EntranceThe right-wing Russian public harshly accused. Russia and the world in the 18th-19th centuries: attempts at modernization and the industrial revolution
Case 1.
Block 3. Solving cases.
“The right-wing Russian public severely accused _______ for his supposedly “criminal compliance” and branded him with the evil nickname “Count of Half-Sakhalin” (He was awarded the title of count for Portsmouth.). The accusation is completely unfair, especially taking into account that the cession of half of Sakhalin was made by order of the sovereign, not at the insistence of ________. He showed great skill and firmness in negotiations and did everything he could under the difficult conditions of that time. He did not meet with sympathy from the left-wing public either.”
Exercise 1
What kind of agreement are we talking about signing?
A. Aigunsky B. Nerchinsky C. Portsmouth G. Peking
Task 2.
According to the terms of the agreement discussed in the text, Russia had to:
A. cede the southern part of Sakhalin to Japan B. recognize Korea as a sphere of Japanese influence
B. pay indemnity to Japan D. cede the Kuril Islands to Japan
Task 3.
Name the politician in question.
“This news terribly shocked, upset, and stunned everyone. The details of the crime committed filled everyone with horror. In all strata of the people, sadness, fear and amazement took possession of people. Where and what they didn’t say then! Rumors began to spread throughout the villages that the nobles had killed the tsar for depriving them of their serfs. In the cities they frightened people of unrest in the villages. Even among the troops it was not completely calm. Tales of riots against Jews in Elizavetgrad, Kyiv and other southern cities increased general anxiety. For two whole months Russia was in some strange confusion and stupor; not only did the hands fall away from any work, but even the mind and feelings seemed to have become dead. The late sovereign was loved and adored by the liberated peasants and former courtyard people; but everyone who knew him personally and those who heard a lot about his kindness of heart, about his always-disposition to every good deed were spiritually disposed towards him and devoted in society.”
Exercise 1. What nickname did the king referred to in the text receive?
A. The Quiet One B. Palkin C. Liberator D. Peacemaker
Task 2. (several answer options)
During the reign of the tsar, whose murder is discussed in the text, ... were introduced in Russia.
A. state wine monopoly B. jury trials
B. universal conscription D. gold standard of the ruble
Task 2. Name the emperor whose murder is discussed in the text.
Case problem 3.
“Your Imperial Majesty’s troops defended Sevastopol to the extreme, but it was impossible to hold on any longer to the hellish fire to which the city was exposed. The troops moved to the Northern side, finally repulsing on August 27 six of the seven attacks launched by the enemy on the Southern and Korabelnaya "Only from the Kornilov bastion alone was it not possible to knock him out. The enemies will find only bloody ruins in Sevastopol."
Exercise 1. (choose one answer)
The text talks about the events of the _______ war.
1) Crimean 2) Northern 3) Patriotic 4) Russian-Turkish
Task 2. (choose multiple answer options)
The participants in the war described in the text were _________.
1) P.S. Nakhimov 2) M.I. Kutuzov 3) M.D. Skobelev 4) E.I. Totleben
Case problem 4.
“The regalia were supposed to personify the power and inviolability of imperial power; the state seal, the state banner, the state sword, an orb with a huge sapphire on which was mounted a diamond cross, a scepter with its exceptionally large diamond “Orlov” and, finally, the famous Catherine’s crown with 5000 diamonds and pearls and with a huge ruby in 400 carats, the largest in the world... The Tsar and both queens took a place on the thrones, under the canopy, in the St. George's Hall... On the right side of the huge hall there was an embroidered wall of high dignitaries and courtiers, as if made of gold and silver. And this entire dazzling “wall” looked with amazement, greedy curiosity and indescribable horror at the left side reserved for the State Duma. There stood a crowd that had never before been seen by the walls of the Winter Palace. “Intellectuals” in jackets, peasants in jackets and oiled boots, Belarusians in white scrolls, highlanders in Circassian coats, an Asian in a robe and even some uncle... in a light tracksuit made of striped flannel and yellow shoes!.. The Tsar said his speech in an uncertain voice, worried and stammering, contrary to the expectations of many, without saying anything about the amnesty. When he finished, an awkward silence reigned for several seconds; the king stood confused, waiting for something. Finally, shouts of “Hurray!” were heard from the right gilded side. But no one responded on the left side. And this silence was ominous.”
Exercise 1 (choose one answer option).
In what year did the event described in the text take place?
Task 2
What is the nickname of the last Russian autocrat __________
Test for section 6 Russia in conditions of wars and revolutions (1914–1922)
Block 1. Tasks with the choice of one or more answers from the proposed options
Final learning outcomes To develop knowledge about: - microbiological fundamentals of disinfection and sterilization. - methods of control of disinfection and sterilization - principles of disinfection of environmental objects with disinfectants - microbiological principles... [read more]
Main questions of the topic. - the concept of antigens and antibodies, their chemical nature, properties - phagocytosis, stages, intensity indicators, their significance - serological reactions, types, significance in medicine - agglutination reaction, ingredients, mechanism, varieties,... [read more]
Case No. 4 Case No. 3 Situation: The student did not learn the lesson and fears that students will appear in the class - and even, judging by the grades, they are guilty of asking today. A bank account appears. She has new cloth on her. Young student is studying - this is a chance for her! They hopped up and marveled at... [read more]
Case No. 1 Casey Please learn how to create effective mutual interaction 1. Be aware of the mutual situation: align yourself with your partner’s position. 2. Start spilkuvaniya not from the moments that are separated, but from the moments that are shared. 3. Do not belittle the status of the spivrozmovnik. 4. Don't...
TASK N 1
A contemporary of M.I. Kutuzov was...
1) Horatio Nelson 2) Oliver Cromwell 3) Fernand Cortes 4) Douglas MacArthur
TASK N 2(choose one answer)
The ideologist of the conspiratorial trend in Russian populism, Pyotr Tkachev, shared the views of the French revolutionary...
1) Jean Colbert 2) Auguste Blanqui 3) Georges Clemenceau 4) Jean Jaurès
TASK N 3(choose one answer)
The artistic style that emerged in France during the reign of Napoleon I was called...
1) baroque 2) rococo 3) modern 4) empire
TASK N 4(choose one answer)
A contemporary of Peter I was...
1) Polish king Sigismund III 2) Swedish king Charles XII
3) King Charles I of England 4) US President George Washington
TASK N 5(choose one answer)
1) reformation 2) protectionism 3) industrial revolution 4) reconquista
The transition from manufacture to machine production is called...
Block 2. Solving cases.
Case 1.
“The right-wing Russian public severely accused _______ for his supposedly “criminal compliance” and branded him with the evil nickname “Count of Half-Sakhalin” (He was awarded the title of count for Portsmouth.). The accusation is completely unfair, especially taking into account that the concession of half of Sakhalin was made at the behest of the sovereign, not at the insistence of ________. He showed great skill and firmness in negotiations and did everything he could under the difficult conditions of that time. He did not meet with sympathy from the left-wing public either.”
Subtask 1 (choose one answer)
What kind of agreement are we talking about signing?
A. Aigunsky B. Nerchinsky C. Portsmouth G. Peking
Subtask 2.
According to the terms of the agreement discussed in the text, Russia had to:
A. cede the southern part of Sakhalin to Japan B. recognize Korea as a sphere of Japanese influence
B. pay indemnity to Japan D. cede the Kuril Islands to Japan
Subtask 3.
Name the politician in question.
Answer: Witte
Case 2.
