What does it mean to determine coordinates? What are latitude and longitude in geography? Video: Geographic coordinates and determining coordinates

Each point on the planet's surface has a specific position, which corresponds to its own latitude and longitude coordinates. It is located at the intersection of the spherical arcs of the meridian, which corresponds to longitude, with the parallel, which corresponds to latitude. It is denoted by a pair of angular quantities expressed in degrees, minutes, seconds, which has the definition of a coordinate system.

Latitude and longitude are the geographic aspect of a plane or sphere translated into topographic images. To more accurately locate a point, its altitude above sea level is also taken into account, which makes it possible to find it in three-dimensional space.

The need to find a point using latitude and longitude coordinates arises due to the duty and occupation of rescuers, geologists, military personnel, sailors, archaeologists, pilots and drivers, but it may also be necessary for tourists, travelers, seekers, and researchers.

What is latitude and how to find it

Latitude is the distance from an object to the equator line. Measured in angular units (such as degrees, degrees, minutes, seconds, etc.). Latitude on a map or globe is indicated by horizontal parallels - lines that describe a circle parallel to the equator and converge in the form of a series of tapering rings towards the poles.

Therefore, they distinguish the northern latitude - this is the entire part earth's surface north of the equator, as well as south - this is the entire part of the planet’s surface south of the equator. The equator is the zero, longest parallel.

• Parallels from the equator line to north pole is considered to be a positive value from 0° to 90°, where 0° is the equator itself, and 90° is the top of the north pole. They are counted as northern latitude (N).
• Parallels extending from the equator to the side south pole, indicated by a negative value from 0° to -90°, where -90° is the location of the south pole. They are counted as southern latitude (S).
• On the globe, parallels are depicted as circles encircling the ball, which become smaller as they approach the poles.
• All points on the same parallel will be designated by the same latitude, but different longitudes.
  On maps, based on their scale, parallels have the form of horizontal, curved stripes - the smaller the scale, the straighter the parallel strip is depicted, and the larger it is, the more curved it is.

Remember! The closer to the equator a given area is located, the smaller its latitude will be.

What is longitude and how to find it

Longitude is the amount by which the position of a given area is removed relative to Greenwich, that is, the prime meridian.

Longitude is similarly characterized by measurement in angular units, only from 0° to 180° and with a prefix - eastern or western.

• The Greenwich Prime Meridian vertically encircles the globe of the Earth, passing through both poles, dividing it into the western and eastern hemispheres.
• Each of the parts located west of Greenwich (in the Western Hemisphere) will be designated west longitude (w.l.).
• Each of the parts distant from Greenwich to the east and located in the eastern hemisphere will bear the designation east longitude (E.L.).
• Finding each point along one meridian has the same longitude, but different latitude.
• Meridians are drawn on maps in the form of vertical stripes curved in the shape of an arc. The smaller the map scale, the straighter the meridian strip will be.

How to find the coordinates of a given point on the map

Often you have to find out the coordinates of a point that is located on the map in a square between the two nearest parallels and meridians. Approximate data can be obtained by eye by sequentially estimating the step in degrees between the mapped lines in the area of ​​interest, and then comparing the distance from them to the desired area. For accurate calculations you will need a pencil with a ruler, or a compass.

• For the initial data we take the designations of the parallels closest to our point with the meridian.
• Next, we look at the step between their stripes in degrees.
• Then we look at the size of their step on the map in cm.
• We measure with a ruler in cm the distance from a given point to the nearest parallel, as well as the distance between this line and the neighboring one, convert it to degrees and take into account the difference - subtracting from the larger one, or adding to the smaller one.
• This gives us the latitude.

Example! The distance between the parallels 40° and 50°, among which our area is located, is 2 cm or 20 mm, and the step between them is 10°. Accordingly, 1° is equal to 2 mm. Our point is 0.5 cm or 5 mm away from the fortieth parallel. We find the degrees to our area 5/2 = 2.5°, which must be added to the value of the nearest parallel: 40° + 2.5° = 42.5° - this is our northern latitude of the given point. In the southern hemisphere, the calculations are similar, but the result has a negative sign.

