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Poem as a poetic genre. The history of the development of the poem, its features

Greek poiema, from Greek. poieo - I create), a large form of a poetic work in the epic, lyric or lyric-epic genre. Poems from different eras are generally not the same in their genre characteristics, but they have some common features: the subject of the image in them is, as a rule, a certain era, the author’s judgments about which are given to the reader in the form of a story about significant events in the life of an individual, which is its typical representative (in epic and lyric-epic), or in the form of a description of one’s own worldview (in lyric poetry); Unlike poems, poems are characterized by a didactic message, since they directly (in the heroic and satirical types) or indirectly (in the lyrical type) proclaim or evaluate social ideals; they are almost always plot-based, and even in lyrical poems, thematically isolated fragments tend to become cyclical and turn into a single epic narrative.

Poems are the earliest surviving monuments of ancient writing. They were and are original “encyclopedias”, when accessing which one can learn about gods, rulers and heroes, get acquainted with the initial stage of the history of the nation, as well as its mythological prehistory, and comprehend the way of philosophizing characteristic of a given people. These are the early examples of epic poems in many nationalities. literatures: in India - the folk epic "Mahabharata" (no earlier than the 4th century BC) and "Ramayana" by Valmiki (no later than the 2nd century AD), in Greece - "The Iliad" and "Odyssey" by Homer (no later than the 8th century BC), in Rome - “Aeneid” by Virgil (1st century BC), in Iran - “Shah-name” by Ferdowsi (10th–11th centuries), in Kyrgyzstan – folk epic “Manas” (no later than the 15th century). These are epic poems in which either various lines of a single plot are mixed, associated with the figures of gods and heroes (as in Greece and Rome), or an important historical narrative is framed by thematically isolated mythological legends, lyrical fragments, moral and philosophical reasoning, etc. (so in the East).

In ancient Europe, the genre series of mythological and heroic poems was supplemented by examples of parodic-satirical (anonymous “Batrachomyomachy”, no earlier than the 5th century BC) and didactic (“Works and Days” of Hesiod, 8–7 centuries BC). BC) poetic epic. These genre forms developed in the Middle Ages, the Renaissance and later: the heroic epic poem turned into a heroic “song” with a minimal number of characters and plot lines (“Beowulf”, “The Song of Roland”, “The Song of the Nibelungs”); its composition was reflected in imitative historical poems (in “Africa” by F. Petrarch, in “Jerusalem Liberated” by T. Tasso); the magical plot of the mythological epic was replaced by a lighter magical plot of the poetic chivalric romance (its influence will also be noticeable in the Renaissance epic poems - in L. Ariosto's Orlando Furioso and Spenser's The Fairy Queen); the traditions of the didactic epic were preserved in allegorical poems (in Dante’s “Divine Comedy”, in F. Petrarch’s “Triumphs”); finally, in modern times, classicist poets were guided by the parody-satirical epic, creating irocomic poems in the manner of burlesque (“Naloy” by N. Boileau).

In the era of romanticism, with its cult of lyricism, new poems appeared - lyric-epic (“Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage” by J. G. Byron, the poem “Ezersky” and the “novel in verse” “Eugene Onegin” by A. S. Pushkin, “The Demon” M. Yu. Lermontov). In them, the epic narrative was interrupted by various detailed landscape descriptions, lyrical deviations from the plot outline in the form of the author's reasoning.

In Russian early literature 20th century There has been a tendency to transform the lyric-epic poem into a lyrical one. Already in A. A. Blok’s poem “The Twelve,” lyrical-epic chapters (with the author’s narration and character dialogues) and lyrical chapters (in which the author imitates song types of urban folklore) are distinguishable. The early poems of V. V. Mayakovsky (for example, “A Cloud in Pants”) also hide the epic plot behind the alternation of different types and different themes of lyrical statements. This tendency will manifest itself especially clearly later, in A. A. Akhmatova’s poem “Requiem”.

