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III. Symbols for nautical charts

The coasts of the seas are “covered” by a number of nautical charts, each of which covers its own geographical area.

To communicate with neighboring charts and maintain the continuity of the graphical dead reckoning of the vessel's path, neighboring maps have “overlaps,” i.e., mutual overlaps.

Maps are printed on standard sheets measuring 75 x 100 cm. In addition, they can be published on half or a quarter of a standard sheet measuring 75 x 50 and 38 x 50 cm, respectively.

If some part of the coast does not fit at a given scale on a standard sheet, in addition to the map print, a valve can be printed on a non-standard sheet.

The flap is glued to the main sheet of the card. Sometimes the valve is printed on a free space directly on the card.

Marine charts are assigned five-digit admiralty numbers. Each digit of the map number conventionally indicates the name of the ocean or part of it, the type of map depending on its scale, the area of the ocean or sea, and the serial number of the map in this area. Special alphabetic or numerical designations are introduced for reference maps and special-purpose maps.

The cartographic grid of the sea map is filled in accordance with its purpose with geographical and navigational content elements, inscriptions and elements of additional characteristics.

To geographical elements The contents of the map include images of the shores of oceans, seas, bays, the topography of the seabed and land, state borders, and populated areas.

To navigation elements includes ports, navigation equipment, fairways, sea channels, navigational hazards, navigational landmarks, magnetic declination data and other map elements of a navigational nature. The inscriptions are the title of the map, geographical names, various explanations and warnings, as well as information about the publication and correction of the map.

To elements of additional characteristics These include insets, i.e. small large-scale plans or maps of important sections of the coast for navigation, placed on free spaces of the sheet, tables with information about tides and currents, drawings of lighthouses, signs, etc.

Elements of the content of maps are conveyed by conventional signs, image symbols or schematic drawings of objects. Various kinds of inscriptions on maps related to the color and nature of lights, the name of soils, etc., are given in the form of abbreviations. The location of objects that are not expressed on the map scale is shown by symbols.
The actual location of the object is taken to be in the geometric center of the sign, if it has a regular geometric shape, or in the middle of the base, if the object is depicted with an asymmetrical pattern or a sign with a wide base.

Depths are reduced to zero depths and are given in meters and decimeters, with depths from 0 to 5 m rounded to the nearest 0.1 m; from 5 to 20 m - up to 0.2 m; 20 or more - up to 1 m.
In addition to marking depths, lines of equal depths are drawn on maps - isobaths. An isobath of 10 m is considered cautionary for small vessels, and 20 m for large vessels.

The coastline in tidal seas is drawn on the map with two lines. One of them (the main one) corresponds to the trace of high water in syzygy, and the other corresponds to the lowest sea level. The area enclosed between these lines is called drying. In seas where the tides do not exceed 0.5 m, the coastline is taken to be the water edge at average sea level.

Heights of lighthouses and signs in the sea x, which do not have tides, are given above the average sea level, and in seas with a significant tide - above the level of the average full spring water.

Aids to navigation (Aids to navigation)- lighthouses, illuminated and non-illuminated signs, alignment signs, radio beacons, lightships, buoys, milestones - are shown on maps with out-of-scale symbols.
Next to the image of luminous aids to navigation, their nature, the number of flashes or eclipses, the period of visibility of the fire, information about radio stations, fog signals, and lighting sectors are written using abbreviations.
The directions and sectors of the lighthouses are given as true, counting from the shore from 0 to 360° clockwise.
Next to the image of non-luminous signs in the form of a fraction, their height from sea level (numerator) and from the base of the sign (denominator) is shown.
Next to the image of the buoys, their color, sound signals, serial numbers, information about the radar reflector are indicated, and for illuminated buoys, also the nature of the fire. Through the centers of the leading sign images, leading lines are drawn, the running part of which is shown as a solid line, and the non-running part - with a dotted line.

Since the degree of detail in the depiction of an area depends on the scale of the map, of all the maps available for a given area, you should always use the largest scale map.

Reading the map begins with its title, which indicates the name of the depicted sea area, the scale of the map, information about zero depths, accepted units for indicating the depths and heights of objects, and data on magnetic declination.
Then the warnings and notes printed on the map must be read, the dates of publication, as well as major and minor corrections, must be established. To obtain the most complete picture possible of the area depicted on the map, study all the geographical and navigational elements of the image shown on it.

