EntranceForensic study of external signs of a person (habitoscopy). Application of the technique of drawing up a verbal portrait in RK lessons. Verbal portrait of a person, examples in very good quality.
When verbally recording signs of appearance, they are guided by special rules included in the “verbal portrait”.
Verbal portrait is a forensic method of describing a person’s appearance using uniform terms, carried out according to a certain system for the purposes of criminal registration, search and identification of living persons and corpses.
Principles of the verbal portrait method:
- systematic (determines the sequence (priority) of the description);
- completeness (provides a detailed description).
Methodology for describing signs of a person’s appearance
1. Signs characterizing:
- general physical elements of appearance: gender, age, nationality (anthropological type), height, physique;
- anatomical characteristics of individual areas of the body and elements;
- functional characteristics of related items.
2. The description of appearance features is carried out according to the scheme “from general to specific” and “top to bottom”:
- the figure as a whole,
- the head as a whole
- the face as a whole
- individual elements of the face,
- neck, shoulders, back, chest,
- hands-legs.
3. Each of the anatomical elements is characterized by
- form,
- size,
- position,
- some - by color.
3.1. When describing the form, use the name geometric shapes(round, oval, rectangular, triangular, etc.) or geometric lines (straight, convex, winding, etc.).
3.2. The description of the dimensions of the elements is not given in absolute values, but in relation to other elements of appearance. At the same time, they characterize its height, length, width, quantity, etc. The gradation of values is most often threefold: large, medium, small. Five-membered can also be used, with the addition: very large and very small. With a seven-member gradation they add: “above average”, “below average”. If there are doubts about the size characteristics, then it is indicated in two values: “medium-small”, “large-medium”.
3.3. The position of the element is determined relative to the vertical and horizontal planes of the body (horizontal, inclined, beveled inward, etc.), as well as by its relative position (fused, separate).
3.4. They are characterized by color (black, dark brown, light brown, blond, red, gray); eyes (black, brown, gray, etc.) and sometimes skin color (very red, yellow, bluish-red nose, birthmark color, etc.).
4. For the description, uniform terms accepted in the verbal portrait should be used, excluding discrepancies and ambiguities.
5. Anatomical features are described in relation to two angles:
- front view (full face);
- side view (profile).
In this case, the head should be in a “normal” position, when a horizontal line passes through the bridge of the nose, the outer corner of the eye and the upper third of the auricle (the so-called French anthropological horizontal). The facial muscles should be in a calm state (without smiling, facial expressions, grimaces), no makeup, hair removed from the forehead and ears, glasses and hats removed (their description is given in the accompanying signs).
Scheme for describing external features using the “verbal portrait” method
Elements and features of a face from the front: 1a. Anthropometric points of the face: A - superior frontal, B - glabella, C - superior nasal, D - pupillary, D - subnasal, E - mental, F - mandibular. 1 - forehead height, 2 - forehead width, 3 - line of eyebrow position, 4 - line of palpebral fissure position, 5 - pupillary line, 6 - length of palpebral fissure, 7 - width of the back of the nose, 8 - height of the nose (nasal part of the face), 9 - width of the nose, 10 - height of the upper lip, 11 - length of the oral fissure, 12 - height of the chin, 13 - protrusion of the auricle, 14 - height of the auricle, 15 - axial (medial) line. 1 - hairline, 2 - areas of the frontal tubercles, 3 - areas of the brow ridges, 4 - heads of the eyebrows, 5 - contours of the eyebrows, b - tails of the eyebrows, 7 - inner corners of the eyes, 8 - outer corners of the eyes, 9 - contours of the upper folds eyelid, 10 - nasolabial filter, 11 - contour of the border of the upper lip, 12 - contour of the border of the lower lip, 13 - contour of the chin, 14 - contour of the helix, 15 - contour of the antihelix, 16 - contour of the tragus. |
Description of anatomical features
Floor: male, female.
Age. Installed:
- according to documents, if they do not raise doubts;
- “in appearance” (indicating this circumstance and within certain limits: apparently 25-30 years old, apparently 50-60 years old, etc.);
- according to medical or forensic medical examination.
Nationality (face type). In the absence of documents and other reliable information confirming a person’s nationality, it is permissible to determine the type of person. This may be an anthropological type of appearance characteristic of a certain race (Caucasian, Mongoloid, Negroid, etc.) or a comparative definition of the type in relation to our country: European type, Caucasian, Central Asian, Mongolian, etc.
Overall figure
Growth is most often determined by a three-member gradation:
- low (for men up to 160 cm),
- medium (for men from 160 cm to 170 cm),
- tall (for men over 170 cm).
Acceptable characteristics: very low, very high. If data on anthropometric measurements are available or can be obtained (medical record, etc.), then height is indicated in absolute values.
For women, these figures apply for each category of 10 cm less.
Body type is characterized depending on the development of the musculoskeletal system and the degree of fat deposits. There are body types: weak, very weak, average, stocky, athletic.
According to the degree of fatness, a person can be characterized by the following characteristics: thin, lean, average fatness, plump (features - very thin, very plump - “obese”).
Description of functional characteristics
Posture is the usual position of the torso and head (the usual posture of a person). In this case, the position of the head relative to the body is noted (deviated to the right or left shoulder, tilted forward, tilted back), as well as the position of the body in relation to the vertical (back straight, stooped, hunched).
