Financial system: concept and general characteristics. General characteristics of the links of the financial system Links and characteristics of the financial system

1. Financial system of the Russian Federation: concept, composition, structure. 5- 23

1.1. The concept of the financial system, its structure. 5-6

1.2. Discussive issues of composition and structure 7-13

financial system.

1.3. General characteristics of the links of the financial system. 14-23

2. Management of the financial system of the Russian Federation. 24-41

2.1. Financial control, general characteristics, 24-26

classification.

2.2. Financial management bodies, their tasks and 27-34

2.3. Problems of strengthening the financial system of the Russian Federation in 35-41

modern conditions.

Conclusion 42-43

References 44

Introduction

The market economy, with all the diversity of its models known in world practice, is characterized by the fact that it is a socially oriented economy, supplemented by government regulation. Finance plays a huge role both in the very structure of market relations and in the mechanism of their regulation by the state. They are an integral part of market relations and at the same time an important tool for implementing state policy, because humanity has not yet come up with a more effective means of governing the state than managing with money.

By regulating and directing cash flows to form monetary funds, which are then used for the needs of society, the state redistributes the value of the gross national product, stimulates or, conversely, reduces activity in certain areas of economic activity.

That is why today, more than ever, it is important to know the nature of finance well, to deeply understand the peculiarities of its functioning, and to see ways of using it most fully in the interests of the effective development of social production.

The current position of Russia in the global economic market allows us to speak about the inefficiency of the budgetary and financial system of the Russian Federation. Inefficiency is manifested, in particular, in the inability of authorities at all levels to provide the population with state-guaranteed benefits, budgetary institutions with full funding (and regardless of the failure or overfulfillment of the budget revenues), in the opacity and incomplete control of financial transactions by the deputy corps and society as a whole.

Thus, the relevance of studying the problems of functioning of the financial system of the Russian Federation is determined primarily by the value of financial relations themselves for society. In addition, the problems of financial recovery concern absolutely everyone today, because everything that is currently happening in the financial sphere of activity is closely connected with the personal well-being of everyone. The amount of profit and taxes, contributions to social insurance and pensions, the price of stocks and bonds, forms of investment in means of production and the social sphere - such issues are discussed today not only in government circles, but also among ordinary citizens of Russia.

The purpose of this course work is to identify the main economic and

legal characteristics of the currently operating financial

system of the Russian Federation, its state in modern conditions, its problems

functioning and strengthening.

1. Financial system of the Russian Federation: concept, composition, structure.

1.1. The concept of the financial system, its structure.

The finances of any state constitute an integral system, which includes several interconnected links (institutions) and bodies. The presence of various institutions within the financial system is explained by the fact that finance serves the diverse needs of society and covers with its influence the entire economy of the country and the entire sphere of social activity as a whole. Based on this, under financial system of the Russian Federation should be understood: a) a set of financial institutions, each of which contributes to the formation and use of appropriate monetary funds; b) a set of government bodies and institutions carrying out financial activities within their competence.

So, in particular, financial system of the Russian Federation make up the following funds of funds and their corresponding legal institutions:

1. The budget system, consisting of the federal budget, the budgets of the constituent entities of the Federation and the budgets of local governments.

2. State extra-budgetary funds (the regulation of which is directly addressed in Chapter 17 of the Budget Code of the Russian Federation. Thus, according to Article 144 of the Budget Code, state extra-budgetary funds of the Russian Federation are: Pension Fund of the Russian Federation; Social Insurance Fund of the Russian Federation; Federal Compulsory Medical Insurance Fund; State Employment Fund of the Russian Federation Federation.)

3. Funds consolidated in the budget.

4. Off-budget decentralized funds.

5. Insurance funds.

6. State loan.

7. Finance of business entities.

8. Public finances.

All of the listed financial institutions can be divided into two subsystems. These are national finances, through which the needs of expanded reproduction are met at the macro level, and the finances of economic entities, used to ensure the reproduction process with funds at the micro level, as well as the finances of the population.

The division of the financial system into separate links is due to differences in the tasks of each link, as well as in the methods of formation and use of centralized and decentralized funds of funds. Nationwide centralized funds of monetary resources are created through the distribution and redistribution of national income created in sectors of material production.

The important role played by the state in the field of economic and social development leads to the need to centralize a significant part of financial resources at its disposal. The forms of their use are budgetary and extra-budgetary funds, through which the needs of the state in solving economic, political and social problems are met. Other forms and methods of formation and use of monetary funds are used by the credit and insurance parts of the financial system. Decentralized funds of funds are formed from the cash income and savings of the enterprises themselves.

The financial system of the Russian Federation is open and integrative, that is, it communicates widely with the environment and cannot exist alone; its links are closely connected with each other.

1.2. Discussive issues of composition and structure

financial system.

Questions about the structure of the financial system of the Russian Federation are debatable and most often in the literature there are two to five links. Different authors identify different parts of the financial system. The most complete study in the field of the financial system is Dubinin S.V. The structure of the financial system of the Russian Federation from the point of view of Dubinin S.V. shown in Fig. 1

FINANCIAL SYSTEM OF THE RF

State Household Finance Local Finance Finance

finances of subjects finances of population insurance

State - Commercial finance - Local budgets; - Relationships - Social insurance;

budget; which organizations; - Local special populations with - Personal insurance -

State off-budget - Finance of budgetary funds; budget; nie;

funds; organizations and - Local loans; - Relationships - Insurance

Government institutions; population with responsibility;

credit; - Public finances off-budget

organizations and foundations;

institutions; - Relationships on

securities market,

in the foreign exchange market;

According to Professor L.A. Drobozina The financial system of the Russian Federation has the following scheme (Fig. 2):

FINANCIAL SYSTEM OF THE RF

Finance expresses economic social relations. However, these relationships manifest themselves in different ways, and each link in the financial system has its own specifics. Each link of the financial system influences the production process in a certain way and has its own inherent functions. Thus, enterprise finance serves material production. They participate in the creation of gross domestic product (GDP), distributed within enterprises and sectors of the economy. Through the state budget, resources are mobilized into the main centralized fund of the state and they are redistributed between economic sectors, economic regions, and individual social groups of the population. Off-budget special funds have a specific purpose. The largest social Pension Fund of the Russian Federation mobilizes funds to pay pensions to citizens of the country. Property insurance funds are intended to compensate for damage caused by natural disasters to enterprises and the population, and for personal insurance - to pay material support to the insured person or his family upon the occurrence of an insured event.

Thus, each link of the financial system represents a certain sphere of financial relations, and the financial system as a whole is a set of various spheres of financial relations, in the process of which monetary funds are formed and used.

We see a different look at the structure of the financial system of the Russian Federation in the works of Professor P.I. Vakhrin. This diagram is shown in Fig. 3

Despite some differences in the presentation of the financial system of the Russian Federation, all authors identify the same main links of the financial system.

Budget system of Russia is a set of budgets (federal, regional and local) and extra-budgetary funds based on economic relations and the state structure of the Russian Federation.

State budget of the Russian Federation- the form of formation and expenditure of a fund of funds intended for financial support of the tasks and functions of the state and local government, the basic financial plan for the formation and use of a centralized monetary fund. It ensures the fulfillment of the functions of the state, which consists in carrying out public policy, mainly through the redistribution of income received, first of all, through the taxation system. The state budget of the Russian Federation combines the federal budget, territorial budgets (budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation) and local budgets.

The next link in national finances is state extra-budgetary trust funds. During the transition to market economic conditions, the following off-budget social funds were formed: pension, social insurance, compulsory health insurance. These funds are federal property, but act as independent financial and credit institutions of the financial system. Extra-budgetary funds have a specific purpose - financing social services provided to the population.

State loan reflects credit relations regarding the state's attraction of temporarily free funds from the population, enterprises and organizations to finance government expenditures. State credit is based on the voluntariness of payments to the state treasury. Government credit is also external borrowing by the state, when the state takes a loan from foreign countries to cover the budget deficit.

Insurance fund provides compensation for possible losses from natural disasters and accidents, and also promotes measures to prevent them.

Enterprise finance are one of the important links in the financial system of the Russian Federation. They operate in the production and non-production sectors of the economy.

Industrial enterprises in a market economy operate on the basis of full economic (commercial) calculations.

The economic (commercial) calculation of manufacturing enterprises is based on three principles: financial independence, profitability, self-financing from the profits received.

Enterprise finance is not just one of the components of the financial system, but practically one of the main links of the financial system of the Russian Federation, occupying a decisive position in it. In this link of the financial system, financial flows are formed, gross domestic product and national income are created, which is subsequently subject to redistribution through the tax and budget systems, production and social spheres. Features of the finances of individual enterprises depend on the form of ownership and legal form.

The basis for organizing the finances of enterprises of all forms of ownership is the availability of financial resources in the amounts necessary for economic and commercial activities. Business finance forms the basis of microeconomics. This is where the predominant part of financial resources is formed. The overall position of the financial system largely depends on the state of the finances of enterprises. They allow you to manage the valuation of material, labor and financial resources and ensure their balance. The profit of enterprises plays a decisive role in generating budget revenues at all levels. The budget provides funding for the social sphere of the economy, investment programs, defense, and ecology.

