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Stylistic coloring. What are stylistically colored words? Stylistic coloring Emotional coloring examples

Many words not only define concepts, but also express the speaker’s attitude towards them, a special kind of evaluativeness. For example, admiring the beauty of a white flower, you can call it snow-white, white, lily. These words are emotionally charged: a positive assessment distinguishes them from the stylistically neutral definition of white. The emotional connotation of a word can also express a negative assessment of what is called a witness: blond, whitish. Therefore, emotional vocabulary is also called evaluative (emotional-evaluative).

At the same time, it should be noted that the concepts of emotionality and evaluation are not identical, although they are closely related. Some emotional words (such as interjections) do not contain evaluation; and there are words in which evaluation is the essence of their semantic structure, but they do not belong to emotional vocabulary: good, bad, joy, anger, love, suffer.

Feature of emotional evaluative vocabulary is that the emotional coloring is “superimposed” on lexical meaning words, but is not reduced to it: the denotative meaning of the word is complicated by the connotative one.

The emotional vocabulary can be divided into three groups.

1. Words with a vivid connotative meaning, containing an assessment of facts, phenomena, signs, giving an unambiguous description of people: inspire, delightful, daring, unsurpassed, pioneer, destined, herald, self-sacrifice, irresponsible, grump, double-dealer, businessman, antediluvian, mischief, defame , fraud, sycophant, windbag, slob. Such words, as a rule, are unambiguous; expressive emotionality prevents the development of figurative meanings in them.
2. Ambiguous words, neutral in basic meaning, receiving a qualitative-emotional connotation when used figuratively. So, about a person of a certain character we can say: hat, rag, mattress, oak, elephant, bear, snake, eagle, crow, rooster, parrot; Verbs are also used in a figurative meaning: saw, hiss, sing, gnaw, dig, yawn, blink, etc.
3. Words with suffixes of subjective assessment, conveying various shades of feelings: son, daughter, granny, sunshine, neat, close - positive emotions; beards, brats, bureaucrats - negative. Their evaluative meanings are determined not by nominative properties, but by word formation, since affixes impart emotional coloring to such forms.

The emotionality of speech is often conveyed by particularly expressive vocabulary. Expressiveness (expression) (lat. expressio) means expressiveness, the power of manifestation of feelings and experiences. There are many words in the Russian language that add an element of expression to their nominative meaning. For example, instead of the word good, when we are delighted with something, we say beautiful, wonderful, delightful, wonderful; you can say I don’t like, but it’s not difficult to find stronger, more colorful words I hate, despise, disgust. In all these cases, the semantic structure of the word is complicated by connotation.

Often one neutral word has several expressive synonyms that differ in degree. emotional stress; Wed: misfortune - grief, disaster, catastrophe; violent - uncontrollable, indomitable, frantic, furious. Vivid expression highlights solemn words (herald, accomplishments, unforgettable), rhetorical (comrade-in-arms, aspirations, herald), poetic (azure, invisible, silent, chant). Words that are playful (blessed, newly-minted), ironic (deign, Don Juan, vaunted), familiar (good-looking, cute, poke around, whisper) are also expressively colored. Expressive shades delineate words that are disapproving (mannered, pretentious, ambitious, pedant), disdainful (paint, petty ), contemptuous (to gossip, toady), derogatory (skirt, wimp), vulgar (grabber, lucky), abusive (boor, fool). All these nuances of the expressive coloring of words are reflected in the stylistic notes for them in explanatory dictionaries.

The expression of a word is often layered on its emotional-evaluative meaning, with some words predominant by expression, and others by emotionality. Therefore, it is often not possible to distinguish between emotional and expressive coloring, and then they talk about emotionally expressive vocabulary (expressive-evaluative).

Words that are similar in the nature of expressiveness are classified into: 1) vocabulary expressing a positive assessment of the named concepts, and 2) vocabulary expressing a negative assessment of the called concepts. The first group will include words that are lofty, affectionate, and partly humorous; in the second - ironic, disapproving, abusive, contemptuous, vulgar, etc.

The emotional and expressive coloring of a word is influenced by its meaning. Thus, such words as fascism, Stalinism, and repression received a sharply negative assessment in our country. A positive assessment was attached to the words progressive, peace-loving, anti-war. Even different meanings of the same word can differ noticeably in stylistic coloring: in one meaning the word appears as solemn, lofty: Wait, prince. Finally, I hear the speech not of a boy, but of a husband (P.), in another - as ironic, mocking: G. Polevoy proved that the venerable editor enjoys the fame of a learned husband (P.).