When sailing in areas that are difficult to navigate, it is recommended to raise the map, i.e. increase its visibility by highlighting the most important elements of the map. To do this, in particular, arcs are drawn with a pencil, corresponding to the visibility range of the beacons, dangerous sectors of lights are shaded, and lines of dangerous bearings are drawn.

Before using a map, you need to evaluate it in terms of the reliability and completeness of the image printed on it. The later the map is drawn up, the more you can trust it. The level of modernity of a map is also judged by the dates of its new edition, major and minor corrections.

To assess the reliability of the bottom relief image, the degree of detail of the measurement is established. Well-surveyed areas of the sea correspond to a high frequency and uniformity of depths on the map. Rarely and unevenly shown depths, white spots between them are a sign of insufficient exploration of the area.

APPLICATIONS

CONVENTIONAL SIGNS AND ABBREVIATIONS ON THE MAP OF SEAS, RESERVOIRS, LAKES AND RIVERS

1. Conventional abbreviations for sea, lake and river maps

General terms

Active radar reflector		Marina
Archipelago
Aerobeacon
Airborne radio beacon
Large proofreading	Large corr.	Beacon
Big, big, big		Direction finding station
Breaker		Radio station

Great, oh, oh, oh
Spinning
Water pump
Water pipes		Fishing nets	fish net
Reservoir
Breakwater		Light reflector
Eastern, -aya, -oe, -s		Traffic light

Hydrometeorological station		Notices to seafarers
Hydroelectric power plant
		Cable


		Pilot station
		Small, s, s, s

Deviation target.


		Shimmering

Forbidden
		Sector

		Signal mast
Navigation sign	Navigation zn.	Signal station
Nautophone		Rock, rocky
Maintenance free		Doubtful
Zero card

		Leading sign
Reference point
Passive radar reflector		Telegraph

		Fog signal
floating lighthouse
floating radio beacon		Lost Anchor

Underwater bell.		Fairway
Underwater Oscillator
Peninsula
		Storm and signal station
		Anchorage

Priming

Name


Algae, grass
Pebbles, crushed stone
			Sandy silt
Clayey silt
Gravel, debris
			Rock, rocky

Silty sand

Soil characteristics


Volcanic
Viscous, sticky			Uneven
			Separate
			Bad (unclean)
			Porous
			Destroyed
Shredded
Large....

Ground color

			Spotted, motley
			Light....


Brown			Dark. ...

Orange

II. Symbols for river maps and reservoir maps

Graphic image	The meaning of symbols
Coasts, isobaths, flood boundaries, fairways, navigational hazards, hydraulic structures
	Shoreline corresponding to survey water level Unreliable coastline The coast is steep: 1 - without beach; 2 - with the beach expressed in scale; 3 - with a beach not expressed to scale Coast with a planned slope: 1 - unfortified; 2 - fortified The coast is rocky The coast is dangerous, with pechinas Non-flooded coastal embankments and other ridges not expressed in scale 1 - surface; 2 - underwater
	Collapsible dams for passing ships Gateway with dam Gateway without dam Embankments: 1 - stone; 2 - wooden
Navigational barriers, currents
	1 - left bank, 2 - right bank; 3 - places where the fairway splits 1 - white left bank; 2 - red right bank Flood limits in high water: 1 - at the highest level; 2 - at the average of the highest levels Fairways: 1 - main; 2 - bypass; 3 - spring
	1 - sandy; 2 - rocky Underwater obstacles: 1 - rocky soil; 2 - sandy soil Rifles Bushes of piles, fires Wreck with depth above it Sewer section of the river Signal masts River type signs of the left and right banks: 1 - running (clamping); 2 - pass Marine type pass signs: 1 - left bank; 2 - right bank Leading signs: 1 - river type; 2 - marine type
	Tees: 1 - river type; 2 - marine type Spring signs: 1 - left bank; 2 - right bank 1. Place of signal (whistle) 2. Beginning of the rocky river bed Place of shelter from bad weather Signal signs at structures: 1 - underwater; 2 - surface 1 - beacon keeper's post; 2 - technical section Flow direction: 1 - straight; 2 - reverse Dump current: 1 - right;
	1 - pier; 2 - landing stages Wood-burning pier Raft bridges Bridges on ships (H = 5 m - height above river level) Wooden bridges Stone and reinforced concrete bridges Metal bridges Drawbridges: 1 - wooden; 2 - stone and reinforced concrete; 3 - metal Bridge axis Ferries Transportation 1 - motor; 2 - oars Switching wires
	Anchorages Water metering posts Benchmark and his mark Selectors