Credit and banking system- this is a set of banks and other credit organizations that carry out credit relations.

The objective need for the existence of credit relations in the state is determined by the circulation of commodity resources and funds in the process of social reproduction. During the circulation, their owners generate temporarily free funds. At the same time, other enterprises have a need to raise funds. This creates a real basis for the emergence of credit relations.

1.3. General characteristics of the links of the financial system.

The main link in the state's financial system is the state budget, which is a form of formation and use of a centralized fund of funds to ensure the functions of public authorities. The state budget is the main financial plan of the country, approved by the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation as a law.

Through the state budget, the state concentrates a significant share of national income to finance the national economy, socio-cultural events, strengthen the country's defense and maintain state authorities and administration. With the help of the budget, national income is redistributed, which creates the opportunity to maneuver funds and purposefully influence the pace and level of development of social production. This makes it possible to implement a unified economic and financial policy throughout the country.

In the context of the transition to market relations, the state budget retains its important role. Only the methods of its influence on social production change by creating a different regime for spending budget funds. In modern conditions, the development of social production is ensured not by methods of budget financing and subsidies, but by means of economic methods, the use of which makes it possible to move on to financial regulation of the economy. Budget funds should be used to implement investment policy, subsidize enterprises, and finance the conversion of defense industries. Budget expenditures in the field of economics are designed to contribute to the formation of a rational structure of social production, building up scientific and technical potential, and updating the material and technical base. Using various forms of influence on the economy, the state is able to significantly change the existing national economic proportions, for example, liquidate unprofitable enterprises or repurpose them.

The important role of the state budget is not limited to financing the sphere of material production. Budget resources are also directed to the non-productive sphere (education, healthcare, culture, etc.). Financing of enterprises and institutions of social and cultural areas is carried out at the expense of budgetary and extra-budgetary funds. Budget expenditures determined by the implementation of the state's social policy are of great importance. They allow the state to develop a system of public education, finance culture, satisfy the needs of citizens for medical care, increase the level of their social security, and provide social protection.

Budget expenditures on social and cultural events have not only social, but also economic significance, since they represent the most important part of the costs of reproduction of the labor force and serve to improve the material and cultural standard of living of the people.

One of the links in national finances is off-budget funds- funds from the federal government and local authorities related to the financing of expenses not included in the budget.

The formation of extra-budgetary funds is carried out through mandatory targeted contributions, which for an ordinary taxpayer are no different from taxes. The main amounts of contributions to extra-budgetary funds are included in the cost price and are set as a percentage of the wage fund.

Organizationally, extra-budgetary funds are separated from budgets and have a certain independence. Extrabudgetary funds have a strictly designated purpose, which guarantees the use of funds in full.

The separate functioning of extra-budgetary funds makes it possible to quickly finance the most important social events. Unlike the state budget, the expenditure of extra-budgetary funds is subject to less control by the legislative authorities. This, on the one hand, facilitates their use, and on the other, makes it possible to spend these funds not in full. Therefore, in order to strengthen control over the expenditure of extra-budgetary funds, the question is being raised about consolidating some of them in the budget while maintaining the target orientation of their expenditures.

Credit is a system of monetary relations through which temporarily free funds from the budget, the national economy and the population are mobilized and used on a repayable basis. Temporarily free funds of business organizations are accumulated, mainly by banks and other credit organizations. The ability to use a credit (loan) allows enterprises to accelerate the implementation of planned activities (projects) without waiting for the accumulation of their own cash funds.

The mobilization of funds and their transformation into loan capital is ensured by the banking system - one of the most important divisions of the state’s financial system - consisting of two levels:

· first level - the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (Bank of Russia);

· second level - commercial banks and specialized financial institutions.

State loan- this is a special form of credit relations between the state or local authorities and legal entities and individuals, in which the state or local authorities act primarily as a borrower of funds. The policy regarding public internal debt is determined by the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, which sets its upper limit when approving the federal budget for the upcoming financial year. Currently, the internal public debt of the Russian Federation consists of government securities issued by the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation on behalf of the Government of the Russian Federation, as well as in the form of credit relations with the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. State credit is the activity of the state regulated by the norms of financial law, aimed at obtaining a loan, those. loans, money from legal entities and citizens, as well as other states on the terms of repayment, urgency, compensation and voluntariness. As an exception, an interest-free loan of funds can be used.

In relation to other states, the Russian Federation can act as both a debtor and a creditor. In legal relations regarding a state loan, the parties cannot change state regulations.

Funds borrowed from the population, business entities and other states are placed at the disposal of state bodies, turning into additional financial resources. They can be used simply as a planned budget resource, a resource for replenishing extra-budgetary funds for special purposes, an investment resource, but as a rule, government loans in various forms are used especially intensively to cover the budget deficit.

The source of repayment of government loans and interest payments on them are budget funds, where these expenses are allocated annually on a separate date. However, in conditions of increasing budget deficit, the state may resort to refinancing the public debt, i.e. pay off old government debt by issuing new loans. The sphere of state-credit relations includes temporarily free funds of the population and business entities, but not intended for current consumption.

Property and personal insurance funds provides compensation for possible losses from natural disasters and accidents, and also contributes to their prevention.

Until 1990, insurance in Russia was built on the principles of a state monopoly. This meant that only the state could carry out insurance operations and only the state could provide guaranteed obligations to compensate for damage suffered by organizations or citizens as a result of a natural disaster or accident. All insurance operations in the country were carried out by the USSR State Insurance Agency, which carried out its work on the basis of economic accounting. The state monopoly on property and personal insurance made it possible to centralize the funds allocated for these purposes on a nationwide scale. In connection with the development of market relations in our country, it has become possible to abandon the state monopoly in the insurance business. The market encourages state insurance organizations to change the structure and areas of activity in accordance with new economic conditions.

Currently, along with state insurance organizations, insurance is provided by non-state insurance companies that have received licenses to conduct insurance operations. Insurance in a market economy is increasingly becoming a commercial activity.

Due to differences in the objects of insurance, the entire set of insurance relations can be divided into five sectors: property, social, personal, liability insurance, business risk insurance

Social insurance is a system of relations with the help of which funds of funds are formed and spent to provide material support for persons who do not have physical ability or have it, but are not able to realize it for various reasons.

Social insurance as a financial category is part of monetary relations for the distribution and redistribution of national income for the purpose of forming and using funds intended for the maintenance of persons who do not participate in social labor.

Property insurance is an insurance industry where the objects of insurance legal relations are property in various types.

The economic content of property insurance lies in the organization of a special insurance fund designed to compensate for damage to its participants that arose as a result of harm.

Personal insurance is a form of protection against risks that threaten a person’s life, ability to work and health.

Liability insurance is an independent field of insurance activity. The object of insurance here is the liability of the insured under the law or by virtue of a contractual obligation to third parties for causing harm to them.

Business risk insurance is a new insurance industry for Russia. This type of insurance began to be carried out by alternative insurance companies (joint-stock, cooperative, mutual, departmental).

Among the links in the financial and credit system, a special place is occupied by stock market. It can be separated into a separate link, since the stock market is a special type of financial relationship that arises as a result of the purchase and sale of specific financial assets - securities.

The task of the stock market is to ensure the flow of capital into industries with a high level of income. The stock market, like the credit link, serves to mobilize and effectively use temporarily free funds. But its distinctive feature is that stock market participants expect to receive a higher income compared to investing money in a bank. However, the flip side of increased income is increased risk. The principles for using financial resources in the stock market depend on the types of securities in which they are invested and on the types of transactions with securities.

Finally, finances of business entities, which are the basis of the country’s unified financial system, serve the process of creation and distribution of the social product and national income and are the main factor in the formation of centralized monetary funds. The provision of centralized monetary funds with financial resources depends on the state of the finances of enterprises. At the same time, the active use of enterprise finance in the process of production and sales of products does not exclude the participation of the budget, bank credit, and insurance in this process.

In a market economy, on the basis of economic and financial independence, enterprises carry out their activities on the basis of commercial calculation, the purpose of which is the mandatory receipt of profit. They independently distribute proceeds from the sale of products, form and use funds for production and social purposes, find the funds they need to expand production, using credit resources and financial market resources. The development of entrepreneurial activity helps to expand the independence of enterprises, free them from petty supervision by the state and, at the same time, increase responsibility for the actual results of their work.

Despite the delimitation of the scope of activity and the use of special methods and forms of formation and use of monetary funds in each individual link, the financial system is unified, since it is based on a single source of resources for all links of this system - on the finances of enterprises, since the latter are directly involved in the process of material production , i.e. in creating GDP. The source of centralized state funds of funds is the national income created in the sphere of material production.

The composition of the financial system shows that foreign experience began to be used in its formation in the conditions of the development of a market economy. Thus, using foreign practice, various extra-budgetary funds and corresponding legal institutions began to be created. Property and personal insurance and bank credit ceased to be a state monopoly.

