How do you determine if a child is ready for school? How to determine if a child is ready for school. Psychologist's advice The child knows how to concentrate

How to prepare your child for a new life at the school desk, help him find friends and get interested in learning - all this with child psychologist Svetlana Klyuvaeva.

Natalya Kozhina, AiF.ru: Svetlana, it's no secret that some children want to study, while others don't. Do you have a recipe for how to make sure that the child goes to school on September 1st, like on a holiday?

Svetlana Klyuvaeva: The fact is that many parents start to scare the child from childhood: “When you go to school, the teacher will not wait for you there. Everything has to be done quickly. You can't mess around there." And the child grows up expecting that school is something terrible, where teachers are strict, where you can’t relax, where everything will be very tough. Is it any wonder then that your child does not want to go to first grade?

Build your dialogue with the child in a different way. At 4-5 years old, parents can tell that school is the place where you will study, make new friends, that is, school is not scary at all, but very interesting. If parents set up the child that he will be fine at school, it will be interesting, he will have many friends, he will enjoy learning something new, then the child will look forward to school as an interesting adventure in his life.

N.K. AiF.ru: At what age is it better to send a child to school, from six or still from seven?

S.K.: It is better to send a child to school from the age of 7, because, according to our psychologists who observed children who went to school early, many of them were not ready for educational activities. If in primary school they studied well due to the good memory that is present at this age, then in high school they already experienced difficulties, because other mechanisms were turned on there, such as logic, cause-and-effect relationships, and it was already difficult for them. Therefore, if you are in doubt - to give a child at 6 or at 7 years old, it is better to give at 7.

N.K. AiF.ru: What factors indicate that a child is ready for school?

S.K: If your child can work out on his own for 20-30 minutes, doing some kind of task. Not just playing or drawing what he wants, but doing the task. For example, circle a picture from dots, redraw something. This suggests that arbitrary functions are formed sufficiently for school classes. And psychological readiness can be tested in this way: ask the child if he wants to go to school. The child who is already ready, who has already formed a propensity for learning activities, will say: “I want to go to school because I will learn a lot of new things there.” He has a curiosity. A child who is not ready either does not want to go to school or talks about going there to play.

N.K. AiF.ru: School is a certain mode, how to accustom a child to it?

S.K.: It is imperative to observe the mode of getting up and going to bed, which will correspond to the time when he goes to school. That is, if a child is used to getting up at 10 or 11, and on the first of September he gets up at 7 in the morning, it will be stressful for him. Therefore, already in August, if the child is not accustomed to this, then it is necessary to teach him to get up on time for school. In all other respects, nothing special needs to be done.

N.K. AiF.ru: Svetlana, how do you feel about testing children for their inclination to the humanities or the exact sciences, is it necessary to do this?

S.K.: IN early age revealed, the maturity of brain structures, general awareness. In principle, if parents have a desire, testing can be done. But then again, elementary school is more about process. Many parents want to shove a lot of knowledge into the child as early as possible, but the same mathematics, physics will sound later, when the child moves into high school. Therefore, in elementary school, it is better to choose not a school, but a teacher who will help the child adapt to school, love the process, and not discourage learning. In elementary school, it is this that is important, and not the knowledge that he will receive. It is important what base he gets, and special items can be studied later.

N.K. AiF.ru: How to minimize the stress of a child from a new environment and new students with whom he will meet on the first of September?

S.K.: There are many different ways, for example, you can make sure that the child goes to the first grade already having friends. To do this, you can meet several parents from your future class and, before the start of classes, arrange some joint trips to a cafe, a game center several times, so that the children can get to know each other, play, and laugh. That way, when they meet on the first of September, they will be good friends and their anxiety about what awaits them in the first grade will be relieved. In addition, to reduce anxiety, you can introduce the child to the teacher so that he knows who his teacher is before September 1, show him where his class is, where the toilet is, how to get from class to the toilet, how to ask for the toilet. If the child is anxious, if you know that he may have such difficulties, then it is better to play it, to form such a skill. Play school, where, for example, the child is a teacher, and the mother is a student. Or a bunny - a student who is afraid to go to the toilet. And such situations lose.

It is also good to play situations when the teacher asks and you are afraid to answer. Or the children are friends, you want to play with them and don't know how to approach, how to get to know each other. A child can be taught this, and then he already comes with the knowledge of how to enter into such social relations with the teacher and other children.

