Stages of the Cold War. Causes, stages and consequences of the Cold War Second stage 1953 1969 Cold War

After graduation Second World War, which became the largest and most brutal conflict ever history of mankind, a confrontation arose between the countries of the communist camp on the one hand and Western capitalist countries on the other, between the two superpowers of that time, the USSR and the USA. The Cold War can be briefly described as a competition for dominance in the new post-war world.

The main reason for the Cold War was the insoluble ideological contradictions between the two models of society, socialist and capitalist. The West feared the strengthening of the USSR. The lack of a common enemy among the winning countries, as well as the ambitions of political leaders, also played a role.

Historians identify the following stages of the Cold War:

March 5, 1946 – 1953 The Cold War began with Churchill's speech in Fulton in the spring of 1946, which proposed the idea of ​​creating an alliance of Anglo-Saxon countries to fight communism. The goal of the United States was an economic victory over the USSR, as well as achieving military superiority. In fact, the Cold War began earlier, but it was by the spring of 1946, due to the USSR’s refusal to withdraw troops from Iran, that the situation seriously worsened.

1953 – 1962 During this period of the Cold War, the world was on the brink of nuclear conflict. Despite some improvement in relations between the Soviet Union and the United States during the Thaw Khrushchev, it was at this stage that the anti-communist uprising in Hungary, events in the GDR and, earlier, in Poland, as well as the Suez crisis took place. International tensions increased following the Soviet development and successful testing of an intercontinental ballistic missile in 1957. But the threat nuclear war retreated because the Soviet Union now had the opportunity to retaliate against US cities. This period of relations between the superpowers ended with the Berlin and Caribbean crises of 1961 and 1962, respectively. The Cuban missile crisis was resolved only through personal negotiations between the heads of state Khrushchev and Kennedy. Also, as a result of the negotiations, a number of agreements on the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons were signed.

1962 – 1979 The period was marked by an arms race that undermined the economies of rival countries. The development and production of new types of weapons required incredible resources. Despite the presence of tension in relations between the USSR and the USA, agreements on the limitation of strategic arms are signed. The joint Soyuz-Apollo space program is being developed. However, by the beginning of the 80s, the USSR began to lose in the arms race.

1979 – 1987 Relations between the USSR and the USA are deteriorating again after the introduction of Soviet troops to Afghanistan. In 1983, the United States deployed ballistic missiles at bases in Italy, Denmark, England, Germany, and Belgium. An anti-space defense system is being developed. The USSR reacts to the actions of the West by withdrawing from the Geneva negotiations. During this period, the missile attack warning system is in constant combat readiness.

1987 – 1991 M. Gorbachev’s coming to power in the USSR in 1985 entailed not only global changes within the country, but also radical changes in foreign policy, called “new political thinking”. Ill-conceived reforms completely undermined the economy of the Soviet Union, which led to the country's virtual defeat in the Cold War.

The end of the Cold War was caused by the weakness of the Soviet economy, its inability to no longer support the arms race, as well as pro-Soviet communist regimes. Anti-war protests in various parts of the world also played a certain role. The results of the Cold War were dismal for the USSR. The symbol of the victory of the West was the reunification of Germany in 1990.

As a result, after the USSR was defeated in the Cold War, a unipolar world model emerged with the dominant superpower of the United States. However, there are other consequences of the Cold War. This is the rapid development of science and technology, primarily military. Thus, the Internet was originally created as a communication system for the American army.

We don’t want a single inch of someone else’s land. But we will not give up our land, not a single inch of our land, to anyone.

Joseph Stalin

Cold War– a state of contradiction between the two dominant world systems: capitalism and socialism. Socialism was represented by the USSR, and capitalism, in this way, by the USA and Great Britain. Today it is popular to say that the Cold War is a confrontation at the USSR-USA level, but they forget to say that the speech of British Prime Minister Churchill led to the formal declaration of war.

Causes of the war

In 1945, contradictions began to appear between the USSR and other participants in the anti-Hitler coalition. It was clear that Germany had lost the war, and now the main question was the post-war structure of the world. Here everyone tried to pull the blanket in their direction to take a leading position relative to other countries. The main contradictions were European countries: Stalin wanted to subordinate them to the Soviet system, and the capitalists sought to prevent the Soviet state from entering Europe.