Since finance is the carrier of distribution relations, this distribution occurs primarily between various subjects. Therefore, in the totality of finances that form the financial system, three main areas are distinguished (not counting households):

Finance of enterprises, institutions, organizations, since they serve the main link of social reproduction. They are characterized, on the one hand, by features that characterize the economic nature of finance as a whole, and on the other, by features determined by the functioning of finance in different spheres of social production. Enterprise finance represents monetary relations associated with the formation and distribution of cash income and savings from business entities and their use to fulfill obligations to the financial and banking system and finance the costs of expanded production, social services and material incentives for workers;

Insurance, a significant part of the financial system, is associated with the redistribution of funds coming from legal entities and individuals. Such activities are associated with the possibility of sudden, unforeseen and irresistible events that entail damage, which is subsequently “distributed” among the insurance participants;

Public finance, which is a monetary relationship regarding the distribution of the value of the social product and part of the national wealth, associated with the formation of financial resources of the state and its enterprises and the use of public funds for the costs of expanding production, meeting the growing socio-cultural needs of members of society, the needs of the country's defense and management.

Each link of the financial system, in turn, can be divided into sub-links in accordance with the internal structure of the financial relationships it contains. Thus, as part of finance operating on a commercial basis, depending on the sectoral focus, the finances of industrial, agricultural, trade, transport enterprises, etc. can be isolated, and depending on the form of ownership - the finances of state enterprises, cooperative, joint-stock, private and others. The finances of public organizations include the finances of trade unions, political parties and social movements, special, targeted and charitable foundations. In the sphere of insurance relations, each of the links, represented by a special branch of insurance, is divided into types of insurance, for example, property insurance appears in the insurance of personal property. As part of public finance, the grouping of financial relations within units is carried out in accordance with the level of government (federal, federal subjects, local).

The financial system is characterized not only by the composition of its parts, but also by the flows of financial resources (financial flows) connecting the main agents of financial relations. Such agents should be considered the state budget, enterprises and business structures, and households. In addition, financial flows connect these agents with the credit system and with foreign countries represented by their governments, firms, funds, and banks. As a result, a system of mutual financial connections and flows arises, depicted in simplified form in Fig. 4

Scheme of financial connections in the economy Fig. 4

Behind each of the arrows indicated in the diagram there are many different financial connections, flows, and relationships. Based on the general scheme of financial flows between economic agents, we will consider individual, most representative connections and financial relations at different levels. These include: “state-enterprise” (SE), “enterprise-state” (PG), “state-state” (GG), “enterprise-population” (PN), “population-state” (NG), “ population-enterprise” (NP), “enterprise-enterprise” (PP), “population-population” (PP), “state-population” (GN). The “state-state” connection characterizes the redistribution, the flow of funds from one channel of the state budget to another. The “enterprise-enterprise” connection reflects financial flows between enterprises, and the “population-to-population” connection determines the flow of funds between individual groups of the population.

2. Management of the financial system of the Russian Federation.

2.1. Financial control, general characteristics,

classification.

Financial control is a set of actions and operations to verify the correctness and validity of the formation, distribution and use of financial resources.

The need for financial control is due to the fact that in the conditions of economic relations, commodity-money relations are impossible without monitoring them. Financial control is based on the objectively existing control function of finance, it extends to all stages of the reproduction process and is a type of activity of public authorities and management.

The main areas of financial control are:

· Checking the fulfillment of financial obligations to the state;

· Elimination and prevention of violations of financial discipline;

· Checking the effectiveness of the use of financial resources;

· Checking compliance with financial legislation, etc.

Financial control is classified into the following categories:

I. By subject.

II. According to the sources of verified data.

III. According to the time of the event.

IV. By methods.

V. By objects of control.

Let's take a closer look at each classification.

By subjects

· nationwide – carried out by the bodies of state representative power represented by the President of the Russian Federation, his administration, the Federal Assembly, etc.

· departmental - carried out by state executive authorities represented by the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, the Central Bank, the Federal Tax Service, the Customs Committee, etc.

· intra-economic (intra-company) – carried out within enterprises and organizations by the accounting department, economic department, financial management service;

· independent - carried out by licensed audit firms.

By sources of verified data financial control is divided into:

· documentary – estimates, financial plans, reports, other monetary and financial documents are checked;

· actual – the actual state of the object being checked is checked.

Financial control by time divided into:

· preliminary – carried out before the formation of funds by checking projects, financial plans, estimates;

· current – ​​carried out at the time of conducting monetary transactions and financial transactions by checking the financial statements;

· subsequent – ​​carried out by analyzing accounting and financial statements;

By methods financial control is divided into:

· checks;

· audits;

· examinations;

· supervision;

· analysis;

By objects financial control is divided into:

· budget;

· for extra-budgetary funds;

· tax;

· insurance, etc.

2.2. Financial management bodies, their tasks and

The financial system is a set of interconnected and interacting spheres and links, as well as financial institutions directly involved in financial activities and facilitating its implementation.

The state manages finances, regulates and directs financial activities through its legislative and executive bodies, which are endowed with relevant competence.

According to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the highest representative and legislative body of power in the country is the Federal Assembly, consisting of two chambers - the State Duma and the Federation Council.

Representative bodies represented by the Federal Assembly and representative bodies of the constituent entities of the Federation consider, discuss and approve the federal budget, the budgets of the republics that are part of the Russian Federation, adopt laws on the budget, taxes and fees within the limits of their competence, defined by the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

Executive power in the country is exercised by the Government of the Russian Federation and the executive bodies of the constituent entities of the Federation.

The Government of the Russian Federation develops and submits to the State Duma the federal budget and ensures its execution; ensures the implementation of a unified financial, credit and monetary policy in the Russian Federation, and deals with other financial issues of the state. The governments of the Russian Federation and republics issue decrees and orders on financial issues.

The governments of the republics within the Russian Federation, the autonomous region, autonomous districts, territories, regions, the cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg, and local government bodies provide, within their competence, financial management in the relevant territories of administrative entities.

In addition to the above-mentioned supreme bodies of state power, special bodies participate in financial activities. They can be divided into two groups:

1. State bodies carrying out financial activities in connection with the performance of their main tasks and functions (Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, Bank of Russia);

2. State bodies of special competence (federal treasury, financial control bodies, insurance supervision, commercial banks).

All acts of executive authorities of special competence can be issued only on the basis and in pursuance of the law.

In the Russian Federation, state bodies with special competence have been formed, for which financial activity is their main function.

The most important body managing the finances of the Russian Federation is Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation and its organs in place. The Ministry of Finance of Russia ensures the implementation of a unified financial, budgetary, tax and currency policy of the Russian Federation. The Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation carries out its activities in accordance with the regulation “On the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation” No. 329 of June 30, 2004, it is a legal entity, has a seal with the image of the coat of arms and its name, and is located in Moscow.

The main tasks of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation are:

· improvement of the budget system of the Russian Federation, development of budget federalism;

· development and implementation of a unified financial, budgetary, tax, and currency policy in the Russian Federation;

· concentration of financial resources in priority areas of socio-economic development of the Russian Federation;

· development of a draft federal budget;

· drawing up a report on the execution of the federal budget and the consolidated budget of the Russian Federation;

· development of government borrowing programs and management of state internal and external debt of the Russian Federation.

Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation in accordance with the tasks assigned to him does the following main functions:

1. Prepares proposals and implements measures to improve the budget system of the Russian Federation, develop fiscal federalism and the mechanism of interbudgetary relations with the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;

2. Participates in the development of forecasts for the socio-economic development of the Russian Federation for the long, medium and short term;

3. Participates in the development and implementation of measures for financial recovery and structural restructuring of the economy, support and protection of the interests of domestic producers of goods, performers of work and services;

4. Participates in the preparation of proposals on the main directions of credit and monetary policy of the Russian Federation, improving the state of settlements and payments in the economy;

5. Develops measures aimed at the formation and implementation of an active investment policy, participates in the development and financing of federal investment programs and the development budget of the Russian Federation;

6. Develops federal budget projects and a forecast of the consolidated budget of the Russian Federation;

7. Executes the federal budget, draws up a report on the execution of the federal budget and the consolidated budget of the Russian Federation;

8. Monitors the targeted use of federal budget funds, etc.

Currently, the following divisions operate in the central office of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation:

Department of Budget Policy, which develops policies in the field of income and expenditure of the budget system, draws up a draft federal budget and organizes its execution;

Department of Industry Finance, created on the basis of the abolished departments of industry, department of agro-industrial complex, investments and transport systems and communications;

Department of Interbudgetary Relations, which regulates relations with the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local budgets;

Department of State Internal Debt Management, which issues domestic government loans, pays interest on them and repays them;

Department of Public External Debt Management, which issues external loans and repays them;

Department of Defense Complex and Law Enforcement Agencies, etc.

An important division of the Ministry of Finance is Main Directorate of the Federal Treasury, responsible for cash execution of the budget. The federal treasury authorities were first formed in 1863. After the revolution of 1917, they were abolished and their functions were performed by the Ministry of Finance. This division was re-established in 1992. The Federal Treasury is a legal entity; its activities are financed from the budget on the basis of an independent cost estimate. The leadership of the Federal Treasury is carried out by the Deputy Minister of Finance of the Russian Federation. The Treasury includes:

1. Main Directorate of the Federal Treasury of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation (in Moscow).

2. Territorial departments of the Federal Treasury of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation (in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation).