Gait is a set of habitual automatic movements when walking as a manifestation of a certain dynamic stereotype formed in a person. This circumstance determines the constancy of such gait elements as step length (left, right), step width, step angle, turn angle, feet. Therefore, when describing the gait, the size of the step (long, short) is noted. Step width (narrow or short foot spacing, foot placement when walking (toes out, toes in, parallel), tempo (fast, slow), appearance (soft, heavy, staggering, waddling, bouncing, mincing, wobbling gait). Noted also lameness, dragging of the leg, position of the arms when walking (waving arms, hands in pockets, laid behind).Gait may change under the influence of leg diseases, nervous system suffered head injuries.
Gesticulation is a set of movements of a person’s arms, shoulders (sometimes head), with which he accompanies his speech in order to give it greater expressiveness. When describing gestures, their pace (fast, slow), expressiveness (buoyant, energetic, sluggish), the nature of gestures and their content (indicative, figurative, etc.) are recorded.
Facial expressions are the movement of muscles and elements of the face that change its expression depending on emotional state person or his desires. It can be very developed or inexpressive. Usually the most pronounced and habitual facial expressions are noted (raising eyebrows, biting lips, winking, etc.).
Speech - in relation to it, it is characterized by both data related to speech itself and data of the speech mechanism. In the first case, they note the languages that a person speaks and which of them is his native language, dialect or adverb, accent, pronunciation features, construction of phrases, use of slang words, clogging of speech (“here,” “you understand,” etc. .).
In a relationship speech mechanism note the tempo (slow, fast), character (calm speech, excited), speech features (burr, lisp, nasal sound, etc.). The voice is characterized by timbre (bass, baritone, tenor, alto, treble), strength (weak, medium, strong) and purity (clear, hoarse, dull, hoarse).
Manners (habits) of behavior are formed in the process of human life and are expressed in the monotonous (usually automatic, uncontrolled) performance of certain actions (rubbing palms, stroking the head, mustache, stepping from foot to foot, manner of lighting a cigarette, greeting, etc.).
Description of accompanying elements and their characteristics
This description applies to clothing, shoes, hats and items that... Usually a person has with him (glasses, ring, chains, pendant, etc.) In relation to clothing, its name (jacket, raincoat, jacket, etc.), type (civilian, sports, military, uniform, etc.) is noted. etc.), style and cut (single-breasted jacket, raglan coat, hat with earflaps, etc.), color, pattern, material, condition of clothing, performance characteristics. Other related items are described in a similar way.
The most common and accessible method of recording signs of a person’s appearance is to compile it verbal description, which can be consolidated both in writing and through sound recording. A description compiled for the purpose of identifying a person based on his external appearance and establishing his identity is usually called forensic.
A forensic description of a person’s external appearance is compiled during his direct observation during operational-search activities (mainly for registration purposes, as well as to record signs of the observed person’s appearance); carrying out investigative actions (identification, examination, examination); indirect study in the process of operational-search activities (when recording data on the appearance of an escaped criminal, a missing person from the words, i.e., from the memory of people who knew or saw the wanted person); production of forensic portrait examination.
Thus, the description can be carried out through direct observation of a person (from nature), as well as from the words of an eyewitness. In this case, the eyewitness reproduces in verbal form his idea of this person, that is, from memory. The description can be performed by studying the appearance of a person captured in a photograph, video frame, or subjective portrait. A description can also be compiled by studying the appearance features of a deceased person according to his death mask, graphic or plastic reconstruction of the face based on the skull.
The reliability of the display of signs of appearance, recorded using a description, is greater when it is performed from life, that is, it is of a direct nature. An indirect description, compiled from the words of a person who observed the person being described, is considered less reliable.
At the same time, such a circumstance as knowledge of the methodology for compiling a forensic description is important. If the subject of the description does not master such a technique, his description as a means of recording the external appearance of a person will not be complete and reliable. In turn, mastery of the technique allows the subject of the description to record quite fully and reliably the appearance features of the person being described.
When assessing the quality of information recorded in the form of a description, it is necessary to take into account the factors under the influence of which it is formed and created: the patterns of human perception, the complexity of the process of reproducing visual impressions in verbal form, the type of description, the primacy or repetition of the description, the place where the description was compiled, its time period and origin.
The content of information recorded in the form of a description is influenced by: the laws of the process of human perception, the preservation of the formed idea; the time elapsed from the moment of perception to the reproduction of its results; the complexity of the process of reproducing visual impressions in verbal form; multiplicity of forms of transformation of initial ideas, the possibility of losing part of the impressions and modifying the surviving ones.
The specificity of the verbal presentation of perceived information is that this process is accompanied by its generalization. Designating elements of a visual image using words is a very complex procedure, despite its apparent simplicity. Thus, even describing one’s own appearance and the appearance of close relatives and friends causes difficulty.
The difficulty arises from the fact that the individuality of a person’s appearance is difficult to convey in ordinary words, with the exception, of course, of special signs. Most often, appearance signs are characterized as ordinary, “normal,” although they may not be such.
In addition, the difficulty lies in the unambiguous designation of features. Appearance in descriptions is often characterized by generalizing terms that have the same meaning different people, depending on many individual characteristics of the authors of the description.