The causes of the Cold War are as follows:

• Social. Uniting the country in the face of a new enemy.
• Economic. The struggle for markets and resources. The desire to weaken the economic power of the enemy.
• Military. An arms race in case of a new open war.
• Ideological. The enemy society is presented exclusively in negative connotations. The struggle of two ideologies.

The active stage of the confrontation between the two systems begins with the US atomic bombing of the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. If we consider this bombing in isolation, it is illogical - the war has been won, Japan is not a competitor. Why bomb cities, and even with such weapons? But if we consider the end of the Second World War and the beginning of the Cold War, then the goal of bombing is to show a potential enemy one’s strength, and to show who should be in charge in the world. And the factor of nuclear weapons was very important in the future. After all, the USSR only had an atomic bomb in 1949...

Beginning of the war

If we briefly consider the Cold War, its beginning today is associated exclusively with Churchill’s speech. That is why they say that the beginning of the Cold War is March 5, 1946.

Churchill's speech March 5, 1946

In fact, Truman (US President) gave a more specific speech, from which it became clear to everyone that the Cold War had begun. And Churchill’s speech (it’s not difficult to find and read on the Internet today) was superficial. It talked a lot about the Iron Curtain, but not a word about the Cold War.

Interview with Stalin from February 10, 1946

On February 10, 1946, the Pravda newspaper published an interview with Stalin. Today this newspaper is very difficult to find, but this interview was very interesting. In it, Stalin said the following: “Capitalism always gives rise to crises and conflicts. This always creates a threat of war, which is a threat to the USSR. Therefore, we must restore the Soviet economy at an accelerated pace. We must give priority to heavy industry over consumer goods."

This speech of Stalin turned around and it was on it that all Western leaders relied on the desire of the USSR to start a war. But, as you can see, in this speech by Stalin there was not even a hint of the militaristic expansion of the Soviet state.

The real start of the war

To say that the beginning of the Cold War is connected with Churchill's speech is a little illogical. The fact is that at the time of 1946 it was simply the former Prime Minister of Great Britain. It turns out to be a kind of theater of the absurd - the war between the USSR and the USA is officially started by the former Prime Minister of England. In reality, everything was different, and Churchill’s speech was just a convenient excuse, which was later advantageous to write off everything on.

The real beginning of the Cold War should be dated back to at least 1944, when it was already clear that Germany was doomed to defeat, and all the allies pulled the blanket over themselves, realizing that it was very important to gain dominance over the post-war world. If we try to draw a more precise line for the beginning of the war, then the first serious disagreements on the topic of “how to live further” between the allies occurred at the Tehran Conference.

Specifics of war

To properly understand the processes that took place during the Cold War, you need to understand what this war was like in history. Today they are increasingly saying that it was actually the Third World War. And this is a huge mistake. The fact is that all the wars of mankind that happened before, including Napoleonic wars and 2 world wars, these were warriors of the capitalist world for the rights to dominate a certain region. The Cold War was the first global war, where there was a confrontation between two systems: capitalist and socialist. Here it may be objected to me that in the history of mankind there have been wars where the cornerstone was not capital, but religion: Christianity against Islam and Islam against Christianity. This objection is partly true, but only out of happiness. The fact is that any religious conflicts cover only part of the population and part of the world, while the global cold war has covered the whole world. All countries of the world could be clearly divided into 2 main groups:

1. Socialist. They recognized the dominance of the USSR and received funding from Moscow.
2. Capitalist. They recognized US dominance and received funding from Washington.

There were also “uncertain” ones. There were few such countries, but they existed. Their main specificity was that outwardly they could not decide which camp to join, so they received funding from two sources: from Moscow and Washington.

Who started the war

One of the problems of the Cold War is the question of who started it. Indeed, there is no army here that crosses the border of another state and thereby declares war. Today you can blame everything on the USSR and say that it was Stalin who started the war. But there is a problem with the evidence base for this hypothesis. I will not help our “partners” and look for what motives the USSR might have had for the war, but I will give facts why Stalin did not need the aggravation of relations (at least not directly in 1946):

• Nuclear weapon. The USA introduced it in 1945, and the USSR in 1949. You can imagine that the ultra-calculating Stalin wanted to worsen relations with the United States when the enemy had a trump card up his sleeve - nuclear weapons. At the same time, let me remind you, there was also a plan for the atomic bombing of the largest cities of the USSR.
• Economy. The USA and Great Britain, by and large, made money from the Second World War, so they did not have economic problems. The USSR is a different matter. The country needed to restore the economy. By the way, the USA had 50% of the world GNP in 1945.