Examples of images of some elements on the water

III. Symbols for nautical charts

Graphic image	The meaning of symbols	Graphic image	The meaning of symbols
Fairways, boundaries of water areas
	Fairway without depth indication Fairway with the least depth 6 m A channel fairway etched with a flexible trawl to a depth of 7.1 m A channel fairway etched with a rigid trawl to a depth of 10.1 m Sea channel: 1 - expressed in scale; 2 - not expressed in scale Border of danger, distinctive depths and coastal rocks		Restricted zones, training areas, etc. Boundaries of clearing areas Fishing limit Ice boundary Magnetic anomaly boundary The boundary of the magnetic anomaly is unreliable Boundaries of poorly surveyed areas
Isopaths (in meters) 1 ................... 10 ._._._._ 2 .. .. .. .. .. .. 20 .._.._.._ 5 - - - - - - - - 50 .-.-.-.-

	The coastline is reliable The coastline is unreliable		The coast is rocky The coast is steep: 1 - with a beach expressed in scale; 2 - with a beach not expressed to scale
	The coast is steep without a beach The shore is sandy (or earthy) Shore with boulders The shore is clayey The coast is dangerous		Dry muddy shore The shore is dry and sandy. Drying Dry shore, sandy and rocky Dry pebble-gravel shore Dry rocky coast
Navigational hazards
	Surface stone Underwater stone Drying stone The danger situation is doubtful Existence of danger is doubtful Small jars		Underwater obstacles A sunken ship, part of which is above water The same, with a depth above it of less than 18 m The same, with a depth above it of more than 18 m Fishing nets and pins

Depths, currents, hydraulic structures
	Depth unreliable Depth at which the bottom was not reached (“swept away”) Depths are distinctive Depths above danger Trawling depth above danger Drying height above zero depth	Bollards, string and pile underwater barriers Breakwater Granite, concrete and reinforced concrete embankments: 1 - not expressed in scale; 2 - expressed in scale Fortified coast: 1 - not expressed in scale, 2 - expressed in scale
Floating barriers
	Pole, ice pole Flag milestone North pole, left side pole, left turn	South pole, right side pole, right turning Western milestone Eastern milestone

Cross milestone

Buoy, buoy, non-luminous

Buoy, buoy with top figure

Luminous buoy or buoy

Buoy with light reflector

Buoy with active or passive radar reflector

Radio beacon with a glowing buoy

A pole or buoy over a wreck

Fire over a sunken ship

floating lighthouse

Lighthouses, lights, signs, stations, landmarks and other objects

Beacon

Air fog stations

Fog stations underwater

Radar station

Direction finding station

Alignment of lights

Alignment of signs

Coastal radar reflector

Navigation sign

Water tower and water pump

Controversial currents

whirlpool

Anchorage for large and small vessels, unequipped roadstead

Magnetic declination value at an anomaly point

Masts and flagpoles

Objects noticeable from the sea

Objects visible to radar

Flow, constant flow

Tidal current (with plumage - high tides, without plumage - low tides)

Factory and factory pipes

Oil and gas rigs

Semaphores and traffic lights that have the meaning of landmarks

Signaling in ports about high and low tides

Note. The cones used to produce signals No. 1 and 2 must have a base diameter of 0.5 m and a height of 1.5 m

Water height alarm

Note. The height and diameter of cones and cylinders, as well as the diameter of balls for producing signals No. 3-6 must be at least 1 m

Annex 1

Image on maps of the colors of lights glowing in aid of navigation

Appendix 2

1. Signs for the protection of navigational hazards on the sea and lake in relation to the cardinal points

Appendix 3

Ship lights and signs according to the “Rules for warning ships at sea”