“This news terribly surprised, saddened and stunned everyone. The details of the crime committed filled everyone with horror. In all strata of the people, sadness, fear and amazement took possession of people. Where and what they didn’t say then! Rumors began to spread throughout the villages that the nobles had killed the tsar for depriving them of their serfs. In the cities they frightened people of unrest in the villages. Even among the troops it was not completely calm. Tales of riots against Jews in Elizavetgrad, Kyiv and other southern cities increased general anxiety. For two whole months Russia was in some strange confusion and stupor; not only did the hands fall away from any work, but even the mind and feelings seemed to have become dead. The late sovereign was loved and adored by the liberated peasants and former courtyard people; but everyone who knew him personally and those who heard a lot about his kindness of heart, about his always-disposition to every good deed were spiritually disposed towards him and devoted in society.”
Subtask 1. What nickname did the king referred to in the text receive?
A. The Quiet One B. Palkin C. Liberator D. Peacemaker
Subtask 2. (several answer options)
During the reign of the tsar, whose murder is discussed in the text, ... were introduced in Russia.
A. state wine monopoly B. jury trials
B. universal conscription D. gold standard of the ruble
Subtask 3. Name the emperor whose murder is discussed in the text.
Answer: Alexander II
Case problem 3.
“Your Imperial Majesty’s troops defended Sevastopol to the extreme, but it was impossible to hold on any longer to the hellish fire to which the city was exposed. The troops moved to the Northern side, finally repulsing on August 27 six of the seven attacks launched by the enemy on the Southern and Korabelnaya sides. "Only from the Kornilov bastion alone was it not possible to knock him out. The enemies will find only bloody ruins in Sevastopol."
Subtask 1. (choose one answer)
The text talks about the events of the _______ war.
1) Crimean 2) Northern 3) Patriotic 4) Russian-Turkish
Subtask 2. (choose multiple answer options)
The participants in the war described in the text were _________.
1) P.S. Nakhimov 2) M.I. Kutuzov 3) M.D. Skobelev 4) E.I. Totleben
Case problem 4.
“The regalia were supposed to personify the power and inviolability of imperial power; the state seal, the state banner, the state sword, an orb with a huge sapphire on which a diamond cross was mounted, a scepter with its exceptionally large Orlov diamond and, finally, the famous Catherine’s crown with 5,000 diamonds and pearls and a huge ruby of 400 carats , the largest in the world... The Tsar and both queens took their place on the thrones, under the canopy, in St. George's Hall...
On the right side of the huge hall there was an embroidered wall of high dignitaries and courtiers, as if made of gold and silver. And this entire dazzling “wall” looked with amazement, greedy curiosity and indescribable horror at the left side reserved for the State Duma. There stood a crowd that had never before been seen by the walls of the Winter Palace. “Intellectuals” in jackets, peasants in jackets and oiled boots, Belarusians in white scrolls, highlanders in Circassian coats, an Asian in a robe and even some uncle... in a light tracksuit made of striped flannel and yellow shoes!..
The king delivered his speech in an uncertain voice, nervous and stammering, contrary to the expectations of many, without saying anything about the amnesty.
When he finished, an awkward silence reigned for several seconds; the king stood confused, waiting for something. Finally, shouts of “Hurray!” were heard from the right gilded side. But no one responded on the left side. And this silence was ominous.”
Subtask 1 (choose one answer option).
In what year did the event described in the text take place?
Subtask 2
What is the nickname of the last Russian autocrat __________
Answer: Bloody
Case problem 5.
From the Manifesto on the Inviolability of Autocracy:
“In God, Our deceased parent, having accepted autocratic power from God for the benefit of the people entrusted to him, remained faithful to death to the vow he had taken and sealed with his blood his great service... with kindness and meekness he accomplished the greatest work of his reign - the liberation of the serfs... In the midst of Our great sorrow The voice of God commands Us to stand vigorously in the work of government, trusting in Divine providence, with faith in the power and truth of autocratic power, which We are called upon to affirm and protect for the good of the people from any encroachments on it.”
Subtask 1.
The text talks about the death of the Russian emperor...
1) Nicholas I 2) Alexander II 3) Alexander III 4) Nicholas II
Subtask 2
The abolition of serfdom mentioned in the text occurred in _____.
Task No. 1.
From the memoirs of A. I. Denikin: “The right-wing Russian public is
accused ... for his allegedly “criminal compliance” and branded him with the evil nickname “Count of Polus-Sakhalinsky”. The accusation is completely unfair, especially taking into account that the concession of half of Sakhalin was made at the behest of the sovereign, not at the insistence... He showed great skill and firmness in the negotiations and did everything he could in the difficult conditions of that time... Russia was by no means defeated. The army could continue to fight. But... St. Petersburg was “tired” of the war more than the army. Moreover, alarming signs of an impending revolution... deprived him of his resolve and daring, leading to the conclusion of a premature peace.”
The text talks about the conclusion
Mira.
A) Peking B) Aigunsky C) Nerchinsky
D) Portsmouth
According to the terms of the treaty discussed in the text, Russia had to... (Indicate at least two answer options)
A) pay indemnity to Japan B) recognize Korea as the sphere of Japanese
influence B) cede the Kuril Islands to Japan
D) cede the southern part of Sakhalin to Japan
Name the politician discussed in the text.
Task No. 2.
From the diary of A.V. Bogdanovich: “Lord! At this moment in St. Petersburg
A terrible thing is happening: troops on one side, workers on the other, like two enemy camps. On the Trinity Bridge, cavalry, horse guards and cavalry guards blocked their path (there were more than 20 thousand workers), fired a volley, recaptured several banners, but the priest escaped. There were many wounded and killed. The third salvo (the first two were fired at the Trinity Bridge) was fired near the mayor's house by two battalions of the Semenovsky regiment. Again there were many casualties. There was a strong murmur in the crowd that the troops were shooting... There were already up to 100 killed and a lot of wounded. Those with minor wounds or wounded in the arm went home. There is screaming, moaning and sobbing through the streets. 108 thousand workers are participating in the strike at this moment. There was a rumor that the tsar was allegedly traveling from Tsarskoe Selo to the Winter Palace to receive deputies from the workers.”
The consequences of the events described in the text were... (indicate at least two answer options):
A) the growth of the strike movement B) the assassination of the Minister of Internal Affairs
V. K. Plehve B) creation of the RSDLP
D) preparation of a draft legislative advisory State Duma
Write the name of the priest who led the workers' demonstration, the shooting of which is described in the text.
Task No. 3.
From the memoirs of L. D. Lyubimov: “The regalia were supposed to represent
to strengthen the power and inviolability of imperial power... The Tsar and both queens took a place on the thrones, under the canopy, in the St. George's Hall... On the right side of the huge hall there was an embroidered wall of high dignitaries and courtiers, as if made of gold and silver. And this entire dazzling “wall” looked with amazement, greedy curiosity and indescribable horror at the left side reserved for the State Duma. There stood a crowd that had never before been seen by the walls of the Winter Palace. “Intellectuals” in jackets, peasants in jackets and oily boots, Belarusians in
white scrolls, highlanders in Circassian coats, an Asian in a robe...
The king delivered his speech in an uncertain voice, nervous and stammering, contrary to the expectations of many, without saying anything about the amnesty. When he finished, an awkward silence reigned for several seconds; the king stood confused, waiting for something. Finally, from the right, gilded side, cries of “Hurray!” were heard. But almost no one responded to the left. And this silence was ominous.”
The events described in the text happened...
The political forces that received the majority of votes in the elections to the State Duma, which are discussed in the text, include ... (Indicate at least two answer options)
A) Octobrists B) Cadets C) Socialist Revolutionaries D) Trudoviks
Name the king mentioned in the text.