The poem is in the modern sense, any large or medium-sized poetic work. Initially, the term was applied to the mythological heroic and didactic epic (Homer, Hesiod), but already antiquity knew the irocomic poem (“The War of Mice and Frogs”), from which later burlesque and satirical poems originated. By analogy, “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” is often considered a poem, which is non-poetic and unique in terms of genre. Romances of chivalry, which arose as poetic ones, were not considered poems and were later even opposed to them as works of insufficient seriousness. However, related to them, “The Knight in the Tiger’s Skin” (12th century) by Shota Rustaveli entered the history of world literature as a poem. Varieties of medieval poems had their own genre names. In France, heroic poetic works (about a hundred of them have been preserved in records of the 11th-14th centuries, some exceeding Homer's in volume) were called chansons de geste (see) - songs about deeds; the largest - the late ones (13-14 centuries) were influenced by courtly literature. At the turn of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance arose poem with title, which at that time simply meant a happy ending, is Dante’s “Comedy,” called “Divine” by his enthusiastic fans. However, from the Renaissance to classicism, the ancient poem served as a model for poets - not so much the Iliad, but the Aeneid (1st century BC) by Virgil, who allegedly streamlined and improved the poetics of Homer.

An indispensable requirement was compliance with the external structure of the poem, right down to the appeal to the muse and a statement about the subject of the chanting at the beginning. Renaissance poems based on violent fairy-tale fiction - “Roland in Love” (1506) by M.M. Boiardo and the continuation of this plot “Furious Roland” by L. Aristo (at the turn of the 15th-16th centuries) - were considered by contemporaries and later theorists to be novels. In the 17th century, the most original poem was “Paradise Lost” (1667) written in blank verse by J. Milton. In the 18th century, a poem was created according to the ancient model, transformed according to the classicist understanding; innovation beyond a certain limit was often condemned. V.K. Trediakovsky assessed Voltaire’s “Henriad” (1728) extremely harshly due to the implausible combination of the fictional actions of the famous historical figure, Henry IV (presented as a philosopher king, an enlightened monarch), and documentary information about him. Russian poets of the 18th century, who considered the epic poem to be the highest genre (in the West it was often preferred to tragedy), repeatedly, but unsuccessfully, tried to glorify Peter I in this genre. M.M. Kheraskov, who wrote several poems based on others, was recognized as the creator of the Russian epic poem. Topics; The heavyweight "Rossiyada" (1779), which contained allusions to the recent war with Turkey - about the capture of Kazan by Ivan the Terrible, was considered the standard. The irocomic poem was also unofficially recognized (“Elisha, or Irritated Bacchus” by V.I. Maykov, 1771). Many Russians were fond of Voltaire’s ironic and frivolous poem “The Virgin of Orleans” (1735), published in 1755. Without its influence, A.S. Pushkin’s “Gabrieliad” (1821) would not have appeared. Pushkin's poem "Ruslan and Lyudmila" (1820) was oriented towards several traditions, most notably the tradition of Aristo.

Adherents of classicism did not agree to consider it a poem. The poet left his subsequent poems without a genre subtitle or called them stories. The widespread romantic poem, the founder of the curtain, J. Byron, became lyrical-epic, the plot in it was sharply weakened, as in “Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage” (1809-18). Partly on the model of Byron's Don Juan (1818-23), it was begun and called a novel in verse, Eugene Onegin (1823-31). Such a genre definition was then an oxymoron; it synthesized the “low”, almost not legalized novel and the highest genre of the poem; the novel was introduced into high literature. V.G. Belinsky preferred to call “Eugene Onegin” a poem. After M.Yu. Lermontov, the romantic poem is the lot of epigones. I.S. Turgenev in his early poems paid tribute to both romanticism and the “natural school”. N.A. Nekrasov radically updated the poetic narrative: he “proseized” it, introduced folk peasant themes, and at the end of his life he wrote a unique peasant epic poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” (1863-77). He is also the creator of the first Russian lyrical plotless poems “Silence” (1857) and “A Knight for an Hour” (1860). The lyricization of poems also occurred in the West. S. T. Coleridge first included his “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner” in the collection “Lyrical Ballads” (1798), but then refined it as a poem. In American literature, the lyricization of poems occurred in the works of W. Whitman, although already “The Raven” (1845) by E. A. Poe, in fact, is a small lyric poem. This genre reaches its peak in the Russian Silver Age and is used later: “By the right of memory” (1969) by A.T. Tvardovsky, “Requiem” (1935-40) by A.A. Akhmatova consist of cycles of lyrical poems that form epic poems. poem to the spirit.