The development of expressive shades in the semantics of a word is also facilitated by its metaphorization. Thus, stylistically neutral words used as metaphors receive a vivid expression: burning at work, falling from fatigue, suffocating under conditions of totalitarianism, flaming gaze, blue dream, flying gait, etc. The context finally reveals the expressive coloring of words: in it, neutral in stylistically, individuals can become emotionally charged, tall ones can become contemptuous, affectionate ones can become ironic, and even a swear word (scoundrel, fool) can sound approving

Correlation of functional-style fixation and emotional-expressive coloring of words

Emotionally expressive coloring of a word and its belonging to a specific functional style in the lexical system of the Russian language, as a rule, are interdependent. Words that are neutral in terms of emotional expression are usually included in the layer of commonly used vocabulary. The exception is terms: they are always stylistically neutral, but have a clear functional definition.

Emotionally expressive words are distributed between book and colloquial (colloquial) vocabulary.

Book vocabulary includes words that are lofty, giving solemnity to speech, as well as emotionally expressive words, expressing both a positive and negative assessment of the named concepts. Thus, in book styles, vocabulary is used that is ironic (loveliness, words, quixoticism), disapproving (pedantic, mannerism), contemptuous (mask, corrupt), etc. Therefore, it is sometimes incorrectly believed that book vocabulary consists only of words of positive evaluative meaning, although such types, of course, predominate in it (all poetic, rhetorical, solemn vocabulary).

Colloquial vocabulary includes words of endearment (darling, mommy), humorous words (butuz, laugh), as well as some units expressing a negative assessment of the named concepts (but not too rude): zealous, giggle, boast, small fry.

Colloquial vocabulary includes sharply reduced words that are outside literary norm. Among them there may be forms containing a positive assessment of the named concepts (hard worker, brainy), but there are many more forms expressing the speaker’s negative attitude towards the designated concepts (leftist, crazy, flimsy, stupid, etc.).

The word often intersects functional characteristics with emotionally expressive and other stylistic shades. For example, the words satellite epigone and apotheosis are perceived primarily as bookish. But at the same time, we associate the word satellite, used in a figurative sense, with a journalistic style; in the word epigonic we mark a negative assessment, and in the word apotheosis - a positive one. In addition, the use of these words in speech is influenced by their foreign language origin (phonetic design, which is not characteristic of the Russian language, can lead to their inappropriateness in a certain context). And the affectionately ironic words zaznoba, motanya, zaletka, drolya combine colloquial and dialect coloring and a folk-poetic sound. The richness of stylistic shades of Russian vocabulary requires a particularly attentive attitude to the word.

Using stylistically colored vocabulary in speech

The stylistic coloring of a word indicates the possibility of using it in one or another functional style (in combination with commonly used, neutral vocabulary). However, this does not mean that the functional assignment of words to a certain style excludes their use in other styles. For modern development The Russian language is characterized by mutual influence and interpenetration of styles, and this contributes to the movement of lexical means (simultaneously with other linguistic elements) from one style to another. Thus, in scientific works, journalistic vocabulary often coexists with terminological vocabulary. This can be observed in the example of literary works: Publication of “The Northern Tale” by K.G. Paustovsky dates back to 1939. This is a romantic story about people different generations and nationalities, whose destinies are closely and sometimes intricately intertwined. The heroes of the story are united common features- the struggle for social justice and freedom, moral purity. ...The writer's ideological plan determined the features of the composition and plot of the story. The plot parallelism of the first and second-third parts, the peculiar repetition of the plot line is not accidental (L.A. Novikov). The scientific style does not exclude emotional speech, and this determines the use of evaluative vocabulary, high and low words.

The journalistic style is even more open to the penetration of foreign style vocabulary. In a newspaper article you can often find terms next to colloquial and even colloquial vocabulary: The word “perestroika” entered many languages without translation, like “satellite” did in its time. However, it is much easier for a foreigner to learn this word than to implement everything that stands behind it. I will show this using facts from the economic sphere... Planning, as you know, is based on standards. I hasten to immediately and clearly make a reservation so as not to be accused of being against any standards at all. No, of course not! And at enterprises, I am sure, they will not reach the point of stupidity to indiscriminately deny their necessity. Just depends on what standards. When, for example, the percentage of deductions from profits to the budget is established, or a fee for consumption natural resources or the amount of payments to the bank for the loan received, who will be against it? But when standards regulate the entire internal life of enterprises: the structure and number, salaries and bonuses, deductions for all kinds of needs (up to the purchase of pens and pencils) - this is, excuse me, utter nonsense, which leads to results that are often funny, sometimes dramatic, and sometimes tragicomic (P. Volin). Here, scientific, terminological vocabulary is intertwined with expressively colored colloquial vocabulary, which, however, does not violate the stylistic norms of journalistic speech, but, on the contrary, helps to enhance its effectiveness. Here, for example, is a description of a scientific experiment that appeared on a newspaper page: At the Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry... thirty-two laboratories. One of them studies the evolution of sleep. At the entrance to the laboratory there is a sign: “Do not enter: experience!” But from behind the door comes the clucking of a chicken. She's not here to lay eggs. Here Researcher, picks up a corydalis. Turns it upside down... Such an appeal to foreign-style vocabulary is completely justified; colloquial vocabulary enlivens speech and makes it more accessible to the reader.