School readiness is assessed on present stage development of psychology as complex characteristic the child, which reveals the levels of development of psychological qualities, which are the most important prerequisites for normal inclusion in a new social environment and for the formation of educational activities.

Physiological readiness of the child for school.

This aspect means that the child must be physically ready for school. That is, the state of his health should allow him to successfully pass educational program. Physiological readiness implies the development of fine motor skills (fingers), coordination of movement. The child must know in which hand and how to hold the pen. And also, when a child enters the first grade, he must know, observe and understand the importance of observing the basic hygiene standards: correct posture at the table, posture, etc.

Psychological readiness of the child for school.

The psychological aspect includes three components: intellectual readiness, personal and social, emotional-volitional.

1. Intellectual readiness for school means:

By the first grade, the child should have a stock of certain knowledge (we will discuss them below);

He is supposed to navigate in space, that is, to know how to get to school and back, to the store, and so on;

The child should strive to acquire new knowledge, that is, he should be inquisitive;

The development of memory, speech, thinking should be age-appropriate.

2. Personal and social readiness implies the following:

The child must be sociable, that is, be able to communicate with peers and adults; aggression should not be shown in communication, and when quarreling with another child, he should be able to evaluate and look for a way out of problem situation; the child must understand and recognize the authority of adults;

Tolerance; this means that the child must adequately respond to constructive comments from adults and peers;

Moral development, the child must understand what is good and what is bad;

The child must accept the task set by the teacher, listening carefully, clarifying unclear points, and after completing it, he must adequately evaluate his work, admit his mistakes, if any.

3. The emotional-volitional readiness of the child for school involves:

Understanding by the child why he goes to school, the importance of learning;

Interest in learning and acquiring new knowledge;

The ability of the child to perform a task that he does not quite like, but this is required by the curriculum;

Perseverance is the ability to listen carefully to an adult for a certain time and complete tasks without being distracted by extraneous objects and affairs.

Cognitive readiness of the child for school.

This aspect means that the future first grader must have a certain set of knowledge and skills that will be needed for successful schooling. So, what should a child of six or seven years old know and be able to do?

1) Attention.

Do something without distraction for twenty to thirty minutes.

Find similarities and differences between objects, pictures.

To be able to perform work according to a model, for example, accurately reproduce a pattern on your sheet of paper, copy human movements, and so on.

It is easy to play mindfulness games where quick reaction is required. For example, name a living creature, but discuss the rules before the game: if a child hears a pet, then he should clap his hands, if it is wild, tap his feet, if a bird, wave his arms.

2) Mathematics.

Numbers from 0 to 10.

Count up from 1 to 10 and count down from 10 to 1.

Arithmetic signs: "", "-", "=".

Dividing a circle, a square in half, four parts.

Orientation in space and on a sheet of paper: “to the right, to the left, above, below, above, below, behind, etc.

3) Memory.

Memorization of 10-12 pictures.

Telling rhymes, tongue twisters, proverbs, fairy tales, etc. from memory.

Retelling of the text from 4-5 sentences.

4) Thinking.

Finish the sentence, for example, “The river is wide, but the stream ...”, “The soup is hot, but the compote ...”, etc.

Find an extra word from a group of words, for example, “table, chair, bed, boots, armchair”, “fox, bear, wolf, dog, hare”, etc.

Determine the sequence of events, so that first, and what - then.

Find inconsistencies in drawings, verses-fictions.

Putting together puzzles without the help of an adult.

Fold out of paper together with an adult, a simple object: a boat, a boat.

5) Fine motor skills.

It is correct to hold a pen, pencil, brush in your hand and adjust the force of their pressure when writing and drawing.

Color objects and hatch them without going beyond the outline.

Cut with scissors along the line drawn on the paper.

Run applications.

6) Speech.

Make sentences from several words, for example, cat, yard, go, sunbeam, play.

Understand and explain the meaning of proverbs.

Compose a coherent story based on a picture and a series of pictures.

Expressively recite poems with the correct intonation.

Distinguish letters and sounds in words.

7) The world around.

Know the basic colors, domestic and wild animals, birds, trees, mushrooms, flowers, vegetables, fruits and so on.