The quality of the description is influenced by its type - oral story or written presentation. A written description may differ in content from an oral description. This is explained by the fact that, firstly, the written presentation of an oral story requires certain skills; secondly, the stylistic design of the description can affect its accuracy, completeness, detail, and lead to unconscious filling of gaps in the perception and memorization of information; thirdly, a written description may be shorter than an oral one; it may lack essential details that, in the opinion of the subject of the description, are not of interest.
For the quality of the description, it also matters whether it is primary or repeated. Despite preserving the basis of the description, its repeated, repeated compilation leads to the impoverishment of the content of the description, the introduction of elements of generalization into it, and the filling of gaps with conjecture. Therefore, it is advisable to use the initial description, clarifying it in the process of further collecting information about the person’s appearance.
The place of compilation of the description is understood as the ethnographically isolated territory in which the compiler of the description lives and works. Depending on this, the subject of the description involuntarily develops an idea of the norm of appearance for the population around him. This norm depends on the anthropological composition of the population of a given area. Therefore, there is a certain relationship between the individual idea of the norm of appearance signs and the objective norm characteristic of a given ethnic, anthropological group of the population.
The time of compilation of the description, the period that has passed from the moment of compilation to the use of the description, must be known in order to take them into account when analyzing changes that can occur over a significant length of this period.
The origin of the description, the circumstances under which it arose - important factors, the analysis of which is necessary to determine the degree of reliability of the display when describing a person’s appearance.
A description may arise in the process of events specially carried out for these purposes, or appear as a result of circumstances not intended for its preparation. In the first case, the subject of the description has the opportunity to systematically and easily observe a person and compose his description (for example, registering a person based on his appearance). In the second case, the description is usually compiled some time after the observation, and not by the eyewitness himself, but by another person, most often an employee of the internal affairs agency.
The reliability of the description compiled by an eyewitness or from his words is significantly influenced by the conditions under which the object was observed. The short duration of observation and other complicating conditions reduce the level of correspondence of the description to reality. Descriptions of eyewitnesses or information based on them are not always accurate; the reliability of the data in some cases cannot be verified, especially since such descriptions are compiled from memory.
The description compiled from registration materials is more reliable, since it is based on features that were specially studied to consolidate them during the registration process. In addition, such descriptions must be reliable, that is, they must accurately reflect established characteristics of appearance, since they are compiled by operational workers based on personal observations or verified reports of other persons, and should not include data on supposedly established characteristics.
When working with a description as a means of recording signs of a person’s appearance, it is necessary to evaluate its quality, which depends on its completeness and certainty.
Completeness of description determined by the number of features contained in it. A description containing data on all the main elements of appearance is considered sufficiently complete. As a rule, a list of signs of these elements is given in the corresponding instructional materials, cards - information carriers (for example, a card for a missing person).
Certainty of description is assessed from the standpoint of its unambiguous or polysemantic understanding. An unambiguous description clearly defines the variant of the attribute, while an ambiguous description allows for several options. Typically, information with a low degree of certainty is found in descriptions of the appearance of unknown persons. The analysis of the degree of certainty of the description is carried out taking into account information about the identity of the subject of the description and the form of description used. The lower the qualifications of its compiler and the worse the conditions for perceiving the external appearance, the less certain the description is. In an ordered description, the degree of certainty can be analyzed; an arbitrary description admits words and expressions that are not in themselves completely certain.
When assessing the reliability of the display of signs of a person’s appearance in descriptions, the form of the description should also be taken into account. It can be arbitrary and systematized, or ordered.
Custom description conveys all the features of the story about a person’s appearance and most often arises during surveys, interrogations of witnesses and victims. It can also be given in documents compiled during operational-search activities. Such a description may contain characteristic features of the person being described. It is distinguished by the use of everyday terminology, as they say, vernacular. Sometimes in the descriptions there are words and expressions characteristic of a certain, sometimes narrow group of people - local dialects. The characteristics contained in an arbitrary description can be both accurate and extremely inaccurate, therefore, using an arbitrary description it is difficult to determine the degree of proximity of selected words to the described characteristics, since the meaning that the author of the description and the person analyzing it puts into the word may not be the same.
Since the description is to be used as a source of forensic information, it must be converted into orderly, i.e. compiled according to certain rules and using uniform terminology 1.
The ordered description is made according to the following rules.
- 1. Determination of signs of appearance is carried out in relation to the normal position of the head and body of a standing person.
- 2. The description is drawn up sequentially - first the element of appearance as a whole is characterized, and then its parts.
- 3. The description of the elements of appearance is compiled in a certain order - according to the principle from top to bottom.
- 4. Elements of appearance are characterized both in front and in profile.
- 5. When describing elements of appearance, indicate their characteristics: shape (contour), size, position, color, expression, as well as symmetry.
- 6. In a person’s external appearance, features are identified and described, i.e., signs that differ sharply from the norm, and special signs (scars, birthmarks, deviations from the normal development of the body, etc.).
To convert an arbitrary description into an ordered one, special reference manuals, in which common words and expressions often found in arbitrary descriptions are correlated with their most likely meanings in terms of a forensic description of a person's appearance 1 .