3. Branches of the Federal Treasury of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation in cities and regions.

The goals of creating the Federal Treasury are:

Increasing efficiency in government financing. programs;

Strengthening government financial control;

Effective management of income and expenses in the process of executing the federal budget;

The main tasks of the Federal Treasury are:

· Bringing budget funds to budget recipients;

· Collection, processing and analysis of information on the state of public finances;

· Organization, implementation and control over the execution of the federal budget and federal extra-budgetary funds;

· Maintaining records of the unified state treasury of Russia;

· Preparation of reports on financial transactions of the Government of the Russian Federation;

· Implementation of short-term forecasting of the volume of government financial resources, etc.

An independent permanent body of state financial control, vested with broad powers, is Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation. The Accounts Chamber carries out its activities in accordance with Federal Law No. 4 FZ of January 11, 1995. in accordance with changes and additions.

The Accounts Chamber management system includes:

Chairman;

Deputy chairman;

Auditors of the Accounts Chamber;

Accounting Chamber apparatus.

Main functions (or powers) of the Accounts Chamber:

1. Control over the passage of budget funds through the accounts of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation and other credit organizations;

2. Examination of draft federal laws providing for the allocation of funds from the federal budget and federal extra-budgetary funds;

3. Determining the effectiveness and feasibility of spending public funds and using federal property;

4. Together with the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, management of the public debt of the Russian Federation;

5. Regular provision of information to the Council of Federation and the State Duma on the progress of execution of the federal budget and the results of control measures, etc.

The main task of the Accounts Chamber is to verify the effectiveness of the use of federal budget funds and federal extra-budgetary funds.

The Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation carries out the following activities:

1. Conducting comprehensive audits and thematic audits of individual sections and articles of the federal budget.

2. Analysis and study of violations and deviations in the budget process.

3. Preparation and provision of opinions on the execution of the federal budget, etc.

The control powers of the Accounts Chamber extend to all state bodies and institutions of the Russian Federation and to federal extra-budgetary funds, as well as to local governments and enterprises. organizations, banks, insurance companies and other institutions of all forms of ownership, if they receive funds from the federal budget and budgets of federal extra-budgetary funds or use state property.

Control over the correct calculation, completeness and timeliness of contributions to the budget of all mandatory payments is entrusted to Ministry of the Russian Federation on taxes and fees and its local organs - tax inspectorates.

Tax inspectorates are obliged to:

· act in strict accordance with the law;

· exercise control over compliance with tax legislation on issues of correct calculation, completeness and timeliness of tax payments to the budget and extra-budgetary funds;

· keep records of taxpayers in accordance with the established procedure;

· conduct audits of taxpayers;

· monthly provide financial authorities and federal Treasury authorities with information on the actual amounts of taxes and other payments received to the budget;

· inform the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation about all cases of non-payment of taxes by enterprises;

· refund overpaid amounts and incorrectly collected fines and penalties from taxpayers.

The work of the Ministry of Taxes and Duties of the Russian Federation is closely related to the activities of Tax Police Department of the Russian Federation, created in July 1993 . The scope of the Tax Police Department is the prevention, detection, suppression of tax crimes, operational investigative activities and control over the implementation of tax legislation, as well as ensuring the security of the activities of tax inspectorates, protecting their employees from attacks while performing their official duties, prevention. identifying and suppressing corruption in tax authorities. The rights and responsibilities of tax police are determined by the Law on Federal Tax Police Bodies.

The tax police has the right to impose administrative arrest in the prescribed manner on the property of persons who have evaded paying taxes, and to carry out inspections, documenting them with acts.

At the end of 1995, the Tax Police Department of the Russian Federation was renamed Federal Tax Police Service of the Russian Federation, which received new powers: the right to initiate a criminal case, conduct an inquiry, a preliminary investigation and transfer materials directly to the court. Such changes are aimed at reducing the number of offenses and crimes in the field of taxation and should increase tax collection.

Responsibility for receipt of customs duties is State Customs Committee of the Russian Federation, who is obliged:

· Conduct tax audits on taxes levied by customs authorities;

· check all documents related to the calculation and payment of taxes levied by customs authorities;

· suspend transactions of taxpayers on bank accounts in case of non-compliance or improper compliance with tax legislation;

In general, customs authorities monitor compliance with tax legislation when goods cross the border of the Russian Federation, the correctness of calculation and payment of customs duties.

2.3. Problems of strengthening the financial system of the Russian Federation in

modern conditions.

Each link of the financial system represents a certain area of ​​financial relations, and the general state of the state’s financial system depends on how these relations are adjusted in each link.

One of the most important links in the financial system of the Russian Federation is public finance - state. budget, state off-budget funds and state credit. In one of his speeches devoted to the main directions of budget and tax policy for 2006, the Minister of Finance of the Russian Federation Kudrin paid special attention to the existing problems of the financial system. In his speech, he said that the federal budget for 2006 and the medium term is a development budget, ensuring the creation of prerequisites for a further increase in investment, creating conditions for economic development, increasing its competitiveness by:

· reducing the tax burden;

· achieving a consistently low level of inflation;

· pursuing a conservative policy in the field of government borrowing;

· creating conditions for the growth of competitiveness of “human capital”;

· increasing the efficiency of the judicial and law enforcement systems;

· increasing the efficiency of using state property and forming a public sector property management system;

· providing assistance from the federal budget by subsidizing interest rates on loans and compensating part of the costs of paying interest on loans, leasing payments to agricultural enterprises, light industry enterprises, etc.

In accordance with these objectives, the 2006 budget was formed for revenues in the amount of 5046.1 billion rubles (20.7% of GDP), for expenses - 4270.1 billion rubles (17.5% of GDP) and a surplus - 776 billion rubles (3.2% of GDP).

The main priorities of budget expenditures are:

Financial support for social reforms;

Modernization of the defense complex;

Development of public infrastructure.

The main principle of budget policy in the field of interbudgetary relations will be to ensure the stability of revenue sources and spending powers assigned to budget levels.

The pressing problem of interbudgetary relations began to be resolved in 2003 - 2004 as a result of the reform of interbudgetary relations carried out within the framework of the implementation of the Program for the Development of Budgetary Federalism in the Russian Federation.

The essence of the study carried out in 2003-2004. reform of interbudgetary relations consists in separating the levels of the budget system with a clear definition on an ongoing basis of their obligations and revenues. Its main result is the transition from “soft” to “hard” budget constraints for each level of the budget system with a real expansion of the legislatively established budgetary autonomy of subnational authorities.

The withdrawal of resources from lower budgets through allocation standards that are strictly fixed on a long-term basis, or through the imposition of additional expenditure obligations that are not covered by funding sources, is prohibited. The distribution of financial assistance is structured in such a way as to maintain incentives to increase one’s own resources and save budget funds.

The main innovations of the system of interbudgetary relations introduced in 2005 are as follows:

· In accordance with the local government reform, two levels (types) of local budgets were introduced, i.e. the budget system of the Russian Federation becomes four-level;

· Clear rules for delimiting expenditure obligations have been defined;

· A certain expansion of the tax autonomy of subnational authorities is provided;

· The standards for deductions from federal taxes to the budgets of constituent entities of the Russian Federation have been established by the Budget Code, and not by annual budget laws;

· New forms and principles for the distribution of interbudgetary transfers have been introduced;

· Uniform principles for building interbudgetary relations in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation have been established by law, while ensuring the independence of regional authorities in their specific implementation.

Practical adjustment of the new system of interbudgetary relations will require some time. There is a real need to introduce significant amendments to what was adopted in 2003-2004. legislation may arise in 4-5 years. Now it is necessary to ensure the stability of the adopted rules, accumulate practical experience in their application, create a new statistical and reporting base, and establish monitoring of the regulation of interbudgetary relations by the constituent entities of the Federation.

After the separation of the levels of the budget system, prerequisites appeared for reforming (separately at each level) the budget process. The essence of these transformations is the transition to medium-term (for a period of at least three years) financial planning. In international practice, this organization of the budget process is called “Medium-term results-based budgeting” and provides for a system of measures for the implementation of medium-term budgeting, a new budget classification and accounting with appropriate changes in the procedures for drawing up and reviewing budgets.

The first step, which was already taken in 2004, was the introduction of a number of changes to the Law on Budget Classification. These changes bring the budget classification closer to international standards and create the preconditions for the introduction of management accounting principles. In the future, it is planned to amend the Budget Code, providing for:

· Refusal to approve the Budget classification by a separate federal law;

· Approval of the main (uniform for all budgets) positions directly by the Budget Code;

· Determination of the composition of target items and types of expenses by each level of government independently;

· Introduction of program classification;

· Providing the opportunity for executive authorities at different levels to introduce additional levels and detail the sections of classifications used for management accounting purposes.

When forming the long-term financial plan of the Russian Federation for 2006-2008. and the draft federal budget for 2006, in accordance with Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of March 6, 2005 No. 118, a number of significant innovations in budget planning were experimentally tested.