The word “poem” has retained a connotation of solemnity and “sublimity.” When N.V. Gogol applied it to satirical prose, it was partly irony, partly an indication of a majestic plan. F.M. Dostoevsky also loved this word, also using it both ironically and seriously (the poem about the Grand Inquisitor in The Brothers Karamazov). Soviet writers N.F. Pogodin, A.S. Makarenko and others included the word “Poem” in a non-genre sense in the titles of their works in order to “increase” their sound.

The word poem comes from Greek poiema, from poieo, which means - I do, I create.

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The meaning of the word poem

poem in the crossword dictionary

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. D.N. Ushakov

poem

(by), poems, w. (Greek poiema - creation).

Narrative work of art in verse (lit.). An epic poem (depicting some major events in the life of humanity, a people or a large social group). Lyric poem (alternating the narrative with lyrical digressions). Meanwhile, I lost myself in reading excerpts from northern poems. Pushkin.

The name of certain literary works, large in size or ideological content, in verse or prose (lit.). Gogol's poem "Dead Souls". Petersburg poem by Dostoevsky "The Double". The novel "War and Peace" is a heroic poem about the twelfth year.

trans. About something. extraordinary, striking with its beauty, grandeur, merits (colloquial, humorous, outdated). The view of the Caucasus Range at sunrise is a whole poem!

The name of certain musical works (music). "Poem of Ecstasy" by Scriabin. Symphonic poems by Liszt.

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. S.I.Ozhegov, N.Yu.Shvedova.

poem

A large poetic work on a historical heroic or sublime lyrical theme. Homer's epic poems, etc. Pushkin "Gypsies".

trans. About something. sublime, beautiful. P. love. P. spring.

adj. poetic, -aya, -oe (to 1 meaning).

New explanatory dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova.

poem

A musical work for an orchestra (or orchestra and choir) or a separate instrument, having a poetic and figurative content.

trans. Something that amazes with its beauty, grandeur, and virtues.

Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998

poem

POEM (Greek poiema)

a poetic genre of large volume, mainly lyric epic. In ancient times and the Middle Ages, a monumental heroic epic (epic) - “Iliad”, “Odyssey”, “Song of Roland” - is called a poem, which genetically indicates the epic nature of the poem genre and explains a number of its “hereditary” features (historicity and heroic content, legendary, pathetic). Since the time of romanticism, a specifically “poem” event is the very collision of the lyrical and epic principles as the fate and position of the individual with impersonal (historical, social or cosmic) forces (“The Bronze Horseman” by A. S. Pushkin). In the modern poem, the epic demand for “visible” eventfulness is consistent with openly expressed lyrical pathos; the author is a participant or inspired commentator of the event (V.V. Mayakovsky, A.T. Tvardovsky). In the 20th century a plotless lyrical poem is also approved ("Poem without a Hero" by A. A. Akhmatova).

In music - a small lyrical piece of free structure, a large one-movement symphonic work, usually a program (symphonic poem), sometimes a choral or vocal-instrumental composition.