Similarly, we find longitude - if the nearest meridian is further from Greenwich, and the given point is closer, then we subtract the difference, if the meridian is closer to Greenwich, and the point is further, then we add it.

If you only have a compass at hand, then each of the segments is fixed with its tips, and the spread is transferred to the scale.

In a similar way, calculations of coordinates on the surface of the globe are carried out.

Coordinates are called angular and linear quantities (numbers) that determine the position of a point on any surface or in space.

In topography, coordinate systems are used that make it possible to most simply and unambiguously determine the position of points on the earth’s surface, both according to the results direct measurements on the ground and using maps. Such systems include geographical, flat rectangular, polar and bi polar coordinates.

Geographical coordinates (Fig. 1) – angular values: latitude (j) and longitude (L), which determine the position of an object on the earth’s surface relative to the origin of coordinates – the point of intersection of the prime (Greenwich) meridian with the equator. On a map, the geographic grid is indicated by a scale on all sides of the map frame. The western and eastern sides of the frame are meridians, and the northern and southern sides are parallels. In the corners of the map sheet, the geographical coordinates of the intersection points of the sides of the frame are written.

Rice. 1. System of geographical coordinates on the earth's surface

In the geographic coordinate system, the position of any point on the earth's surface relative to the origin of coordinates is determined in angular measure. In our country and in most other countries, the point of intersection of the prime (Greenwich) meridian with the equator is taken as the beginning. Being thus uniform for our entire planet, the system of geographic coordinates is convenient for solving problems of determining the relative position of objects located at significant distances from each other. Therefore, in military affairs, this system is used mainly for conducting calculations related to the use of long-range combat weapons, for example, ballistic missiles, aviation, etc.

Plane rectangular coordinates(Fig. 2) - linear quantities that determine the position of an object on a plane relative to the accepted origin of coordinates - the intersection of two mutually perpendicular lines (coordinate axes X and Y).

In topography, each 6-degree zone has its own system of rectangular coordinates. The X axis is the axial meridian of the zone, the Y axis is the equator, and the point of intersection of the axial meridian with the equator is the origin of coordinates.

Rice. 2. System of flat rectangular coordinates on maps

The plane rectangular coordinate system is zonal; it is established for each six-degree zone into which the Earth’s surface is divided when depicting it on maps in the Gaussian projection, and is intended to indicate the position of images of points of the earth’s surface on a plane (map) in this projection.

The origin of coordinates in a zone is the point of intersection of the axial meridian with the equator, relative to which the position of all other points in the zone is determined in a linear measure. The origin of the zone and its coordinate axes occupy a strictly defined position on the earth's surface. Therefore, the system of flat rectangular coordinates of each zone is connected both with the coordinate systems of all other zones, and with the system of geographical coordinates.

The use of linear quantities to determine the position of points makes the system of flat rectangular coordinates very convenient for carrying out calculations both when working on the ground and on a map. Therefore, this system is most widely used among the troops. Rectangular coordinates indicate the position of terrain points, their battle formations and targets, and with their help determine the relative position of objects within one coordinate zone or in adjacent areas of two zones.

Polar and bipolar coordinate systems are local systems. In military practice, they are used to determine the position of some points relative to others in relatively small areas of the terrain, for example, when designating targets, marking landmarks and targets, drawing up terrain diagrams, etc. These systems can be associated with systems of rectangular and geographic coordinates.

2. Determining geographic coordinates and plotting objects on a map using known coordinates

The geographic coordinates of a point located on the map are determined from the nearest parallel and meridian, the latitude and longitude of which are known.

The topographic map frame is divided into minutes, which are separated by dots into divisions of 10 seconds each. Latitudes are indicated on the sides of the frame, and longitudes are indicated on the northern and southern sides.

Rice. 3. Determining the geographic coordinates of a point on the map (point A) and plotting the point on the map according to geographic coordinates (point B)

Using the minute frame of the map you can:

1 . Determine the geographic coordinates of any point on the map.

For example, the coordinates of point A (Fig. 3). To do this, you need to use a measuring compass to measure the shortest distance from point A to the southern frame of the map, then attach the meter to the western frame and determine the number of minutes and seconds in the measured segment, add the resulting (measured) value of minutes and seconds (0"27") with the latitude of the southwest corner of the frame - 54°30".