Of the book styles, only the official business style is impenetrable to colloquial vocabulary and emotionally expressive words. Although in special genres This style allows the use of journalistic elements, and therefore, evaluative vocabulary (but from the group of book words). For example, in diplomatic documents (statements, government notes) such vocabulary can express an attitude towards the facts of international life under discussion: find a way out of an impasse, look with optimism, a gigantic evolution in relations.

A sign of the times has become the use of terminological vocabulary in a figurative sense outside the scientific style: another round of negotiations, a virus of indifference, new rounds of endless disputes, a coefficient of sincerity, the euphoria has passed (it has become clear that there will be no easy solutions), etc. In this case, we observe not only a metaphorical transfer of meaning, resulting in determinologization, but also a stylistic transfer: the word goes beyond the boundaries of the terminological system that gave birth to it and becomes commonly used.

However, the use of foreign-style vocabulary does not always fit into the stylistic norm. Significant damage to the culture of speech is caused by the inappropriate use of: 1) high book vocabulary (“Zhuravlev acted as a champion of saving building materials”); 2) far-fetched, artificial terms that create pseudoscientific speech (“One head of cattle female[T. e. cow!] should be used, first of all, for the subsequent reproduction of offspring"); 3) journalistic vocabulary in a neutral text, giving false pathos to the statement ("The staff of store No. 3, like all progressive humanity, went on a work shift in honor of May Day ").

A violation of the stylistic norm is: 1) an unreasonable mixture of different styles of vocabulary, which results in inappropriate comedy (“To obtain strong evidence of abuse of power, they took a photojournalist with them”; “The management of the enterprise clung to the rationalization proposal”); 2) the introduction of colloquial elements into book speech (“Sunday workers marked the beginning of the improvement of the regional center, but we still have a lot of work to do in this matter”; “Grain harvesting in the region was canceled, citing bad weather conditions”).

The comic effect of mixing linguistic means of different styles is used by comedians, deliberately using words that contrast in stylistic coloring: A few days later, a young doctor was walking with a girl along very rough terrain on the seashore (I. and P.); In the forgotten side, in the Zabolotskaya volost, oh, I liked you completely and completely. How it came - I don’t know myself - it’s a hobby, we walked through the woods local significance(Isak.).

The bureaucratization of all forms of life in our society during the stagnant period led to the fact that the influence of the official business style in the Russian language increased excessively. Elements of this style, unjustifiably used outside of it, are called clericalism. These include characteristic words and expressions (presence, for lack of, in order to avoid, due, above, in this moment, period of time, to date and so on), many verbal nouns (taking, inflating, living, finding, withdrawing, absenteeism, walking, understaffing, etc.); denominate prepositions (in business, in part, for purposes, along the line, at the expense of, etc.). Formulations replete with bureaucracy and speech cliches helped to avoid direct conversation on sensitive topics, to call a spade a spade: Certain shortcomings were noted in the development of public livestock farming; The negative side of the enterprise's activities lies in cases of defective products being produced.

Officialism penetrates not only bookish, but also colloquial speech, in which one can sometimes note absurd combinations of stylistically incompatible words: [in addressing a child] What issue are you crying about? (example by K.I. Chukovsky); [in a domestic setting] If I have a wife, I won’t wash the dishes! The absurdity of saturation colloquial speech officeisms becomes obvious when we encounter their parodic use: “Let’s imagine that a husband asks his wife at dinner what she did today. In response, he hears: In the first half of the day, I quickly ensured the restoration of proper order in the living area, as well as in a utility room for common use intended for food preparation. In the subsequent period, I organized a visit to a retail outlet in order to purchase the necessary food products..." (example of V.G. Kostomarov).