The facts show that in 1944-1946 the USSR was not ready to start a war. And Churchill’s speech, which formally began the Cold War, was not delivered in Moscow, and not at its suggestion. But on the other hand, both opposing camps were extremely interested in such a war.

Back on September 4, 1945, the United States adopted “Memorandum 329,” which developed a plan for the atomic bombing of Moscow and Leningrad. In my opinion, this is the best proof of who wanted war and aggravation of relations.

Goals

Any war has goals, and it is surprising that most of our historians do not even try to determine the goals of the Cold War. On the one hand, this is justified by the fact that the USSR had only one goal - the expansion and strengthening of socialism by any means. But Western countries were more inventive. They sought not only to spread their global influence, but also to deal spiritual blows to the USSR. And this continues to this day. The following US goals in the war can be identified in terms of historical and psychological impact:

1. Substitute concepts at the historical level. Note that under the influence of these ideas today all the historical figures of Russia who bowed to Western countries, are presented as ideal rulers. At the same time, everyone who advocated the rise of Russia is presented as tyrants, despots and fanatics.
2. Output from Soviet people inferiority complex. They were always trying to prove to us that we were somehow different, that we were to blame for all the problems of humanity, and so on. Largely because of this, people so easily accepted the collapse of the USSR and the problems of the 90s - it was “payback” for our inferiority, but in fact, the enemy simply achieved the goal in the war.
3. Denigration of history. This stage continues to this day. If you study Western materials, then our entire history (literally all of it) is presented as one continuous violence.

There are, of course, pages of history with which our country can be reproached, but most of the stories are just made up. Moreover, liberals and Western historians for some reason forget that it was not Russia that colonized the whole world, it was not Russia that destroyed the indigenous population of America, it was not Russia that shot Indians from cannons, tying 20 people in a row to save cannonballs, it was not Russia that exploited Africa. There are thousands of such examples, because every country in history has unpleasant stories. Therefore, if you really want to delve into the bad events of our history, please do not forget that Western countries have no less such stories.

Stages of the war

The stages of the Cold War are one of the most controversial issues, since it is very difficult to grade them. However, I can suggest dividing this war into 8 key stages:

• Preparatory (193-1945). Still walking World War and formally the “allies” acted as a united front, but there were already differences and everyone began to fight for post-war world domination.
• Beginning (1945-1949). The time of complete US hegemony, when the Americans managed to make the dollar the single world currency and the country’s position was strengthened in almost all regions except those in which the USSR army was located.
• Rise (1949-1953). Key factors of 1949 that make it possible to single out this year as a key one: 1 - the creation of atomic weapons in the USSR, 2 - the economy of the USSR is reaching the levels of 1940. After this, active confrontation began, when the United States could no longer talk to the USSR from a position of strength.
• First discharge (1953-1956). The key event was the death of Stalin, after which the beginning of a new course was announced - a policy of peaceful coexistence.
• A new round of crisis (1956-1970). Events in Hungary led to a new round of tension that lasted almost 15 years, which included the Cuban missile crisis.
• Second discharge (1971-1976). This stage of the Cold War, in short, is associated with the beginning of the work of the commission to relieve tension in Europe, and with the signing of the Final Act in Helsinki.
• Third crisis (1977-1985). A new round when the Cold War between the USSR and the USA reached its climax. The main point of confrontation is Afghanistan. In terms of military development, the country staged a “wild” arms race.
• End of the war (1985-1988). The end of the Cold War occurred in 1988, when it became clear that the “new political thinking” in the USSR was ending the war and so far only de facto recognized the American victory.

These are the main stages of the Cold War. As a result, socialism and communism lost to capitalism, since the moral and psychological influence of the United States, which was openly directed at the leadership of the CPSU, achieved its goal: the party leadership began to put its personal interests and benefits above socialist foundations.

Forms

The confrontation between the two ideologies began back in 1945. Gradually, this confrontation spread to all spheres of public life.

Military confrontation

The main military confrontation of the Cold War era is the struggle of two blocs. On April 4, 1949, NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) was created. NATO includes the USA, Canada, England, France, Italy and a number of small countries. In response, on May 14, 1955, the Warsaw Pact Organization was created. Thus, a clear confrontation between the two systems emerged. But again it should be noted that the first step was taken by Western countries, which organized NATO 6 years earlier than the Warsaw Pact.