Latitude points on the map will be equal to: 54°30"+0"27" = 54°30"27".

Longitude is defined similarly.

Using a measuring compass, measure the shortest distance from point A to the western frame of the map, apply the measuring compass to the southern frame, determine the number of minutes and seconds in the measured segment (2"35"), add the resulting (measured) value to the longitude of the southwestern corner frames - 45°00".

Longitude points on the map will be equal to: 45°00"+2"35" = 45°02"35"

2. Plot any point on the map according to the given geographic coordinates.

For example, point B latitude: 54°31 "08", longitude 45°01 "41".

To plot a point in longitude on a map, it is necessary to draw the true meridian through this point, for which you connect the same number of minutes along the northern and southern frames; To plot a point in latitude on a map, it is necessary to draw a parallel through this point, for which you connect the same number of minutes along the western and eastern frames. The intersection of two lines will determine the location of point B.

3. Rectangular coordinate grid on topographic maps and its digitization. Additional grid at the junction of coordinate zones

The coordinate grid on a map is a grid of squares formed by lines parallel coordinate axes zones. Grid lines are drawn through an integer number of kilometers. Therefore, the coordinate grid is also called the kilometer grid, and its lines are kilometer.

On a 1:25000 map, the lines forming the coordinate grid are drawn through 4 cm, that is, through 1 km on the ground, and on maps 1:50000-1:200000 through 2 cm (1.2 and 4 km on the ground, respectively). On a 1:500000 map, only the outputs of the coordinate grid lines are plotted on the inner frame of each sheet every 2 cm (10 km on the ground). If necessary, coordinate lines can be drawn on the map along these outputs.

On topographic maps, the values ​​of the abscissa and ordinate of coordinate lines (Fig. 2) are signed at the exits of the lines outside the inner frame of the sheet and in nine places on each sheet of the map. The full values ​​of the abscissa and ordinate in kilometers are written near the coordinate lines closest to the corners of the map frame and near the intersection of the coordinate lines closest to the northwestern corner. The remaining coordinate lines are abbreviated with two numbers (tens and units of kilometers). The labels near the horizontal grid lines correspond to the distances from the ordinate axis in kilometers.

Labels near the vertical lines indicate the zone number (one or two first digits) and the distance in kilometers (always three digits) from the origin, conventionally moved west of the zone’s axial meridian by 500 km. For example, the signature 6740 means: 6 - zone number, 740 - distance from the conventional origin in kilometers.

On the outer frame there are outputs of coordinate lines ( additional mesh) coordinate system of the adjacent zone.

4. Determination of rectangular coordinates of points. Drawing points on a map by their coordinates

Using a coordinate grid using a compass (ruler), you can:

1. Determine the rectangular coordinates of a point on the map.

For example, points B (Fig. 2).

To do this you need:

• write down X - digitization of the bottom kilometer line of the square in which point B is located, i.e. 6657 km;
• measure the perpendicular distance from the bottom kilometer line of the square to point B and, using the linear scale of the map, determine the size of this segment in meters;
• add the measured value of 575 m with the digitization value of the lower kilometer line of the square: X=6657000+575=6657575 m.

The Y ordinate is determined in the same way:

• write down the Y value - digitization of the left vertical line of the square, i.e. 7363;
• measure the perpendicular distance from this line to point B, i.e. 335 m;
• add the measured distance to the Y digitization value of the left vertical line of the square: Y=7363000+335=7363335 m.

2. Place the target on the map at the given coordinates.

For example, point G at coordinates: X=6658725 Y=7362360.

To do this you need:

• find the square in which point G is located according to the value of whole kilometers, i.e. 5862;
• set aside from the lower left corner of the square a segment on the map scale equal to the difference between the abscissa of the target and the bottom side of the square - 725 m;
• From the obtained point, along the perpendicular to the right, plot a segment equal to the difference between the ordinates of the target and the left side of the square, i.e. 360 m.