Task No. 4.
From the verbatim report: “ Citizen Sailor. I received in-
structure to bring to your attention,
so that everyone present leaves the meeting room because the guard is tired (Voices: We don’t need a guard.)
Chairman What instructions? From whom?
Citizen sailor. I am on-
head of the security of the Tauride Palace and have
instructions from Commissioner Dybenka. Chairman All members...assembled
They are also very tired, but no amount of fatigue can interrupt the announcement of the land law that Russia is waiting for. (Terrible noise. Shouts: Enough! Enough!) ... The meeting can disperse only if force is used. (Noise. Voices: Down...)
Citizen sailor. ...I ask not-
slowly leave the meeting room..."
The events described in the text happened...
IN The text describes a dialogue between... (indicate at least two answer options):
A) Ya.M. Sverdlov B) A.G. Zheleznyakov V) V.M. Chernov D) A.F. Kerensky
IN the text talks about the end of the
bots ____________ meetings.
Task No. 5.
From the article “Dizziness from Success”: “Now everyone is talking about the successes of the Soviet government in the field of the collective farm movement. Even our enemies are forced to admit that there have been serious successes. And these successes are really great. It is a fact that as of February 20 this year. 50% of peasant farms in the USSR have already been collectivized. This means that we have exceeded the five-year collectivization plan... What does all this mean? That the countryside’s radical turn to socialism can be considered already assured... Hence the party’s task: to consolidate the achieved successes and systematically use them for further advancement. But success also has a shadow side, especially when it comes relatively “easy”... They, these successes, often intoxicate people, and people begin to feel dizzy from success, lose their sense of proportion, and lose the ability to understand reality...”
The article, excerpts from which are given here, was published in
A) 1929 B) 1917 C) 1930 D) 1933
During the collectivization carried out in the USSR... (specify at least two options):
A) a large socialist economy was created
B) the kulaks were eliminated as a class
C) the Peasant Bank was created D) a layer of farmers was created
Task No. 6.
“In a short period of time, events took place in Europe whose significance is not limited to the redrawing of the geographical map. This is not the first time, and not even the first year, that peoples have faced fascist aggression, which is persistently dragging country after country into the second imperialist war for the redivision of the world. Abyssinia, Spain, China, Austria, Czechoslovakia successively became victims of voracious fascist cannibals. But for the first time we learn that the seizure of foreign territories, the crossing by foreign armies of borders guaranteed by international treaties is nothing more than a “triumph” or “victory” of the world...
Obviously, the creators of the ... agreement hold very special views about the world. Let the insatiable aggressors swallow entire states, let them create a constant threat to the very existence of any small - and not only small - country...
It will remain an obvious, prosaic fact that the capitulation of the so-called democratic countries to the aggressor, while apparently delaying the war, actually brings it closer and, moreover, in immeasurably worse... conditions.”
The signing of an agreement with Nazi Germany in September 1938 became
the culmination of the policies pursued by the Western powers...
A) “collective security” B) “appeasement of the aggressor”
B) “detente of international tension”
D) “peaceful coexistence”
The countries whose representatives took part in the signing of an agreement with Nazi Germany in September 1938 were ... (specify at least two answer options):
A) France B) Great Britain C) Hungary D) Poland
The European city in which the agreement mentioned in the text was concluded is ...
Task No. 7.
Secret additional protocol to the Soviet-German non-aggression pact:
“When signing the non-aggression treaty between Germany and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the undersigned representatives of both parties discussed in a strictly confidential manner the issue of delimiting areas of mutual interests in Eastern Europe. This discussion led to the following result:
1) in the event of a territorial-political reorganization of the regions that are part of the Baltic states (Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania), the northern border of Lithuania is simultaneously the border of the spheres of interest of Germany and the USSR. At the same time, the interests of Lithuania in relation to the Vilna region are recognized by both parties.
2) in the event of territorial-political reorganization of areas that are part of the Polish State, the boundaries of the spheres of interest of Germany and the USSR
will approximately follow the line of the Narev, Vistula and Sana rivers.
The question whether the preservation of an independent Polish state is desirable in mutual interests and what the boundaries of this state will be can only be finally clarified during further political development...”
The agreement referred to in the text was signed...
The consequences of signing the agreement discussed in the text include... (specify at least two answer options):
A) occupation of Austria by Germany B) introduction of Soviet troops into the country
Baltic States B) German attack on Poland
D) transfer of the Sudetenland to Czechoslovakia to Germany
Please provide the name of the representative
The USSR, which signed the treaty discussed in the text.
USSR in 1945 – 1991 Russia at the end of the 20th – beginning of the 21st century.
1. The development of the fourth five-year plan for the restoration and development of the national economy of the USSR was led by ...
A) N.A. Voznesensky B) L.P. Beria V) I.V. Stalin
D) G.M. Malenkov
2. In the post-war years
The USSR developed and adopted a plan
Five-year plans.
A) first B) second
C) fourth D) third
3. A characteristic feature of the economic development of the USSR in 1945–1953 was …
A) permission to lease land B) permission to privately own
C) the use of prison labor in the national economy
D) the use of economic accounting in enterprises
4. In the second half In the 40s of the 20th century in the USSR, special attention was paid to the development...
A) socio-cultural sphere B) light industry C) agriculture
D) defense industry
5. The card system after the war was abolished in _____.
A) 1948 B) 1945 C) 1947 D) 1946
6. The concept of "democratic impulse" of war means...
A) partial relaxation of the socio-political atmosphere
B) strengthening censorship in the field of art
C) government encouragement of avant-garde trends
D) restoration of the imperial ideology
7. One of the ideological campaigns in the USSR in the post-war period was the fight against...
A) Trotskyists B) cosmopolitans C) dissidents
D) “right-wing deviationists”
8. One of the manifestations of the struggle for power in the USSR in the post-war period was...
A) “Leningrad case” B) “Trotskyist-Zinovievsky case”
center" B) "Shakhty business"
D) the case of the “right-wing Trotskyist anti-Soviet bloc”
9. For domestic politics
USSR in 1945–1953 the beginning was typical...
A) development of virgin lands B) softening of the political regime C) de-Stalinization D) a new round of repression
10. The head of the Soviet government
deeds after the death of I.V. Stalin became...