The main confrontation, which we have already partially discussed, is atomic weapons. In 1945, these weapons appeared in the United States. Moreover, America has developed a plan to launch nuclear strikes on 20 largest cities USSR, using 192 bombs. This forced the USSR to do even the impossible to create its own atomic bomb, the first successful tests of which took place in August 1949. Subsequently, all this resulted in an arms race on a huge scale.

Economic confrontation

In 1947, the United States developed the Marshall Plan. According to this plan, the United States provided financial assistance to all countries that suffered during the war. But in this regard there was one limitation - only those countries that shared the political interests and goals of the United States received assistance. In response to this, the USSR begins to provide assistance in reconstruction after the war to countries that have chosen the path of socialism. Based on these approaches, 2 economic blocks were created:

• Western European Union (WEU) in 1948.
• Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) in January 1949. In addition to the USSR, the organization included: Czechoslovakia, Romania, Poland, Hungary and Bulgaria.

Despite the formation of alliances, the essence did not change: ZEV helped with US money, and CMEA helped with USSR money. The rest of the countries only consumed.

In the economic confrontation with the United States, Stalin took two steps that had an extremely negative impact on American economy: On March 1, 1950, the USSR moved away from calculating the ruble in dollars (as was the case throughout the world) to gold backing, and in April 1952, the USSR, China and countries of Eastern Europe create a trading zone alternative to the dollar. This trade zone did not use the dollar at all, which means the capitalist world, which previously owned 100% of the world market, lost at least 1/3 of this market. All this happened against the backdrop of the “economic miracle of the USSR.” Western experts said that the USSR would be able to reach the 1940 level after the war only by 1971, but in reality this happened already in 1949.

Crises

Cold War crises

Event	date
	1948
Vietnam War	1946-1954
	1950-1953
	1946-1949
	1948-1949
	1956
	Mid 50's - mid 60's
	Mid 60's
War in Afghanistan

These are the main crises of the Cold War, but there were others, less significant. Next, we will briefly consider what the essence of these crises was and what consequences they led to the world.

Military conflicts

In our country, many people do not take the Cold War seriously. We have in our minds the understanding that war is “checkers drawn,” weapons in hand and in the trenches. But the Cold War was different, although even it was not without regional conflicts, some of which were extremely difficult. The main conflicts of those times:

• The split of Germany. Education of the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic.
• Vietnam War (1946-1954). Led to the division of the country.
• Korean War (1950-1953). Led to the division of the country.

Berlin crisis of 1948

To properly understand the essence of the Berlin crisis of 1948, you should study the map.

Germany was divided into 2 parts: western and eastern. Berlin was also in the zone of influence, but the city itself was located deep in the eastern lands, that is, in the territory controlled by the USSR. In an effort to put pressure on West Berlin, the Soviet leadership organized its blockade. This was a response to the recognition of Taiwan and its acceptance into the UN.

England and France organized an air corridor, supplying the residents of West Berlin with everything they needed. Therefore, the blockade failed and the crisis itself began to slow down. Realizing that the blockade was leading nowhere, the Soviet leadership lifted it, normalizing life in Berlin.

The continuation of the crisis was the creation of two states in Germany. In 1949, the western states were transformed into the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG). In response, the German Democratic Republic (GDR) was created in the eastern states. It is these events that should be considered the final split of Europe into 2 opposing camps - West and East.

Revolution in China

In 1946, civil war began in China. The communist bloc staged an armed coup in an effort to overthrow the government of Chiang Kai-shek of the Kuomintang party. Civil War and the revolution became possible thanks to the events of 1945. After the victory over Japan, a base was created here for the rise of communism. Starting in 1946, the USSR began supplying weapons, food and everything necessary to support the Chinese communists who were fighting for the country.

The revolution ended in 1949 with the formation of the People's Republic of China (PRC), where all power was in the hands of the Communist Party. As for the Chiang Kai-shekites, they fled to Taiwan and formed their own state, which was very quickly recognized in the West, and even accepted it into the UN. In response to this, the USSR leaves the UN. This is an important point because it had a major impact on another Asian conflict, the Korean War.

Formation of the State of Israel

From the first meetings of the UN, one of the main issues was the fate of the state of Palestine. At that time, Palestine was actually a colony of Great Britain. The division of Palestine into a Jewish and Arab state was an attempt by the USA and the USSR to strike at Great Britain and its positions in Asia. Stalin approved the idea of ​​​​creating the state of Israel, because he believed in the strength of the “left” Jews, and hoped to gain control over this country, strengthening his position in the Middle East.