The financial system of any state is directly dependent on the state of the tax system in the state. Taxes are an instrument of government regulation. They allow, based on the priority of structural transformations, to distribute capital flows, stimulate the development of business entities, and promote the influx of foreign investment. The federal budget and local budgets are largely formed from tax revenues. Thus, strengthening the state’s financial system directly depends on how strong its links will be in economic terms - business entities, budgets of all levels, finances of the population, which in turn depend on the tax system that operates in the state.

In 1998, with the adoption by the Federal Assembly of the first part of the Tax Code in the Russian Federation, a phased reform of tax legislation began. First of all, taxes should stimulate the development of the country's economy, and not slow it down. Since 2005, the tax system of the Russian Federation has a total of 15 types of taxes: federal taxes and fees - 10, regional taxes and fees - 3, local taxes - 2. The main directions of modern tax policy of the Russian Federation are:

· Building a tax system of the Russian Federation that is stable for the medium term;

· Creation of a rational tax system;

· Improving the system of responsibility in the tax system;

· Reducing the number of taxes and the tax burden: reducing rates, streamlining penalties, changing them for law-abiding taxpayers, optimizing tax amounts;

· Reducing the tax burden on domestic producers while increasing rates of customs duties and fees;

· Increasing tax collection in the country, including through UTII in certain business sectors;

· Development of tax federalism with a change in the proportions in the distribution of the main taxes of Russia among budgets of different levels;

· Formation of the legal tax base and tax law, etc.

But despite tax innovations, the Russian tax system remains ineffective. There are still so-called “gray schemes” that allow you to bypass taxes, tax payments “stuck” in banks, etc.

Another important task in the field of strengthening the country’s financial system is to build effective state financial control and improve the legislation governing its implementation.

Practice shows that currently in the Russian Federation there is a conglomerate of disparate units of financial control, including at the highest level, which weakly interact with each other. It happens that the same economic entity is successively subject to inspection by several control authorities. As a result, a continuous control process takes place. It sometimes has no practical meaning and causes a negative attitude. An official concept for the formation and development of state financial control has not yet been developed or approved. A way out of the situation could be the adoption by the President of the Russian Federation of a decision to issue a decree under the code name “On the coordination and interaction of state control bodies.” Effective state control over budget execution is possible only by ensuring real consolidation and coordination of the capabilities of the subjects of parliamentary and government control, as well as the control structures of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

The legislative side regulating the implementation of state legislation is also insufficiently developed. financial control. This allows budget funds to be used for other purposes, to arbitrarily finance certain types of expenses not provided for by the budget law, etc. The adoption of the Budget Code of the Russian Federation in terms of establishing the legal basis for the procedure and conditions for bringing to responsibility for violation of budget legislation at a certain stage played an important role. Currently, the Budget Code provides for 18 offenses of budget legislation. At the end of 2004, criminal liability was introduced for the misuse of budget funds and funds from state extra-budgetary funds. This indicates that the state recognizes the degree of public danger of violations of budget legislation, although many contradictions and ambiguities still remain. For example, the procedure for bringing to responsibility and the specific amount of sanctions for violations of budget legislation are determined by administrative legislation. This greatly reduces the effectiveness of the application of liability measures - against 18 offenses of budget legislation, the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation establishes liability for only 4 offenses in the field of violation of budget legislation.

From all of the above, we can conclude that the financial system of the Russian Federation today is undergoing enormous changes and is at a completely new stage of its development. If Russia consistently and clearly carries out all the planned reforms within the framework of the implementation of the Concept of Reforming the Budget Process, then by 2008 the foundations of a fundamentally new, much more effective model of public finance management will be created.

Conclusion

The financial system of the state is a set of interconnected and interacting spheres and links of financial relations through which the distribution, formation and use of funds of funds is carried out. The country's financial system includes the country's financial institutions that service money circulation and regulate financial activities.

Since finances are carriers of distribution relations, this distribution occurs primarily between various economic entities. Therefore, in the totality of finances that form the financial system, the following large areas can be distinguished:

· National finances (federal and constituent entities of the Russian Federation);

· Finance of enterprises and organizations (economic entities);

· Credit and banking system (a set of banks and other credit institutions).

Each of these areas has an organizational structure and consists of several links.

The links of the first sphere - national finance - relate to centralized finance and are used to regulate the economy and financial distribution relations at the macro level.

The links of the second division include decentralized finance and are used to regulate and stimulate the economy and social relations at the micro level.

The division of the financial system into separate areas and links is due to the peculiarities of the functioning of each link, differences in the methods of distribution and use of funds and, consequently, a special role in the financial system.

The financial system of the Russian Federation today is not a complete and fully formed phenomenon. After Russia's transition to a market economy, a gradual and step-by-step formation of the financial system of the Russian Federation is taking place in accordance with international criteria. Russia is reaching a new level of development, which will allow it to become a full participant in the world economic system.

List of used literature

1. Vakhrin P.I., Neshitoy A.S. Finance: Textbook for universities.-3rd ed.,

reworked and additional - M.: Publishing and trading corporation "Dashkov and K", 2003.

2. Magazine “Finance” No. 1, No. 5, No. 7, No. 9, 2005, No. 2, 2006.

3. Magazine “Budget” No. 1, No. 2, 2006.

4.Finance: Textbook for universities / Ed. prof. L.A. Drobozina. - M.: UNITY, 2002.

5. Finance / V. M. Rodionova, Yu.Ya. Vavilov, L.I. Goncharenko and others; Ed. Rodionova V.M. - M.: Finance and Statistics, 1995.

1. The essence and functions of finance. The role of finance in a market economy

The modern world is a world of commodity-money relations. They permeate the internal life of any state and its activities in the international arena. Finance can be considered as an economic category and as a financial mechanism.

In the process of reproduction at different levels, from the enterprise to the national economy as a whole, funds of funds are formed and used. It does not matter in what form the money appears: in the form of cash paper tokens, or in the form of credit cards, or in amounts appearing in bank accounts without any form at all.

The system of education and use of funds of monetary resources involved in ensuring the reproduction process constitutes the finances of society. And the totality of economic relations that arise between the state, enterprises and organizations, industries, territories and individual citizens in connection with the movement of monetary funds forms financial. relationship. They are complex, diverse and resemble the circulatory system of a living organism, through which the movement of goods and services takes place, a kind of exchange of substances between the economic cells of the social organism. On the periphery of this organism, fin. the relationship ends. Here money already acts in its natural functions as a means of circulation or payment. But before reaching this final link, they are formed and serve the entire set of economic ties and economic relations.

The specific features of finance are their monetary and distributional nature. The object of financial relations are financial resources in the form of trust funds of funds. The functions of finance are: distribution, control and reproduction.

The role of finance in a market economy follows from the fact that the state and enterprises are full participants in the capital market, acting as lenders and borrowers. Proper organization of finances allows you to quickly respond to changes in the market situation, adapt to new conditions, use alternative financial instruments, and fulfill tax and other financial obligations.

In addition, finance plays an important role in attracting investment, not only in the real sector of the economy, but also in the human factor (education, healthcare, culture, sports), creating favorable conditions for the functioning of the capital market.

The role of finance in solving social and economic problems. tasks is to provide the necessary sources of finance, social and economic. spheres, achieving balance between economics. efficiency and social justice; production is expanding; carried out with the execution: 1. Commodity-den. relationships. 2. Financial. 3. Credit.

Governments play a big role here. finance and financial enterprises. Through the finance of individual enterprises and sectors of the national economy of states for the reproductive process and social. sphere. Part of finance is Investments.

2. Financial system of the Russian Federation and its links. State financial policy.

Fin. the system is interpreted in two ways: as a set of spheres and links of financial relations and as a set of financial institutions.

It includes three main links: state. finance, public finance and enterprise finance. Of these three links, the main one is enterprise finance, since the first two links are formed on their basis. Enterprise finance, as a link in decentralized finance, participates in the creation of the material source of all the country's monetary funds - national income. The overall financial position of the country, which plays a leading role in ensuring the pace of development of sectors of the national economy, depends on the state of decentralized funds of funds.

Household finance has only recently become a consideration. as a link in the financial system. Financial relations of the population in the formation of the family budget are extremely important for regulating the country's effective demand.

The centralized sphere of the financial system is the state. finance. It is owned by the state and, in accordance with the Budget Code, in force since January 1, 2000, includes the budget system and extra-budgetary social funds.

In 1991, the budget system of the Russian Federation underwent fundamental changes. Before this, the state budget of the Russian Federation, like other union republics, was included in the state budget of the USSR, which reflected all budgets in the country, including rural and township ones. In the Union budget in 1970-1990. concentrated 50-52% of the total resources of the state budget. The budgets of the union republics accounted for 48-50%, of which 35% were at the disposal of republican budgets, and 15% in local budgets.

Public finance consists of three main elements: budgets, extra-budgetary funds and government credit. A budget is an annual plan for the state’s income and expenses; it is the money that allows the state to carry out economic and social activities. functions (and recently political ones).