Another distinctive feature of colloquial speech of our time is its saturation with diminutive forms without stylistic motivation. Researchers note the “stylistic simplification” of this group of evaluative vocabulary, which is often perceived by speakers as a kind of sign of casual conversational speech: Hello!; Have you prepared the material?; Give me a certificate; Pour half a ladle of soup; Half a kilo of sausages, etc. In such cases, we are not talking about the size of objects, nor is a particularly tender attitude towards them expressed; in other words, the evaluative value of expressively colored words is lost. Recourse to such forms is due either to a false idea of “polite style”, or to the degraded position of the petitioner, who is afraid of being rejected by the person to whom he is forced to turn. Such use of expressive-emotional vocabulary often reflects the distribution of social roles in society.

For writers and journalists, diminutive forms of evaluative words become a source of ironic, satirical coloring of speech (at the same time when mixing styles): Well, how good we are all! How beautiful and pleasant! And there’s the one who pushed the old lady aside with his elbow and got on the bus instead! And that one that has been sweeping the alley with a broom for three days... (From the gas.).

There is also a high degree of usage in colloquial speech of reduced words, which in this case lose shades of disdain, rudeness (girls, boys, grandmother, aunt, etc.): My grandmother is good; My boy is returning from the army; The girl walking with him was beautiful.

The tendency towards stylistic simplification of evaluative vocabulary does not, however, give us the right not to take into account the emotional and expressive coloring of words when using them.

Many words not only name concepts, but also reflect the speaker’s attitude towards them. For example, admiring the beauty of a white flower, you can call it snow-white, white, lily. These adjectives are emotionally charged: the positive evaluation contained in them distinguishes them from a stylistically neutral word white. The emotional connotation of a word can also express a negative assessment of the named concept ( blond). Therefore, emotional vocabulary is called evaluative (emotional-evaluative). However, it should be noted that the concepts of emotionality and evaluation are not identical, although they are closely related. Some emotional words (such as interjections) do not contain evaluation; at the same time, words in which the assessment constitutes their very lexical meaning (and the assessment is not emotional, but intellectual) do not belong to emotional vocabulary ( bad, good, anger, joy, love, approve).

A feature of emotional-evaluative vocabulary is that the emotional coloring is “superimposed” on the lexical meaning of the word, but is not reduced to it; the purely nominative function is complicated here by evaluativeness, the speaker’s attitude to the named phenomenon.

The following three varieties can be distinguished as part of emotional vocabulary. 1. Words with a clear evaluative meaning are usually unambiguous; “the assessment contained in their meaning is so clearly and definitely expressed that it does not allow the word to be used in other meanings.” These include the words “characteristics” ( forerunner, herald, grumbler, idle talker, sycophant, slob etc.), as well as words containing an assessment of a fact, phenomenon, sign, action ( purpose, destiny, businessmanship, deception, wondrous, miraculous, irresponsible, antediluvian, dare, inspire, defame, mischief). 2. Polysemantic words, usually neutral in their basic meaning, but acquiring a strong emotional connotation when used metaphorically. Thus, they say about a person: hat, rag, mattress, oak, elephant, bear, snake, eagle, crow; Verbs are used in a figurative meaning: sing, hiss, saw, gnaw, dig, yawn, blink etc. 3. Words with suffixes of subjective assessment, conveying various shades of feeling: containing positive emotions ( son, sunshine, granny, neatly, close), negative ( beard, fellow, bureaucrat) etc. Since the emotional connotation of these words is created by affixes, the evaluative meanings in such cases are determined not by the nominative properties of the word, but by word formation.

Depicting feelings in speech requires special expressive colors. Expressiveness (from lat. expressio- expression) - means expressiveness, expressive - containing special expression. At the lexical level, this linguistic category is embodied in the “increment” of special stylistic shades and special expression to the nominative meaning of the word. For example, instead of the word good We are speaking wonderful, wonderful, delightful, wonderful; one might say I do not like, but you can find stronger words: I hate, I despise, I disgust. In all these cases, the lexical meaning of the word is complicated by expression. Often one neutral word has several expressive synonyms that differ in the degree of emotional tension Ser.: misfortune - grief - disaster - disaster, violent - rampant - indomitable - frantic - furious). Vivid expression highlights solemn words (unforgettable, herald, accomplishments), rhetorical (sacred, aspirations, proclaim), poetic (azure, invisible, chant, incessant). Special expression distinguishes humorous words (blessed, newly minted), ironic (deign, Don Juan, vaunted), familiar (good-looking, cute, poke around, whisper). Expressive shades delimit disapproving words (pretentious, mannered, ambitious, pedant), dismissive (painting, petty), contemptuous (to gossip, toady, toady), derogatory (skirt, wimp), vulgar (grabber, lucky), abusive (boor, fool).