Name the seasons, natural phenomena, migratory and wintering birds, months, days of the week, your last name, first name and patronymic, the names of your parents and their place of work, your city, address, what professions are.

Consultation for parents of the preparatory group.

First grade, or how to prepare a child for school.

Spring is a time of special troubles for the families of future first-graders. Soon to school.

Preparing for school is a multifaceted process. And it should be noted that you should start working with children not only immediately before entering school, but far before that, from the youngest age. preschool age. And not only in special classes, but also in the independent activities of the children - in games, in work, in communication with adults and peers.

In kindergartens, children receive counting, reading skills, thinking, memory, attention, perseverance, curiosity, fine motor skills and other important qualities develop. Children receive concepts of morality, love for work is instilled. Children who do not go to kindergarten, and do not receive appropriate preparation for school, can enroll in the "Why" circle at the Center for Children's Creativity.

Readiness for school is divided into physiological, psychological and cognitive. All types of readiness should be harmoniously combined in the child. If something is not developed or not fully developed, then it can serve as problems in schooling, communicating with peers, acquiring new knowledge, and so on.

We train the child's hand.

It is very important to develop the fine motor skills of the child, that is, his hands and fingers. This is necessary so that the child in the first grade does not have problems with writing. Many parents make a big mistake by forbidding their child to pick up scissors. Yes, you can get hurt with scissors, but if you talk to your child about how to properly handle scissors, what can and cannot be done, then the scissors will not pose a danger. Make sure that the child does not cut randomly, but along the intended line. For this you can draw geometric figures and ask the child to carefully cut them out, after which you can make an application out of them. This task is very popular with children, and its benefits are very high. Modeling is very useful for the development of fine motor skills, and children really like to sculpt various koloboks, animals and other figures. Teach finger warm-ups with your child - in stores you can easily buy a book with finger warm-ups that are exciting and interesting for the baby. In addition, you can train the hand of a preschooler by drawing, hatching, tying shoelaces, stringing beads.

An important task for parents is to teach the child to bring the work begun to the end, whether it be work or drawing, it does not matter. This requires certain conditions: nothing should distract him. Much depends on how the children have prepared their workplace. For example, if a child sat down to draw, but did not prepare everything necessary in advance, then he will be constantly distracted: he needs to sharpen pencils, pick up the appropriate sheet, etc. As a result, the child loses interest in the idea, wastes time, and even leaves the case unfinished.

The attitude of adults to the affairs of children is of great importance. If a child sees an attentive, benevolent, but at the same time demanding attitude towards the results of his activity, then he himself treats it with responsibility.

From the moment your child crosses the threshold of school for the first time, a new stage of his life will begin. Try to start this stage with joy, and so that it continues throughout his schooling. The child should always feel your support, your strong shoulder, which you can lean on in difficult situations. Become a child's friend, adviser, wise mentor, and then your first grader in the future will turn into such a person, into such a person that you can be proud of.

In the first grade, classmates can be children with a difference in age of up to two years. One only turned six and a half, others went to eight preparatory classes. Parents themselves decide whether to send their child to school immediately after kindergarten or wait a year or two. There are three main parameters that indicate the degree of readiness of the child for school.

The child is motivated to learn

In addition to intellectual, physical, emotional and other development, there is also social development. In a normal life situation, up to a certain age, the child is merged with the mother. Gradually, he begins to physically and socially move away from her. By the age of three, he is already aware of his desires and is able to clearly explain himself, which means that he is starting a small, but his own life. At this age, children are often sent to kindergarten, where they begin to develop connections that should reach a new level by the age of five or six.

The games of the child are also transformed. At first he plays alone, then with dolls, objects, figurines, which he performs social roles, and he directs them. As the child gets older, he or she begins to take on different roles. This is how mother-daughter games, doctor, salesman or pilot games appear, which eventually become group games and begin to include elements of responsibility. The child is already able to answer for something and follow the rules.

Ideally, by the age of seven, he should have “played enough” and be ready to act according to the rules to achieve the result that seems to him necessary. It is necessary that the child had at least the beginning of educational motivation for school. If it doesn't exist at all, you can't go to school.