The Palestinian problem was resolved in November 1947 at the UN Assembly, where the position of the USSR played a key role. Therefore, we can say that Stalin played a key role in the creation of the state of Israel.

The UN Assembly decided to create 2 states: Jewish (Israel" and Arab (Palestine). In May 1948, the independence of Israel was declared and the Arab countries immediately declared war on this state. The Middle East crisis began. Great Britain supported Palestine, the USSR and the USA - Israel. In In 1949, Israel won the war and immediately a conflict arose between the Jewish state and the USSR, as a result of which Stalin broke off diplomatic relations with Israel.The battle in the Middle East was won by the United States.

Korean War

The Korean War is undeserved forgotten event, which is little studied today, which is a mistake. After all, the Korean War is the third most fatal in history. During the war years, 14 million people died! More victims only in two world wars. The large number of casualties is due to the fact that this was the first major armed conflict of the Cold War.

After the victory over Japan in 1945, the USSR and the USA divided Korea (a former colony of Japan) into zones of influence: a united Korea - under the influence of the USSR, South Korea- under the influence of the USA. In 1948, 2 states were officially formed:

• Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK). Zone of influence of the USSR. Head: Kim Il Sung.
• The Republic of Korea. US zone of influence. The director is Lee Seung Mann.

Having secured the support of the USSR and China, Kim Il Sung started the war on June 25, 1950. In fact, it was a war for the unification of Korea, which the DPRK planned to end quickly. The factor of a quick victory was important, since this was the only way to prevent the United States from intervening in the conflict. The beginning was promising; UN troops, which were 90% Americans, came to the aid of the Republic of Korea. After this, the DPRK army was retreating and was close to collapse. The situation was saved by Chinese volunteers who intervened in the war and restored the balance of power. After this, local battles began and the border between North and South Korea was established along the 38th parallel.

First détente of the war

The first détente in the Cold War occurred in 1953 after the death of Stalin. An active dialogue began between the warring countries. Already on July 15, 1953, the new government of the USSR, headed by Khrushchev, announced its desire to build new relations with Western countries based on a policy of peaceful coexistence. Similar statements were made from the opposite side.

A big factor in stabilizing the situation was the end of the Korean War and the establishment of diplomatic relations between the USSR and Israel. Wanting to demonstrate to the panicked countries the desire for peaceful coexistence, Khrushchev withdrew Soviet troops from Austria, having obtained a promise from the Austrian side to maintain neutrality. Naturally, there was no neutrality, just as there were no concessions or gestures from the United States.

Détente lasted from 1953 to 1956. During this time, the USSR established relations with Yugoslavia and India, and began to develop relations with African and Asian countries that had only recently freed themselves from colonial dependence.

A new round of tension

Hungary

At the end of 1956, an uprising began in Hungary. Local residents, realizing that the position of the USSR after Stalin's death had become noticeably worse, rebelled against the current regime in the country. As a result, the Cold War came to its most important point. For the USSR there were 2 ways:

1. Recognize the revolution's right to self-determination. This step would give all other countries dependent on the USSR the understanding that they could leave socialism at any moment.
2. Suppress the rebellion. This approach was contrary to the principles of socialism, but this was the only way to maintain a leading position in the world.

Option 2 was chosen. The army suppressed the rebellion. To suppress in some places it was necessary to use weapons. As a result, the revolution was defeated, and it became clear that “détente” was over.

Caribbean crisis

Cuba is a small state near the United States, but it almost brought the world to nuclear war. At the end of the 50s, a revolution took place in Cuba and power was seized by Fidel Castro, who declared his desire to build socialism on the island. For America, this was a challenge - a state appeared near their border that acts as a geopolitical adversary. As a result, the United States planned to resolve the situation militarily, but was defeated.

The Krabi Crisis began in 1961 after the USSR secretly delivered missiles to Cuba. This soon became known, and the US President demanded that the missiles be withdrawn. The parties escalated the conflict until it became clear that the world was on the verge of a nuclear war. As a result, the USSR agreed to withdraw missiles from Cuba, and the United States agreed to withdraw its missiles from Turkey.