1. Symbols of ship lights

13. Vessels engaged in fishing with trawl fishing gear on the move (rule 9, c)

Appendix 4

Visual ship horns according to

"Rules for navigation on inland waterways"

A. Signals raised on ships while moving (underway)

I. On steam ships when traveling without a vessel

B. Signals raised on ships during mooring (berthing signals)

Appendix 6

1 - buoy - floating pyramid

2 - ball buoy

3 - a red buoy protects the dangers of the navigation on the right side

4 - a white buoy protects the dangers of the navigation on the left side

5 - identification signs of the entrance to the canal with flashing light: red - right bank, green - left bank

A 6-slot gate is installed on the approaches to the canal bed from the side

reservoirs

7 - long-range traffic lights give a signal to approach the gateway, short-range traffic lights give a signal to enter and exit the gateway chamber

8 - signal mast of the left bank

9 - directional lights are installed on both banks of the canals. Lights right

banks - red, left - green

10 - dividing buoy indicates the division of the shipping channel 11 - pass sign of the right bank

12 - pass sign of the left bank

13 - twin buoys indicate the separation of the shipping channel

14 - running signs

15 - the spring sign of the left bank serves as a guide during the flood period

16 - alignment of two pyramidal signs

17 - spring sign of the right bank

18 - signs indicating places for laying underwater pipelines, telegraph and electrical cables

19 - alignment of the right bank of two simple signs

20 - diamond-shaped red shields indicate navigable spans of bridges

ships coming from above

21 - square red boards indicate navigable spans of bridges

ships coming from below

22 - signs indicating telegraph and electrical crossings over the river

wires

23 - semaphore mast

24 - dump buoy

25-signal mast installed on beaches

The main differences between Russian and foreign maps.

DATE OF THE BIG KOPPEKTURE.

Under the lower frame to the right of the mark on the first edition, below the date of reprint, the date of the major proofreading is indicated.

DATE OF SMALL COPPEKTURE

Marks on minor corrections made according to Notices to Mariners (with the exception of temporary and preliminary ones) are placed under the lower frame in the left corner.

Small Correction, 1990-903

Minor proofreading according to IM No.903 for 1990

Small Correction, 1990-

MAGNETIC DECLINATION

On small-scale Admiralty maps, isogons are plotted and under the heading it is indicated

Magnetic Curves are for the year 1992

Equal magnetic declination curves - for 1992

Most navigation charts have magnetic declination maps. In the center of the card is the declination value, the year to which it is reduced, and the annual change, such as:

Skl. 12"00"w. (1992), a decrease of 10" annually.

DIRECTIONS

Under the title of the card it is usually indicated

The Bearings are referred to the True Compass and when given Degrees are reckoned clockwise from 000" (North) to 359".

All Bearings are True and are given from Seaward

All bearings are true and given from the sea.

DEPTHS

Under the title of each English map, instructions are given about the depths

Anding in Fathoms.

Depths in six-foot fathoms.

Saunding in Fathoms (under Eleven in Fat horns and Feet). Depths in six-foot fathoms (less than eleven fathoms - in fathoms and feet).

Markings of shallow depths (less than 11 fathoms) consist of two numbers - fathoms and feet;

63 = 6 fathoms (6 feet each) and 3 feet = 39 feet

Some maps have the following depth indications.

Soundings in upright hairline figures are from a smaller scale chart.

SOIL

On new English maps, as well as on Soviet maps, the name of the soil is written with a capital (capital) letter, and adjective characteristics with a lowercase (small) letter, for example

fS – MP – fine sand

bkSh – bR – broken shell

syM – vi – viscous sludge

wCo – blkor – white coral

DANGERS

Obstacles that pose a danger to navigation are marked on English maps and a dotted dotted line is drawn around them - the danger line.

Particular care should be taken when swimming in areas near hazards marked as follows;

R.A. Position Approximate

R.D. Position DoubfuIl

E.D. Existence Doubfull

Insufficiently investigated hazards are marked on the map with an indication;

Rep.d Reported - According to report

Unexam.d Unexamined - Unexplored

ZERO DEPTH

On Admiralty charts of the British Isles and Ireland the title usually states;

The datum to which the soundings are redused is the level of Mean Low Water Springs.