The child is able to concentrate

He must be able to physically sit out the lesson, not just restraining his impulses, but keeping his attention on what is happening, even if it is not interesting. At least for half an hour. A child who does not have this ability has two options for behavior: either he begins to actively move, gets up or, conversely, crawls under the desk, bullies classmates, or “falls out”. Without interfering with anyone, such a child sits quietly at a desk and even creates the illusion that he is listening to a teacher. In reality, his thoughts are somewhere far away, and only repeated shouting of the teacher can attract his attention.

This type of human development is not accidentally called emotional-volitional. Our will is based on understanding ourselves, our emotions. When we are aware of what is happening to us, we can better determine what we need to do with ourselves in order to achieve the desired result. To develop the will of the child, it is necessary to develop his emotions. For this, games to distinguish between sensations are good - hot-cold, hard-easy, fun-sad.

The child has developed intelligence and motor skills

Any violations in this area are most easily noticed. Almost all tests and tasks for preschoolers are aimed at their identification. The results are easily recorded in quantitative terms: I remembered so many words, read or counted them in such and such a time. In fact, when determining the readiness of the child for school, only this is checked.

But even here, today's children are not all smooth sailing. Experts point out that the percentage of first-graders with psychophysical infantilism is too high - a situation where a child, say, is seven years old, but looks and behaves like five. Its motor processes are underdeveloped. Age inappropriate eye-hand coordination is a vital thing for learning. This is the ability to write, keeping the letters even and proportionate, and to read, fixing the gaze on a certain line. If the child's brain has not yet grown up to this, he is simply physically unable to do what is required of him, or he can only do it under very high stress and for a short time.

In the life of any child, sooner or later there comes a moment when it is time to go to school. The future first grader does not yet know what awaits him. Carelessness, carelessness and immersion in the game will be replaced by many restrictions, duties and requirements. Now I have to go to class every day, do homework.

How can you determine whether the baby is ready for a new life stage? There are special criteria for school readiness: intellectual, motivational, psychological, social, physical.

Parents are wrong when they think that their baby is ready for school because he can read and write. The child, despite this, can be difficult to be given the school curriculum. The reason is the lack of intellectual preparation for entering the educational institution. Intellectual readiness for school is determined by thinking, memory, attention.

Thinking

Before starting school, the child should be given knowledge about the world around him: about other people and about the relationship between them, about nature. The child must:

• know some information about yourself (name, surname, place of residence);
• distinguish geometric shapes (circle, rectangle, triangle, square);
• know colors;
• understand the meanings following words: "less", "more", "low", "high", "narrow", "wide", "right", "left", "between", "about", "above", "under";
• be able to compare various objects and find differences in them, generalize, analyze, determine the signs of phenomena and objects.

Memory

It is much easier for a student to learn if he has a well-developed memory. To determine the readiness of the child for school, you can read a short text to him and ask him to retell it in a couple of weeks. You can also prepare 10 different objects and pictures and show them to your child. Then he will have to name those that he remembered.

Attention

The effectiveness of schooling will directly depend on whether the child is able to listen carefully to the teacher, not to be distracted by other students. The attention and readiness of preschoolers for school can be checked by a simple task - read aloud a few pairs of words and ask them to determine in each of them the word that is the longest. If the baby asks again, it means that his attention is poorly developed, and he was distracted by something during the exercise.

Motivational readiness for school

Parents, preparing a child for a new period of life, should form his motivation for learning, because it is the key to future success. Motivational readiness for school is formed if the child:

• wants to attend classes;
• seeks to learn new and interesting information;
• wants to acquire new knowledge.

Psychological readiness for school

In an educational institution, the child will be subject to strict requirements that differ from the requirements that he was introduced to at home and in kindergarten, and all of them will have to be fulfilled.

Psychological readiness for school is determined by the following aspects:

• the presence of such qualities as independence and organization;
• the ability to manage one's own behavior;
• readiness for new forms of cooperation with adults.

Social readiness for school

A child ready for school should have a desire to communicate with peers. He must be able to establish relationships both with other children and with adults. It is worth noting that the relationship of the child with others is a mirror of those relationships that prevail at home in the family. It is from his parents that the baby takes an example.

To assess social readiness for school, it is recommended to check:

• is it easy for the child to join the company of children playing;
• whether he knows how to listen to someone else's opinion without interrupting;
• whether he observes the queue in situations where it is necessary;
• whether he knows how to participate in a conversation with several people, whether he can keep up the conversation.