A) G.M. Malenkov B) L.P. Beria V) N.S. Khrushchev G) L.I. Brezhnev
11. In the name of N.S. Khrushchev in connection with
zan(-o) ... A) transition to a multi-party system
B) pursuing a policy of de-Stalinization
B) proclamation of the policy publicly
D) convening the Congress of People's Deputies
12. To the agrarian reform of N. S. Khrushchev, carried out in 1950s, dates back to...
A) development of virgin and fallow lands
B) creation of peasant (farm) farms
C) state support for peasant subsidiary plots
D) formation of agro-industrial |
overcentralization |
management |
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complexes |
economics |
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D) preferential development of severe |
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With the report “On the cult of personal- |
loy industry |
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ity and its consequences" at the XX Congress |
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The CPSU spoke... |
To the politics of N. S. Khrushchev in |
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A) L.I. Brezhnev |
the field of agriculture was... |
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B) N.S. Khrushchev |
A) the introduction of private property |
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B) G.M. Malenkov |
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D) V.M. Molotov |
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complexes |
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The XX Congress of the CPSU, debunking |
B) creation of farms |
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Stalin's greatest personality cult took place in |
D) consolidation of collective farms |
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Towards agrarian reform N.S. |
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Khrushchev, carried out in the 1950s, regarding |
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A) formation of agro-industrial |
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complexes |
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A certain democratization |
B) development of virgin and fallow lands |
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tion of Soviet society after the 20th Congress |
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The CPSU manifested itself in... |
C) the creation of peasant (farmer- |
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A) preparation and adoption of a new Con- |
ski) farms |
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constitution |
D) state support for cre- |
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B) introduction of alternative elections |
Styansky subsidiary farms |
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C) creation of the Public Chamber |
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D) expanding the rights of the union republics |
The most significant social |
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Noah measure during the reign of N.S. Khrushchev |
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became... |
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"Thaw" in the art of pro- |
A) a large housing program |
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came to... |
construction |
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A) transfer of cultural institutions to |
B) introduction of a unified tariff system |
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self-financing conditions |
we pay wages |
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B) creating a variety of literature |
C) abolition of the card supply system |
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tour groups and movements |
population's needs |
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C) eliminating censorship Next |
D) gasification of rural areas |
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D) the emergence of theaters with innovative |
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positions |
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social |
politics |
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Economic course G.M. Ma- |
N.S. Khrushchev refers... |
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Lenkova was sent to... |
increase in duration |
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A) gradual transition to a market economy |
working week |
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economy |
B) introduction of free travel on |
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B) social reorientation of eco- |
public transport |
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B) lowering the retirement age |
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C) preferential development of pre- |
D) cancellation of utility bills |
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acceptance group "A" |
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Soviet literature period |
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18. For the “Khrushchev Thaw” carried out in the USSR during the
D) moderate criticism of the “cult of personalities” |
Economic |
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"nosti" Stalin |
1965 was aimed at... |
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A) maximum strengthening of the role of eco- |
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Cultural event |
nomic methods in people's management |
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in the USSR during the “thaw” period it became ... |
economy |
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A) the creation of the Union of Soviet Writers |
Creation |
state- |
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capitalist enterprises |
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B) criticism of the work of A. Akhmatova and |
mixed joint stock companies |
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M. Zoshchenko |
C) strengthening the principles of directive- |
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B) the advent of sound cinema |
go (command-bureaucratic) management |
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D) opening of the Sovremennik Theater |
economics |
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introduction |
territorial |
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25. One of the political sectoral economic management systems is
consequences of the “thaw” became... |
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A) mass rehabilitation of victims of re- |
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A characteristic feature of economic |
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B) establishment of the presidency |
theoretical development of the country in the 1970s. would- |
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B) adoption of the new constitution of the USSR |
A) liberalization of domestic and |
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D) introduction of a multi-party system in |
foreign trade |
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B) permission for private labor activity |
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telnosti |
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The year the Khrushchev era ended |
C) decentralization of environmental management |
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The “Social Thaw” is considered to be _____ year. |
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D) preferential development of military |
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but-industrial complex |
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A new phenomenon in rural |
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In 1964 First Secretary |
1980s became... |
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The Central Committee of the CPSU became... |
A) creation of farms |
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A) N.S. Khrushchev |
B) formation of agro-industrial |
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B) A.N. Kosygin |
complexes |
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B) L.I. Brezhnev |
B) massive transformation of collective farms |
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D) N.V. Podgorny |
call to state farms |
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D) dissolution of collective farms |
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28. The main performance indicator
industrial enterprises according to |
For the development of the USSR in 1964– |
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Vii with the reform of 1965 became ... |
1985 was characteristic... |
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A) quantity of products produced |
A) the assumption of the existence of al- |
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B) volume of products sold |
alternative CPSU parties |
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C) the amount of electrical energy expended |
B) abolition of the monopoly right of the CPSU |
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to power |
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D) use of computers |
C) increased centralization and bureaucracy |
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cratization in management |
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Economic |
reform |
political |
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1965 provided... |
systems of society |
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A) restoration of industry mini- |
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Political |
development |
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B) introduction of private property |
USSR in 1964–1985 characterized |
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B) privatization of housing and enterprises |
A) the monopoly position of the CPSU in |
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political system |
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D) rental of industrial enterprises |
proclamation |
sovereignty |
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union republics |
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C) the creation of a permanent |
|||||
th parliament |
|||||
D) the development of openness and political |
Creation |
literary- |
|||||||
Chinese pluralism |
artistic organization "Prolet- |
||||||||
Constitution |
D) spread of rock culture |
||||||||
accepted in _____ |
|||||||||
crisis |
|||||||||
phenomena in the USSR economy in the 1970s - the first |
|||||||||
half of the 1980s was … |
|||||||||
A) creation of currency and other exchanges |
|||||||||
B) administrative dominance |
|||||||||
A new phenomenon in rural |
command system |
||||||||
economy of the USSR in the late 1970s - early |
B) creation of private banks |
||||||||
1980s became... |
D) entrepreneurship development |
||||||||
A) massive transformation of collective farms |
|||||||||
call to state farms |
The fight against corruption, |
||||||||
B) dissolution of collective farms |
taking measures to strengthen labor |
||||||||
B) the formation of agro-industrial |
first discipline belongs to the period of pre- |
||||||||
complexes |
being in power... |
||||||||
D) creation of farms |
A) N.S. Khrushchev |
||||||||
B) K.U. Chernenko |
|||||||||
turning |
manuals |
B) Yu.V. Andropova |
|||||||
USSR in the second half of the 1960s |
D) L.I. Brezhnev |
||||||||
conservative |
testimonial |
||||||||
M.S. Gorbachev became Gene- |
|||||||||
A) prohibition of the activities of the CPSU |
ral secretary of the CPSU Central Committee in ____ |
||||||||
B) tightening of censorship and fight against |
|||||||||
dissent |
|||||||||
C) tightening the fight against violations - |
|||||||||
mi labor discipline |
|||||||||
D) carrying out mass repressions |
|||||||||
Under M.S. Gorbachev was pro- |
|||||||||
Reason |
the course for... |
||||||||
A. Sinyavsky and Y. Daniel became ... |
A) monetization of benefits |
||||||||
A) speech on Radio Liberty |
B) carrying out check privatization |
||||||||
B) publication of literature in the West |
acceleration |
social |
|||||||
ny works |
economic development of the country |
||||||||
B) participation in anti-government protests |
D) price liberalization |
||||||||
rallies |
|||||||||
D) espionage for the United States |
|||||||||
Dissidents in the USSR are called |
A) State Council |
||||||||
B) Federal Assembly |
|||||||||
A) citizens who went abroad |
B) Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR |
||||||||
D) Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee |
|||||||||
B) advocated for the development of the country |
|||||||||
along an original path |
Economic |
||||||||
C) persons who did not share the masters |
1987 assumed... |
||||||||
current ideology |
A) strengthening the party leadership |
||||||||
D) political parliamentary op- |
economics |
||||||||
B) creation of economic councils |
|||||||||
B) privatization of enterprises |
|||||||||
Peculiar |
phenomenon in |
extension |
independence |
||||||
cultural life of the 1970s. became... |
enterprises |
||||||||
A) the emergence of independent creative |
|||||||||
national unions of cultural workers |
|||||||||
B) the emergence of symbolism as art |
During the period of perestroika, the USSR became... |
||||||||
natural flow |
A) Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR |
||||||||
B) State Council C) Federal Assembly D) Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee
48. Establish the correct sequence of emergence of international organizations. (Indicate the serial number for all answer options)