Forensic description as a method of recording signs of a person’s appearance is carried out during operational search activities, conducting criminal registration, carrying out investigative actions, and performing forensic portrait examinations.
When conducting operational-search activities, this description is used to record the external appearance of persons of operational interest.
It is necessary to especially note the signs that form the clarity of the elements of appearance and allow you to quickly distinguish the person being described among a large group of people. Such signs include, firstly, those that are noticeable from a distance, less dependent on observation conditions than others (they can be called orienting signs), and secondly, those that are most characteristic of appearance this person(they can be called dominant features).
Since the appearance of almost every person is dominated by signs of the average value, you should: pay attention to the proportions of the face and its elements; fix the relationship of the frontal, nasal, oral parts, the position of the elements relative to the horizontal, vertical and each other, identify asymmetry, usually inherent to one degree or another in all people.
An operational officer, when writing a description of a person whom he directly observed, must take into account the above rules for preparing an ordered description.
When compiling a forensic description of a person’s appearance for registration purposes, they must reflect all the features indicated on the form of the corresponding document. If it is difficult to determine a characteristic, all possible variations of it should be indicated.
ants to avoid loss of information. In cases of searching for a missing person, signs of clothing, shoes and small wearable items are identified and described immediately upon receipt of a statement about the disappearance of a person, since over time the applicant will not be able to name them with the required completeness and accuracy.
When describing clothing, its type, name, style, material from which it is made, and its color are indicated. Brands and seals of manufacturers, signs of wear and repair are subject to description. The location, size and shape of major defects are described. If there are remains of the material from which the missing person made his coat, suit or other clothing, then include samples of these fabrics.
When preparing a presentation for identification great importance has a description of physical appearance recorded in the preliminary interrogation protocol. Based on this description, it is determined what external signs the persons presented to the eyewitness should have. The criminal procedure law requires that these persons be similar in appearance, that is, they do not have sharp differences in physique, age, height, shape and color of face, hair, eyes, hairstyle, or special features. The results of the identification cannot be considered valid if the identifier indicated such signs and signs that, due to their uncertainty, are insufficient to establish the identity. The protocol of presentation for identification must particularly accurately indicate the signs and marks by which the identifier recognized the person presented for identification. The formulations “I recognize by facial features, structure of the nose, mouth,” etc. are unacceptable. It is required to highlight and indicate such values of features that differ from the so-called average and in their totality individualize the person being identified.
Thus, the description of appearance features in the identification protocol should not include their listing (for example, the size of the nose, the contour of the lips, chin, etc.), but an indication by what features the person was identified (for example, by a large nose, an arched contour of the border upper lip, wide, protruding chin, etc.).
In the protocol of presentation for identification, the testimony of the identifying officer is presented verbatim, if possible, i.e., the expressions used by the witness and the victim are given.
A description of the signs of appearance is also made during the examination, during which various special signs, injuries, scars, tattoos, physique defects, and birthmarks can be discovered. In this case, it is not compiled Full description external appearance of the examined person, and the exact name of the identified signs is given, indicating their location on the body.
One of the specific investigative actions, during which a description of appearance signs is carried out by direct observation, is an examination of the corpse. When examining a corpse with the participation of a specialist, special attention is paid to the presence of injuries and signs of violence, which can become evidentiary material in establishing the cause of death. Typically, the description of appearance features is carried out according to an abbreviated program. However, the need for subsequent identification of the deceased (deceased), the impossibility of repeated examination, and the shortcomings of photographing require detailed recording of appearance features in full and according to the rules of forensic description. The description must reflect a set of characteristics that individualize the deceased (deceased).
The description of appearance features during a forensic portrait examination has a certain specificity. The description of appearance characteristics should be as detailed as the images submitted for research allow. During expert portrait identification, not all elements and signs of appearance are used, but only those that have been reliably depicted in portraits.
In expert portrait identification, the description of appearance begins with complex elements and signs.
Initially, gender, age (age period of the person depicted), anthropological type (belonging to one of the main races), and body type are indicated.
During preliminary research Images also contain descriptions and signs of accompanying elements of appearance - clothing, wearable items, jewelry.
The description of clothing indicates its type (men's, women's, children's) and style, which is characterized taking into account its purpose and cut (seasonal, professional, uniform, special). The headdress is characterized separately, its type (cap, beret, etc.) and color are indicated.
When writing a description of clothing, you need to note the location of the sides, fasteners, and branding. This is necessary to resolve the issue of the possibility of a mirror image of an object.
After compiling a description of the characteristics of complex and accompanying elements of appearance, they proceed to a description of the characteristics of anatomical elements, primarily the characteristics of the head as the most important for portrait identification.
The human head and face are studied as a whole. Their individual parts and elements are also examined. The head as a whole is characterized by its
nominal size and structural features. The description of the face as a whole is carried out along the frontal contour, proportions and relative sizes of its parts.
After this, a description of the hair on the head and face (mustache, beard, sideburns) is compiled. Then a description of the forehead, eyebrows, eye area, cheekbones, nose, mouth, skin and mucous parts of the lips, chin, ears, neck is given, signs of the facial skin are noted (presence, location, severity of wrinkles, folds, etc.).