Physical readiness for school

Healthy children adapt much faster to the changes in their lives that are associated with the start of schooling. Exactly physical development and determines the physical readiness for school.

To assess development and determine whether a child is ready for a new life stage, you can do the following:

• check his hearing;
• check your vision;
• evaluate the child's ability to sit quietly for a while;
• check if he has developed coordination of motor skills (can he play with a ball, jump, go up and down stairs);
• evaluate the appearance of the child (does he look rested, vigorous, healthy).

Testing a future first grader

Before entering an educational institution, children undergo special testing. It is not aimed at accepting only strong students and refusing weak ones. The legislation states that the school does not have the right to refuse parents to accept a child in the first grade, even if he cannot pass the interview.

Tests are necessary for teachers to determine the weak and strengths the child, the level of his intellectual, psychological, social and personal readiness for classes.

To determine the intellectual readiness for learning at school, the following tasks can be given:

• count from 1 to 10;
• perform simple arithmetic operations in the problem;
• change nouns by number, gender;
• come up with a story for the picture;
• lay out figures from matches;
• arrange the pictures in order;
• read the text;
• classify geometric shapes;
• draw something.

For rate psychological readiness the teacher offers to be tested to assess the level of development of fine motor skills of the hand, to identify the ability to work for some time without being distracted, the ability to imitate a specific model.

On testing, the following tasks may be given to determine the readiness of the child for school:

• draw a person
• draw letters or a group of dots.

Also in this block, the child can be asked questions, the answers to which can determine how he is oriented in reality.

When assessing social readiness, the teacher suggests drawing a picture based on the reflection in the mirror, solving situational problems, coloring the figures according to certain instructions, drawing the child's attention to the fact that other children will continue the drawing.

Personal readiness is determined by the teacher in the course of a conversation with the child. Diagnosis of a child's readiness for school is carried out thanks to the questions that are asked to the crumbs about the school, about how they would act in certain situations, with whom they would like to be at the same desk, with whom they would like to be friends. In addition, the teacher will ask the child to express his opinion about himself, talk about his qualities or choose them from the proposed list.

The second time in the first class, or the readiness of parents

Not only children, but also their parents should be ready for school. It is important to understand that getting your child into first grade is a rather costly process. Mom and dad should be prepared for big expenses. The child will need stationery, clothes, shoes, a briefcase. The school may need to provide material support. Monthly expenses will include the cost of meals, security services.

Of no small importance is the psychological readiness of parents for school. Many mothers and fathers often worry about their child when there is no reason for it. You need to understand that the baby has already matured and wised up, moved into a new stage of his life. life path. He no longer needs to be treated like a child. Let him get used to independent living. If the child encounters failure or finds himself in some unpleasant situation, then you should immediately come to his aid.

What if the child does not meet the eligibility criteria?

Many parents are currently faced with the problem of school readiness when a child is found to have shortcomings and is told that it is too early for him to learn. Inattention, absent-mindedness, lack of perseverance are manifested in almost every 6-7-year-old child.

Parents should not panic in such a situation. If the baby is only 6 or 7 years old, then it is not necessary to send him to school at this time. Many children start school only after they are 8 years old. By this time, all the problems that were noticed earlier may disappear.

Do not forget about classes. It is desirable for parents to teach their son or daughter to read and write before school. If a child, according to indicators of school readiness, has been found to have some problems with memory or thinking, then there are a huge number of different tasks and exercises that can develop this. If the baby has any deviations, then you can contact a specialist, for example, a psychologist or a speech therapist.

The child is ready for a new school life or not, is determined by the combination of such features:

• morphological;
• psychological;
• personal.

The degree of their formation depends on:

• proper maturation of the body of a preschooler (especially the central nervous system);
• the level of development of his mental processes;
• the social environment in which the baby was brought up;
• personal qualities that he developed;
• availability of basic universal learning skills.

Let's present the main types of school readiness and their characteristics in the table.

According to experts, readiness for schooling formed in children between six and seven years of age. However, each child has an individual pace of development. The decision on whether to send him to school should be made on the basis of an assessment of the entire list of necessary qualities.

Physical readiness

This type of readiness to study at school, as physical readiness, is determined on the basis of the correspondence of the level of development of the child's body to the basic age norms. A number of criteria must be taken into account.