The expressive coloring in a word is layered on its emotional-evaluative meaning, and in some words expression predominates, in others - emotional coloring. Therefore, it is not possible to distinguish between emotional and expressive vocabulary. The situation is complicated by the fact that “unfortunately, there is no typology of expressiveness yet.” This is associated with difficulties in developing a unified terminology.

By combining words that are similar in expression into lexical groups, we can distinguish: 1) words expressing a positive assessment of the named concepts, 2) words expressing their negative assessment. The first group will include words that are lofty, affectionate, and partly humorous; in the second - ironic, disapproving, abusive, etc. The emotional and expressive coloring of words is clearly manifested when comparing synonyms:

stylistically neutral

reduced

high

face

let

cry

afraid

drive away

muzzle

interference

roar

block

sob

be a coward

expose

fear

expel

The emotional and expressive coloring of a word is influenced by its meaning. We received sharply negative assessments of words such as fascism, separatism, corruption, hired killer, mafia. Behind the words progressive, law and order, sovereignty, publicity etc. positive coloring is fixed. Even different meanings of the same word can differ noticeably in stylistic coloring: in one case, the use of the word can be solemn ( Wait, prince. Finally, I hear the speech not of the boy, but of the husband.- P.), in another - the same word receives an ironic connotation (G. Polevoy proved that the venerable editor enjoys the reputation of a learned man, so to speak, on his word of honor.- P.).

The development of emotionally expressive shades in a word is facilitated by its metaphorization. Thus, stylistically neutral words used as tropes receive vivid expression: burn(At work), fall(from fatigue) choke(V unfavorable conditions), flaming(look), blue(dream), flying(gait), etc. The context ultimately determines the expressive coloring: neutral words can be perceived as lofty and solemn; High vocabulary in other conditions takes on a mockingly ironic tone; sometimes even a swear word can sound affectionate, and an affectionate word can sound contemptuous. The appearance of additional expressive shades in a word, depending on the context, significantly expands the visual possibilities of vocabulary.

Expressive coloring of words in works of art differs from the expression of the same words in non-figurative speech. In an artistic context, vocabulary receives additional, secondary semantic shades that enrich its expressive coloring. Modern science gives great importance expansion of the semantic scope of words in artistic speech, linking with this the appearance of words with a new expressive coloring.

The study of emotional-evaluative and expressive vocabulary allows us to distinguish different types of speech depending on the nature of the speaker’s impact on listeners, the situation of their communication, their relationship to each other and a number of other factors. “It is enough to imagine,” wrote A. N. Gvozdev, “that the speaker wants to make people laugh or touch, to arouse the listeners’ affection or their negative attitude towards the subject of speech, so that it becomes clear how different linguistic means will be selected, mainly creating different expressive colors.” With this approach to the selection of linguistic means, several types of speech can be outlined: solemn (rhetorical), official (cold), intimate-affectionate, playful. They are contrasted with neutral speech, using linguistic means devoid of any stylistic coloring. This classification of speech types, dating back to the “poeticists” of ancient antiquity, is not rejected by modern stylists.

The doctrine of functional styles does not exclude the possibility of using a variety of emotionally expressive means in them at the discretion of the author of the work. In such cases, “the methods of selecting speech means... are not universal, they are of a particular nature.” For example, journalistic speech can take on a solemn tone; “this or that speech in the sphere of everyday communication (anniversary speeches, ceremonial speeches associated with the act of a particular ritual, etc.) can be rhetorical, expressively rich and impressive.

At the same time, it should be noted that expressive types of speech have been insufficiently studied and there is a lack of clarity in their classification. In this regard, certain difficulties arise in determining the relationship between functional-style and emotional-expressive coloring of vocabulary. Let's dwell on this issue.

The emotional and expressive coloring of the word, layered on the functional, complements its stylistic characteristics. Words that are neutral in an emotionally expressive relation usually belong to commonly used vocabulary (although this is not necessary: terms, for example, in an emotionally expressive relation, as a rule, are neutral, but have a clear functional definition). Emotionally expressive words are distributed between book, colloquial and colloquial vocabulary.

Book vocabulary includes lofty words that add solemnity to speech, as well as emotionally expressive words that express both a positive and negative assessment of the named concepts. Ironic vocabulary is used in book styles

WITH beauty, words, quixoticism), disapproving ( pedantic, mannerism), contemptuous ( disguise, corrupt).