Poem

(Greek póiema), a large poetic work with a narrative or lyrical plot. P. is also called ancient and medieval epic (see also Epic), nameless and authored, which was composed either through the cyclization of lyric-epic songs and tales (the point of view of A. N. Veselovsky), or through “swelling” (A. Heusler) one or more folk legends, or with the help of complex modifications of ancient plots in the process of the historical existence of folklore (A. Lord, M. Parry). P. developed from an epic depicting an event of national historical significance (Iliad, Mahabharata, Song of Roland, etc.). There are many genre varieties of theater known: heroic, didactic, satirical, burlesque, including heroic-comic, poetry with a romantic plot, and lyric-dramatic. For a long time, the leading branch of the genre was considered to be literature on a national historical or world-historical (religious) theme (“The Aeneid” by Virgil, “The Divine Comedy” by Dante, “The Lusiads” by L. di Camoens, “Jerusalem Liberated” by T. Tasso, “Lost” paradise" by J. Milton, "Henriad" by Voltaire, "Messiad" by F. G. Klopstock, "Rossiyad" by M. N. Kheraskov, etc.). At the same time, a very influential branch in the history of the genre was literature with romantic plot features (“The Knight in the Leopard’s Skin” by Shota Rustaveli, “Shahname” by Ferdowsi, to a certain extent “Roland the Furious” by L. Ariosto), connected to one degree or another with tradition medieval, mainly knightly, novel. Gradually, personal, moral and philosophical issues come to the fore in P., lyrical and dramatic elements are strengthened, and a folklore tradition is discovered and mastered - features already characteristic of pre-romantic P. (Faust by J. W. Goethe, poems by J. Macpherson, V. Scott). The heyday of the genre occurs in the era of romanticism, when the greatest poets of various countries turned to the creation of P.

The “peak” works in the evolution of the genre of romantic poetry acquire a socio-philosophical or symbolic-philosophical character (“Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage” by J. Byron, “The Bronze Horseman” by A. S. Pushkin, “Dziady” by A. Mickiewicz, “The Demon” by M. Yu. Lermontov, “Germany, a winter's tale” by G. Heine).

In the 2nd half of the 19th century. the decline of the genre is obvious, which does not exclude the appearance of individual outstanding works (“The Song of Hiawatha” by G. Longfellow). In the poems of N. A. Nekrasov (“Frost the Red Nose”, “Who Lives Well in Rus'”), genre tendencies characteristic of the development of poetry in realistic literature (synthesis of moral descriptive and heroic principles) are manifested.

In P. 20th century. the most intimate experiences are correlated with great historical upheavals, imbued with them as if from within (“Cloud in Pants” by V. V. Mayakovsky, “The Twelve” by A. A. Blok, “First Date” by A. Bely).

In Sov. In poetry, there are various genre varieties of poetry: reviving the heroic principle (“Vladimir Ilyich Lenin” and “Good!” by Mayakovsky, “Nine Hundred and Fifth” by B. L. Pasternak, “Vasily Terkin” by A. T. Tvardovsky); P. lyrical-psychological (“About this” by Mayakovsky, “Anna Onegin” by S. A. Yesenin), philosophical (N. A. Zabolotsky, E. Mezhelaitis), historical (“Tobolsk Chronicler” by L. Martynov) or combining moral and socio-historical issues (“Mid-Century” by V. Lugovsky).

P., as a synthetic, lyric-epic, and monumental genre that allows one to combine the epic of the heart and “music,” the “element” of world upheavals, intimate feelings, and historical concepts, remains a productive genre of world poetry: “Breaking the Wall” and “Into the Storm” by R. Frost, “Landmarks” by Saint-John Perse, “The Hollow Men” by T. Eliot, “The Universal Song” by P. Neruda, “Niobe” by K. I. Galczynski, “Continuous Poetry” by P. Eluard, “Zoe” by Nazim Hikmet.

Lit.: Hegel, Aesthetics, vol. 3, M., 1971: Veselovsky A. N., Historical poetics, Leningrad, 1940; Zhirmunsky V.M., Byron and Pushkin, L., 1924; Golenishchev-Kutuzov I. N., Dante’s creativity and world culture, M., 1971; Sokolov A. N., Essays on the history of Russian poems of the 18th and first half. 19th centuries, M., 1956; Theory of literature..., [book. 2], M., 1964; Bowra S., Heroic poetry, L., 1952.

E. M. Pulkhritudova.

Wikipedia

Poem (disambiguation)

Poem:

A poem is a large poetic work with a narrative or lyrical plot.
The poem is an instrumental piece of lyrical-dramatic nature.

Poem

Poem- literary genre.

A large or medium-sized multi-part poetic work of a lyric-epic nature, belonging to a specific author, a large poetic narrative form. Can be heroic, romantic, critical, satirical, etc.

Throughout the history of literature, the genre of the poem has undergone various changes and therefore lacks stability. Thus, Homer’s “Iliad” is an epic work, and Akhmatova’s “Poem without a Hero” is exclusively lyrical. There is also no minimum volume (for example, Pushkin’s poem “The Robber Brothers” is 5 pages long).

Sometimes prose works can be called a poem (for example, “Dead Souls” by N.V. Gogol, “Moscow - Petushki” by V.V. Erofeev, “Pedagogical Poem” by A.S. Makarenko).

Poem (music)

Nikolaevich Scriabin The prototype of the poem was a symphonic poem first written by Franz Liszt in 1848. Poems often have programmatic titles and definitions. The most popular poems by Alexander Scriabin are: “To the Flame”, “Prometheus”, “Satanic Poem”, Poem of Ecstasy, etc.

It is also customary to call large one-movement orchestral program works a poem. The poem in this definition has been used by some composers to replace the symphonic poem. An example of such a work is the poems of Richard Strauss. In the 20th century, some vocal works began to be called a poem, for example, “10 Poems for Choir” (1951) by Dmitry Shostakovich, “Poem in Memory of Sergei Yesenin” (1956) by Georgy Sviridov, etc.

Examples of the use of the word poem in literature.

At the last moment, Abramov managed to stuff poem into the bag, but they still discussed for a long time whether Beluga would be smart enough to decipher the acrostic and figure out Emelya.

Tao, Kundalini - concepts of eastern mysticism Agramant - character poems L.

Unknown poem Nizami caused a sensation among specialists and simply lovers of poetry, as she revealed to humanity new facets of the talent of the great Azerbaijani poet.

Cousin Aquitaine, by his own admission, cannot even write two lines, let alone epic ones. poems.

This akyn gave oak in his yurt with too much drink, that is, he died, died, but while the bitter news reached Moscow, my acquaintance translator for another five years wrote more and more new legends for the deceased and poems, and the newspapers praised the akyn, not knowing that the shaitan had taken him away.

I give the correct meaning of the word here because many people believe that Alastor is the name of the hero poems.

Alcuin also talks about his time, then the last part poems from a historical perspective, it is especially valuable: from here we learn a lot of interesting things about Alcuin’s teachers, about the state of the York school, about its library, about teaching methods, etc.

However, at the same time, they threw out a very important comma from the text, which is why the allusion that determines the meaning disappears poems.

Numerous allusions show that the author of this additional epilogue poem describes the Rutland castle of Belvoir and is sad about the absence of its owner, Elizabeth Sidney-Rutland, who wrote earlier addresses to the queen and the noble ladies - her friends, and herself poem about the passion of Christ, which gave the book its title.

In the courtyard he saw Ansari himself, a bent old man busy writing down poems.

According to this poem at the beginning of everything, Chaos reigned, a single watery abyss in which three cosmic monsters coiled: Apsu, Tiamat and their son Mummu.

Seryozha once visited him and brought information about him poem, from which I remember only one verse: Since in different parts the language is not the same, But changeable and diverse, - He, having left the pharmacy store here, opened the Arsky pharmacy store there.

Malory as the most complete example of the writings of the Arthurian circle, giving it preference over earlier Welsh poems and legends.

It is also reliably known that the archdeacon was inflamed with a special passion for the symbolic portal of the Cathedral of Our Lady, for this page of black book wisdom, set out in stone inscriptions and inscribed by the hand of Bishop Guillaume of Paris, who undoubtedly ruined his soul by daring to attach to this eternal building, to this divine poem blasphemous title.

A poem (Greek, poiema - creation) is a large multi-part poetic work with a plot-narrative organization, a lyric-epic genre. The main genre properties of the poem: breadth of narration, the presence of a detailed plot and deep development of the image of the lyrical hero.

The origins of this genre are in ancient and medieval epics. Characteristic properties of ancient epic poems: breadth of coverage of reality, the focus of the author's attention on the most important socio-historical event, orientation towards the people's worldview, the presence of a large number of characters, the depiction of bright, versatile characters, the presence of a unity of action connecting all compositional elements, slowness of narration and a multifaceted display of life, motivation of ongoing events by objective reasons and circumstances (regardless of the will of the character), the author’s self-detachment, high style, smoothness and solemnity of the narrative.

During the Middle Ages, religious poems appeared. The most famous monument of this period is Dante's Divine Comedy. The starting point in the poems of this period are the postulates of Christian morality. The characteristic features of Dante's poem are didacticism and allegorical character.

In addition to religious ones, chivalric poems are also created (“The Furious Roland” by Ariosto). Their theme is knightly and love adventures. In the XVII-XVIII centuries. heroic poems appear (“Paradise Lost”, “Paradise Regained” by Milton, “Henriad” by Voltaire).

The heyday of the genre is associated with the era of romanticism (“Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage” by J. Byron, southern poems by A.S. Pushkin, “The Demon” by M.Yu. Lermontov). Characteristic properties of a romantic poem: in the center of the image is an individual person, with his moral principles and philosophical views on the world, the author’s assertion of personal freedom, the theme is the events of private life (love), the increasing role of the lyrical-dramatic element.

The realistic poem already combines morally descriptive and heroic moments (N.A. Nekrasov “Frost, Red Nose”, “Who Lives Well in Russia”). Thus, we can distinguish the following types of poem: religious, knightly, heroic, didactic, philosophical, historical, psychological, satirical, burlesque, poem with a romantic plot. In addition, there are lyrical-dramatic poems where the epic principle predominates, and the lyrical principle emerges through a system of images (“Pugachev” by S.A. Yesenin, “Rembrandt” by D. Kedrin).

In the 20th century historical poems were created (“The Tobolsk Chronicler” by L. Martynov), heroic (“Good!” by V.V. Mayakovsky, “Vasily Terkin” by A.T. Tvardovsky), lyrical and psychological (“Anna Snegina” by S.A. Yesenin) , philosophical (N. Zabolotsky “Mad Wolf”, “Trees”, “Triumph of Agriculture”).

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what is a poem
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poem

POEM

- (from the Greek poiema - creation) - lyric-epic genre: a large or medium-sized poetic work (a poetic story, a novel in verse), the main features of which are the presence of a plot (as in an epic) and an image of a lyrical hero (as in a lyric ): for example: J. Byron “Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage”, A.S. Pushkin’s “The Bronze Horseman”, A. Akhmatova’s “Poem without a Hero”, etc. Initially, in ancient times, the basis of the content of the poem - a solemn, “high” work in spirit and style - was made up of heroic and mythological subjects, but over time its genre content expanded: P. began to be called not only a poetic text of a heroic, historical, lyrical or satirical nature, but also a prosaic work, the author of which sought to emphasize the scale of the artistic concept (for example: P. N.V. Gogol’s “Dead Souls”, “Pedagogical poem" by A.S. Makarenko).

Dictionary of literary terms. 2012

Poem as a poetic genre. The history of the development of the poem, its features

The meaning of the word poem

poem in the crossword dictionary

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. D.N. Ushakov

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. S.I.Ozhegov, N.Yu.Shvedova.

New explanatory dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova.

Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998

Wikipedia

Examples of the use of the word poem in literature.

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See also interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what POEMA is in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:

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