Rice. 2. Determining the rectangular coordinates of a point on the map (point B) and plotting the point on the map using rectangular coordinates (point D)

5. Accuracy of determining coordinates on maps of various scales

The accuracy of determining geographic coordinates using 1:25000-1:200000 maps is about 2 and 10"" respectively.

The accuracy of determining the rectangular coordinates of points from a map is limited not only by its scale, but also by the magnitude of errors allowed when shooting or drawing up a map and plotting various points and terrain objects on it

Most accurately (with an error not exceeding 0.2 mm) geodetic points and are plotted on the map. objects that stand out most sharply in the area and are visible from a distance, having the significance of landmarks (individual bell towers, factory chimneys, buildings tower type). Therefore, the coordinates of such points can be determined with approximately the same accuracy with which they are plotted on the map, i.e. for a map of scale 1:25000 - with an accuracy of 5-7 m, for a map of scale 1:50000 - with an accuracy of 10- 15 m, for a map of scale 1:100000 - with an accuracy of 20-30 m.

The remaining landmarks and contour points are plotted on the map, and, therefore, determined from it with an error of up to 0.5 mm, and points related to contours that are not clearly defined on the ground (for example, the contour of a swamp), with an error of up to 1 mm.

6. Determining the position of objects (points) in polar and bipolar coordinate systems, plotting objects on a map by direction and distance, by two angles or by two distances

System flat polar coordinates(Fig. 3, a) consists of point O - the origin, or poles, and the initial direction of the OR, called polar axis.

Rice. 3. a – polar coordinates; b – bipolar coordinates

The position of point M on the ground or on the map in this system is determined by two coordinates: the position angle θ, which is measured clockwise from the polar axis to the direction to the determined point M (from 0 to 360°), and the distance OM=D.

Depending on the problem being solved, the pole is taken to be an observation point, firing position, starting point of movement, etc., and the polar axis is the geographic (true) meridian, magnetic meridian (direction of the magnetic compass needle), or the direction to some landmark .

These coordinates can be either two position angles that determine the directions from points A and B to the desired point M, or the distances D1=AM and D2=BM to it. The position angles in this case, as shown in Fig. 1, b, are measured at points A and B or from the direction of the basis (i.e. angle A = BAM and angle B = ABM) or from any other directions passing through points A and B and taken as the initial ones. For example, in the second case, the location of point M is determined by the position angles θ1 and θ2, measured from the direction of the magnetic meridians. System flat bipolar (two-pole) coordinates(Fig. 3, b) consists of two poles A and B and a common axis AB, called the basis or base of the notch. The position of any point M relative to two data on the map (terrain) of points A and B is determined by the coordinates that are measured on the map or on the terrain.

Drawing a detected object on a map

This is one of the most important points in detecting an object. The accuracy of determining its coordinates depends on how accurately the object (target) is plotted on the map.

Having discovered an object (target), you must first accurately determine by various signs what has been detected. Then, without stopping observing the object and without detecting yourself, put the object on the map. There are several ways to plot an object on a map.

Visually: A feature is plotted on the map if it is near a known landmark.

By direction and distance: to do this, you need to orient the map, find the point of your standing on it, indicate on the map the direction to the detected object and draw a line to the object from the point of your standing, then determine the distance to the object by measuring this distance on the map and comparing it with the scale of the map.

Rice. 4. Drawing the target on the map with a straight line from two points.

If it is graphically impossible to solve the problem in this way (the enemy is in the way, poor visibility, etc.), then you need to accurately measure the azimuth to the object, then translate it into a directional angle and draw on the map from the standing point the direction at which to plot the distance to the object.

To obtain a directional angle, you need to add the magnetic declination of a given map to the magnetic azimuth (direction correction).

Straight serif. In this way, an object is placed on a map of 2-3 points from which it can be observed. To do this, from each selected point, the direction to the object is drawn on an oriented map, then the intersection of straight lines determines the location of the object.

7. Methods of target designation on the map: in graphic coordinates, flat rectangular coordinates (full and abbreviated), by kilometer grid squares (up to a whole square, up to 1/4, up to 1/9 square), from a landmark, from a conventional line, in azimuth and target range, in the bipolar coordinate system

The ability to quickly and correctly indicate targets, landmarks and other objects on the ground is important for controlling units and fire in battle or for organizing battle.