Colloquial vocabulary includes affectionate words ( daughter, darling), humorous ( butuz, funny), as well as words expressing a negative assessment of the named concepts ( small fry, zealous, giggle, boast).

In common parlance, reduced words are used that are outside the literary vocabulary. Among them there may be words containing a positive assessment of the called concept ( hard worker, brainy, awesome), and words expressing the speaker’s negative attitude towards the concepts they denote ( crazy, flimsy, dead).

A word can intersect functional, emotionally expressive and other stylistic shades. For example, words satellite, epigonic, apotheosis are perceived primarily as bookish. But at the same time the word satellite, used in a figurative meaning, we associate with the journalistic style, in the word epigonous we mark a negative assessment, and in the word apotheosis- positive. In addition, the use of these words in speech is influenced by their foreign language origin. Such affectionately ironic words as sweetheart, dawdling, fledgling, drolya, See: Shcherba L.V. Experiments in the linguistic interpretation of poems. 1. “Memories” by Pushkin. - Fav. works on the Russian language. - M., 1957; Larin B. A. On the varieties of artistic speech // Aesthetics of the word and the language of the writer. - L., 1974.

See: Vasilyeva A. N. Artistic speech. A course of lectures on stylistics for philologists. - M., 1983; Odintsov V.V. Stylistics of the text. - M., 1980.

Gvozdev A. N. Essays on the stylistics of the Russian language. - M., 1955. - P. 34.

Kozhin A. N., Krylova O. A., Odintsov V. V. Functional types of Russian speech. -M., 1982. - P. 49.

Right there.

A feature of emotional-evaluative vocabulary is that the emotional coloring is “superimposed” on the lexical meaning of the word, but is not reduced to it: the denotative meaning of the word is complicated by the connotative one.

The emotional vocabulary can be divided into three groups.

1. Words with a vivid connotative meaning, containing an assessment of facts, phenomena, signs, giving an unambiguous description of people: inspire, delightful, daring, unsurpassed, pioneer, destined, herald, self-sacrifice, irresponsible, grump, double-dealer, businessman, antediluvian, mischief, defame , fraud, sycophant, windbag, slob. Such words, as a rule, are unambiguous; expressive emotionality prevents the development of figurative meanings in them.

2. Polysemantic words, neutral in their basic meaning, receiving a qualitative-emotional connotation when used figuratively. So, about a person of a certain character we can say: hat, rag, mattress, oak, elephant, bear, snake, eagle, crow, rooster, parrot; Verbs are also used in a figurative meaning: saw, hiss, sing, gnaw, dig, yawn, blink, etc.

3. Words with suffixes of subjective assessment, conveying various shades of feelings: son, daughter, granny, sunshine, neat, close - positive emotions; beards, brats, bureaucrats - negative. Their evaluative meanings are determined not by nominative properties, but by word formation, since affixes impart emotional coloring to such forms.

The emotionality of speech is often conveyed by particularly expressive vocabulary. Expressiveness (expression) (lat. expressio) means expressiveness, the power of manifestation of feelings and experiences. There are many words in the Russian language that add an element of expression to their nominative meaning. For example, instead of the word good, when we are delighted with something, we say beautiful, wonderful, delightful, wonderful; you can say I don’t like, but it’s not difficult to find stronger, more colorful words I hate, despise, disgust. In all these cases, the semantic structure of the word is complicated by connotation.

Often one neutral word has several expressive synonyms that differ in the degree of emotional stress; Wed: misfortune - grief, disaster, catastrophe; violent - uncontrollable, indomitable, frantic, furious. Vivid expression highlights solemn words (herald, accomplishments, unforgettable), rhetorical (comrade-in-arms, aspirations, herald), poetic (azure, invisible, silent, chant). Words that are playful (blessed, newly-minted), ironic (deign, Don Juan, vaunted), familiar (good-looking, cute, poke around, whisper) are also expressively colored. Expressive shades delineate words that are disapproving (mannered, pretentious, ambitious, pedant), disdainful (paint, petty ), contemptuous (to gossip, toady), derogatory (skirt, wimp), vulgar (grabber, lucky), abusive (boor, fool). All these nuances of the expressive coloring of words are reflected in the stylistic notes for them in explanatory dictionaries.

Words that are similar in expressiveness are classified into:

1) vocabulary expressing a positive assessment of the named concepts, and

2) vocabulary expressing a negative assessment of the named concepts.

The first group will include words that are lofty, affectionate, and partly humorous;

in the second - ironic, disapproving, abusive, contemptuous, vulgar, etc.