The budget consists of two parts: revenue and expenditure. In countries with developed market economies, 80-90% of budget revenue is generated from taxes on enterprises and the population. The rest comes from the use of state property and foreign economic activity. The structure of the budget expenditures includes expenses for social and cultural activities. needs (health care, education, social benefits, etc.), expenses for the development of the national economy, defense, public administration.

The ratio of revenue and expenditure parts of the budget can be balanced, but it can also be unequal. Most often, states are faced with a situation in which expenses exceed income. The practice of budget deficit is widely developed in the world. But there is always a certain limit, beyond which undesirable phenomena in the economy begin. According to IMF calculations, the budget deficit should not exceed 2% of GNP.

The current budget system of the Russian Federation consists of 3 links: the federal budget, regional budgets (there are 89 of them, including republican, regional, regional, autonomous regions, autonomous districts, Moscow and St. Petersburg) and local budgets (about 29 of them thousand, including district, town, city, rural).

Each budget operates autonomously, i.e. the lower budget with its income and expenses is not included in the higher budget. In order to plan budget resources, a consolidated budget is drawn up - a statistical consolidated budget that combines financial resources of all levels of the budget system.

Off-budget funds are funds from the federal government and local authorities associated with the financing of expenses not included in the budget. Extra-budgetary funds are those funds that are accumulated outside the state budget system and have a strictly designated purpose: pension fund, social insurance fund, etc.

The formation of extra-budgetary funds is carried out through mandatory targeted contributions, which for an ordinary taxpayer are no different from taxes. Basic the amounts of deductions to extra-budgetary funds are included in the cost price and are set as a percentage of the wage fund. Extra-budgetary funds are separated from budgets and have a certain independence.

State financial policy as part (subsystem) of economics. State policy is a set of fiscal and other financial instruments and institutions of state financial power, which, in accordance with legislation, have the authority to form and use the financial resources of the state in accordance with the strategic and tactical goals of the state economy. politicians. (The institutions of state financial power include: the Ministry of Finance, tax authorities, customs authorities, the Treasury, the Accounts Chamber, the Federal Commission for Currency Control, the Pension Fund, etc. Financial instruments include the budget, tax rates, benefits, funds, etc. .).

The objectives of financial policy include: 1. providing conditions for the formation of the maximum possible financial resources; 2. establishing a rational, from the state’s point of view, distribution and use of financial resources; 3. organization of regulation and stimulation of economics. and social processes by financial methods; 4. creation of an effective financial management system.

An important component of financial policy is. financial mechanism – a system of forms, types and methods of organizing financial relations established by the state. Fin. the mechanism is divided into directive (developed for financial relations in which the state is directly involved - taxes, government credit, budget expenditures, budget finance, etc.) and regulatory (determines the basic rules of the game in the financial segments, not directly affecting the interests of the state - organization of intra-economic financial relations in private enterprises).

There are 3 main types of financial policy: 1. classical (the principle of non-interference by the state in the economy, maintaining free competition, using the market mechanism as the main regulator of economic processes - A. Smith, D. Ricardo) 2. regulatory (the financial mechanism is used to regulate the economy and social relations in order to ensure full employment of the population - J. Keynes) 3. planned and directive (used in an administrative-command economy in order to ensure maximum concentration of financial resources from the state for their subsequent redistribution.

Transition to the 90s. XX century Russia from a command-administrative economy to market relations required a radical change in its financial policy, and above all, the financial mechanism. The essence of these changes was:

· transferring the relationship between the state and privatized enterprises to a tax basis;

· changes in inter-budgetary relations (regional and local budgets have gained greater independence, primarily in the area of ​​spending funds;

· changing the principles of formation of territorial budgets, where financial assistance funds were created, from which transfers began to be sent to lower budgets;

· covering the budget deficit not at the expense of the Central Bank of Russia, but on the basis of issuing government securities;

· changing the procedure for redistributing funds between business entities in connection with the creation of the stock market;

· in the creation of the insurance market and private insurance funds;

· in the creation of state social extra-budgetary funds at the expense of social insurance funds;

· changing the financial management system, creating special financial and control departments (Ministry of the Russian Federation for Taxes and Duties, Federal Tax Police Service, Accounts Chamber).

Basic directions of Russia's financial and budgetary policy for the long term in accordance with the economics developed and approved by the government of the Russian Federation. the program consists of: 1. reducing the tax burden on the economy; 2. streamlining government obligations; 3. concentration of financial resources on solving priority problems; 4. reducing the dependence of budget revenues on world price conditions; 5. creation of an effective system of interbudgetary relations and public financial management.

An important direction of fiscal policy is. carrying out tax reform, which is designed to reduce the tax burden on the economy, equalize tax conditions for all payers, and increase the level of management of the entire tax system. Basic elements of tax reform: - abolition of ineffective taxes and benefits; - reduction of taxation of the wage fund and the total amount of contributions to social extra-budgetary funds; - reduction of tax rates.

During the reform, a single income tax rate is introduced (12%?), taxes paid on proceeds from sales of products are eliminated, and most benefits are abolished. Lost budget revenues in this regard should be covered by canceling unjustified tax benefits, increasing tax collection and increasing the share of cash payments in the tax system.

A review of the size and structure of the state's obligations will be carried out on the basis of a transition to targeted social support for citizens, which implies a reduction in a number of social obligations of the state, in particular, to cover losses in the housing and communal services sector, which will be covered by payments from consumers.

It is also envisaged to reduce public administration costs by reducing the number of civil servants.

The main priorities in budget expenditures are: fighting poverty, ensuring internal and external security of the state, supporting the judicial system, reproducing scientific potential, and the social sphere.

To improve the living standards of the most vulnerable segments of the population, it is planned to annually increase budget allocations for benefits. Expenditures on education and health care will increase. Financing of defense spending will be based on a new military doctrine, which involves a gradual transfer of the army to a professional basis. There will be a transition to full funding of the judicial system from the federal budget, which will ensure the true independence of judges.

In order to reduce the dependence of budget revenues on world price conditions, support will be provided to Russian enterprises entering world markets with high-quality products.

Improving interbudgetary relations involves the creation of a new mechanism for financial support of the territory based on a clear delineation of spending and tax powers between parts of the financial system. Funds for financial assistance to territories should be distributed taking into account the tax potential and budgetary needs of the territories.

An important direction of Russia's fiscal policy is. also the creation of an effective public financial management system. The transfer of all budgets to treasury execution will strengthen public control over the use of budget resources.

3. Financial control: types, forms, methods

Financial control - control of legislative and executive authorities at all levels, as well as specially created units over the financial activities of all economies. subjects using special methods.

Financial control - cost control takes place in all spheres of social production, yavl. multi-level and comprehensive, accompanies the entire process of movement of funds and the stage of understanding financial results.

1. Classification of types of financial control

By time of implementation: - preliminary (drawing up budgets, financial plans and estimates, credit and cash applications, contracts); - current; - subsequent.

By subjects of control: - presidential; - bodies of representative power and local self-government; - executive authorities; - financial and credit authorities; - departmental; - on-farm; - audit.

By areas of financial activity: budget, tax, currency, credit, insurance, investment, money supply control.

According to the form: - mandatory (external); - proactive (internal).

By methods of implementation: inspections, surveys, supervision, analysis of financial activities, observation (monitoring), audits.

2. Basic types and bodies of state financial control.

Under the Representative Bodies of Government (Federation Council and State Duma) there are: - State Duma Committee on Budget, Taxes, Banks and Finance and its subcommittees. Similar committees have been created by the constituent entities of the Russian Federation; - Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation. The Board of the Accounts Chamber, in addition to the chairman and his deputies, includes 12 auditors (6 from each chamber of the Federal Assembly). Current work is carried out by inspectors of the Accounts Chamber. Similar bodies have been created in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The scope of powers of the Accounts Chamber is control over federal property, federal funds, state internal affairs. and external debt, the activities of the Central Bank, the efficiency of the use of foreign loans and borrowings, as well as the issuance of government loans and credits.

Basic forms of control - thematic checks and audits.

Enforcement measures: - prescription; - a mandatory order; - suspension of all account transactions.

Activities of the Accounts Chamber according to the law. vowel

Presidential control is exercised by issuing decrees, signing laws, appointing the Minister of Finance of the Russian Federation, and presenting to the State Duma a candidate for the post of chairman of the Central Bank.

Certain functions are performed by the Control Directorate of the President of the Russian Federation.

The Government of the Russian Federation controls the process of development and execution of the federal budget, the implementation of a unified policy in the field of finance, money and credit, and the activities of ministries and departments.

There is a Control and Supervisory Council under the government.

The Ministry of Finance and all its structural divisions exercise financial control on duty: through the development of the federal budget, control of the receipt and expenditure of budgetary funds and state extra-budgetary funds, control of the directions and use of public investments, methodological guidance of the organization of accounting, certification of auditing and licensing of auditing activities .

Operational financial control within the Ministry of Finance is carried out by the Control and Audit Department (KRU) and the bodies of the Federal Treasury.

The Federal Treasury includes the Main Directorate, the treasuries of the constituent entities of the Federation, cities (with the exception of district subordination), districts and districts in cities.