A) Comintern B) Department of Internal Affairs C) UN D) NATO
49. The beginning of the Cold War is associated with the name...
A) N.S. Khrushchev B) J. Kennedy C) F. Roosevelt D) W. Churchill
50. The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance was created in _____.
A) 1956 B) 1949 C) 1945 D) 1955
51. Soviet-Yugoslav the conflict is connected with (with) ...
A) Yugoslavia’s desire to join
at the police department
B) Yugoslavia’s desire to join the CMEA
C) the USSR’s desire to unify ideological and political concepts
D) lack of agreement on joint actions in cases of aggression from other states
52. In 1949, the USSR broke off diplomatic relations with...
A) USA B) England
C) Yugoslavia D) China
53. By 1955 the creation
A) Council of Europe B) United Nations
B) Warsaw Treaty Organization
D) North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
54. With the name N.S. Khrushchev is associated with the proclamation...
A) a course towards rapprochement with NATO
B) the policy of détente C) the concept of a “new political”
thinking" D) policy of peaceful coexistence
55. In 1957, ... was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR...
A) V.M. Molotov B) E.A. Shevardnadze V) A.A. Gromyko G) A.Ya. Vyshinsky
56. Establish the correct sequence of events related to the relationship between the USSR and the countries of the socialist camp. (Indicate the serial number for all answer options)
A) settlement of relations with Yugoslavia
B) the entry of troops of the Warsaw Warsaw countries into Czechoslovakia
C) dissolution of CMEA D) Caribbean (Cuban) crisis
57. The reason for the transition of the USSR and the USA at the turn of 60 - 70s of the twentieth century. to the policy of détente was...
A) establishment of friendly relations between the USSR and the USA
B) proclamation of the concept of “peaceful coexistence” in the USSR
C) the USSR’s refusal to support “third world” countries
D) achieving military strategic parity between the USSR and the USA
58. The first official visit of the head of the Soviet government to the United States in the history of Soviet-American relations took place in...
A) September 1959 B) December 1987
B) May 1972
D) October 1962
59. The foreign policy “Brezhnev Doctrine” had to do with...
A) national liberation movements
B) capitalist countries C) third world countries D) socialist countries
60. To the events of the foreign policy of the USSR in 1960s applies...
End of the Japanese War
The last battle of the Cavalry Detachment, which became the last battle of the Russo-Japanese War, took place on July 1 near Sunwise, when we stormed the left flank strong point of the enemy position, destroying a battalion of Japanese infantry there.
In mid-July, rumors spread in the army that US President Theodore Roosevelt offered our government his services to conclude peace... The calm that established at the front confirmed these rumors. How were they received by the army? I think that I will not be mistaken if I say that among the overwhelming majority of the officers, the prospect of returning to their native land - for many after two years of war - was greatly overshadowed by the bitterness of the difficult, ineffective and, in the minds of all, unfinished campaign.
Negotiations began in Portsmouth.
The command of the Manchurian armies did not send a representative to the peace conference as part of Witte's delegation. The commander-in-chief was not asked about the advisability of concluding peace and determining the terms of the treaty.
The army was not asked.
The right-wing Russian public harshly accused Witte for his allegedly “criminal compliance” and branded him with the evil nickname “Count of Half-Sakhalin”. The accusation is completely unfair, especially taking into account that the concession of half of Sakhalin was made at the behest of the sovereign, not at the insistence of Witte. He showed great skill and firmness in negotiations and did everything he could under the difficult conditions of that time. He did not meet with sympathy from the left-wing public either. The prominent socialist Burtsev - who later, during the First World War, took a completely “defensive position” - wrote in the days of Portsmouth to Witte:
“We must destroy the autocracy; and if peace can prevent this, then there is no need to make peace.”
At first, Witte did not find sympathy from President Theodore Roosevelt, who more than once addressed directly to the sovereign, accusing Witte of intransigence, while the Japanese were literally insolent in the first stage of negotiations. They demanded that Russia pay an indemnity, limit our ground and naval forces in the Far East, and even Japanese control over their composition. Outraged by these demands, the sovereign categorically rejected them with one word of his resolution:
Never!
The conference dragged on and on, and twice its members “packed and unpacked their suitcases.” Meanwhile, American churches and the press were increasingly siding with Russia. In the press, voices increasingly began to be heard warning against the danger that could threaten America's interests in the Pacific with the excessive strengthening of Japan... Under pressure from changing public opinion, the President considered it necessary to send a telegram to the Mikado that
“US public opinion has swung sympathies towards Russia” So what“If the Portsmouth negotiations do not end in anything, then Japan will no longer meet in the United States the sympathy and support that it previously received.”
Undoubtedly, this statement had an impact on the course of the negotiations.
Whether it was in England's interests to “provide this support to Japan earlier” is evidenced by the events of 1941-1945.
On September 5, 1905, a truce was concluded in Portsmouth, and on October 14, the ratification of the peace treaty took place. Russia lost its rights to Kwantun and Southern Manchuria, abandoned the southern branch of the railway to the Kuachendzi station and gave the southern half of Sakhalin Island to the Japanese.
For us, the center of gravity of the issue lay not in the conference, not in these or those conditions of the peace treaty, but in their original source, in the unresolved dilemma:
Could the Manchu armies once again go on the offensive and defeat the Japanese?
This question, both then and for a number of subsequent years, worried the Russian public, especially the military, caused heated debate in the press and at meetings, but remained resolved. For the human intellect is characterized by intuition, but not providence.
Let's turn to purely objective data.
By the time of peace, the Russian armies in the Sipingai positions had 446? thousand fighters (near Mukden - about 300 thousand); The troops were not located in a line, as before, but echeloned in depth, having more than half of their strength in the general and army reserves, which protected against accidents and promised greater active capabilities; the flanks of the army were reliably covered by the corps of generals Rennenkampf and Mishchenko; the army replenished and rejuvenated its composition and was significantly strengthened technically - howitzer batteries, machine guns (374 instead of 36), field railways, wireless telegraph, etc.; Communication with Russia was no longer maintained by 3 pairs of trains, as at the beginning of the war, but by 12 pairs. Finally, the spirit of the Manchu armies was not broken, and trains of reinforcements came to us from Russia in a cheerful and cheerful mood.
The Japanese army facing us had 32% fewer fighters. The country was exhausted. Among the prisoners there were old people and children. The former rise in it was no longer observed. The fact that after the defeat inflicted on us at Mukden, the Japanese were unable to go on the offensive again for 6 months testified, at the very least, to their lack of confidence in their strength.
But... our troops were commanded by many of the same commanders who led them at Lyaoyak, at Shahe, at Sandepu and Mukden. Did the bloody experience of the past serve them well? Would Linevich's headquarters have shown more firmness, determination, authority in relation to subordinate generals and more strategic skill than Kuropatkin did? These questions arose before us and naturally aroused skepticism among many.
As for me personally, I, taking into account all the pros and cons, without turning a blind eye to our shortcomings, to the question - “what would await us if we went on the offensive from the Sipingai positions?” - I answered then, I answer now:
Russia was by no means defeated. The army could continue to fight. But... St. Petersburg is “tired” of the war more than the army. In addition, alarming signs of an impending revolution, in the form of increasing terrorist attacks, agrarian unrest, unrest and strikes, deprived him of determination and daring, leading to the conclusion of a premature peace.
Already in August, the impression was gradually created that the war was over. Military interests faded into the background, and army everyday life began. The regiments began to hastily put in order the economy that had been neglected during the war, and calculations and calculations began. On this basis, an episode characteristic of Cossack life occurred.
Our Cavalry detachment was finally renamed into a regular corps, the commander of which was officially approved by General. Mishchenko. His Ural-Transbaikal division was taken over by Gen. Bernov. He arrived and began to receive the division; I accompanied him as chief of staff. In the Transbaikal regiments everything went well. We arrived at the 4th Ural Regiment. A regiment was formed, as required by the charter, to survey complaints, officers and Cossacks were separated. The officers made no complaints. The division chief addressed the Cossacks with the usual question:
Are there any complaints, villagers?