Targeting in geographical coordinates used very rarely and only in cases where targets are located at a considerable distance from a given point on the map, expressed in tens or hundreds of kilometers. In this case, geographic coordinates are determined from the map, as described in question No. 2 of this lesson.

The location of the target (object) is indicated by latitude and longitude, for example, height 245.2 (40° 8" 40" N, 65° 31" 00" E). On the eastern (western), northern (southern) sides of the topographic frame, marks of the target position in latitude and longitude are applied with a compass. From these marks, perpendiculars are lowered into the depth of the topographic map sheet until they intersect (commander’s rulers and standard sheets of paper are applied). The point of intersection of the perpendiculars is the position of the target on the map.

For approximate target designation by rectangular coordinates It is enough to indicate on the map the grid square in which the object is located. The square is always indicated by the numbers of the kilometer lines, the intersection of which forms the southwest (lower left) corner. When indicating the square of the map, the following rule is followed: first they call two numbers signed at the horizontal line (on the western side), that is, the “X” coordinate, and then two numbers at the vertical line (the southern side of the sheet), that is, the “Y” coordinate. In this case, “X” and “Y” are not said. For example, enemy tanks were detected. When transmitting a report by radiotelephone, the square number is pronounced: "eighty eight zero two."

If the position of a point (object) needs to be determined more accurately, then full or abbreviated coordinates are used.

Work with full coordinates. For example, you need to determine the coordinates of a road sign in square 8803 on a map at a scale of 1:50000. First, determine the distance from the bottom horizontal side of the square to the road sign (for example, 600 m on the ground). In the same way, measure the distance from the left vertical side of the square (for example, 500 m). Now, by digitizing kilometer lines, we determine the full coordinates of the object. The horizontal line has the signature 5988 (X), adding the distance from this line to the road sign, we get: X = 5988600. We define the vertical line in the same way and get 2403500. The full coordinates of the road sign are as follows: X=5988600 m, Y=2403500 m.

Abbreviated coordinates respectively will be equal: X=88600 m, Y=03500 m.

If it is necessary to clarify the position of a target in a square, then target designation is used in an alphabetic or digital way inside the square of a kilometer grid.

During target designation literal way inside the square of the kilometer grid, the square is conditionally divided into 4 parts, each part is assigned capital letter Russian alphabet.

Second way - digital way target designation inside the square kilometer grid (target designation by snail ). This method got its name from the arrangement of conventional digital squares inside the square of the kilometer grid. They are arranged as if in a spiral, with the square divided into 9 parts.

When designating targets in these cases, they name the square in which the target is located, and add a letter or number that specifies the position of the target inside the square. For example, height 51.8 (5863-A) or high-voltage support (5762-2) (see Fig. 2).

Target designation from a landmark is the simplest and most common method of target designation. With this method of target designation, the landmark closest to the target is first named, then the angle between the direction to the landmark and the direction to the target in protractor divisions (measured with binoculars) and the distance to the target in meters. For example: “Landmark two, forty to the right, further two hundred, near a separate bush there is a machine gun.”

Target designation from the conditional line usually used in motion on combat vehicles. With this method, two points are selected on the map in the direction of action and connected by a straight line, relative to which target designation will be carried out. This line is denoted by letters, divided into centimeter divisions and numbered starting from zero. This construction is done on the maps of both transmitting and receiving target designation.

Target designation from a conventional line is usually used in movement on combat vehicles. With this method, two points are selected on the map in the direction of action and connected by a straight line (Fig. 5), relative to which target designation will be carried out. This line is denoted by letters, divided into centimeter divisions and numbered starting from zero.

Rice. 5. Target designation from the conditional line

This construction is done on the maps of both transmitting and receiving target designation.

The position of the target relative to the conventional line is determined by two coordinates: a segment from starting point to the base of the perpendicular, lowered from the target location point to the conditional line, and a perpendicular segment from the conditional line to the target.

When designating targets, the conventional name of the line is called, then the number of centimeters and millimeters contained in the first segment, and, finally, the direction (left or right) and the length of the second segment. For example: “Straight AC, five, seven; to the right zero, six - NP.”

