Ukrainian words similar to German. Ukraine! Hello! We live and will live, no matter what

How did you get started in internet warfare?

At the end of 2011, when the protests began, I was offered to try to do this. I started with some garbage, bloggers, at most, rare orders for journalists. I was wearing, as they say now, “Murzilka.” They worked out the agenda for a certain fee, it was organized something like this: a pool of “Murzilkas” was gathered, and a briefing was sent to all of them at nine in the morning. It indicated how and what they should pay attention to during the day, how to play it out, what accents to place where. They had to work - not just write one post, but broadcast and support the agenda constantly. These bloggers were looked for simply in “Jean-Jacques”. There is a certain crowd. You come and look: someone, maybe, needs money, someone, maybe, is not quite an ardent oppositionist. They picked someone out and offered to try it: for fifteen thousand, write about some embezzled head of the Bibirevo council. The man thought something like this: it’s a good deed, I’ll also get money, I’ll take the girl to “Jean-Jacques.” And so you say to him once, twice, and on the third: “Write about Navalny.” He refuses. You say: “Ha, do you want everyone to know that you already took the money?” Naturally, we explained that complete anonymity was guaranteed, but after the super-scandal with the hacking of Potupchik’s email, who also had such people, everyone was very afraid (at the beginning of 2012, the email of the press secretary of the Nashi youth movement, Kristina Potupchik, was allegedly hacked and, in general, access included correspondence with a number of paid bloggers. - Note ed.). But we did everything carefully, to the point that people registered secret emails for themselves, felt like super agents and got used to this role. When you handed over money to them - always in cash, of course - they looked around, checking to see if anyone was nearby, as if they were buying weed.

Where did you get what you needed to publish and distribute in the “Murzilkas”?

The summons came down to me from above, from circles near the presidential administration. We can be called information support, media consultants, or a propaganda department. I came when work on the Internet was already underway. And I didn’t find, for example, comments for 85 rubles. Yes, and it seemed to me like a losing job. This was done by people from youth movements. They had a lot of money, and they needed to give it to something. That's why they sat on LiveJournal and wrote completely meaningless comments. And they worked on hashtags in my memory until Putin’s anniversary (October 2012 - Note ed.). Back then, more or less living people were still writing, but then this work was given to bots. Now, when the opposition brings one of its hashtags to the top, we immediately begin to clog it. The lowest employee writes a tweet, this tweet is given to a special person, and he uploads it into a machine that launches bots with the hashtag. 85% of tweets are written by bots, 15% of tweets are written by living and more or less famous people to create visibility. This is the very bottom of information wars.

How were tasks given out for the “Murzilkas”?

“Murzilka” materials, in my opinion, are very easy to recognize. And I'm surprised when people start discussing them seriously. Custom texts are always written according to the structure: five points are given, because we cannot trust journalists or bloggers completely. And you can see how they write on these points. Here in Ukraine, for example. The materials had to mention “Bandera” and “historical heritage.” There are also plenty of materials on Navalny. Somehow suddenly people began to change their opinion about him, right? Suddenly everyone remembered that he was a nationalist. But at the beginning of 2013, the “Murzilok” system was declared ineffective. Much has changed with the advent of the new administration (president - Note ed.). The new team cut funding, although before that budgets were unlimited and the task was this: the more journalists and bloggers you buy, the better. They were put on salaries of up to 90 thousand rubles a month. Only top bloggers received more.

Who is this, for example? Varlamov?

Yes, like Varlamov. After Potupchik’s email was hacked, the amounts listed were 200–300 thousand, but I think he received less. Although he is considered his own person.

Now there are fewer “Murzilkas”?

Yes, due to budget cuts. And now a different policy has been launched. At the beginning of 2013, we carried reports and wrote memos about the need to create a counter-subpoena. Everyone was supportive. This is how, by the way, kontr.tv appeared. If they had not started terribly cutting money, I think they would still be working today. For me, it was vulgar, but alive. But by the spring of 2013, they set a different agenda: they simply began to close publications. Cleaning is carried out. The people who make decisions on such issues are not liberals or media savvy. They decide: “Is there a threat? We must eliminate the threat."

Are there still any threats today?

I think no. They are putting pressure on Vedomosti, but these are more likely measures of intimidation. I’ll be honest: now is not the best time to be a journalist in Russia. Vladimir Vladimirovich realized that since it is possible to organize European resorts in Sochi, it means that proper journalism can be organized in Moscow. All the latest news from the media is part of this policy of creating media that will be beautiful, but their own. Like Russia Today. Now they will be actively engaged in “Russia Today”, because it will be necessary to close the elections to the Moscow City Duma.

After the “Murzilka”, what did you do?

At the end of the summer of 2012, I wanted to move on. I took up speechwriting. He wrote texts for Kremlin publications - from politonline.ru to Vzglyad. One day I had the chance to write a text for the newspaper “Zavtra” - after that they contacted me and offered to go work for a holding company that makes blogs, news and even mini-television. There I began to engage in propaganda more effectively. I made stories and invited pro-Putin people like Dugin and Kurginyan to write on blogs. At this time, I had already gone into the deep underground of information wars. Previously, I could publish something myself, but now I began to plan and organize.