A description of the characteristics of the elements of appearance is carried out at all stages of the portrait examination. But this description has its own characteristics, taking into account the specifics of each stage.
Thus, at the stage of preliminary research, the description is limited only to the characteristics of complex and accompanying elements, since the main task of this stage is a preliminary comparison of the persons depicted in the portrait.
In the process of separate research, the anatomical elements of appearance are studied and described using the verbal portrait method. First, the characteristics are determined as they appear in the portrait. Then, taking into account the factors influencing their display, the severity of the signs is established normal conditions. These are generally considered to be the conditions of signaletic photography.
At the stage of comparative research, the description records the results of a comparison of the appearance features identified during a separate study, and such a description is limited only to comparable features. When listing coincidences and differences, they are named and explained in what, in what gradations, the coincidence and difference of characteristics lie.
At the final stage, the distinguishing features should be described in detail. Detailed description matching features are not necessary, since they must be objectively and accurately presented in the illustrative part of the expert’s report.
Appearance and portrait of the criminal
Temperament and portrait largely determine the behavior and, consequently, the fate of a person. Here we consider the appearance of men as the main carriers of crime. Although, it is believed that any character traits, including criminal ones, are most consistently concentrated in a woman, since she is the “permanent” memory of humanity, while a man is the “operative” memory. No one more than a woman can disguise the evil inclination within herself, behind a beautiful appearance - a cold heart, behind wet, drooping eyes - ruthlessness. An artist-dancer of the Orenburg Musical Comedy Theater washed the blood from the crime weapon - a tourist hatchet, with which her husband Ionesyan, an artist of the same theater, killed victims, including children, entering apartments under the guise of a Mosgaz employee. Aware of their evil inclination, women more often than men, being potential criminals, do not succumb to the call of fate and follow the “religious line”, becoming soothsayers, fortune-tellers, healers like the former Komsomol member and failed doomsday prophetess Masha Tsvigun from the White Brotherhood.
As a rule, the criminal past and present are felt in the face and demeanor. In older people, the past leaves clear traces on the face, fixed as a result of the constant repetition of emotions. It is more difficult to read evil or other secret vices on a young face, especially if the person is experienced in the art of hypocrisy. The higher the development, the more differentiated the facial muscles are, making it possible to convey or mask moods and thoughts. If a person is in the mood for something, truly concerned about something, this is reflected in his appearance. Apart from the heavy lower jaw, cleft chin and sharp facial folds, the greatest overpowering effect is the look of the criminal, which, like nothing else, shows what he was faced with. The look corresponds to the character of a person, but more often it is deliberately developed to suppress not only the victims, but also those around him.
A criminal sometimes hides under the guise of a refined, sophisticated and well-mannered person who graduated from a university, speaks English, is a connoisseur of literature and art, and collects antiques. Therefore, there will be no general approach to describing the portrait of a criminal; we will try to give average information that can be used as a guideline. We offer some characteristics of a person from the book by Moreau-Christophe “The World of Fraudsters”. Try to evaluate yourself and those around you for compliance with the described portraits.
People are known to be different in temperament.
Cholerics have a bilious temperament. The lot of these people is hard work, great talents, deep delusions, and serious crimes. They strive to achieve everything by force, violence, violence, and are influenced by imagination and passions. They have a bold and daring appearance, sparkling eyes, a lean face, black hair, a strong but undersized physique, strong muscles, and a thin figure. They are often regulars in prison, or at least predisposed to actions that would lead them there.
Melancholic people They have a sad expression on their face, sunken eyes with a gloomy expression, black and straight hair, a tall and thin figure, long limbs. The look is restless and timid. They appear weak in appearance, but have remarkable strength. Suspicious, unsure of themselves, jealous, envious. The imagination retains in memory the most insignificant impressions; little things are perceived as incidents. These are the most dangerous scammers and criminals.
Phlegmatic people They are distinguished by a weak and delicate physique, a calm face, straight hair of indeterminate color and dull eyes. At the same time, they have a portly body and thick, albeit weak, muscles, and leisurely movements. As a result of laziness, they are moderate in vices, as well as in everything else - in virtue, feelings, thoughts. They are only looking for peace. Criminals, from whom energy and dynamics are required, are rarely and then forced.
Sanguines even less dangerous than phlegmatic people. Always excited, prone to lively impressions, carried away, easily consoled in grief and satiated with passions. They are not capable of strong mental tension or serious reflection. Quiet, patient, calm, obedient. They are distinguished by their small stature and stature, proportional build, fresh and cheerful face, lively eyes, soft and delicate skin. As a rule, they are light and agile.
By shape heads You can draw the following conclusions about a person:
Square - energy, firmness, confidence;
Round - initiative, speed of reaction, courtesy;
Oval - mental alertness, flexibility, independence;
Triangular - intelligence, resourcefulness, cunning.
Face- this is the only part of the human body that is animated by thought. With some experience it can be hidden. But even the most experienced swindlers get tired of their game, and then vice sets its mark on the face, distorts the muscles, obscures the eyes, beauty gives way to ugliness, and a rogue, a thief, a murderer is revealed.