Charts with this indication require special care, since in fact about half of the shallow waters will be below zero depth and, therefore, the actual depth will sometimes be less than indicated on the chart.

To avoid negative depth corrections, a new level has been adopted on some maps.

The Soundings are redused approximately to 3 feets below the level of Mean Low Water Springs

For English charts of foreign waters, local levels are taken as zero depths, an indication of this is given under the heading. It can be

Low Water Level - Low water level

The Level of lowest possible Low Water - Level of the smallest possible low water

For places where tides are not observed, the depth is taken as zero;

The Level of the Sea.

Sea level

TIDES

For areas where tidal phenomena are observed, maps and information necessary for navigators are provided. This may be general information.

There are no appreciable tides - No noticeable tidal phenomena are observed.

Spring Rise about 2 feet - Spring tide height is about 2 feet

For several more important points a table is given (Information on tides at zero depths).

LIGHTHOUSES

Information about lighthouses is given on maps using symbols and abbreviations. The full characteristics of the beacon look like this:

F1.4 sec.117 ft.15 M - White flashing light, period 4 seconds, height 117 feet, visibility 15 miles.

Gr.0cc.(3) R.8 sec.15 ft.6 M. - Light red group-eclipsing, 3 eclipsing in group: period 8 seconds, height 15 feet, visibility 6 miles.

F.Fl.G.3 sec.23 ft.8 M.Nauto - Constant fire with flashes, period 3 sec height 23 feet, visibility 8 miles, nautofon.

FORBIDDEN AND DANGEROUS AREAS

Where necessary, English charts contain warnings restricting freedom of navigation.

Prohibited Area - Forbidden Area

Anchorage Prohibited - Anchorage prohibited

No anchorage - No passage

Danger Area - Dangerous area

Mining Ground - Mine Bank

Mined Area - Mined area

Vessel are warned not to anchor or fish within area marked by pecked lines. - Vessels are cautioned against anchoring and fishing within the area delimited by dotted lines on the map.

Spo iI Ground - Soil dump

Ammuniti on Disused – Dump of unusable ammunition

	® anomalous point of magnetic declination ( d);
	® coastline is reliable;
	® coastline is unreliable;
	® mountain top;
	® triangulation point;
	® astronomical point;
	® leveling mark, benchmark;
	® church, cathedral, kirk, cathedral;
	® chapel;
	® monument, monument;
	® drilling rig;
	® beached ship;
	® anchor place;
	® deep-sea anchorage;
	® anchoring is prohibited;
	® depth unreliable or doubtful;
	® depth above hazards;
	® a wreck with a depth above it of 20 m or less;
	® a sunken ship with a depth above it of more than 20 m;
	® sunken ship with masts above water;
	® a wreck with the depth above it indicated;
	® danger, the position of which is approximate or doubtful;
	® doubtful danger;
	® danger caused by report;
	® above-water rock (stone) indicating its height;
	® underwater rock (stone) indicating the depth above it;
	® breakers;
	® sula;
	® constant flow indicating its speed;
	® variable flow indicating its speed;
	® tidal current indicating its speed (at syzygy);
	® tidal current indicating its speed (in quadrature);
	® whirlpool;
	® power submarine cable;
	® inactive submarine cable;
	® underwater oil pipeline;
	® recommended route indicating the direction of movement of vessels;
	® recommended path indicating the minimum depth;
	® recommended deep-sea route along the target;
	® maximum permissible draft of vessels on recommended routes;
	® established direction of vessel movement;
	® recommended direction of movement of vessels;
	® prohibited, dangerous or restricted navigation area;
	® state border;
	® demarcation line;
	® boundary of territorial waters;
	® border of the adjacent zone;
	® lighthouse;
	® luminous mark indicating the top figure and color of the mark;
	® air beacon;
êInfr Pr 8s 14M	® infrared fire;
Ztm	® eclipsing fire;
Gr Ztm	® group eclipsing light;
Gr Pr(2)	® group flashing light;
Dl Pr	® long flashing light;
ChPr	® fast flashing light;
Prer 04	® intermittent very frequent fire;
Per Gr Pr (2)	® variable group flashing light;
Pr(3) 15s 22M T(s) (k) og DV RMk s.st.	® group flashing light, 3 flashes in a group, light period 15 seconds, light visibility range 22 miles, sound signaling means - siren (primary) and bell (backup), visibility sensor light, radio beacon and signal station.