He is entrusted with the following responsibilities: - control over the income and expenditure side of the FB in the process of its execution; - control over the state of public finances as a whole; - control (together with the Central Bank of the Russian Federation) over the state of the state internal and external debt of the Russian Federation; - control over state extra-budgetary funds and the relationship between them and the budget.

In order to strengthen control over the effective use of public investments, the Russian Financial Corporation was created in 1993. It is engaged in competitive selection and examination of investment projects implemented at the expense of public resources.

Specialized financial control bodies include: - State. tax service (ensuring a unified system of control over compliance with tax legislation, correct calculation, completeness and timeliness of payment of taxes and other obligatory payments). State The tax service includes the Federal Tax Service and the state. tax inspectorates in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local governments (city and district tax inspectorates); - Federal tax police authorities, consisting of the Federal Tax Police Service, territorial and local authorities; - Federal Insurance Supervision Service (Rosstrakhnadzor), consisting of a central body, regional and cluster (for a group of regions) inspectorates of Rosstrakhnadzor; - Center. Bank of Russia (CBR) and its structural division, the Banking Supervision Department; - departmental financial control is carried out by structural divisions of ministries and departments.

Inspections are carried out once a year in commercial organizations and once every two years in other organizations.

Negos. financial control includes: - intra-business financial control, which is carried out by the accounting department and the financial department of the enterprise. Includes operational control (carried out by the chief accountant in the process of daily activities by approving documents) and strategic; - audit financial control. The audit can be proactive and mandatory, which is subject to, in particular, all banks, insurance organizations, stock exchanges, extra-budgetary funds, charitable foundations, all joint-stock companies and enterprises that have a share of a foreign investor in their authorized capital.

Finance: lecture notes Kotelnikova Ekaterina

1. General characteristics of the financial system

The concept of “financial system” is a development of a more general concept – “finance”.

Finance determines economic social relations, which manifest themselves in different ways. Finance has its own characteristics in each link of the financial system. A link in the financial system is a certain sphere of financial relations, and the financial system as a whole is a collection of various spheres of financial relations. In this case, funds of funds are formed and used.

The financial system is a system of forms and methods of formation, distribution and use of state and enterprise funds.

The leading link in the financial system is the state budget. In terms of its material content, it is the main centralized fund of funds of the state, the main instrument for the redistribution of national income. Through this link in the financial system, up to 40% of the country’s national income is redistributed.

The main revenues of the state budget are taxes, amounting to 70 to 90% or more of the total amount of its income (personal income tax, profit tax, excise taxes, value added tax, customs duties).

The main expenses are also made from the state budget: for military purposes, economic development, maintenance of the state apparatus, social expenses, subsidies and loans.

The second link of the financial system is local (regional) finance, including local budgets, finance of enterprises owned by municipalities, and autonomous local funds.

Local budgets are assigned secondary taxes, mainly property taxes). In local budgets, compared to state budgets, a higher share of funds is allocated for social purposes. Local budgets are chronically in deficit and receive the funds they need through subsidies and loans from the state budget and the issuance of local loans guaranteed by the government.

The third link of the financial system is off-budget special funds. The funds from these funds are used to pay pensions for old age, disability, and loss of a breadwinner; temporary disability benefits, maternity benefits, unemployment benefits; for the construction and repair of roads, etc. Extra-budgetary funds are the Pension Fund, the Medical Insurance Fund, the Employment Fund, the Social Insurance Fund, the Road Fund, financial regulation funds in various industries, the Military Production Conversion Assistance Fund, etc.

State credit is a credit relationship between the state and legal entities and individuals, in which the state acts as a borrower of funds. The increase in domestic debt in recent years is associated with the issue of banknotes to cover the budget deficit and is a powerful inflationary factor.

In the insurance sector, the following are the links: social insurance, property and personal insurance, liability insurance, business risk insurance.

The finances of enterprises of various forms of ownership form the basis of finance and are divided into three main parts: finances of commercial enterprises, finances of non-profit enterprises, finances of public associations. This is where the bulk of financial resources are generated. The main source of industrial and social development is profit, which enterprises dispose of at their own discretion.

From the book History of Economics: a textbook author Shevchuk Denis Alexandrovich

2.1. General characteristics of the era The first stage in the development of society - the era of the ancient world, lasted from 40 thousand years BC. e. until the 5th century n. e. (from the time of the glacier's retreat to the fall of Rome (476) Its main content is the emergence of the most ancient forms of production and

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1. General characteristics of the financial system

The concept of “financial system” is a development of a more general concept – “finance”.

Finance determines economic social relations, which manifest themselves in different ways. Finance has its own characteristics in each link of the financial system. A link in the financial system is a certain sphere of financial relations, and the financial system as a whole is a collection of various spheres of financial relations. In this case, funds of funds are formed and used.

The financial system is a system of forms and methods of formation, distribution and use of state and enterprise funds.

The leading link in the financial system is the state budget. In terms of its material content, it is the main centralized fund of funds of the state, the main instrument for the redistribution of national income. Through this link in the financial system, up to 40% of the country’s national income is redistributed.

The main revenues of the state budget are taxes, amounting to 70 to 90% or more of the total amount of its income (personal income tax, profit tax, excise taxes, value added tax, customs duties).

The main expenses are also made from the state budget: for military purposes, economic development, maintenance of the state apparatus, social expenses, subsidies and loans.

The second link of the financial system is local (regional) finance, including local budgets, finance of enterprises owned by municipalities, and autonomous local funds.

Secondary taxes (mainly property taxes) are assigned to local budgets. In local budgets, compared to state budgets, a higher share of funds is allocated for social purposes. Local budgets are chronically in deficit and receive the funds they need through subsidies and loans from the state budget and the issuance of local loans guaranteed by the government.

The third link of the financial system is extra-budgetary special funds. The funds from these funds are used to pay pensions for old age, disability, and loss of a breadwinner; temporary disability benefits, maternity benefits, unemployment benefits; for the construction and repair of roads, etc. Extra-budgetary funds are the Pension Fund, the Medical Insurance Fund, the Employment Fund, the Social Insurance Fund, the Road Fund, financial regulation funds in various industries, the Military Production Conversion Assistance Fund, etc.

State credit is a credit relationship between the state and legal entities and individuals, in which the state acts as a borrower of funds. The increase in domestic debt in recent years is associated with the issue of banknotes to cover the budget deficit and is a powerful inflationary factor.

In the insurance sector, the following are the links: social insurance, property and personal insurance, liability insurance, business risk insurance.

The finances of enterprises of various forms of ownership form the basis of finance and are divided into three main parts: finances of commercial enterprises, finances of non-profit enterprises, finances of public associations. This is where the bulk of financial resources are generated. The main source of industrial and social development is profit, which enterprises dispose of at their own discretion.

2. Financial support

Financial support for the reproduction process is the covering of reproduction costs using financial resources.

Financial resources are the most important monetary source for expanding production.

A decrease in their volume limits the possibilities for the targeted impact of finance on economic development, entails a reduction in the scale of investment in the production and social spheres, a decrease in the consumption fund as part of the used national income, an imbalance in the natural material and cost structure of social production, and various types of imbalances.

All elements of the value of the gross social product participate in the formation of financial resources, but the main source is national income, and mainly that part of it that is net income.

An important source of financial resources can be income from foreign economic activity, as well as part of the national wealth involved in economic turnover (carry-over balances of budget funds used to cover current year expenses, reserve funds of insurance organizations, funds from the sale of part of the country’s gold reserves, proceeds from the sale of excess property, etc.).

Borrowed and borrowed funds are also used to generate financial resources.

At the micro level, non-centralized financial resources are formed, used for the costs of expanding production and satisfying the socio-cultural needs of workers.

They are used for capital investments, increasing working capital, financing scientific and technical achievements, carrying out environmental protection measures, and meeting social needs.

The needs of social production at the macro level are met through centralized financial resources. The forms of their use are budgetary and extra-budgetary funds, the funds of which are directed to the development of the national economy, financing of socio-cultural events, and meeting the needs of defense and administration.

The main ways to solve the problem of finding financial resources are connected, firstly, with the implementation of the adopted program for stabilizing the economy and transition to a market economy, and secondly, with the implementation of specially developed measures for financial economics-14

improvement of the economy and restructuring of the system of financial relations in the country.

Financial support for reproduction costs can be carried out in three forms: self-financing, lending and government financing.

Self-financing is based on the use of business entities’ own financial resources. If there is a lack of own funds, an enterprise can reduce its expenses or use borrowed funds raised through transactions with securities.

Lending is a method of financial support for reproduction costs in which the expenses of a business entity are covered by a bank loan provided on the basis of urgency, payment and repayment.

State financing is carried out on an irrevocable basis from budgetary and extra-budgetary funds formed at different levels of government in the process of distribution and redistribution of part of the national income.

In practice, it is necessary to achieve an optimal balance between all three forms of financial support, and this is only possible on the basis of an active financial policy of the state.

In the conditions of transition to a market, the role of financial reserves increases. They are indispensable in the event of huge losses or unforeseen circumstances.

They can be created by business entities themselves at the expense of their own financial resources, their management structures, specialized insurance organizations and the state.