It is difficult to judge a person’s personality by facial features, but a preliminary impression can be made, later clarifying, if possible, by analyzing behavior, verbal and non-verbal characteristics. The upper part of the face characterizes thinking abilities, the middle - spiritual, sensual qualities - the lower, from the tip of the nose to the end of the chin - material properties and a tendency to vices and crimes. A wide face means greater self-confidence; if the bulk of the face is located below the nose, then the person also has great physical activity and energy. A narrow face means indecision; the bulk of the face is located above the nose - the person has great mental energy. He will not be enraged by small or even major failures. Pointed profile - insight. A face that widens from the mouth to the ears and then narrows - greed.
Wide, square, protruding forward with corners - a creative person, a thinker, courageous, wise;
Prominent in the middle is the analyst's forehead;
Convex at the temples - subtle intelligence and cunning;
Straight, tall, narrow - undeveloped imagination, slow-witted, but strong character and consistency of actions;
Slanted back - intelligence, wit, practical orientation.
Hair:
Silky, soft, thin - weak character, lack of energy;
Tough, curly - strong character, serious mind, difficult disposition;
Straight, thick - a rude, dull mind;
Blonde - sensitivity and tenderness;
Chestnut, black - energy, passion, voluptuousness;
Red - irritability, temper, anger;
Redheads - extreme malice or the greatest kindness;
Thick hair - strength, hardness, courage, cruelty;
Sparse hair - weakness, tenderness, cowardice;
Hair of a different color than the eyebrows is a sign of pretense.
Brows:
Close to each other, thick and overhanging define a powerful mind, strength, energy, hardness;
Divided, sparse and smooth - weakness of mind, weakness physical strength, meekness.
Eyes.
What epithets can be given to the eyes: a mirror of the soul, a pledge of fidelity, a crater of hatred, a symbol of vitality, soft, gentle, piercing, hard, empty, expressionless, glassy, cold, absent, lovers, laughing, crying. Essentially, all possible definitions of human feelings can be attributed to the eyes. A look can excite, rivet, express pain and hatred, and can “kill.”
Eye shape:
Large, bulging - mental mediocrity, good memory, open character, reliability, will, energy;
Round, small - insight, cunning, anger, mockery, unreliability, superficiality, susceptibility to influence;
Low upper eyelid extending over the pupil - lack of analytical abilities; the upper eyelid is not visible - a strong analyst.
Eye location:
Widely placed - coldness, sobriety, practicality, indecision, breadth of nature;
Narrowly defined - idealist, fanatic, striving for perfection, demanding, easily excitable.
Eye expression:
Lively, clear and brilliant - kindness, timidity and weakness of mind;
Inexpressive, dull - little prudence, inability to experience emotional disturbances.
Eye color:
Black, brown - courage and fortitude;
Blue - on the contrary;
Greenish - ardor, irascibility, courage, bravery;
Black with blue whites - anger, greed (gypsy eyes).
Thick eyelashes, little open eyelids - rudeness and stupidity; the eyelashes and eyelids are very open, the pupil is clearly defined - the mind is original, whimsical.
Straight, almost perpendicular to the face - courage, constancy, perseverance, independence;
Eagle - strength of character, will, thoughts, love of gain;
Flattened, inclined towards the lip - gluttony and voluptuousness;
Dull and short - a simple mind, easily deceived;
Small, thin, agile - mockery;
Smooth, straight, motionless - narrowness of mind, coldness, skepticism;
Upturned - gullibility, tendency to submit.
Correct outlines - a strong, judicious mind;
Compressed, straight narrow lips - coldness, practicality, a penchant for acquisitiveness, stinginess, love of order;
Open - stupidity;
Thick lips - kindness, frankness;
Compressed lips - vanity, cunning, a tendency to anger and cruelty;
Shortened lips - stinginess, greed, greed;
Raised upper lip - kindness or weakness of mind;
A drooping lower lip means a high mind;
A fleshy lower lip is a sign of passion (which is why women like to paint it on themselves, trying to deceive them with excessive sexuality);
Drooping corners of the lips are bad qualities, pessimism.
Jaws, teeth:
Wide jaws - strong, cruel, prone to adventure;
Long teeth - weakness, timidity;
Small teeth - cunning, subtlety of mind, vindictiveness, difficult character;
Protruding teeth - lack of energy, sharp mind;
Open upper gum - phlegmatic, cold.
Large, wide, fat - stupidity, a penchant for practical matters;
Not very large - intelligence, internal weakness;
Fixed - coldness, selfishness;
Hanging, agile, thin - sharp mind, courage, independence.
Chin:
Round with a hollow - kindness;
Soft, fleshy, forked - sensuality;
Wide, flat - coldness, selfishness, pugnacity;
Angular - smart, dexterous;
Thick, fat - stupidity;
Cut back - weakness of moral qualities;
Prominent, pointed - courage, sarcasm, stubbornness;
Bony, thin, pointed - greed, ambition, intelligence, cunning.
C. Fourier described 600 normal human characters. There are no less of them in crime. The given portrait characteristics, on the one hand, make it possible to understand a person, but on the other hand, knowing them, you can disguise your appearance and intentions by putting on a false guise. There is a set of stereotypes that mislead a person. For example, full a man seems to us in most cases to be talkative, good-natured, accommodating, trusting, emotional, and open; tall, thin- nervous, ambitious, suspicious, loving solitude, secretive; athlete- courageous, bold, self-confident, energetic, daring, initiative. It should be added that such a stereotype often deprives us of the opportunity to correctly understand a person, especially if it concerns high-ranking managers.