The development of expressive shades in the semantics of a word is also facilitated by its metaphorization. Thus, stylistically neutral words used as metaphors receive a vivid expression: burning at work, falling from fatigue, suffocating under conditions of totalitarianism, flaming gaze, blue dream, flying gait, etc. The context finally reveals the expressive coloring of words: in it, neutral in Stylistically, a few can become emotionally charged, tall ones can become contemptuous, affectionate ones can become ironic, and even a swear word (scoundrel, fool) can sound approving.

The emotional and expressive coloring of a word and its belonging to a certain functional style in the lexical system of the Russian language are, as a rule, interdependent. Words that are neutral in terms of emotional expression are usually included in the layer of commonly used vocabulary. The exception is terms: they are always stylistically neutral, but have a clear functional definition.

Emotionally expressive words are distributed between book and colloquial (colloquial) vocabulary.

Colloquial vocabulary includes sharply reduced words that are outside the literary norm. Among them there may be forms containing a positive assessment of the named concepts (hard worker, brainy), but there are many more forms expressing the speaker’s negative attitude towards the designated concepts (leftist, crazy, flimsy, stupid, etc.).

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Goals:

Developmental: form the concept of “emotionally charged words”
Educational: teach to distinguish “emotionally charged words” from neutral words.
Educational: to form moral ideas of students, develop creative abilities.
Health-saving goal : create an atmosphere of kindness and passion in the classroom that promotes mental health.

Equipment: interactive whiteboard, projector, multimedia presentation.

During the classes

1. Explanation of new material:

Announcing the topic, setting a goal. Guys, words in Russian can be divided into the following 2 groups: some of them only name objects, signs, actions, quantity, without evaluating them in any way (horse, wish), others express an attitude towards objects, signs, actions.

Working with an epigraph (slide 1)

Are you smart or stupid?
Whether you are big or small,
We don't know yet
You didn't say a word!
(Persian philosopher Saadi)

How to understand the term “emotionally evaluative words”?

What is an emotion? What are the emotions? (slide 2)

The guys look at the emoticons and draw conclusions about what emotions a person can express: sadness, hatred, joy...

What words help us describe these emotions? (happy, hating, joyful, etc.)

Draw conclusions, which words are called emotionally charged? (Words expressing attitudes towards objects, signs, actions, etc. are called emotionally charged.

Emotionally evaluative words are divided into two groups: (slide 3)

Group 1: Words that characterize an object, phenomenon from a positive or negative side:

Let's invite the heroes of your favorite cartoons (Carlson, the clown) to visit.

- Carlson: describe him in emotionally charged words as we know him?

(balanced, kind, cheerful, cheerful, great friend)

- Clown: Describe it in emotionally charged words: (cheerful, restless, kind, joyful)

Can all cartoon characters be characterized only on the positive side?

- Parrot Kesha - what is it like in this situation? Write it down. (capricious, smug)

- And Karabas Barabas? Write down (angry, cruel))

So, let's conclude: 1 group of emotionally charged words are words that characterize an object, phenomenon on the positive or negative side.

Group 2 of emotionally charged words: (slide 5)

Words in which an emotional attitude towards an object or phenomenon is expressed grammatically: by special suffixes and prefixes of emotional evaluation.

Leg – leg (for a ballerina) – knife (for an elephant).

Wing – wing (of a sparrow), wing (of an eagle).

Kind - kind, kind

Elephant - elephant, little elephant

Conclusion: What suffixes and prefixes helped form emotionally charged words? ( suffixes –enk-, -ish-, -ik-, -ek-, etc., prefix pre-)

2. Consolidation: working with text (slide 6)

Badger...knock.

From the baskets... a muzzle with a black nose, curious eyes and erect ears appeared. It was a badger...nok. The animal's face was very funny. There were wide black stripes from the nose to the ears. The badger got out of the basket onto the sofa. How entertaining he was!

Exercise: write down emotionally charged words in two columns:

In 1 column, write down emotionally charged words that characterize the subject from a positive or negative perspective, and in the second column, write down emotionally charged words formed using prefixes and suffixes. Explain the missing spellings.

3. Write an essay - a miniature based on the picture, using emotionally charged words (slide 7)

4. Conclusions:

What new did you learn today?
What words are called emotionally charged?
How are they different from neutral words?
What 2 groups are emotionally charged words divided into?

5. Homework.

Theory p. 36, ex. 82 or write a story on the topic “The Story of a Little Crocodile”, using emotionally charged words.

Topic: Words with emotional overtones.