"Prague Vienna"

In the mid-60s, new tensions arose - this time in Czechoslovakia. The situation here was very reminiscent of the one that existed earlier in Hungary: democratic trends began in the country. Mostly young people opposed the current government, and the movement was led by A. Dubcek.

A situation arose, as in Hungary, - allowing for a democratic revolution meant giving an example to other countries that the socialist system could be overthrown at any time. Therefore, the Warsaw Pact countries sent their troops to Czechoslovakia. The rebellion was suppressed, but the suppression caused outrage throughout the world. But it was a cold war, and, of course, any active actions by one side were actively criticized by the other side.

Détente in war

The peak of the Cold War came in the 50s and 60s, when the deterioration of relations between the USSR and the United States was so great that war could break out at any moment. Starting in the 70s, the war began to detente and the subsequent defeat of the USSR. But in this case I want to dwell briefly on the USA. What happened in this country before “détente”? In fact, the country ceased to be a people's country and came under the control of capitalists, under which it remains to this day. One can say even more - the USSR won the Cold War against the USA in the late 60s, and the USA, as a state of the American people, ceased to exist. The capitalists seized power. The apogee of these events was the assassination of President Kennedy. But after the United States became a country representing capitalists and oligarchs, they already won the Cold War of the USSR.

But let's return to the Cold War and détente in it. These signs were identified in 1971 when the USSR, USA, England and France signed agreements to begin the work of a commission to resolve the Berlin problem, as a point of constant tension in Europe.

Final Act

In 1975, the most significant event of the Cold War détente occurred. During these years, a pan-European meeting on security was held, in which all European countries took part (of course, including the USSR, as well as the USA and Canada). The meeting took place in Helsinki (Finland), so it went down in history as the Helsinki Final Act.

As a result of the congress, an Act was signed, but before that there were difficult negotiations, primarily on 2 points:

• Freedom of the media in the USSR.
• Freedom to travel “from” and “to” the USSR.

A commission from the USSR agreed to both points, but in a special formulation that did little to oblige the country itself. The final signing of the Act became the first symbol that the West and East could come to an agreement among themselves.

New aggravation of relations

In the late 70s and early 80s, a new round of the Cold War began, when relations between the USSR and the USA became tense. There were 2 reasons for this:

USA in countries Western Europe deployed medium-range missiles that were capable of reaching the territory of the USSR.

The beginning of the war in Afghanistan.

As a result, the Cold War reached a new level and the enemy took up the usual business - an arms race. It hit the budgets of both countries very hard and ultimately led the United States to the terrible economic crisis of 1987, and the USSR to defeat in the war and subsequent collapse.

Historical meaning

Surprisingly, in our country the Cold War is not taken seriously. The best fact demonstrating the attitude towards this historical event here and in the West, this is the spelling of the name. In our country, “Cold War” is written in quotation marks and with capital letter, in the west – without quotation marks and with a small one. This is the difference in attitude.

It really was a war. It’s just that in the understanding of people who have just defeated Germany, war is weapons, shots, attack, defense, and so on. But the world has changed and in the Cold War, contradictions and ways to resolve them came to the fore. Of course, this also resulted in real armed clashes.

In any case, the results of the Cold War are important, since as a result of its results the USSR ceased to exist. This ended the war itself, and Gorbachev received a medal in the United States “for victory in the Cold War.”

Lesson objectives:
characterize the changes
foreign policy of the USSR and the USA;
reveal the inconsistency of international
relations in the 1950-1960s, show
increasing danger of “hot” nuclear
wars as a result of Berlin and the Caribbean
crises;
compare goals and methods of competition
superpowers for influence in the “third world”;

1. Confrontation between two superpowers - the USA and
The USSR in the second half of the twentieth century received
Name - …
2. The US provided financial and
economic assistance to states
Western Europe under the Marshall Plan
condition...
3. With the name of I.V. Kurchatov in the post-war
the history of the USSR was connected...
4. First during the Cold War
open confrontation between the USSR and the USA
happened during...

Main periods of the Cold War

Period
General
characteristic
Basic
events

First stage (from 1946 to 1953)

Characterized
1. Military-political confrontation
former allies in the Anti-Hitler war
coalition.
2. The conflict formed
communist military-political
block.