Additional attributes of a stereotype are clothing, cosmetics, voice, etc. For example, a military or police uniform ensures complete trust in a person. Robbers like to dress like this before a raid. Marriage scammers seduce women with a sailor's suit, a pilot's suit, and sometimes even a general's uniform. If you wear a priest’s costume to disguise yourself, which is widely practiced by scammers today, then you can easily be convinced that trust in the Holy Father is absolute. Every woman knows how cosmetics can disguise. Instead of one person, under a roughly painted or skillfully applied mask, you can see a completely different one. An indispensable attribute of a thief and a swindler is glasses. The person immediately seems more intelligent, diligent, and decent.
CONCLUSIONS
1. Recognizing a person is difficult, almost impossible. Monstrous egoism, often covered with refined charm, hides the intentions of the criminal. Therefore, the above traits can only become auxiliary material, using which in a criminal situation, the victim can try to find the emotional strings of the criminal on which to play.
2. If this fails, do not resist, do not show any antagonism - you are the victim of a criminal who often needs to destroy you. There is a small chance of escape. Try using it.
3. The given portrait characteristics can be used by applying them to famous state leaders, deputies and local figures. Most of their deeds are known, and from them one can judge the correspondence of the portrait characteristics and the declared official statements. This good test for beginner physiognomists.
This text is an introductory fragment.§ 7. The subject of the crime and the identity of the criminal Each person who has committed a crime is a bearer of many social significant qualities. Of these, only age, sanity and, in some cases, signs of special behavior are important for the crime.
Chapter III. Identity of the criminal
1. Basic approaches to studying the personality of a criminal Successful crime prevention is possible only if attention is focused on the personality of the criminal, since it is the personality that bears the reasons for their commission. Therefore we can say
2. Basic personality traits of a criminal Let us consider some features of the criminological characteristics of the personality of a criminal, primarily socio-demographic ones. Studying and taking into account the criminological characteristics of the individual will allow us to establish specific differences
4. Formation of the personality of a criminal The process of personality formation is usually considered as socialization - as a process of endowing the individual with social properties, choice life paths, establishing social connections, forming self-awareness and system
4. Psychological portrait of Basayev Psychological portraits (profiles) of individual personality types can be useful in the most various fields social practice, including in the fight against crime. Such portraits allow us to identify the leading personality traits of a certain
Chapter 6. Portrait of a thief in a modern interior “First of all, you don’t have to be poor” Talleyrand Psychological portraits of thieves and thieving figures We said that beggars and thieves predominate in our society. But there is another approach that allows us to highlight in today's
PSYCHOPHYSICAL PORTRAIT OF AN AVERAGE PROFESSIONAL LAWYER AND HIS SPECIFIC FEATURES 1. A professional lawyer is gentle in communicating with the client - the main task of the Defender is to lure the citizen into his web, conclude an agreement with him and
Article 118. Intentional murder when exceeding the limits of necessary defense or when exceeding the measures necessary to apprehend a criminal Intentional murder committed when exceeding the limits of necessary defense, as well as when exceeding the measures necessary for
Article 124. Intentional infliction of grievous bodily harm when exceeding the limits of necessary defense or when exceeding the measures necessary to detain a criminal Intentional infliction of grievous bodily harm committed when exceeding the limits
Portrait-hypothesis In the spring of 1978, Antonin Aleksandrovich Popov brought a letter from the chairman of the Novorzhevsky district executive committee to the Leningrad Forensic Laboratory with a request to help the regional folk museum in recreating the appearance of their fellow countryman, the Decembrist N.P.
The description system will take a person’s appearance (verbal portrait)
(Underline and enter as necessary)
1. Floor _
2. Age
3. Height: high (175 cm and above), medium (160-174 cm), low (up to
(Data for women is reduced by 5 cm)
Body type :
4. Thin, medium-bodied, plump, smooth.
5. Shoulders: horizontal, raised, lowered.
6. Face by shape
To profile
7. Face by color: pale, dark, red
8. Features of the face : Caucasian type, Mongolian type, Central Asian type, European type
9. Forehead height :
in width, in shape
Forehead by position:
Features: large frontal tuberosities, large protrusion of the brow ridges,
10. Eyebrows according to shape: straight, arched, tortuous.
in width, in length
11. Eyebrow height(relative to the eyes): high, medium, low.
by position
Eyebrow Features
12. Eyes :
according to the position of the eye socket
Light: blue, gray, green, yellow.
Dark: brown, black.
Eye Features:
Large eyes, small eyes, squinting eyes.
Protruding eyes, deep-set eyes, wears glasses:
13. Nose: width, depth of the bridge of the nose,
according to the shape of the tip, nasal septum
large, medium, small
Back shape:
Base of the nose: raised, horizontal, lowered.
Nose Features:
14. Mouth: large, medium, small; mouth gap by position
Along the contour.
Mouth corners:
Mouth Features:
15. Lips: thick, medium thickness, thin. By position:
Lip Features:
16. Chin by position:
by shape, by height by width
Part two. FORENSIC TECHNOLOGY
Features of the chin: cleft, deep dimple on the chin, transverse groove on the chin,
17. Ears according to form:
curl, antihelix
Ears by position:
General type of pyreness, upper type of pyreness, lower type of pyreness.