3. Financial mechanism

The coordinated functioning of different parts of the economy is achieved through its regulation, that is, changing the growth rate of individual structural units to restructure production in accordance with the changing needs of society.

In market conditions, economic regulation is achieved through the redistribution of financial resources.

Regulation of the economy occurs primarily through self-regulation, which is ensured by the functioning of the market, including the financial one. Thanks to it, the possibility of free and rapid redistribution of financial resources between different divisions of the national economy is created.

Along with self-regulation, government intervention in the economy has a great influence on the structure of social production; its necessity is determined by solving problems related to meeting the needs of the entire society - ensuring major structural changes, supporting priority areas of economic development, expanding and improving social and industrial infrastructure, etc.

The state intervenes in the economy through the use of cost levers by legislative and executive authorities to influence the processes of social development.

With the help of government investments, tax policy, and the activities of various government agencies, a specific mechanism of influence on the economy is emerging.

The regulatory capabilities of enterprise finance are used mainly for intra- and inter-farm redistribution of financial resources, and the regulatory capabilities of the state budget are used to regulate sectoral and territorial proportions.

In regulating reproductive proportions, the importance of insurance is gradually growing, designed to guarantee the sustainability of production.

In the future, insurance should compensate for losses from failed scientific and technical developments and lost profits from downtime due to strikes, political unrest, etc.

Mainly state and local finances, as well as partially enterprise finances, take part in the regulation of territorial proportions. It should be noted that self-regulation occurs in the provision of subsidies and subventions to lower budgets, the formation and use of territorial regulation funds, and various forms of state credit.

In order to bring the economy out of crisis and provide reliable and sustainable sources of growth, it is necessary to use financial incentives that can be used to influence the material interests of business entities.

Financial incentives are one of the methods for regulating national economic proportions. Financial incentives include:

1) effective directions for investing financial
resources:

a) financing of technical re-equipment;

b) financing costs associated with reproduction
workforce, professional training,
improving their qualifications, reorienting them
for new types of production;

c) consistent implementation of programs aimed at
to ensure shifts in sectoral and territorial
structures of social production, improvement
change of economic proportions in accordance with modern times
new needs;

2) incentive funds (material and social development);

3) budgetary methods of production intensification;

4) special financial benefits and sanctions.

Financial sanctions are ineffective today. They are disproportionate to the amount of lost profits, especially sanctions for failure to fulfill contracts for the supply of products.

For financial sanctions to become real and effective, it is necessary to significantly increase financial liability for failure to fulfill mutual obligations.

An indispensable clause of any contract should be the need to determine the amount of lost profits in the event of violations of the rules for the supply of products.

To implement financial policy and its successful implementation, a financial mechanism is used.

It is a set of methods for organizing financial relations used to create favorable conditions for economic and social development.

The financial mechanism consists of types, forms and methods of organizing financial relations, methods of their quantitative determination.

The financial mechanism is divided into the financial mechanism of enterprises and business organizations, the insurance mechanism, as well as the mechanism for the functioning of public finances.

This classification takes into account the characteristics of individual divisions of the public economy and the identification of spheres and links of financial relations.

The general structure of the financial system is heterogeneous in its composition. It includes separate groups of financial relations that differ in legal form and qualitative composition of financial resources. However, this does not violate the unity of the financial system, since it is based on monetary relations and processes of movement of financial resources, formation and use of income in the economy that are common to all its elements.

Since these processes are carried out in public law and private law forms, the overall financial system is divided into two large areas (sectors):

1) public (state and municipal) finances;

2) Private economic finance (finance of organizations and households).

The unifying principle, the primary basis of the financial system is the country’s monetary system, which is a state-organized system of circulation of money (primary financial resources and instruments).

Spheres and links of the financial system

Budget (budget system)

Extra-budgetary funds (system of extra-budgetary funds)

State (municipal) loan

State financial reserves and reserve funds

Private

finance (finance of organizations and households)

Finance of commercial organizations

Nonprofit Finance

Household finance

Insurance market (finance of insurance organizations)

Stock market (finances of its professional participants)

Credit market (finance of credit institutions)

Public (state and municipal) finance serve a set of monetary relations that arise in the process of movement of financial resources in a public legal form, the formation and use of income of state authorities and local self-government.

The main place in the public finance system is occupied bybudget. Russia is a federal state, which includes itself two levels of government (federal and regional) and two levels of local government. Each of the above levels of government and management has its own budget. Therefore, in Russia, a system of budgets is being formed (in terms of income and expenses), consisting of three levels: the federal budget, the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation (regional budgets) and local budgets (the latter, in turn, form a two-level system).

INfederal budget concentrates the largest federal tax and non-tax government revenues and the most significant government expenditures related to the financing of issues of general government, national defense, law enforcement system, economic restructuring and equalization of socio-economic development of the regions. The federal budget is the main financial instrument of the socio-economic policy of the federal center, carried out nationwide.

INregional budgets regional and part of the federal tax revenues, funds from interbudgetary transfers of the federal budget and non-tax revenues are accumulated in the amounts necessary for the authorities of the constituent entities of the Federation for the development of the regional economy and social sphere, financial support for subordinate territories, and management of the implementation of socio-economic policy at the regional level.

In the territories of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, they are formed and executed according to income and expenses local budgets . The composition of the local budget system depends on the structure of the local government system in a particular subject of the Federation. Depending on the types and number of municipalities included in the structure of the region, the budgets of municipal districts, urban districts, urban and rural settlements can be distinguished. The revenue side of these budgets is formed from local and part of regional taxes, non-tax revenues from municipal property and interbudgetary transfers from higher budgets. Local budgets finance the bulk of social expenses, expenses for housing and communal services (HCS) and other issues of local importance.

Off-budget funds are represented in Russia by state off-budget social funds at the federal and regional levels. They include: the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation, the Social Insurance Fund of the Russian Federation, the Federal and territorial funds of compulsory medical insurance. These funds are formed primarily from the receipt of insurance premiums and budget funds for the financial provision of state social protection of the population 1 .

State (municipal) loan represents a borrowing of funds by state authorities or local government from the population, organizations, international financial organizations and foreign states by issuing bonds and obtaining international loans to cover budget deficits. State (municipal) credit is not always allocated as an independent link in the public finance system, being considered part of the budget.

State financial reserves and reserve funds They are also a relatively independent part of the public finance system. They are allocated to a special form of state financial resources, since they make their own independent movement, are subject to separate accounting and management, have their own methods of accumulating funds and spending them as a reserve of state revenues and government expenses deferred for a while.

In modern Russia, two types of state reserves and reserve funds can be distinguished: strategic and current.

The first include gold and foreign exchange reserves, the basis of which is the gold and foreign exchange assets of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as the Bank of Russia).

The category of current financial assets includes the Reserve Fund and the National Welfare Fund, formed primarily from oil and gas revenues of the federal budget. If the Reserve Fund is intended to finance the oil and gas deficit of the federal budget, then the National Welfare Fund, along with financing certain social expenses in the event of a lack of budgetary and extrabudgetary funds, also performs the functions of a strategic reserve.

Private finance - the second sphere (branch) of the financial system, which serves the totality of monetary relations that arise in the process of movement of financial resources in private legal form, the formation and use of income of organizations and households in the sphere of production, exchange and consumption of goods (works, services), distribution of financial results and the functioning of the financial market. Private economic finance is heterogeneous in its composition, which is due to the specifics of the financial activities of various groups of organizations and households.

Finance of commercial organizations- the largest link in private economic finance. Serving the sphere of material production and commodity circulation, where the country's GDP is created, where primary income in the economy is formed and used, this link forms the basis of the entire financial system. As a result of the distribution and redistribution of income of commercial organizations, the bulk of financial resources and income of other parts of private and public finance are formed.

Nonprofit Finance are also heterogeneous in composition. Depending on the organizational and legal form, the finances of budgetary institutions, consumer cooperation, public and religious organizations, non-profit foundations, etc. are distinguished. A characteristic feature of these organizations is that they do not pursue the goal of making a profit, their income, as a rule, is not of a market nature, and expenses are made according to estimates for the main activities provided for by their charter. The finances of non-profit organizations include the finances of budgetary institutions (organizations), which are designed to ensure uninterrupted financing of the process of providing public goods (services) in the field of education, healthcare, culture, etc.

Households can operate on a commercial basis as individual entrepreneurs without forming a legal entity, be represented as employees of private business and government (municipal) structures, as well as pensioners and persons not registered as individual entrepreneurs, but engaged in income-generating activities. Mixed household options are also possible. Hence the variety of forms of organization household finances. As a result of the activation of financial instruments and mechanisms, households receive income from business activities in the form of wages, pensions, benefits, etc., attract and repay bank loans, enter into relationships with insurance and investment companies, make personal savings, pay taxes And

incur expenses for doing business, for personal consumption, etc.

Professional financial market participants They are also commercial organizations, but their finances and the constituent parts of the financial market as a whole form an independent link in the system of private economic finance. Insurance, stock and credit markets mediate the movement of primary financial resources and financial instruments derived from them, and their professional participants are themselves financial organizations that accumulate temporarily free funds of other organizations, the state and households and direct them back into the economy for production purposes. and other financial, economic and personal goals.