German question
Allied commanders in Berlin. Marshal B.L. Montgomery
(Great Britain), Marshal G.K. Zhukov (USSR), general
D. Eisenhower (USA), General Koenig (France) at the ceremony
formation of the Union Control Commission. 1945, June

Eastern part of Germany
1.Conducted under the control of the Communist Party
elections to local government bodies.
2. Agrarian reform was carried out.
3. Military property confiscated
criminals.
4. Factories and large ones were nationalized
concerns.
5. Created from supporters of the Communist Party
police forces.

Western part of Germany
1. Large private property remained in
the hands of its owners.
2. German military personnel were retained
formations that numbered dozens
thousands of people.

Berlin crisis 1948 – 1949

Division of Germany into two parts of the Federal Republic of Germany
And
GDR

10.

11.

Work on the construction of the Wall,
November 20, 1961

12.

The process of consolidation of opposing blocs
purchased in 1947 specific outlines
USA
USSR
Truman Doctrine
Marshall Plan
Carrying out
"ideological unification"
forces close to the USSR
(primarily in Eastern Europe)
Cominform
1948, September
(Information Bureau of the Communist Parties)
The purpose of the organization: “ideological unification”
communist parties, the desire to resist the Western
ideology and “imperialist expansion”.

13.

Soviet-Yugoslav conflict
Created under I.B. Tito
the communist regime was different
from similar regimes in Eastern
Europe and the USSR with greater liberalism
and tolerance of dissent.
Josip Broz Tito
(1892-1980)
Conflict between
brought Yugoslavia and the USSR
to a breakdown in relations between
two countries

14. Second stage 1953-1969

Main Characteristics
1. Confrontation between two superpowers in international
organizations regarding specific problems,
direct military participation of each bloc in
regional events;
2. The emergence of new political
movements and individual countries that advocated change
bipolar system of international relations;
3. Decolonization promoted education
a large number of independent states in Africa and
Asia;
4. The danger of a military conflict between the USA and the USSR.

15. Events on Damansky Island (March 1969)

16.

17. Hungarian uprising of 1956

Armed uprising against pro-Soviet
People's Republic regime in Hungary
October-November 1956, depressed
Soviet troops.
The Hungarian uprising became one of the most important
events of the Cold War period,
demonstrating that the USSR is ready
maintain inviolability by military force
Warsaw Pact (WTS).

18.

New leader
countries - I. Nagy –
advocated neutrality
Hungary and the country's exit
from the police department

19.

20. Prague Spring 1968, August

The period of political and cultural liberalization in Czechoslovakia. Started 5
January 1968, when reformer Alexander Dubcek was elected first
Secretary of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, and lasted until 21
August, when the USSR and the rest of the Warsaw Pact members, except Romania,
invaded the country to suppress reforms.
The Prague Spring reforms were Dubcek's attempts to provide
additional rights of citizens in the act of partial decentralization of the economy and
democratization of the country. Democratic freedoms were also provided,
including easing restrictions on the media, freedom of speech and
movement. After a nationwide discussion about dividing the country into
federation of three republics (Bohemia, Moravia-Silesia and Slovakia) Dubcek
supervised the decision to divide into two parts - Czech and Slovak
republics. This is the only change that survived the end of the Prague
spring.
Reforms, especially in the field of decentralization of administrative power, are not
were approved by the Soviet Union, which, after unsuccessful negotiations
sent Warsaw Pact troops to occupy the country.

21.

22. American-Vietnamese armed conflict 1964 - 1973.

23.

One of the largest military conflicts
second half of the 20th century.
The war began as a civil war
South Vietnam. Later in the war
North Vietnam was drawn in - later
received support from China and the USSR, - and
also the USA and its allies (military bloc
SENTO) who acted on the side
friendly South Vietnamese
mode.

24.

25.

Division of Vietnam

26. Cuban Missile Crisis 1962

29. Third stage (first half of the 1970s)

Entered into history as
"detente"
Easing Tensions

30.

In your opinion, what happened
cause of weakening
international tension?

31.

Achieving military parity
USSR – USA
ATS - NATO
Agreement on measures to reduce the risk of occurrence
nuclear war between the USSR and the USA (1971)
Treaty on the Limitation of Anti-Ballistic Missile Systems
(PRO, 1972)
Treaty on the Limitation of Strategic Offensives
weapons (OSV-1, 1972)
Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe
(CSCE).The Final Act of the CSCE was signed in Helsinki
1.08.1975 (Helsinki Act) by leaders of Europe, the USA and
Canada.

32.

33. The end of detente and increased tension. Late 70s-early 80s.

Entry of Soviet troops into Afghanistan
December 1979

34.