Enlarged lobes, fit of the left ear, fit of the right ear.
18. Hair on the head: length,
hairline
Shape: straight, wavy, tortuous.
By color: blond, red, light brown, dark brown, black, gray, light-colored, dark-colored, red-colored,
Frontal baldness, parietal baldness, crown baldness, complete baldness, receding hairline, beard, mustache, sideburns, braid.
Pronunciation: of course, slurred, speaks with an accent,
Lisps, burrs, stutters.
Speaks quickly, speaks slowly.
20. Foot (shoe) size: up to size 35, 36-37, 38-39, 40-41, 42-43 and more.
21. Special characteristics of the wanted person:
physique:
Hand limbs:
appearance:
Teeth: missing teeth, dental defects,
(Describe the condition of the teeth: levels, crooked, liquid, large, small, white, which teeth are missing, the presence of crowns, bridges, dentures, etc.)
Skin: scars, burns, birthmarks (moles), smallpox marks, warts, facial acne, freckles, facial wrinkles.
Note location, size and configuration
Tattoos: dates, individual letters, text, drawings, birds, animals, sun, cards, heart, knife, dagger, cross, man, ring, bracelet, watch, flowers, aviation theme, Marine theme, religious theme. Tattoo location: right arm, left arm, chest, back, legs, other part of the body.
22. Features of functional characteristics: walks quickly, walks slowly, waddles, walks with a stick, limps,
Characteristic features: gesticulates, rich facial expressions, adopts characteristic words, phrases, phrases, exclamations, national words.
23. Skills, aptitudes
24. Health status(when and where was he treated, has chronic illnesses, received a pension, etc.)
25. Psychological characteristics:
temperament
character traits
strong-willed qualities
The verbal portrait indicates special and striking signs. Special signs- these are distinctive features that are valuable for identifying a person based on appearance (tattoos, moles, scars, etc.). Special signs that are easily observable and attract attention, are very noticeable, striking, are called amazing signs.
Special signs include tattoos - patterns inked on the body with special paint. Tattoos are widespread mainly among criminals. In the criminal environment, tattoos are called “pictures”, “tattoos”, “firmware” or “regal” and there are different ways of applying them. The most common method, used in places of deprivation of liberty, is the use of 2-3 needles, special stamps, presses with images. Ink, graphite, ultramarine, and ink are used as dyes. Tattoos in the form of numbers, drawings (or other images) usually have a certain hidden meaning, namely: they can indicate the situation in the criminal environment, involvement in criminal activity, criminal record and sentences, criminal experience and degree of qualification, belonging to a certain category of criminals, method of committing a crime, instruments of crime. Tattoos have an important identification value and are used for criminal registration of criminals and for operational investigative purposes.
Man, about 27 years old, European type, height approximately 180 cm, average build.
Head medium height, oval shape.
Hair dark, straight, medium thickness and length, M-shaped hairline, hair not combed.
Face oval in shape, with medium features, medium fullness, convex profile. The forehead is of medium height and width, straight, tilted back.
Brows arched, long, tapering towards the temples, obliquely internal, closely spaced, high, of medium density.
Eyes almond-shaped, of medium length and opening, obliquely internal, gray-blue in color, with a moderately pronounced lower eyelid.
Nose average height (length), width, protrusion and depth of the nose, with a sinuous contour of the back of the nose, the base is horizontal.
Mouth medium length, the corners of the mouth are located horizontally, the lips protrude into the profile, the contour of the closure of the lips is straight, the height of the upper lip is average.
Chin oval profile, low height, medium width, protruding.
Ears medium size, slanted back, generally protruding, rectangular in shape, with a separate attachment of the earlobe to the cheek.
Hairline absent on the face.
Neck medium height and thickness, straight.
Special signs: No
Dressed in a black T-shirt
Personal observation describes the functional elements of appearance.
Questions for self-control on topic 9:
1. System for classifying features of a person’s appearance,
2. Own elements and signs of a person’s appearance.
3. Associated elements and signs of a person’s appearance.
4. Special features of a person’s appearance.
5.Rules for describing appearance using the verbal portrait method,
6. Concept and types of subjective portraits.
7.The use of verbal and subjective portraits in the investigative activities of internal affairs bodies.
8. Regularities of changes in a person’s external appearance.
9. Sources of information about a person’s appearance.
10.Representations of a person’s external appearance used in forensics
practice.
Further reading on topic 9:
1.Alenin A.P., Dubyagin Yu.P., Kuznetsov A.A. The use of verbal portraits in the investigative activities of internal affairs bodies: Educational and practical manual. Omsk, 1996.
2.Reconstruction of the face from the skull in forensics; Tutorial/ Comp. B.A. Fedosyutkin et al., 1990.
3. Zinin A.M. The use of subjective portraits. M., 1996.
4. Forensic description of a person’s appearance; Textbook / Under general. ed. V.M. Snetkov, 1993.
7. Toporkov A.A. Verbal portrait.; Practical guide. M. 1999.
8. Tsvetkov P.P., Petrov V.P. Personal identification from photographs. L., 1996,