The degree of completeness and details of the content of maps is called card load, which depends on the purpose and scale of the map(the larger the scale of the map, the more detailed the situation is depicted).

One of requirements guidance documents to the navigator, and even more so to the watch mate is - the ability to “read” a map. This issue must be constantly addressed independently on a ship according to the “Conventional signs of sea charts and maps of inland waterways”(Adm. No. 9025 - ed. by GUNIO of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation or Adm. No. 902 - ed. by the Ministry of Transport of Ukraine).

conclusions

1. Navigational sea charts constitute the main subgroup of sea charts and directly ensure navigational safety of navigation in almost any area of the World Ocean.

2. To ensure safe navigation in a particular area, the largest scale map published for this area is used to graphically calculate the vessel’s path.

3. You should always remember that the larger the scale of the map, the more complete and detailed the information necessary for safe navigation is displayed.

4. For areas that are difficult to navigate, the marine navigation chart should be more visual and convenient, which is achieved by additionally “raising” it.

5. Blind trust in the map and its unreasonable overestimation on the part of the navigator can lead to a navigation error, sometimes leading to a serious accident and even the death of the vessel.

6. Competent and complete use of a marine navigation chart for navigation purposes is impossible without the ability of the navigator to “read” this map.

TOPIC 1.6. NAVIGATION AND SAILING GUIDELINES

General information.

The map is one of the main sources of information for the navigator. However, even the most detailed map cannot provide all the necessary information. The Main Directorate of Navigation and Oceanography of the Ministry of Defense publishes publications of a navigational nature, which are divided into marine navigation manuals (MNR) and marine navigation manuals (MNP).

MPR- official publications for seafarers containing rules, instructions, instructions or recommendations of a navigational or legal nature, failure to comply with which makes the seafarer responsible for possible consequences.

Guides for swimming are: driving directions and additions to them; description of lights and signs (lights); description of radio technical aids to navigation equipment (RTSNO) and radio navigation systems (RNS); schedule of radio broadcasts of navigation and hydrometeorological messages and fax hydrometeorological broadcasts; rules for navigation along canals, fairways, inland waterways, ports, etc.; instructions and instructions for swimming; printed proof documents.

The manuals should also include various publications containing information of an international legal nature.

These include: International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREGS); International Code of Signals (ICS); collections of regional agreements and legislative acts on maritime issues; mandatory regulations on seaports, etc.

MNE- official publications for navigators, containing navigational-hydrographic, geophysical, astronomical and various kinds of reference data intended for solving navigation problems. They are divided into navigation aids, hydrometeorological, astronomical, reference and auxiliary aids.

The main requirements for manuals and manuals are as follows:

· They should not duplicate information on maps;

· Must not contradict the cards;

· Fully correspond to the actual situation;

Manuals and manuals typically contain the following information:

· Data on the physical and geographical conditions of the area;

· Navigational and geographical description of objects at sea and adjacent land;

· Information about the peculiarities of navigation in the area;

· Description of aids to navigation in the order of their use;

· Information for solving various navigation problems;

· International legal information;

· Information about the swimming mode;

· Brief description of the main manuals.

· 1.6.2 LINES

· Admiralty numbers of this type of publication of the State Budgetary Institution of National Research and Logistics of the Moscow Region begin with the number 1. The sailing directions contain information about navigation conditions in the given area. They can be divided into parts according to geographical principles. If a part is very voluminous in size, then it can be divided into issues. Each location is provided with a diagram of the area being described. The diagram indicates the boundaries and numbers of the chapters of the route describing individual sections. In some sailing directions, instead of a map of the area, a composite sheet of maps is placed on the area described by the sailing guide.

Each pilot contains:

Introductory documents;

General review;

Navigation description;

Instructions for sailing general courses;

Help Desk;

Alphabetical index.

B. Obtaining information using a navigation guide.

To obtain information about a geographic feature by its name, select the page number printed in bold from the alphabetical index and read the necessary information there.

