the territory of the USSR. The notorious Yeltsin parade of sovereignties became the basis for the collapse of the USSR. In the North Caucasus, these processes were most painful in Dagestan, North Ossetia and especially in Checheno-Ingushetia.

In 1987-1990 In deep secrecy from the Ingush, the informal leaders of Chechnya developed the concept of an independent Chechen state. This concept found its concentrated expression at the first congress of the Chechen people, held in Grozny on November 23-25, 1990.

The Ingush were not allowed to attend the congress thanks to such organizers as L. Umkhaev, Z. Yandarbiev, Yu. Soslanbekov. The Ingush appeal to the Chechen people was not read to the delegates, and representatives of the Ingush Orstkhoi were even taken out of the hall. Without a doubt, this undignified game was played without the knowledge of the Chechen people. At the congress, some Chechen delegates agreed to the point that they declared the entire Ingush people to be one Chechen tukhum, and the delegates assigned the remaining nine teip associations to the Chechens. According to the Chechen scenario, the Ingush had no right to independent existence as a people.

General Dzhokhar Dudayev, who appeared at the congress as a guest, was elected chairman of the executive committee of the congress, which later became known as the National Congress of the Chechen People (NCCHN). The pressure in Checheno-Ingushetia was growing with increasing force. The failure of the State Emergency Committee in Moscow opened the door for the executive committee of the OKCHN, headed by D. Dudayev, to seize power. The national congress of the Chechen people decided to create the independent state of Nokhchicho.

The official government of the Chechen-Ingush Republic (CHIR) acted in the same vein. On November 27, 1990, under the leadership of Doku Zavgaev, a session of the Supreme Council of the Chechen Republic adopted the Declaration of Sovereignty of Checheno-Ingushetia, in which there was not even a mention of the Russian Federation.

On March 11, 1991, the Supreme Council of the ChIR, on the initiative of the same D. Zavgaev, adopted a resolution to refuse to hold a Russian referendum on the territory of the ChIR. The author of these lines personally took part in the work of this session and listened to the speakers of Chechen deputies who spoke about the Russian Federation as a “neighboring state.”

And only six months later, in June 1991, at the next congress of the OKCHN, a political statement was adopted, which stated that Chechen Republic Nokhchicho is not part of either the USSR or the RSFSR.

This idea, as noted above, was enshrined by the Supreme Council of the Chechen Republic even earlier in its Declaration on the State Sovereignty of the Chechen Republic of November 27, 1990, Article 15 of which established “the supremacy of the Constitution and laws of the Chechen Republic throughout the entire territory,” which meant the actual secession from the RSFSR and USSR, although Ingush deputies objected to such a political adventure.

This was a prelude to the brewing national tragedy of the Chechens, Ingush, and the entire multinational people of Checheno-Ingushetia, which freed the hands of hawks both in the North Caucasus and in the Kremlin.

The extraordinary events that followed in August 1991 in Moscow with the establishment of the State Emergency Committee seriously interfered with the implementation of the RSFSR Law “On the Rehabilitation of Repressed Peoples” adopted on April 26, although the legislative framework for this was fully prepared.

The coup d'état carried out in Checheno-Ingushetia under the leadership of General Dudayev also played a negative role here. The Ingush, not wanting to participate in the apparatus games of secession from Russia, held their Third National Congress in Grozny on October 6-7, 1991 and, taking into account the current situation, spoke out for the indivisibility of the Chechen Republic within the Russian Federation. However, the extremist groups in Checheno-Ingushetia, striving for power, did not want to hear anything.

Main article: Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

5th of December 1936 the region was transformed into an Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

Armed anti-Soviet protests continued in Chechnya until 1936, and in the mountainous regions until 1938. In total, from 1920 to 1941, 12 major armed uprisings (with the participation of 500 to 5 thousand militants) and more than 50 less significant ones took place on the territory of Chechnya and Ingushetia. Military units Red Army And internal troops from 1920 to 1939, 3,564 people were killed in battles with the rebels. (unavailable link)

In January 1940, it began in Chechnya new armed anti-Soviet uprising under the direction of Khasan Israilov.

1. The Great Patriotic War

Main article: Chechnya during the Great Patriotic War

1. Chechen Republic

   1. "Chechen Revolution"

In the summer of 1990, a group of prominent representatives of the Chechen intelligentsia took the initiative to hold a Chechen National Congress to discuss the problems of reviving national culture, language, traditions, and historical memory . On November 23-25, the Chechen National Congress was held in Grozny, which elected an Executive Committee headed by Chairman Major General Dzhokhar Dudayev. On November 27, the Supreme Council of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, under pressure from the executive committee of the ChNS and mass actions, adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Chechen-Ingush Republic . On June 8-9, 1991, the 2nd session of the First Chechen National Congress took place, which declared itself National Congress of the Chechen People(OKCHN). The session decided to overthrow the Supreme Council of the Chechen Republic and proclaimed Chechen Republic Nokhchi-cho, and proclaimed the Executive Committee of the OKChN, headed by D. Dudayev, as a temporary body of power .

Events of August 19-21, 1991 became a catalyst for the political situation in the republic. August 19 on the initiative Vainakh Democratic Party A rally in support of the Russian leadership began on the central square of Grozny, but after August 21 it began to take place under the slogans of the resignation of the Supreme Council along with its chairman for "aiding the putschists", as well as parliamentary re-elections . On September 1-2, the 3rd session of the OKCHN declared the Supreme Council of the Chechen-Ingush Republic deposed and transferred all power in the territory of Chechnya to the Executive Committee of the OKCHN . On September 4, the Grozny television center and the Radio House were seized. Chairman of the Grozny Executive Committee Dzhokhar Dudayev read out an appeal in which he named the leadership of the republic "criminals, bribe-takers, embezzlers" and announced that with “On September 5, before democratic elections are held, power in the republic passes into the hands of the executive committee and other general democratic organizations”. In response, the Supreme Council declared a state of emergency in Grozny from 00:00 on September 5 until September 10, but six hours later the Presidium of the Supreme Council canceled the state of emergency . September 6, Chairman of the Supreme Council of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic Doku Zavgaev resigned, and... O. Chairman became the Chairman of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR Ruslan Khasbulatov. A few days later, on September 15, the last session of the Supreme Council of the Chechen-Ingush Republic took place, at which a decision was made to dissolve . As a transitional body, a Provisional Supreme Council (TSC) was formed, consisting of 32 deputies , the chairman of which was the Deputy Chairman of the Executive Committee of the OKChN Khusein Akhmadov . OKCHN created National Guard led by the leader of the Islamic Way party Beslan Kantemirov .

By the beginning of October, a conflict arose between supporters of the OKCHN Executive Committee, led by Akhmadov, and his opponents, led by Yu. Chernov. On October 5, seven of the nine members of the Air Force decided to remove Akhmadov, but on the same day the National Guard seized the building of the House of Trade Unions, where the Air Force met, and the building of the Republican KGB . Then they arrested the prosecutor of the republic, Alexander Pushkin. . The next day, the Executive Committee of the OKCHN "for subversive and provocative activities" announced the dissolution of the Air Force, taking over the functions "revolutionary committee for the transitional period with full power" . The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR demanded that the Dudayevites surrender their weapons by midnight on October 9. However, the OKChN Executive Committee called this requirement “an international provocation aimed at perpetuating colonial rule” and announced gazavat, calling to arms all Chechens from 15 to 55 years old .