Instead of the usual answer - “no way!” - deathly silence. The general was taken aback by surprise. I repeated the question a second and third time. Gloomy faces, silence. He took me aside and asked:
What is this, a riot?
I am also completely perplexed. The finest fighting regiment, efficient, disciplined...
Try, Your Excellency, to ask a question one by one.
The general approached the right flank.
Do you have a complaint?
That's right, Your Excellency!
And he began rattling off, as if he had learned it by heart, rattling off a series of numbers:
From January 12 to February, the 5th hundred was at the posts of flying mail and I did not receive 6 days of allowance from the hundred... On March 3, near Mukden, our platoon was sent to communicate with army headquarters - 10 days were fed with a horse on our own...
And he went and went.
Another, third, tenth, same thing. I tried to write down the complaints, but soon gave up - I would have had to write them down until the morning. Gene. Bernov stopped the questioning and stepped aside.
This is the first time in my life that this has happened. The devil himself can't tell them apart. We need to finish.
And he turned to the line:
I see there is some confusion or misunderstanding here. I didn’t expect it from such a valiant regiment. I'll come in three days. So that everything is in order!
It must be said that Cossack life was very different from army life, especially among the Urals. The latter had no class divisions at all; from one family one son became an officer, the other a simple Cossack - this is a matter of chance. It used to be that the younger brother commanded a hundred, and the eldest was his orderly. Family and everyday closeness between officers and Cossacks were a characteristic feature of the Ural regiments.
In the two days that followed the inspection there was great excitement in the area of the regiment. From the mound adjacent to the division headquarters, one could see in the meadow, near the village where the regiment was located, separate groups of people gathering in a circle and gesticulating fiercely. My friend, a Ural man from the hundred escort, explained to me what was happening there:
Hundreds are suing hundreds of commanders. This is our old custom, after every war. And then the premature review mixed everything up. The Cossacks did not want to make complaints at the review; Yes, they were afraid that after this they would lose the right to what was not given.
Towards the evening before the new review, I asked the Ural resident:
Finished. Tomorrow you will hear for yourself. In some hundreds they soon got along, in others it was a heated affair. The commander of the Nth Hundred especially suffered. He threw his hat on the ground and got down on his knees. “Have mercy,” he says, “you demand a lot, let your wife and children go around the world”... And a hundred stand their ground: “We know, we are literate, you won’t fool us!” In the end they agreed. “Okay,” says the centenarian, “eat my blood, this way and that.”
The next day, when the division chief asked again if there were any complaints, all the Cossacks, as one, answered loudly and cheerfully:
No way, Your Excellency!
In my personal life, I received moral satisfaction: by the highest order of July 26, “for distinction in cases against the Japanese,” I was promoted to colonel. Gene. Mishchenko nominated me for two more high military awards.
Due to the end of the war, the Ural-Transbaikal division was subject to disbandment; I didn’t want to stay in the service in Manchuria or Siberia; I was drawn to Europe. Having said goodbye to my comrades-in-arms, I went to Headquarters. I asked there to communicate by telegraph with the Directorate of the General Staff in St. Petersburg about granting me the post of chief of staff of a division in European Russia. Since the answer was not expected soon - strikes had already begun at the telegraph office, and Headquarters was forced to communicate with St. Petersburg through Nagasaki and Shanghai - I was sent for a time to the headquarters of the 8th Corps, in which I had been listed for a long time in a regular position, still in peacetime lines.
After that “Zaporozhye Sich”, which was the Cavalry Detachment of General. Mishchenko, at the headquarters of the 8th Corps I found myself in a completely different environment.
The corps was commanded by Gen. Skugarevsky. Educated, knowledgeable, direct, honest and fair in his own way, he nevertheless enjoyed a long-standing and widespread reputation as a difficult boss, restless, subordinate and intolerable person. He received his post recently, after the end of hostilities, but the corps had already begun to hate him. Skugarevsky knew the law, the charter and... their executors. Everything else was indifferent to him: the human soul, individuality, the internal motivations of this or that action, and finally, the authority and military merits of a subordinate. It was as if he was specially looking out for violations of the regulations - important and minor - and strictly punished both the division chief and the private. For an important violation of guard duty or economic disorder and for “wrong turning of a soldier’s heel”; for missing an item in the inspection order of the chief of artillery and for the “non-statutory length of wool” on his hat... In the post-Mukden mood and on the eve of new upheavals of the first revolution, such rigorism was especially painful and dangerous.
Skugarevsky knew well how the troops treated him, both from the atmosphere of fear and alienation that accompanied his detours, and from the stories of people close to him.
I was traveling to the building in a carriage full of officers. The conversation between them was exclusively about the topic of the day - about the new corps commander. I was struck by the unanimous indignation with which he was treated. A middle-aged nurse was sitting right there in the carriage. Her face somehow changed, then, crying, she ran out onto the platform. There was an embarrassed silence in the carriage... It turned out that it was Skugarevsky’s wife.
A particularly oppressive mood reigned at headquarters, especially during the lunch shared with the commander, participation in which was mandatory. According to established etiquette, only the one with whom the corps commander was talking could speak in a full voice, others spoke in a low voice. It was sad at the table, food wouldn’t go down my throat. Reprimands also poured in at dinner. One day, Captain of the General Staff Tolkushkin, driven to hysteria during lunch by Skugarevsky’s scolding, jumped out of the fanza, and through the thin wall we heard someone calming him down, and he shouted:
Let me go, I'll kill him!
There was dead silence in the dining room. Everyone involuntarily glanced at Skugarevsky. Not a muscle moved in his face. He continued the conversation he had started earlier.
One day the corps commander turned to me:
There is a boss and a boss. The troops will follow one anywhere, but they will not follow the other. One…
And he drew a parallel between Skugarevsky, without naming him, of course, and Mishchenko. Skugarevsky listened completely calmly and even with visible curiosity, and in conclusion thanked me “for the interesting report.”
To characterize Skugarevsky and his forbearance, I can add that three years later, when he became the head of the Committee for the Education of Troops, he asked the Minister of War to involve me in the Committee.
Life at headquarters was too unpleasant, and I, taking advantage of the evacuation that had begun and the consequences of a traumatic leg injury, finally left for Russia.
From the book Broken Life, or Oberon's Magic Horn author Kataev Valentin PetrovichHeroes of the Russian-Japanese War On the morning of the first day of Easter, my grandmother - my father's mother - reached into her chest and, taking it out of a rolled up stocking, gave me a frayed two-kopeck piece: the amount in my then understanding of an eight-year-old preparatory class student -
From the book On the Eagle in Tsushima: Memoirs of a participant in the Russian-Japanese war at sea in 1904–1905. author Kostenko Vladimir PolievktovichIntroduction. Origins of the Russo-Japanese War 1904–1905
From the book “Scoop” recalls his life author Kara-Murza Sergey GeorgievichChapter II. Shipbuilding programs from 1881 to the Russo-Japanese War With the accession of Alexander III to the throne, the orientation of Russian foreign policy was revised. Baltic Sea. Influenced by the hostile position taken by Germany and Austria at the Berlin Congress
From the book The Mystery of the Death of Admiral Makarov. New pages of the Russian-Japanese war of 1904-1905. author Semanov Sergey NikolaevichChapter VIII. Naval Engineering School during the outbreak of the Russian-Japanese War on January 18, 1904. For three days now, extraordinary excitement has reigned in our school. From all sides we hear rumors of growing menacing events. Everyone is talking about how we are on the eve of war with Japan.