Target designation from a conventional line can be given by indicating the direction to the target at an angle from the conventional line and the distance to the target, for example: “Straight AC, right 3-40, one thousand two hundred – machine gun.”

Target designation in azimuth and range to the target. The azimuth of the direction to the target is determined using a compass in degrees, and the distance to it is determined using an observation device or by eye in meters. For example: “Azimuth thirty-five, range six hundred—a tank in a trench.” This method is most often used in areas where there are few landmarks.

8. Problem solving

Determining the coordinates of terrain points (objects) and target designation on the map is practiced practically on training maps using previously prepared points (marked objects).

Each student determines geographic and rectangular coordinates (maps objects according to known coordinates).

Methods of target designation on the map are worked out: in flat rectangular coordinates (full and abbreviated), by squares of a kilometer grid (up to a whole square, up to 1/4, up to 1/9 of a square), from a landmark, along the azimuth and range of the target.

Sometimes you may need to accurately calculate the geographic coordinates of your location or some object, but you have nothing with you except a map. It’s not difficult to learn how to determine latitude and longitude on a map; you just need to get a clear understanding of what the coordinate system is and how to work with it.

The coordinate system is a kind of geographic “registration” that any point on the planet has. A grid of meridians and parallels, applied over the canvas of any image of the area, helps determine the latitude and longitude of the desired object from the map. Let's look at how it can be used to search for a geographic location.

What is a coordinate system?

People invented a system that reads the coordinates of any point a long time ago. This system consists of parallels indicating latitude and meridians indicating longitude.

Since it was difficult to determine latitude and longitude by eye, a grid of longitudinal and transverse arcs, indicated by numbers, began to be applied over all types of geographical images.

What does latitude mean?

The number responsible for the latitude of a place on the map indicates its distance relative to the equator - the further the point is from it and the closer to the pole, the more its digital value increases.

• On flat images, as well as globes, latitude is determined by spherical lines drawn horizontally and parallel to the equator - parallels.
• At the equator there is a zero parallel, towards the poles the value in numbers increases.
• Parallel arcs are designated in degrees, minutes, seconds, as angular measurements.
• From the equator towards the north pole, the value will have positive values ​​from 0º to 90º, indicated by the symbols “n. latitude,” that is, “north latitude.”
• And from the equator towards the south - negative, from 0º to -90º, indicated by the symbols “southern latitude”, that is, “southern latitude”.
• The values ​​90º and -90º are at the peak of the poles.
• Latitudes close to the equator are called “low”, and those close to the poles are called “high”.

To determine the location of the required object relative to the equator, you just need to correlate its point with the nearest parallel, and then look at what number is opposite it to the left and right behind the map field.

• If the point is located between the lines, you must first determine the nearest parallel.
• If it is north of the desired point, then the coordinate of the point will be smaller, so from the nearest horizontal arc you need to subtract the difference in degrees to the object.
• If the nearest parallel is below the desired point, then the difference in degrees is added to its value, since the desired point will have a larger value.

Since it is sometimes difficult to determine latitude and longitude on a map at a glance, they use a ruler with a pencil or compass.

Remember! All points on the globe, and accordingly on a map or globe, located along one parallel arc will have the same value in degrees.

What does longitude mean?

Meridians are responsible for longitude - vertical spherical arcs converging at the poles into one point, dividing Earth into 2 hemispheres - western or eastern, which we are used to seeing on the map in the form of two circles.

• Meridians similarly facilitate the task of accurately determining the latitude and longitude of any point on earth, since the place of their intersection with each of the parallels is easily indicated by a digital mark.
• The value of vertical arcs is also measured in angular degrees, minutes, seconds, ranging from 0º to 180º.
• Starting from 1884, it was decided to take the Greenwich meridian as the zero mark.
• All coordinate values ​​in the direction west of Greenwich are designated by the symbol “W,” that is, “western longitude.”
• All values ​​in the direction east of Greenwich are designated by the symbol “E,” that is, “Eastern longitude.”
• All points located along the same meridian arc will have the same designation in degrees.

Remember! To calculate the longitude value, you need to correlate the location of the desired object with the digital designation of the nearest meridian, which is placed outside the image fields above and below.