1980 July August
Olympic Games in Moscow

35. Fourth stage (late 1970s - late 1980s)

A new round of confrontation
USSR and America

36. Arab-Israeli conflict

37.

Arab-Israeli conflict:
The zone is one of the most
"sensitive points" of regional
international relations.
This area is located on the historical
crossroads where the legacy of the great
civilizations of past eras are closely
intertwined with political
economic, military, religious
problems of today.
Here are the shrines of three world
religions: Christianity, Islam and Judaism.

38. The Star Wars program became a symbol of the times.

39. Changes in Soviet-American relations began with the coming to power of M.S. Gorbachev

Europe's position in international
affairs.
Changes have also spread to Eastern Europe. Intensification of China's foreign policy

45. Creation of nuclear weapons by Pakistan and India

46. ​​Collapse of individual multinational states in Eastern Europe

47.

48.

Homework:
paragraph 17, questions on page: 187;
Using the characteristics of manifestations
"Cold War", evaluate the main
events of one of the periods (to choose from).

The Cold War is the confrontation between two political camps, led by the USSR and the USA, in 1947–1991. This confrontation went through several phases. Traditionally, there are five stages of the Cold War. It should be remembered that such periodization, like any other, is conditional.

First stage: aggravation of contradictions (1947–1953)

Although contradictions between the interests of the USSR and the United States emerged as early as 1943 in Tehran, their direct clash occurred only in 1947, when the USSR forced the countries of Eastern Europe to refuse assistance under the Marshall Plan, and the United States placed its bases in Turkey in close proximity to the borders THE USSR.

At the first stage of the Cold War, the following events also occurred: the breakdown of agreements on occupation zones in Germany and Korea, the proclamation of the PRC, the GDR, the FRG, the DPRK and the Republic of Korea, the Korean War, the creation of NATO, the American-Soviet confrontation in the Middle East, nuclear tests in the USSR and the beginning of broadcasting Western “voices” to the USSR and other socialist countries. It is believed that the first stage of the Cold War ended with the death of Joseph Stalin.

Stage two: escalation of the conflict and the risk of nuclear war

The confrontation within the Kremlin after Stalin's death contributed to a short-lived easing of international tension. But the strengthening of Khrushchev’s positions in 1955 led to a new round of American-Soviet confrontation. It was marked by the creation of the ATS bloc as a counterweight to NATO. In response, the United States began working to create NATO-like alliances in Asia. CENTO and SEATO became such blocks.

The escalation of the Cold War was facilitated by the arms race: both powers acquired strategic aircraft, ballistic missiles and nuclear bombers. At the same time, the situation in Berlin was escalating: the pro-Soviet government of the GDR organized a blockade of West Berlin, and in 1961 Soviet army started construction Berlin Wall.

In 1959, friendly Soviet Union the regime was established in Cuba and soon the USSR decided to deploy its missiles there as a symmetrical response to the deployment of American missiles in Turkey and Greece. The deployment of Soviet strategic weapons in Cuba in 1962 caused panic in the United States. The confrontation between the two powers risked turning into an open American-Soviet nuclear war. The resolution of the Cuban missile crisis in October 1962 became possible thanks to direct telephone conversations between Kennedy and Khrushchev. The withdrawal of Soviet troops from Cuba ended the second stage of the Cold War.

Third stage: "Détente" (1962–1979)

The threat of nuclear war sobered up Soviet and American leaders. The two superpowers began negotiations on arms reduction. Now they avoided direct confrontation. Signs of detente were the SALT treaties (1972, 1979), and the restrictions on missile defense systems (1972). At the same time, the USA and the USSR supported bloody conflicts in Vietnam, the Middle East and Africa. Détente ended in 1979, when the USSR sent troops into Afghanistan.

Fourth and fifth stages:

arms race (1979–1987) and defeat of the USSR

In response to the events in Afghanistan, the United States imposed sanctions against the USSR and increased its military presence in Europe. Both countries again began developing strategic weapons. The arms race continued until 1987, when the two superpowers signed the START I treaty. The final stage of the Cold War has begun.

The START agreement was followed by the withdrawal of troops from Afghanistan, the dismantling of the Warsaw bloc, the fall of the Berlin Wall and the holding of free elections in Eastern Europe. In 1991, the USSR ceased to exist. The Cold War went down with it.

Cold War - video