From the book Unique. Book 1 author Varennikov Valentin IvanovichThe end of the war In my childhood impressions, the victorious stage of the war (from the end of 1943) and the first post-war years - until the end of 1947 - merge into one period. By mood and type of life. Already returning home from evacuation was a sign of a turning point, and only then these signs grew.
From Picasso's book by Penrose RolandA brief dictionary-reference book on the subjects of the Russian-Japanese War of 1904–1905. Alekseev Evgeniy Ivanovich (1843–1918) - illegitimate son of Alexander II, graduated from the Naval Cadet Corps, served on various ships, did not participate in hostilities, made a quick career in connections with
From the book Tankers of the Great Patriotic War (collection) author Loza Dmitry FedorovichChapter V Separately about the Oder and Berlin. The end of the war in Europe is the end of the Great Patriotic War. Victory Parade Military-political situation at the fronts. Some details about the second front. Vistula - Oder, unprecedented pace. Again a bridgehead, but at Küstrin. And again the medical battalion. First
From the book The Lost Generation. Memories of childhood and youth author Pirozhkova Vera Alexandrovna From the book Diary Sheets. In three volumes. Volume 3 author Roerich Nikolai Konstantinovich From the book Memoirs. From little Tel Aviv to Moscow author Trakhtman-Palkhan LeyaThe end of the war Already in Riga, I heard that the old Russian emigrant - as they now say, an emigrant of the first wave - Prince Andrusov organized a refugee camp in the small Silesian town of Birau, not far from Ratibor. At that time in Germany, civilians could not buy
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From the book General Drozdovsky. The legendary hike from Yassy to Kuban and Don author Shishov Alexey VasilievichEnd of the war The Red Army was advancing on all fronts, and our mood improved noticeably. Now we lived only in anticipation of an imminent victory and a speedy return to Moscow. Somewhere in the depths of my soul there was a hope that, perhaps, after such a cruel war,
From the book Alexander Ivanovich Shokin. Portrait against the background of the era author Shokin Alexander AlexandrovichThe end of the war I finished first grade well, but for my behavior I was given a B for “systematic reading of foreign literature during lessons” and “for pillow fighting.” This may be funny, but it also happened. “Pillow” is not a pillow at all in the full sense
From the book Truth of a Tank Ace. “Armour-piercing, fire!” author Bryukhov Vasily PavlovichChapter 1 Cadet fraternity. Officership. Prose of the Japanese War In October 1881, the military society of Kyiv, a city that then did not stand out much from most provincial cities in Russia, went around the news. In the family of one of the prominent officers of the Kyiv Military District, Gordey
From the author's book From the author's bookThe end of the war While the front troops continued to storm Vienna, we took a short break, putting ourselves and our equipment in order. After rest, the brigade received the task: “With the 1953 self-propelled artillery regiment, go to the Heiligenkreuz area, where to take up defense and cover the corps’ advance from the north. WITH
^END OF THE JAPANESE WAR
The last battle of the Cavalry Detachment, which became the last battle of the Russo-Japanese War, took place on July 1 near Sunwise, when we stormed the left-flank stronghold of the enemy position, destroying a battalion of Japanese infantry there.
In mid-July, rumors spread in the army that US President Theodore Roosevelt had offered our government his services to conclude peace... The calm that established at the front confirmed these rumors. How were they received by the army? I think that I will not be mistaken if I say that among the overwhelming majority of the officers, the prospect of returning to their native lands - for many after two years of war - was greatly overshadowed by bitterness from the heavy, fruitless and in the minds of everyone; unfinished campaign.
Negotiations began in Portsmouth.
The command of the Manchurian armies did not send a representative to the peace conference as part of Witte's delegation. Was not requested and {212}
commander-in-chief regarding the advisability of concluding peace and determining the terms of the treaty.
The army was not asked.
The right-wing Russian public severely accused Witte for his supposed “criminal compliance” and branded him with the evil nickname “Count of Half-Sakhalin” (Witte was awarded the title of count for Portsmouth). The accusation is completely unfair, especially taking into account that the concession of half of Sakhalin was made at the behest of the sovereign, not at the insistence of Witte. He showed great skill and firmness in negotiations and did everything he could under the then difficult conditions. He did not meet with sympathy from the left-wing public either.
The prominent socialist Burtsev - who later, during the First World War, took a completely “defensive position” - wrote in the days of Portsmouth to Witte:
“We must destroy the autocracy; and if peace can prevent this, then there is no need to make peace.”
At first, Witte did not find sympathy from President Theodore Roosevelt, who more than once addressed directly to the sovereign, accusing Witte of intransigence, while the Japanese literally became insolent in the first stage of the negotiations. They demanded that Russia pay an indemnity, limit our land and naval forces in the Far East, and even Japanese control over their composition. Outraged by these demands, the sovereign categorically rejected them with one word of his resolution:
Never!
The conference dragged on and twice its members “packed and unpacked their suitcases.” Meanwhile, American churches and the press became increasingly {213}
more on the side of Russia. In the press, voices increasingly began to be heard warning against the danger that could threaten America's interests in the Pacific Ocean with the excessive strengthening of Japan... Under the pressure of changing public opinion, the president considered it necessary to send a telegram to the Mikado that “public opinion in the United States has inclined sympathy on the side of Russia" and that "if the Portsmouth negotiations do not end in anything, then Japan will no longer meet in the United States the sympathy and support that it met before." Undoubtedly, this statement had an impact on the course of the negotiations.
Whether it was in England’s interests to “provide this support to Japan earlier” is evidenced by the events of 1941-1945.
On September 5, 1905, a truce was concluded in Portsmouth, and on October 14, the peace treaty was ratified. Russia lost its rights to Kwantun and southern Manchuria, abandoned the southern branch of the railway to Kuachendzi station and gave the southern half of Sakhalin Island to the Japanese.
For us, not in the conference, not in these or those conditions of the peace treaty, the center of gravity of the question lay, but in their original source, in the unresolved dilemma:
Could the Manchu armies go on the offensive again and defeat the Japanese?
This question, both then and for a number of subsequent years, worried the Russian public, especially the military, caused heated debate in the press and at meetings, but remained unresolved. For the human intellect is characterized by intuition, but not providence.
{214} Let's turn to purely objective data.
By the time peace was concluded, the Russian armies in the Sipingai positions had 446 1/2 thousand soldiers (near Mukden - about 300 thousand); The troops were not located in a line, as before, but echeloned in depth, having more than half of their strength in the general and army reserves, which protected against accidents and promised greater active capabilities; the flanks of the army were reliably covered by the corps of generals Rennenkampf and Mishchenko; the army replenished and rejuvenated its composition and was significantly strengthened technically - howitzer batteries, machine guns (374 instead of 36), field railways, wireless telegraph, etc.; Communication with Russia was no longer maintained by 3 pairs of trains, as at the beginning of the war, but by 12 pairs. Finally, the spirit of the Manchu armies was not broken, and trains of reinforcements came to us from Russia in a cheerful and cheerful mood.
The Japanese army facing us had 32% fewer fighters. The country was exhausted. Among the prisoners there were old people and children. The former upsurge was no longer observed in it.
The fact that after the defeat inflicted on us at Mukden, the Japanese could not go on the offensive again for 6 months testified, at least, to their lack of confidence in their strength.
But... our troops were commanded by many of the same commanders who led them near Liaoyang, on Shah, near Sandepu and Mukden. Did the bloody experience of the past serve them well? Would Linevich's headquarters have shown more firmness, determination, authority in relation to subordinate generals and more strategic skill than Kuropatkin did? These questions arose before us and naturally aroused skepticism among many.