How to find the coordinates of the desired point

The question often arises of how to determine latitude and longitude from a map if desired point, distant from the coordinate grid, is inside the square.

Calculating coordinates is also difficult when the image of the area is on a huge scale, and you don’t have more detailed information with you.

• Here you cannot do without special calculations - you will need a ruler with a pencil or a compass.
• First, the nearest parallel and meridian are determined.
• Their digital designation is recorded, then the step.
• Next, the distance from each of the arcs is measured in millimeters, then converted to kilometers using a scale.
• All this correlates with the pitch of parallels, as well as the pitch of meridians drawn on a certain scale.
• There are images with different pitches - 15º, 10º, and there are less than 4º, this directly depends on the scale.
• Having found out the distance between the nearest arcs, also the value in degrees, you need to calculate the difference, by how many degrees a given point is deviated from the coordinate grid.
• Parallel - if the object is in the northern hemisphere, then we add the resulting difference to the smaller number, and subtract it from the larger one; for the southern hemisphere, this rule works similarly, only we carry out the calculations as with positive numbers, but the final number will be negative.
• Meridian - the position of a given point in the eastern or western hemisphere does not affect the calculations; we add our calculations to the smaller value of the parallel, and subtract from the larger value.

Using a compass is also easy to calculate the geographic location - to get the value of the parallel, its ends need to be placed on the point of the desired object and the nearest horizontal arc, and then the thrust of the compass must be transferred to the scale of the existing map. And to find out the size of the meridian, repeat all this with the nearest vertical arc.

We suggest using a similar

Determining geographic coordinates - latitude and longitude on a Google Maps map (Google Maps)

Hello, dear friends of the portal site!

Tool - determination of geographical coordinates on a Google Maps map of a city, street, house, in real time. How to determine coordinates by address - latitude and longitude on the map, convenient search by coordinates in Google (Google Maps). A world map with coordinates (longitude and latitude) will allow you to find any address using already known parameters, calculate the distance between two cities/points online

Fill out the Google Maps search form - enter the city, street, house number. Enter the name of any geographical feature separated by a space. Or move the marker to the desired location yourself and search (click “Find”) using the coordinates of the object on the Google map. A similar search has already been used when searching in . Use the change in the scale of the diagram (the desired scale will appear in the third field from the top) to take a closer look at the location of the house on the street.

As you may have noticed, when you move a label on the diagram, the geographical parameters change. We get a kind of map with latitudes and longitudes. Previously, we have already worked on determining coordinates on the Yandex map

Using the reverse method, everyone will be able to search by coordinates in Google using known parameters. Instead of the geographical name of the object, we fill out the search form with known coordinates. The service will determine and show on the map the exact geographical location of the street or area.

Interesting places in Google Maps - online secrets from satellite

Knowing the address of any city in the world, the latitude and longitude of Washington and Santiago, Beijing and Moscow can be easily determined. accessible to both city guests and local residents. We are sure you have already mastered this tool on the page, by default the map shows the center of the capital of Russia - the city of Moscow. Find your latitude and longitude on the map at the address.

We propose to find out the secrets of the Maps service Google online. The satellite will not fly past interesting historical places, each of which is popular in a certain part of the globe.

Below you can see for yourself that the data interesting places lands deserve special attention. AND Google service Maps Sputnik is pleased to offer you to find and see the most famous geographical secrets of the world. We believe that residents of the Samara region will also be interested. They already know what it looks like.

You do not need to determine their geographic coordinates and search for the necessary Google maps service. Just copy any parameters from the list below - latitude and longitude (CTRL+C).

For example, we will watch from a satellite (switch to the “Satellite” scheme type) the largest stadium in the world and Brazil - Maracana (Rio de Janeiro, Maracana). Copy the latitude and longitude from the list below:

22.91219,-43.23021

Paste it into the search form of the Google Maps service (CTRL+V). All that remains is to start the search for the object itself. A mark with the exact location of the coordinates will appear on the diagram. We remind you that you must activate the “Satellite” scheme type. Everyone will choose a scale +/- that is convenient for themselves in order to better see the stadium in Brazil

Thank you to Google Maps for the data you provided.