1. Level of biological development:

• height;
• weight;
• performance;
• a system of conditional verbal reactions;
• maturity of the digestive and urinary systems.

1. The state of health and analyzer systems. To determine the state of health before entering school, the child must undergo a medical examination and receive a conclusion that he is healthy and can study in a general education institution. Particular attention is paid to checking vision and hearing, which are of paramount importance for the perception of information.

If there are any medical deviations or contraindications, it is necessary to postpone enrollment in the first class, undergo a course of treatment or take care of creating special educational conditions for the child.

General physical development. It is determined by the presence of basic physical qualities:

• dexterity;
• speed;
• force;
• movement coordination.

The level of development of the main types of movements:

• jumping;
• slopes;
• squats;
• crawl.

Development of fine motor skills of hands:

• hold a pen or pencil;
• draw clear lines;
• move small items
• fold a piece of paper.

Hygiene skills, self-care skills. The child must:

• wash;
• brush your teeth;
• to wash hands;
• use the toilet;
• dress;
• fasten and tie shoelaces;
• look after your appearance;
• use cutlery;
• clean up the dishes;
• organize the workplace;
• collect, fold and put away your belongings.

Knowledge of the basics of health. The child has knowledge of:

• the importance of being healthy;
• the need to protect health;
• daily routine;
• the importance of sports.

A physically healthy and prepared child, a changed daily routine and level of stress.

Psychological readiness

Consider the types of psychological readiness for school, which covers several aspects.

Mental readiness includes:

• sufficient knowledge of the world around;
• the ability to operate with existing knowledge to solve various problems;
• curiosity, the need for new knowledge;
• the level of mental activity that will ensure the assimilation of new knowledge;
• the presence of verbal-logical and figurative thinking;
• developed speech, sufficient vocabulary;
• developed sensory skills;
• sustained attention;
• strong memory.

Intellectual preparation for school entry is necessary condition for successful completion of the curriculum.

Social readiness is based on the following components:

• communication;
• the desire to communicate with peers, to establish friendly relations with them;
• the ability to listen to the interlocutor;
• willingness to follow the line;
• willingness to follow the leader or to show leadership qualities yourself;
• understanding social hierarchy willingness to obey the demands of elders.

The foundations of the relationship of the child with the outside world are laid in the family and develop in the process of visiting preschool. "Home" children are more difficult to adapt to the conditions of the school team.

Personal readiness to enter school is related to the degree of formation of the child's internal attitude to the fact that his role in society is changing, the attitude of adults and their system of requests to him is changing. A first-grader must consciously take the position of a student and have. It is important that his positive motivation is not based on external aspects (acquisition of new clothes, possession of office supplies, etc.), but on the fact that by attending school he will become smarter, will be able to develop his abilities and skills.

In addition, the child must be prepared that in the family he will be considered more mature and independent. Therefore, the number of demands and family responsibilities will increase. In this regard, the situation is especially difficult in families where there are still children of preschool age.

Emotional-volitional readiness implies the presence of such aspects:

• the joyful expectation of going to school;
• acceptance of goals educational activities and positive attitude towards them;
• the ability to subordinate their motives to the collective;
• the ability to consciously manage one's behavior in accordance with moral principles;
• desire to overcome difficulties;
• the desire to achieve high results in their activities;
• conscious definition of some positive and negative qualities character and willingness to change;
• the presence of restraint, perseverance, independence, perseverance, discipline and organization.

A high level of emotional and volitional readiness for school is the key to successful learning. Indeed, in this case, even having problems on initial stage school adaptation, the child will be able to overcome them and will not experience difficulties in the future.

special readiness

Special readiness for schooling is that the child has some universal learning skills:

• name letters;
• read syllables or words;
• count, add and subtract within 10;
• write individual elements;
• draw simple objects;
• do light exercise.

This is just an indicative list. Usually such skills are formed during special classes that are held in kindergarten. Their presence is necessary for the study school subjects provided by the curriculum.

It is important that all the basic types of a child's readiness for school are formed at a sufficient level. Only in this case, under conditions of systematic education, the child will not experience a deterioration in health, he will cope with the requirements, successfully learn school curriculum and socio-psychologically adapts to school life.