{215}
As for me personally, I, taking into account all the pros and cons, without turning a blind eye to our shortcomings, to the question - “what would await us if we went on the offensive from the Sipingai positions?” - I answered then, I answer now:
Victory!
Russia was by no means defeated. The army could continue to fight.
But... St. Petersburg is “tired” of the war more than the army. In addition, alarming signs of an impending revolution, in the form of increased terrorist attacks, agrarian unrest, unrest and strikes, deprived him of determination and daring, leading to the conclusion of a premature peace.
Already in August, the impression was gradually created that the war was over. Military interests faded into the background, and army everyday life began. The regiments began to hastily put in order the economy that had been neglected during the war, and calculations and calculations began. On this basis, an episode characteristic of Cossack life occurred.
Our Cavalry detachment was finally renamed into a regular corps, the commander of which was officially approved by General. Mishchenko. His Ural-Transbaikal division was taken over by Gen. Bernov. He arrived and began to receive the division; I accompanied him as chief of staff. In the Transbaikal regiments everything went well. We arrived at the 4th Ural Regiment. A regiment was formed, as required by the charter, to survey complaints, officers and Cossacks separately. The officers made no complaints. The division chief turned to the Cossacks with the usual question:
{216} - Are there any complaints, villagers?
Instead of the usual answer - “no way!” - deathly silence. The general was taken aback by surprise. I repeated the question a second and third time. Gloomy faces, silence. He took me aside and asked:
What is this, a riot?
I am also completely perplexed. The finest fighting regiment, efficient, disciplined...
Try, Your Excellency, to ask a question one by one.
The general approached the right flank.
Do you have a complaint?
That's right, Your Excellency!
And he began rattling off, as if he had learned it by heart, rattling off a series of numbers:
From January 12 to February, the 5th hundred was at the posts of flying mail and I did not receive 6 days of allowance from the hundred... On March 3, near Mukden, our platoon was sent to communicate with army headquarters - 10 days were fed with a horse on our own. ..
And he went and went.
Another, third, tenth, same thing. I tried to write down the complaints, but soon gave up - I would have had to write them down until the morning. Gene. Bernov stopped the questioning and stepped aside.
This is the first time in my life that this has happened. The devil himself can't tell them apart. We need to finish.
And he turned to the line:
I see some confusion or misunderstanding here. I didn’t expect it from such a valiant regiment. I'll come in three days. So that everything is in order!
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It must be said that Cossack life was very different from army life, especially among the Urals. The latter had no class divisions at all; from one family one son became an officer, the other a simple Cossack - this is a matter of chance. It used to be that the younger brother commanded a hundred, and the eldest was his orderly. Family and everyday closeness between officers and Cossacks were a characteristic feature of the Ural regiments.
In the two days that followed the inspection there was great excitement in the area of the regiment. From the mound adjacent to the division headquarters, one could see in the meadow, near the village where the regiment was located, separate groups of people gathering in a circle and gesticulating fiercely. My friend, a Ural convoy guard, explained to me what was happening there:
Hundreds are suing hundreds of commanders. This is our old custom, after every war. And then the premature review mixed everything up. The Cossacks did not want to make complaints at the review, but they were afraid that after this they would lose the right to what was not given.
Towards the evening before the new review, I asked the Ural resident:
Finished. Tomorrow you will hear for yourself. In some hundreds they soon got along, in others it was a hot affair. The commander of the Nth Hundred especially suffered. He threw his hat on the ground and got down on his knees. “Have mercy,” he says, “you demand a lot, let your wife and children go around the world”... And the hundred stands its ground:
“We know, we are literate, you won’t fool us!” In the end they agreed. “Okay,” says the centenarian, “eat my blood, this way and that.”
The next day, when the division chief {218} I asked a second time if there were any complaints, all the Cossacks, as one, answered loudly and cheerfully:
No way, Your Excellency!
***
In my personal life, I received moral satisfaction: by the highest order of July 26, “for distinction in cases against the Japanese,” I was promoted to colonel. Gene. Mishchenko nominated me for two more high military awards.
In view of the end of the war, the Ural-Transbaikal division was subject to disbandment; I didn’t want to stay in the service in Manchuria or Siberia; I was drawn to Europe.
Having said goodbye to my fighting comrades, I went to Headquarters. I asked there to communicate by telegraph with the Directorate of the General Staff in St. Petersburg about granting me the post of chief of staff of a division in European Russia. Since the answer was not expected soon - strikes had already begun at the telegraph office, and Headquarters was forced to communicate with St. Petersburg through Nagasaki and Shanghai - I was sent for a time to the headquarters of the 8th Corps, in which I had been in a regular position for a long time , still on a peaceful line.
After that “Zaporozhye Sich”, which was the Cavalry Detachment of General. Mishchenki, at the headquarters of the 8th Corps I found myself in a completely different environment.
The corps was commanded by Gen. Skugarevsky. Educated, knowledgeable, direct, honest and fair in his own way, he nevertheless enjoyed long-standing and widespread fame as a difficult boss, a restless subordinate and an intolerable person. He received his post recently, after the end of hostilities, but the corps had already {219}
hate. Skugarevsky knew the law, the regulations and... their executors. Everything else was indifferent to him: the human soul, individuality, the internal motivations of this or that action, and finally, the authority and military merits of a subordinate.
It was as if he was specially looking out for violations of the regulations - the most important and the most minor - and strictly punished both the division chief and the private. For an important violation of guard duty or economic disorder and for “wrong turn of a soldier’s heel”; for missing an item in the inspection order of the chief of artillery and for the “non-statutory length of wool” on his hat... In the situation after the Mukden sentiments and on the eve of new upheavals of the first revolution, such rigorism was especially painful and dangerous.
Skugarevsky knew well how the troops treated him, both from the atmosphere of fear and alienation that accompanied his detours, and from the stories of people close to him.
I was traveling to the building in a carriage full of officers. The conversation between them was focused exclusively on the topic of the day - about the new corps commander. I was struck by the unanimous indignation with which they treated him. A middle-aged nurse was sitting right there in the carriage. Her face somehow changed, then, crying, she ran out onto the platform. There was an embarrassed silence in the carriage... It turned out that it was Skugarevsky’s wife.
A particularly oppressive mood reigned at headquarters, especially during the lunch shared with the commander, participation in which was mandatory. According to established etiquette, only the one with whom the corps commander was talking could speak in a full voice, others spoke in a low voice. It was sad at the table, food wouldn’t go down my throat. Reprimands also poured in at dinner.
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One day, Captain of the General Staff Tolkushkin, driven to hysteria during lunch by Skugarevsky’s scolding, jumped out of the fanza, and through the thin wall we heard someone calming him down, and he shouted:
Let me go, I'll kill him!
There was dead silence in the dining room. Everyone involuntarily glanced at Skugarevsky. Not a muscle moved in his face.
He continued the conversation he had started earlier.
One day the corps commander turned to me:
I'm listening.
There is a boss and a boss. They will follow one army anywhere, but they will not follow another. One...
And he drew a parallel between Skugarevsky, without naming him, of course, and Mishchenko. Skugarevsky listened completely calmly and even with visible curiosity and, in conclusion, thanked me “for the interesting report.”
To characterize Skugarevsky and his good memory, I can add that three years later, when he became the head of the Committee for the Education of Troops, he asked the Minister of War to involve me in the Committee...
Life at the headquarters was too unpleasant, and I, taking advantage of the evacuation that had begun and the consequences of a traumatic leg injury, finally left for Russia.