Subject: The word as a unit of language. The difference between a word and others linguistic units. Vocabulary of the Russian language from the point of view of the sphere of its use. Stylistic coloring of words. Stylistic notes in explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language. Neutral and stylistically colored words.

Meta-subject: Master the basic concepts of vocabulary. Understand the features of a word as a lexical level of language. Find and observe the use of words in artistic, colloquial speech, as well as in various styles of speech.

Personal: Extract necessary information from explanatory dictionary and use it in various activities, independently monitor the purity of your speech.

To achieve purity of language,

we must fight for human purity

feelings and thoughts.

During the classes.

I.Updating knowledge. Checking homework.

Working with an epigraph.

“To achieve purity of language, we must fight for the purity of human feelings and thoughts” ().

Explain the words “purity of language”, “purity of human feelings and thoughts”, “fight for”.

How do you understand the meaning of the statement?

II. Setting a learning task.

Teacher's word.

How can you use words to express your attitude towards a person? Tell me these words (after the students’ answers, the teacher summarizes and supplements the information).

Many words, together with the name of an object, action, or characteristic, contain a positive or negative assessment. For example, in the word kindness called a positive quality, the word evil awn - negative, in a word courage - positive, in a word cowardice - negative, etc. However, depending on the speech situation, a word with a positive connotation can become negative, and a negative word positive. For example, nenenvy towards the enemies of the Motherland will positive quality, A kindness to enemies - negative.

So formulate the topic of our lesson. Write it down (slide 1)

What tasks will we set?

Sh. Work on the topic of the lesson.

Many words not only define concepts, but also express the speaker’s attitude towards them. (Slide 2)

For example, admiring the beauty of a white flower, you can call it snow-white, white, lily.

These words are emotionally charged: a positive assessment distinguishes them from a neutral definition white.

The emotional connotation of a word can also express a negative assessment of what is called a witness: blond, whitish. Therefore, emotional vocabulary is also called evaluative (emotional-evaluative).

Words are emotionally chargeds classified as follows: (slide 3-6)

Words that lexically qualify an object, phenomenon, either positively or negatively, for example: rudeness, disgust, hatred, disgust, affectionate, wonderful and etc.;

As part of the emotional vocabulary, three groups can be distinguished: (slide 7-9)

1. Polysemantic words, neutral in their basic meaning, acquire an emotional connotation when used figuratively. So, about a person of a certain character we can say: hat, rag, mattress, oak, elephant, bear, snake, eagle, crow, rooster, parrot

2. Words with suffixes of subjective assessment, conveying various shades of feelings: - positive emotions; beard, fellow, bureaucrat- negative.

3. Words with suffixes of subjective assessment, conveying different shades of feelings: son, daughter, granny, sunshine, neat, close- positive emotions; beard, fellow, bureaucrat- negative.

VI. Consolidation.(Slide 10-11)

1. Make sentences with words

bridge And bridge, river And small river; highlight the suffix in these words, try to explain the difference in the meanings of the words.

2. Highlight suffixes in words; trace how the lexical meaning of a word changes depending on the additional shades of suffix meanings

River-river-river-river-river.

3. Remember that words with a figurative meaning help us figuratively convey in speech our feelings, our assessment of what we are talking about. In the sentences below, find words used figuratively; determine what attitude they express towards the person or action:

A) There is a green oak near the Lukomorye, a golden chain on that oak...() - My grandmother has golden hands.

B) The crow croaked at the top of its lungs...() - Eh, you crow! Missed such a goal!

B) Seryozha swam in math class. –The flower stems were swimming in the water, and a large tulip petal was floating at the very edge.()

I caressed the calf

He was small...

Treated me to fresh grass

At the rubble.

I loved the calf

He was gentle.

I gave him some water

The freshest one.

How I sang over the little one

Over the baby

Forever told him:

“Be a little calf!

Let all the cows be big -

Be small!

I'll give you new herbs

At the rubble."

Slide 13

5.Make sentences with these words, using them in a figurative meaning. What assessment of people do they help us express?

Parrot, fox, empty, iron, gold.

6. For these words, select synonyms that you use in colloquial speech.

Get dirty, get angry, put on airs, lie.

7. Make sentences using these expressive words. Tell me what feeling, what assessment they express.

Angry, quiet, lazy, generous.

8. Underline the words that are most often used in book speech.

To be indignant, angry; rejoice, rejoice; deplorable, sad.

(If you have any difficulties, consult a dictionary)

9. Working with the textbook.

Performing exercise 55 page 248

V.Reflection.

I found out …

I learned…

VI.Homework.