To obtain general information about the navigational and geographical features of the navigation area and hydrometeorological conditions, it uses the relevant essays from the “General Review”. It also provides information about the rules of navigation in the waters of foreign countries.

A description of specific navigation conditions is given in the relevant chapters of the “Navigation Description”. Particular attention should be paid to the “instructions” (instructions) for swimming in this area.

If navigation is carried out in transit through the area described by the pilot, then it is necessary to use the information from the section “Instructions (instructions) for sailing on general courses.”

DESCRIPTIONS OF LIGHTS.

The Admiralty numbers of this type of publication of the State University of Universities and Organizations of the Moscow Region begin with the number 2. This manual is published under two titles: “Lights” and “Lights and Signs”. The structure and presentation of information in these manuals is the same, however, there are significant differences between them:

1. “Lights and Signs” are compiled for Russian waters (including the former USSR), and “Lights” - for foreign waters.

2. “Lights and signs” contain information about all regular aids to navigation, with the exception of milestones (standard aids to navigation - permanently located in the same places or removed annually for the winter period and displayed annually for the navigation period). They also include non-illuminated signs and buoys), and “Lights” contain information only about illuminated aids to navigation and sound signaling installations, with the exception of buoys and milestones, lights on drilling and oil rigs.

3. “Lights and Signs” provides the lesser of the standard and geographic range of visibility of lights, and in "Lights" - the nominal or optical range of visibility of the lights.

Graphic image	The meaning of symbols	Graphic image	The meaning of symbols
Fairways, boundaries of water areas
	Fairway without indication of depth Fairway with the smallest depth 6 m A channel fairway etched with a flexible trawl to a depth of 7.1 m A channel fairway etched with a rigid trawl to a depth of 10.1 m Sea channel: 1 - expressed in scale; 2 - not expressed in scale Boundary of danger, distinctive depths and coastal stones		Restricted zones, training areas, etc. Boundaries of clearing areas Boundary of fishing Boundary of ice Boundary of magnetic anomaly Boundary of magnetic anomaly unreliable Boundaries of poorly surveyed areas
Isopaths (in meters) 1………………. 10 ._._._._ 2 .. .. .. .. .. .. 20 .._.._.._ 5 – - – - – - – - 50 .-.-.-.-
Shores
	Coastline reliable Coastline unreliable		The coast is rocky The coast is steep: 1 - with a beach expressed in scale; 2 - with a beach not expressed to scale
	The shore is steep without a beach The shore is sandy (or earthy) The shore with boulders The shore is clayey The shore is dangerous		The shore is dry and muddy. The shore is dry and sandy. Drainage Drainage sandy-rocky shore Drainage pebble-gravel shore Drainage rocky shore
Navigational hazards
	Above-water stone Underwater stone Drying stone Burun The danger position is doubtful The existence of danger is doubtful Small-sized jars		Underwater obstacles Surface rock An area not recommended for anchorage (poor ground) A sunken ship, part of which is above water The same, with a depth above it less than 18 m The same, with a depth above it more than 18 m Fishing nets and pins

Depths, currents, hydraulic structures
	Depths Unreliable depth Depth at which the bottom was not reached (“swept away”) Distinctive depths Depths above danger Trawling depth above danger Drying height above zero depth	Bollards, corded and piled underwater barriers Mol Breakwater Harbor Pier Granite, concrete and reinforced concrete embankments: 1 - not expressed in scale; 2 - expressed in scale Fortified bank: 1 - not expressed in scale, 2 - expressed in scale
Floating barriers
	Pole, ice pole Flag pole Northern pole, left side pole, left turning	South pole, right side pole, right turn Western pole East pole

	Cross pole Buoy, buoy, non-luminous Buoy, buoy with top figure Luminous buoy or buoy Buoy with light reflector	Buoy with active or passive radar reflector Radio beacon with buoy illuminated Landmark or buoy over a wreck Light over a wreck Lightship Barrel
Lighthouses, lights, signs, stations, landmarks and other objects
	Lighthouse Lights Radio Beacon Fog Aerial Stations	Fog stations underwater Radar station Radio direction finding station

Signaling in ports about high and low tides