Cartographic data of cities in Russia, Ukraine and the world

The ability to determine where latitude or longitude is on a map is important for a person. Especially when an accident occurs and you need to quickly make a decision and transfer coordinates to the police. She is recognized in different ways. They mean the angle that is the plumb line and the 0 parallel at a predetermined point. The value is only up to 90 degrees.

Don't forget that the equator divides the earth into the northern and southern hemispheres. Therefore, the latitude of points on earth that are higher than the longest parallel is northern, and if they are located lower, then southern.

How to find out the latitude of any object?

You can determine latitude and longitude on a map. Look at which parallel the object is indicated. If it is not indicated, then independently calculate the distance between neighboring lines. Then find the degree of parallel you are looking for.

At the equator, geographic latitude is 0°. Points that on the same parallel will have the same latitude. If you take a map, you will see it on the frames; if it is a globe, then where the parallels with the 0° and 180° meridians intersect. Geographic latitudes range from 0° and only up to 90° (at the poles).

5 main latitudes

Take a map, you will see the main parallels there. Thanks to them, coordinates are easier to recognize. From the latitudinal line to the line, the territories are located. They belong to one of the regions: temperate or equatorial, polar or tropical.

The equator is the longest parallel. Lines that are lower or higher decrease towards the poles. The latitude of the equator is 0°. This is the point from which parallels are calculated towards the south or north. The area that starts from the equator and extends to the tropics is the equatorial region. The northern tropic is the main parallel. It is always marked on world maps.

The exact coordinates of 23° 26 min can be detected. and 16 sec. north of the equator. This parallel is also called the Tropic of Cancer. The Tropic of the South is a parallel located at 23° 26 min. and 16 sec. south of the equator. It is called the Tropic of Capricorn. The area that is located in the middle of the line and towards the equator is tropical regions.

At 66° 33 min. and 44 sec. The Arctic Circle is located just above the equator. This is the border, beyond which the length of the night increases. Near the pole it is 40 calendar days.

Latitude of the southern polar circle -66° 33 min. and 44 sec. And this is the border, and beyond it there are polar days and nights. The regions between the tropics and the described lines are temperate, and those beyond them are called polar.

Instructions

Step #1

Everyone knows that the equator divides the earth into the southern and northern hemispheres. There are parallels beyond the equator. These are circles that are parallel to the equator itself. Meridians are conventional lines that are perpendicular to the equator.

The Prime Meridian passes through the observatory, it is called Greenwich and is located in London. That’s why they say: “Greenwich Meridian”. The system, which includes parallels with meridians, creates a coordinate grid. It is used when they want to determine where an object is located.

Step #2

Geographic latitude shows given point south or north of the equator? It defines an angle of 0° and 90°. The angle begins to be calculated from the equator and towards the south or north pole. This way you can determine the coordinates; they say that the latitude is southern or northern.

Step #3

Geographic coordinates are measured in minutes and seconds, and most importantly - in degrees. A degree of a certain latitude is 1/180 from any of the meridians. The average length of 1 degree is 111.12 km. A minute in length is 1852 m. The diameter of Mother Earth is 12713 km. This is the distance from pole to pole.

Step #4

To find out latitude using the described method, you need a plumb line with a protractor. You can make a protractor yourself. Take several rectangular planks. Clamp them together like a compass so that they change the angle between them.

Step #5

Take the thread. Hang a weight (plumb) on it. Secure the string to the center of your protractor. Point the base of the protractor at the Polaris star. Do some geometric calculations. Specifically, from the angle between the plumb line and the base of your protractor, immediately subtract 90°. This result is the angle that passes between the polar star and the horizon. This angle is the geographic latitude where you are.

Another way

There is another option for finding the coordinates. It's not like the first one. Wake up before sunrise and time its beginning, and then sunset. Take a monogram in your hands to find latitude. On the left side of the monogram, write down how long the daylight hours lasted, and on the right side, write the date.

Back in the middle of the 18th century. similar coordinates could be determined on the basis of astronomical observations. In the 20s In the 20th century, it was already possible to communicate by radio and determine coordinates with special instruments.