And you work there now?

Essentially, right there. It is a horizontal, branched structure. In Moscow, I know of eight departments involved in information warfare. All information propaganda has one boss. This boss has three deputies. Everyone works with these three deputies, each group in its own segment. Someone runs Prokhanov’s Izborsk Club, they work for patriots - I don’t envy them; When we meet, they complain that they can’t listen anymore about Stalin, vodka and the empire. There are many businessmen hanging around them - one allocates his plane so that they can fly to their meetings. These old farts are very far from the Internet. I was talking to Prokhanov once, and he asked that the picture move. I ask what picture. He: “Mishka Leontiev’s picture moved on the website, I want it that way too.”

Give an example of an event that you played out according to the instructions from above.

Yes, Navalny’s last trial (March 7, 2014 - Ed.). A briefing has arrived: a trial and a rally at the court are expected, it is necessary to form a negative opinion about these people and a positive opinion about Navalny’s arrest. When people come to court, we begin to look at who exactly came. The monitoring department begins to work, it looks at what people write from the field, what photos they post. We find things that we can cling to and begin to publish materials like “Look, the sodomites have come to the march” or “Nadezhda Tolokonnikova with chicken” on friendly platforms. And we collect not two or three such little things, but a lot - the result is corresponding information noise.

How many such “friendly platforms” are there?

About ten - and another 20-30 that need light pressure. At one time there was a lot of money, they bought everyone. The easiest way was to hire young journalists. Now they have grown up - and a generation of people has grown up who took money from the Kremlin, and now work as independent journalists. I can’t name a single publication where they don’t work.

At the journalism department, in your third or fourth year, you need to look for people.

About two years ago, I spent almost all my free time at the journalism department. You come to Eat & Talk (a cafe next to the journalism department of Moscow State University. - Ed.) and that’s it. I even found a person in Rolling Stone. People are extremely greedy, and Moscow is a very expensive city. For some events, journalists received money even for neutral coverage. For example, for Seliger. In 2012, everyone was bought, even the opposition media managed to publish publications. I asked about this, and then they made excuses: “Well, you know, this looks like a clan fight, and taking money from an enemy in order to harm another enemy...” and so on. Amounts for journalists can be up to 120 thousand. They gave 70 thousand to the Kommersant journalist. But now there is no pool of journalists who will definitely publish denim, it’s too pale. They have all been more or less exposed, and they are now writing in opposition. It’s especially cool when they write materials based on AP sources. In 99% of cases, the source from the AP is a Nashi friend. I had a case when one rather eminent journalist from “Red October” told me an inside story that I had invented myself. He is older than me, he said: “My sources say...” - and I sit and don’t even know what to say, because it was my invention.

He didn't know what you were doing?

Many people roughly know. But it's all blurry.

Does your propaganda department have an office?

I do not have a work book and there are no written agreements. The only thing is that I sign for the budget that they give me. We have an office that we rent ourselves using the funds allocated to us. I don’t know where this money comes from or how it goes through, we all get it in cash. We write a note addressed to one person, and they give us money. People from the monitoring service constantly sit in our office and often spend the night there. We are accused - look, Putin's slackers, they are paid for loyalty, but they do not work. And you think after the third night without sleep - well, damn. There are eight people in our team: two people are from the monitoring service, the rest are not divided by position, but, in essence, we are all ideologists. We don't have a strict hierarchy. In another similar department there is almost a military organization. It is run by one person known to everyone, but he himself does nothing, but is an intermediary between the source of money and the employees. We share everything equally.

Don't you write your own materials?

I very rarely have to write. We get together in the morning for a planning meeting, draw on the board who can close what, who has where. There are lists of our journalists or lists of journalists you can talk to and go have a drink with. There is a list of journalists who are not contacted. It is headed by Ilya Barabanov. You should not offer anything to people on this list, because they will definitely open everything up.

Who else is on the list?

Oleg Kashin is not there. But I won’t name people, because I’ll definitely touch on the sloppy shores.

- Is Sputnik and Pogrom on the list of collaborators?

Don't know. I won’t say... Somehow everything is going too well for the guys. Too good designers. I'm reading it myself. In Crimea, I used their texts, opened them and thought - damn, dude, I would hire you right now for a salary, but I won’t feed you, because I like to eat. We take Prosvirnin’s texts, a couple of paragraphs that Putin is bad, remove them - and we’re done.

You said there are eight organizations like yours. Are there general meetings?

Of course. We communicate and hold general meetings. We are assembled and the editorial board is conducted by people from above.

Which of your people are involved in DDoS attacks?

These are hired people. There are those who, in normal times, gain followers and promote videos on YouTube. This is done by people from youth movements, who, at the time of pouring money into Internet development, opened technical studios. Moreover, