EntranceSubordination of subordinate clauses examples. Consistent subordination of subordinate clauses - what is it? Punctuation marks in a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses
Among sentences 3-10, find a complex sentence with heterogeneous (parallel) subordination of subordinate clauses. Write the number of this offer.
(3) Something has closed in Fyodor. (4) My head was empty. (5) In class, when they picked him up, he stood up, confused, not knowing what to say, and the guys already started giggling at him, immediately coming up with the nickname Gloomy Burcheev. (6) But Fyodor did not seem to hear this either. (7) His body seemed to have lost the ability to sense, and his soul to feel. (8) After classes, he got on the bus and went to the old district.
(9) On one of these visits, an excavator operator loading crushed stone into a dump truck shouted to Fedor:
- (10) Hey, guy! Clean up your dovecote!
Correct answer: 5
A comment:
A complex sentence with heterogeneous (parallel) subordination of subordinate clauses must, firstly, be complex, that is, have subordinating conjunctions; secondly, it is necessary that the subordinate clauses answer different questions, this is precisely the main feature of parallel subordination; thirdly, there must be at least three basics.
Proposition 5 meets all these conditions.
[In class, (when he raised), he got up, confused, not knowing], (what say), and the guys already started giggling at him, immediately coming up with the nickname Gloomy Burcheev.
Simple sentences within a complex sentence (SPP) are highlighted in brackets; stems are in italics.
What you need to know:
In a complex sentence there can be not one subordinate clause, but two, three, four or more. Subordinate clauses are connected not only with the main part of the sentence, but also with each other. This connection can be different in nature:
Homogeneous Subordination
Subordination is considered homogeneous, and subordinate clauses are considered homogeneous under two conditions:
- If subordinate clauses refer to the entire main clause or to the same word.
- They are clauses of the same type.
Example: She knew that the girls looked warily at the closed door of the room, that they felt connected... (Yu. German).
[ - = ], (what - =), (what = -)...
NoteThe subordinating conjunction (or allied word) in the second of the homogeneous subordinate clauses may be absent, but it can be easily restored from the first subordinate clause, for example: He was no longer afraid, although the thunder crackled as before and (although) lightning striped the whole sky (A. Chekhov). Pay attention to the absence of a comma between the two subordinate clauses: there is none, since the subordinate clauses are homogeneous and are connected by the conjunction I.
[ = ], (although - =) and ((although) - =).
Heterogeneous (parallel) subordination
If of the two conditions of homogeneous subordination only one is satisfied and the other is not, then we are dealing with heterogeneous (parallel) subordination.
Thus, subordinate clauses with heterogeneous subordination either refer to one thing, but at the same time are subordinate clauses of different types, or, being subordinate clauses of the same type (usually these are attributive clauses), refer to different words.
Example: When we got up, it was impossible to understand what time it was (A. Chekhov).
(When - =), [then = ], (which -).
Consistent submission
With sequential subordination, subordinate clauses are connected to each other as if in a chain: the first subordinate clause refers to the main clause (this is a subordinate clause of the 1st degree), the second subordinate clause refers to the first (subordinate clause of the 2nd degree), the third - to the second (subordinate clause of the 3rd degree), etc.
Example: It was a beautiful July day, one of those days that happen when the weather has settled for a long time (I. Turgenev).
[ = - ], (which =), (when - =).
With sequential subordination, a combination of two subordinating conjunctions or a subordinating conjunction and a conjunction word (what if, what when, what why, etc.) is possible. In such cases, the second clause appears inside the first.
It so happened that when we were driving, there was not the slightest swell (M. Prishvin).
[ = ], (what, (when - =), =)
Combined submission
In a complex sentence with a large number of subordinate clauses, combined subordination is possible (homogeneous and parallel, homogeneous and sequential, sequential and parallel; homogeneous, sequential and parallel).
Example:In the evening the storm became so intense that it was impossible to hear whether the wind was humming or thunder roaring.(I. Goncharov) (consistent and homogeneous submission)
[ - = ], (what =), (= whether -) or (= -).
(consistent and homogeneous subordination).
Example: To move forward, look back often, otherwise you will forget where you came from and where you need to go(L. Andreev).
(To =), [ = ], (otherwise - =), (from where - =) and (where =).
(homogeneous, parallel and sequential submission).
AT 6
Among the sentences (no. sentences) find a complex sentence with a conjunctive subordinating and coordinating connection between the parts. Write the number of this complex sentence.
Among the sentences (№№), find a complex sentence with sequential/parallel/homogeneous subordination of subordinate clauses.
Among the sentences (№№), indicate a sentence with a subordinate reason (any other type).
Required knowledge:
· Types of subordinate clauses.
· Types of subordination of the subordinate construction to the main one.
· Types of connections between parts of a complex sentence.
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definitive |
explanatory |
circumstances |
|
Refers to IP in the main clause. Answer the question Which? They join the main one with the help of a conjunctive word. |
In the main construction they refer to words with the meaning of speech, thoughts, feelings and complement (explain, reveal) the meaning of these words. |
Subordinate clauses of this type refer to verbs or words with an adverbial meaning in the main sentence and specify the place, time, reason, purpose of the action, etc. |
|
The house (what?) where I live is located on the edge of the village. |
We knew (about what?) that he brought a lot of food. |
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Types of subordination of a subordinate clause to the main one
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sequential |
Each subsequent sentence depends on the previous one (“trailers”). |
They reported on the radio (what?) that there was still ice in the bay (what follows from this?), so the support boats could not leave. |
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homogeneous |
Both subordinate clauses depend on one main clause, answer the same question, and are homogeneous. |
I had a dream (what?) that I was sleeping soundly, that I had died and was immersed in dreams . |
|
parallel |
Subordination of subordinate clauses, in which they refer to different words of the same main sentence. |
(When?) When the chaise was already at the end of the village, Chichikov called to him the first man (which one?), who, having picked up a thick log somewhere on the road, was dragging it on his shoulder. |
|
heterogeneous |
This is the subordination of subordinate clauses, in which they refer to the same word in the main sentence, but answer different questions. |
I had to hire (why? why?) oxen to pull my cart up this damn mountain, because it was already autumn and icy . |
|
Mixed (combined) |
Different types of subordinate clauses are combined. |
In the air, wherever you look, whole clouds of snowflakes are circling, so you can’t tell whether the snow is coming from the sky or from the ground. |
Types of connections between parts of a complex sentence.
· Essay . This is a connection in a compound sentence. SSP is a complex sentence consisting of simple sentences of EQUAL meaning, connected by coordinating conjunctions.
· Subordinating . Connection of a complex sentence. A SPP is a complex sentence in which one simple sentence (subordinate clause) is subordinated in meaning to another (main clause) and is connected to it by a subordinating conjunction or a conjunctive word:
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Analysis of the task.
Among sentences 1-16, find a complex sentence with sequential subordination of subordinate clauses.
Please note: there must be ONE offer!
(1) In modern society there is a whole ocean of problems. (2) They surround you everywhere, and no matter which path you take, new ones arise. (3) Let’s take the question of reading - in class, at home. (4) About how much they read, how they read, how they feel about the book. (5) This is also a very complicated matter. (6) Now, according to my observations, they read much less than 25-30 years ago. (7) I remember the yearswar, when as a boy I found myself in evacuation, in the rear, in special hospital conditions. (8) What a great value the book was for us! (9) They were ready to exchange it for any boyish joy - for stamps, for slingshots, for anything. (10) Moreover, not to exchange for personal use, but only to read. (11) This was already happiness. (12) The most popular boys among us were those, who knew how to retell a book that no one had ever seen. (13) Those who could tell “The Three Musketeers”, “The Headless Horseman” and ... “War and Peace”. (14) Yes, yes, “War and Peace,” this is a serious work, I heard it in the stories of an eleven-year-old boy (15) At the age of ten, I read Gogol’s “Dead Souls” and Schiller’s “Cunning and Love.” (16) I can’t say that I understood a lot, but I still imagine some scenes from Schiller.
Sample reasoning:
I remember: “trailers”! Each next one is from the previous one!
#1 is a simple sentence.
No. 2 – there are no two subordinate clauses.
No. 3 – simple.
No. 4 – not trailers.
No. 5 – simple.
No. 6 – with one subordinate clause.
No. 7 – with one subordinate clause.
No. 8 – simple.
No. 9 – simple.
No. 10 – with opposition.
No. 11 – simple.
No. 12 – 2 subordinate clauses! Let's check. The most popular boys among us were those (which ones?) who could retell a book (which one?) that no one had ever seen. Carriages!
No. 13 – SPP with one subordinate clause.
No. 14 – simple.
No. 15 – simple.
No. 16 – with different types of communication.
Correct answer: sentence No. 12.
An IPP is a sentence whose parts are connected by subordinating conjunctions.
Subordinating conjunctions- what, because, if, although, so that, how, when, in order to, since and many others.
SPP with homogeneous subordination
A sentence in which all subordinate clauses belong to the same main part and answer the same questions (therefore they are clauses of the same type)
Examples:
- I set off when everyone was already asleep and when it became cool
- I set off when everyone was already asleep and it was cool
I set off - > when? (when everyone was asleep and when it became cold)
Note: In Russian, the same word does not need to be repeated, so example 1 and example 2 are the same sentences.
IPS with sequential subordination
In this type of SPP, simple sentences form a kind of chain: From the main sentence we ask the question of the 2nd subordinate clause, from the second we ask the question of the 3rd.
In the following examples, questions to the next clause will be placed in brackets.
Examples:
- And Nikolai went to work (why?) so that no one would say that he didn’t like his job (which one?), which he really didn’t like.
The SPP with a comma at the junction of 2 conjunctions has a sequential subordination.
Examples:
- He said that when father comes, we will go to the park. (The proposal is discussed below.)
Analysis: He said (what?) -> let's go to the park (when?) -> when father comes.
SPP with parallel subordination
This type of SPP has such subordinate clauses that
a) They receive questions from one main part, but these questions are different (hence the subordinate clauses will be of different types.)
b) They are subordinate clauses of the same type, they receive the same questions, but related to different words (this applies to attributive clauses.)
Examples:
- a) Although you don’t deserve it, I’ll give you an A if you do well on the test.
- b) I love looking at the sea, which brings inspiration, and the sky, which has no clouds. (questions are asked from different nouns in the main one.)
There is always a subordinating conjunction within a subordinate clause.
Example: Andrey did not remember where he put the diary. (about what?)
From the main clause to the subordinate clause we always give a question. The subordinate clause is always separated from the main clause by commas.
Results
1. There is always a subordinating conjunction inside the subordinate clause.
2. From the main part we ask the subordinate question.
3. The subordinate clause is always separated from the main clause by commas.
Lesson type: lesson in learning new knowledge
Goals and objectives of the lesson:
give an idea of the types of SPP
introduce the terms homogeneous, sequential, parallel subordination;
teach how to build IPS diagrams with several subordinate clauses;
introduce students to the features of punctuation in NGN with several subordinate clauses
Equipment: notebook, textbook, tests
Lesson type: lesson in learning new knowledge
Handout: test
During the classes
Organizational moment, motivation
Target. Emotional mood for the lesson. Awareness of the importance of this lesson, its outcome, motivation for the final certification.
The bell rang and we were all ready for class again.
And we have order everywhere: in our heads and on the table.
We will open all the notebooks, we will take the pens in our hands.
And with a good mood, we will begin the lesson now.
Hello guys! Today in class we will continue working on complex sentences.
II. Updating previous knowledge
Teacher's word. Today in the lesson we will review the main groups of syntax according to their meaning, remember the differences between a conjunction and a conjunction word and get acquainted with new complex syntactic constructions. But we will formulate the topic of our lesson with you a little later, and we will begin the lesson with a lexical warm-up.
Lexical warm-up
What are paronyms?
Paronyms - words of the same root, similar in sound, but different in meaning.
Define paronyms: addressee - addressee, ignoramus - ignoramus, typo - unsubscribe
Destination– the one to whom a letter, telegram, parcel, etc. is addressed.
Addressee- the one who wrote the letter, telegram, parcel, etc.
Ignorant- a rude, ill-mannered person.
Ignorant- a poorly educated person.
Misprint– an absent-minded error in a written text.
Unsubscribe- a meaningless, formal answer to something that does not affect the essence of the matter.
Test work
In which row is the same letter missing in all words?
sovereign, lock up, r_tual
p_simism, kill_speech, bring melancholy
wash_chit, reflection, accompaniment
silent, philosophical, insensitive
In which row in both words is the letter A (Z) written in place of the gap?
they look good; addressee of the letter
waving flags; they often go to concerts
hearing blows; tourists buy provisions
snowflakes ta_t; occupied the field
In which row are all words written with a hyphen?
(long)player, (half)watermelon, (chef)cook
(little) little by little, (some) who, (north)western
(yellow) red, (floor) at home, (somewhere)
(after all), (car) repair, (fruit) berry
KEY: 2,3,2
Frontal conversation
What groups are complex sentences divided into according to their meaning?
How to distinguish a conjunction from an allied word?
III.Explanation of new material.
Teacher's word. Before today's lesson, we talked about IPS, consisting of one main and one subordinate part. This form is the most typical for NGN, most common in oral and written speech.
However, in the Russian language, especially in writing styles and in the language of fiction, sentences that are more complex in form, consisting of several parts, are often found. Today we are starting to get acquainted with such proposals. So, the topic of our lesson today
Topic: Types of subordination in NGN: homogeneous subordination, sequential subordination, parallel subordination.
Place punctuation marks,
Victor asked to be a miner because he heard that this was the most honorable profession in the mine.
IPP with subordinate reasons and explanatory
Such proposals are calledSPP with CONSISTENT SUBMISSION:
the first subordinate clause refers to the main clause (subordinate clausefirst degree), the second - to this subordinate clause (subordinate clausesecond degree) etc.
Main offer
Subordinate clause of the 1st degree
Subordinate clause of the 2nd degree
Working with the textbook: reading the rules
So, what conjunctions may be nearby when subordinate clauses are sequentially subordinated?
What if, what although, what when, since although, since if, etc..
When is a comma placed between them?
Comma is put, if after the subordinate clauseNo THAT or SO
Punctuation marks for conjunctions
She told him that if he was sick, he needed to be treated.
She told him thato e if he is sick, That need medical help
Place punctuation marks,determine the type of subordinate clauses, draw up a sentence diagram
When we arrived, my father showed me the perch and carp that he had caught without me.
(When...), , (which...).
NGN with attributive and tense clauses
Such proposals are called SPP with PARALLEL SUBMISSION:
subordinate clauses relate to one common main clause and are different in meaning.
Place punctuation marks,determine the type of subordinate clauses, draw up a sentence diagram
I woke up when the sun had not yet risen, when nature was enveloped in pre-dawn sleep.
NGN with clauses of time
Such proposals are called SPP with HOMOGENEOUS SUBMISSION:
subordinate clauses relate to one common main clause and are identical in meaning - homogeneous
With homogeneous subordination in the second (and following) subordinate clauses, the subordinating conjunction can be omitted:
We went hiking when the rain stopped, the sun came out, and the birds began to sing.
, (When…), (…), (…).
We went hiking when the rain stopped When the sun came out When the birds began to sing.
, (when...), (when...), (when...).
Homogeneous subordinate clauses can have coordinating conjunctions, preceded by a comma in the same way as with homogeneous clauses:
You could hear the gardener walking in the garden And how his car creaked.
Sonechka wrote that the mood was heavy, But so he doesn't have to worry about them.
He's irritable And when healthy And when sick.
Place punctuation marks, make diagrams
I had to see how the lilac leaves unfurl and how it produces bluish clusters of future flowers.
We will flinch if a bird suddenly flies up or a moose trumpets in the distance.
IV. Consolidation.
Construct sentences according to schemes, determine the type of subordination
1. , (how...), (how...), (how...).
I remember well how we walked along the path, how brightly the sun shone, how I found a mushroom place. (Homogeneous submission)
2. , (when...), (to...).
It was already completely dark when we reached the camp to spend the night there. (Sequential submission)
3. (When...), , (...which...).
When I got thirsty, I bent down to the stream, in the waters of which I saw fish frolicking. (Parallel subordination)
V. Summing up the lesson. Frontal conversation.
What main types of SPPs with two or more subordinate clauses do you know?
What is the difference between homogeneous and parallel subordination?
Tell us about the features of punctuation at the “junction” of conjunctions with the sequential subordination of subordinate clauses.
- Homogeneous subordinate clauses can have coordinating conjunctions. How are punctuation marks used in this case?
VI. Reflection.
Write a syncwine dedicated to the topic of our lesson today.
Synquain structure
Line 1 – heading, which contains the theme of the syncwine, a keyword or concept expressed by a noun;
Line 2 – two adjectives;
Line 3 – three verbs;
Line 4 – a phrase that carries a semantic load;
Line 5 – conclusion expressed by a single noun.
SINQUAINES
Offer
Complex, unusual
I'm interested, I remember, I remember
I like to learn something new
Russian, interesting
Read, write, study
I like it
Exams
Information
New, interesting
Find out, get to know each other, work
Today I learned a lot of new things
Complex, extensive
I understand, remember, apply
There were a lot of new rules in class today
Punctuation
Peculiar, complex
I think, I remember, I reason
To put commas correctly, you need to learn the rules
Subordination
Serial, parallel, homogeneous
I reason, I search, I highlight
I like working with diagrams
Examples of syncwines written by students
VII. Homework.
Write an essay-reasoning “What do I know about SPP?”
Literature
Egorova N.V. Lesson developments in the Russian language: 9th grade - M.: VAKO, 2008
Russian language: 10 real versions of tasks for preparing for the Unified State Exam-2006 t- M.: Federal Testing Center, 2006
Russian language: Textbook. For 9th grade. general education Institutions/ S.G. Barkhudarov, S.E. Kryuchkov, L.Yu. Maksimov and others - 26th ed., revised. – M.: Education, 2004
Modern Russian language. Textbook for pedagogical students Institute for specialties No. 2101 “Russian language. or T." At 3. Part 3. Syntax. Punctuation/V.V. Babaytseva, L.Yu. Maksimov. – 2nd ed., revised. – M.: Education, 1978
Complex sentences with several subordinate clauses can be divided into three main groups: with homogeneous, heterogeneous (parallel) and sequential subordination.
1. Complex sentences with homogeneous subordination:
all subordinate clauses refer to the same main sentence or to the same word in the main sentence (if the subordinate clauses do not extend the entire main sentence, but one of its words);
subordinate clauses answer the same question, that is, they are subordinate clauses of the same type;
subordinate clauses are connected with each other using coordinating conjunctions or without conjunctions (with the meaning of enumeration), just as homogeneous members are connected with each other.
The boys, quiet, looked after the truck, / 1 until he drove past the intersection, / 2 until the dust he raised cleared away, / 3 until he himself became a cloud of dust/ 4 (Zhukhovitsky).
1 , (Bye- conjunction) 2, ( Bye- conjunction) 3 , ( Bye- union 4.
Complex sentence; consists of four simple sentences; the first is the main thing, the rest are subordinate clauses. Subordinate clauses refer to the same main clause and answer the same question - until when? Each subordinate clause is associated with the main conjunction while. These are homogeneous subordinate clauses.
The vertical scheme (a scheme that reflects not the arrangement of simple sentences within a complex one, but their dependence) will be as follows:
1
↓
(Bye- conjunction) 2, ( Bye- conjunction) 3 , ( Bye- union) 4
My father told me / 1 that he had never seen such bread / 2 And / that this year's harvest is excellent/ 3 (Aksakov).
[ch.] 1, ( What- conjunction) 2 and ( What- conjunction) 3 .
Complex sentence; consists of three simple sentences; the first is the main thing, the rest are additional clauses. Subordinate clauses refer to one word (predicate said, expressed by a verb) in the main sentence, answer the same question - what? Each subordinate clause is connected with the main conjunction that. Subordinate clauses are connected to each other by the connecting conjunction and. These are homogeneous subordinate clauses.
The vertical diagram of a complex sentence will be as follows:
1
↓
(What- union) 2 And (What- union) 3
Note!
1) If homogeneous subordinate clauses are attached to the main clause by the same conjunction, then this conjunction may be omitted in one or more subordinate clauses (but the conjunction is easy to restore).
Wed: Shatsky saw/ 1 /2 and / the sailors spent a long time, interfering with each other, pulling it up on hoists/ 3 (Paustovsky). - Shatsky saw/ 1 how the last boat returned to the ship/2 and / how the sailors for a long time, interfering with each other, pulled it up on hoists / 3 .
2) If homogeneous subordinate clauses are connected by a single connecting or disjunctive conjunction (and, yes in the meaning of “and”, or, or), then a comma is not placed between the subordinate clauses.
my father said me that he has never seen such bread and that this year’s harvest is excellent(Aksakov); He emphatically stated that we must get out of his house immediately or he will call the police(Grigoriev) - the conjunction that before the second subordinate clause is omitted, but can be restored ( He emphatically stated that we must get out of his house immediately or that he would call the police).
3) For repeated coordinating conjunctions, a comma is placed between homogeneous subordinate clauses.
While in the hospital, he recalled how the Nazis suddenly attacked them, and how they found themselves surrounded, and as a squad managed to get through to their own.
4) The conjunctions whether... or are considered to be repeated (in this case or can be replaced by whether), and homogeneous clauses connected by these conjunctions are separated by a comma.
Wed: It was hard to understand whether there was a fire somewhere, or was about to rise moon(Chekhov). - It was hard to understand whether there was a fire somewhere, whether the moon was about to rise.
2. Complex sentences with heterogeneous (parallel) subordination:
all subordinate clauses refer to the same main clause;
subordinate clauses answer different questions, that is, they are different types of subordinate clauses.
Subordinate clauses that have the same meaning but refer to different words in the common main clause will also be heterogeneous (parallel).
/ 1 Yegorushka strained his vision, / 2 / 3 (Chekhov).
(When- conjunction) 1 , 2 , ( to- conjunction) 3 .
A complex sentence consists of three simple ones; The second sentence is main, the first and third are subordinate clauses. Subordinate clauses relate to the same main clause, but answer different questions (cf.: [When?] As he pulled into the backyard, / 1 / 2 ; Yegorushka strained his vision[why?], / 2 to get a better look at it/ 3). These are different types of clauses: when he pulled up to the backyard- subordinate tense; to get a better look at it- subordinate clause of purpose.
2
↓ ↓
(When- union) 1 ( to- union) 3
It is necessary to take into account Wednesday, / 1 wherein a poetic work develops, / 2 / 3 (Mayakovsky).
[noun] 1, ( wherein- union. next) 2 , ( to- conjunction) 3 .
A complex sentence consists of three simple ones; The first sentence is the main clause, the second and third are subordinate clauses. Subordinate clauses refer to one main clause, but the first subordinate clause (second simple clause) refers to one word - environment, expressed by a noun; the second subordinate clause (third simple clause) refers to the entire main clause. Subordinate clauses answer different questions (cf.: It is necessary to take into account Wednesday [which one?], / 1 wherein a poetic work develops, / 2; The environment must be taken into account[why?], / 1 so that a word alien to this environment does not appear by chance / 3). These are different types of clauses: wherein a poetic work develops- subordinate clause; so that a word alien to this environment does not appear accidentally- subordinate clause of purpose.
The vertical diagram of the proposal will be as follows:
[noun ] 1
↓ ↓
(wherein- union. next) 2 ( to- union) 3
I asked his, / 1 Why he has gone so far from fanzia, / 2 And said, / 1 that you were worried about him/ 3 (Arsenyev).
[ ch., ( Why- union. next) 2, ch.] 1, ( What- conjunction) 3 .
A complex sentence consists of three simple ones; The first sentence is the main clause, the second and third are subordinate clauses. Subordinate clauses relate to one main clause and answer questions of indirect cases (cf.: I asked his[about what?], / 1 Why he's gone so far from fanzia / 2 ; I asked him and said [what?], / 1 that you were worried about him/ 3). These are the same types of clauses - additional clauses. But these subordinate clauses refer to different words within the main sentence: the first subordinate clause (second simple sentence) refers to the predicate asked expressed by a verb; the second subordinate clause (third simple sentence) refers to the predicate said, also expressed by a verb. Therefore, these subordinate clauses are heterogeneous (parallel).
The vertical diagram of the proposal will be as follows:
[Ch. ch.] 1
↓ ↓
(Why- union. next) 2 ( What- union) 3
3. In complex sentences with sequential subordination the main clause is subordinated to one subordinate clause (subordinate clause of the 1st degree), and this subordinate clause is subordinated to another subordinate clause (subordinate clause of the 2nd degree), etc. Thus, the subordinate clause of the 1st degree is the main clause for the subordinate clause of the 2nd degree, etc.
I heard, / 1 how Gaidar cleaned the pot with sand and scolded his for that, / 2 that his pen fell off/ 3 (Paustovsky).
[ch.] 1, ( How- union ch. + uk. next) 2 , ( What- conjunction) 3 .
A complex sentence consists of three simple ones; The first sentence is the main clause, the second and third are subordinate clauses. The subordinate clause of the first degree (second simple sentence) refers to the first (main) sentence, namely to the predicate heard expressed by a verb; a subordinate clause of the second degree (third simple sentence) refers to a subordinate clause of the first degree (second simple sentence), namely, to the predicate scolded expressed by a verb.
The vertical diagram of the proposal will be as follows:
[ch.] 1
↓
(How- union ch. + uk. next) 2
↓
(What- union) 3
Note!
With sequential subordination, one subordinate clause may appear inside another subordinate clause. At the same time, at the junction of these subordinate clauses, two subordinating conjunctions or a subordinating conjunction and a conjunctive word may appear next to each other.
The maid was an orphan,/ 1 which , / 2 to feed, / 3 should have entered the service / 2 (L. Tolstoy).
[noun ] 1, (which is a conjunction, 2 (so that is a conjunction...), 3...) 2.
[noun ] 1
↓
(which- union. next) 2
↓
(to- union) 3
Nearby are the conjunction word which and the conjunction so. They refer to different subordinate clauses: subordinate clause of the 1st degree - who was supposed to enter service; subordinate clause of the 2nd degree - to feed. A subordinate clause of the 2nd degree is located inside a subordinate clause of the 1st degree, and a subordinate clause of the 2nd degree can be removed from a complex sentence without damage or placed after a subordinate clause of the 1st degree, cf.: The maid was an orphan who had to enter service; The maid was an orphan who had to enter service in order to feed. There is a comma between the conjunction word which and the conjunction so, which belong to different subordinate clauses.
Thus, when two subordinating conjunctions (or a subordinating conjunction and a conjunctive word) meet, comma between them is put, if the removal of the second subordinate clause does not require the restructuring of the entire complex sentence (in this case, the second part of the double conjunction does not follow - then, so, but).
Comma at the junction of two subordinating conjunctions (or a conjunction and a conjunctive word) not placed in the event that the second subordinate clause cannot be removed without changing the entire complex sentence (in this case, what follows is the second part of the double conjunction - then, so, but).
I'm holding bet, / 1 what / 2 / 3 That/ 2 (Leskov).
[noun ] 1 , ( What- union 2 ( If- union...), 3 then...) 2 .
[noun ] 1
↓
(What- union) 2
↓
(if... then- union) 3
The main clause in this sentence is: I bet/ 1, as well as two successively connected subordinate clauses: subordinate clause of the 1st degree: something... he'll stay here for three more days/ 2, inside which there is a subordinate clause of the second degree: if you give this to the Duke/ 3 (cf.: I bet that... then he will stay here for three more days; he will stay here for three more days if you give this to the Duke). At the junction of subordinate clauses of the 1st degree and the 2nd degree there are two subordinating conjunctions what and if. However, a comma is not placed between them, since it is impossible to remove a subordinate clause of the second degree without changing the subordinate clause of the first degree, cf.: I bet, / 1 that he will stay here for three more days/ 2 . This is prevented by the second part of the double conditional conjunction if...then, which is in the main clause for the conditional clause - the subordinate clause of the first degree: he will stay here for three more days. If this second part (then) is removed, then at the junction of the conjunctions what and if it will be necessary to put a comma, cf.: I bet/ 1 what , / 2 if you give this to the Duke, / 3 he will stay here for three more days / 2 .
In complex sentences with several subordinate clauses it is possible combinations of connections: there can be both homogeneous and consistent subordination; parallel and serial, etc. Therefore, when analyzing and arranging punctuation marks, one should not strive to immediately draw up a general scheme or immediately place punctuation marks.
The following analysis algorithm seems to be the most optimal:
- Establish the total number of simple sentences in a complex sentence, highlighting all grammatical bases.
- Highlight all subordinating means of communication (subordinating conjunctions and allied words); Based on this, establish the main clause and subordinate clauses.
- For each subordinate clause, establish the main clause, that is, break the complex sentence into pairs: main - subordinate clause.
- Construct a vertical diagram of a complex sentence, and on this basis determine the nature of the subordination of subordinate clauses (uniform, parallel, sequential subordination).
- Build a horizontal diagram and place punctuation marks on this basis.
The bet is that if your master stays here for three days, then without any excuses you must carry out what I tell you, and if he does not stay, then I will carry out any order you give me.(Leskov).
This complex sentence contains 7 simple sentences:
Bet is that / 1 what / 2 if your lord stays here for three days / 3 then you have no excuses must fulfill That / 2 What I will tell you/ 4 a / if he doesn't stay / 5 then I will fulfill any order / 6 which will you give it to me/ 7 (Leskov).
1) bet is that;
2) something... you without any excuses must fulfill That ;
3) if your master stays here for three days;
4) What I will tell you ;
5) if he doesn't stay;
6) then I will fulfill any order;
7) which you will give it to me.
First sentence ( the bet is) is the main thing, the rest are subordinate clauses. The question is raised only by the sixth simple sentence ( then I will fulfill any order ).
This complex sentence can be divided into the following pairs of complex sentences:
1→2: bet is that, something... you without any excuses must fulfill That
;
2→3: you without any excuses must fulfill That if your lord stays here for three days;
2→4: you without any excuses must fulfill That what will I tell you;
6→5: I will fulfill any order if he doesn't stay;
6→7: I will fulfill any order, which you will give it to me.
It is still difficult to determine what type of sentence the sixth sentence belongs to. In this case, you should pay attention to the coordinating conjunction a. A coordinating conjunction, unlike a subordinating conjunction, in a complex sentence consisting of three or more simple sentences may not appear before the sentence to which it refers. Therefore, it is necessary to find out which simple sentences are connected by this adversative conjunction. To do this, you need to remove all simple sentences, leaving only those that contain opposition. These are sentences 2 and 6, cf.: you without any excuses must fulfill then, and I will carry out any order. But sentence 2 is a subordinate clause. Therefore, sentence 6, connected to sentence 2 by a coordinating conjunction, must also be a subordinate clause. This can be checked by inserting the same conjunction that sentence 2 has, and connecting sentence 6 with the same main one on which sentence 2 depends, cf.: bet thing is I will carry out any order. This means that sentences 2 and 6 are homogeneous subordinate clauses, only the conjunction that in sentence 6 is omitted (1→6).
Based on the data obtained, we can construct a vertical diagram of this complex sentence:
[Ch. + uk. next] 1
↓
(What- union ch. + uk. next) 2, and (- noun + adjective) 6
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
(if... then- conjunction) 3 ( What- union. next) 4 ( if... then- union) 5 ( which- union. next) 7
Thus, this sentence is complex, in which the subordinate clauses are connected homogeneously (sentences 2 and 6), in parallel (sentences 3 and 4, sentences 5 and 7), and also sequentially (sentences 2 and 3; 2 and 4, 6 and 5, 6 and 7).
To place punctuation marks, it is necessary to mark the boundaries of simple sentences, paying special attention to the possible combination of several conjunctions at the border of sentences, and also to construct a horizontal sentence diagram.
[Ch. + uk. next] 1 , ( What- union ( If- conjunction) 3, That Ch. + uk. next) 2 , ( What- conjunction next) 4, A (If- conjunction) 5, ( That noun + uk. next) 6 , ( which- union. next) 7 .
In this sentence there is a combination of subordinating conjunctions at the junction of sentences 2 and 3 (what if). In addition, the coordinating conjunction a, which refers to sentence 6, comes before sentence 5, forming a combination of conjunctions with the subordinating conjunction if (and if). According to the general rules, they should be separated by commas, but then follows the second part of the double conjunction if... then. It is this second part of the conjunction that does not make it possible to remove conditional clauses without changing the structure of the sentences as a whole, cf.: The bet is that... you must do this without any excuses; otherwise... then I will carry out any order. That is why a comma is not placed at the junction of these conjunctions.
So, the punctuation marks in the sentence should be arranged as follows:
The bet is that if your master stays here for three days, then without any excuses you must do what I tell you, and if he does not stay, then I will carry out any order you give me (Leskov).
Plan for parsing a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses
- Indicate the type of complex sentence (complex sentence).
- Name the main clause and subordinate clauses (highlight grammatical bases).
- Indicate how subordinate clauses are related to the main clause (sequential, parallel, homogeneous subordination).
- Parse each subordinate clause according to plan.
- Construct vertical and horizontal sentence diagrams.
Sample parsing
Participates in the adventures of Baron Munchausen runner, / 1 which, / 2 so as not to run too fast, / 3 ties pound weights to his feet/ 2 (Soloukhin).
The sentence is complex; consists of three parts; sentence 1 - main; sentences 2 and 3 are subordinate clauses. Subordinate clauses are connected to the main clause sequentially.
The subordinate clause of the first degree (sentence 2) refers to the main one (sentence 1). This is a subordinate clause; it refers to the subject runner expressed by a noun, a means of communication is a conjunctive word which; the subordinate clause comes after the main clause.
The second degree clause (sentence 3) refers to the first degree clause (sentence 2). This is a clause of purpose; it relates to everything important, the means of communication is the union to; the subordinate clause stands in the middle of the main clause.
[noun] 1
def. ↓
(which- union. next) 2
goals ↓
(to- union) 3
[noun] 1 , ( which- union. words, ( to- conjunction) 3 ,) 2 .
def. goals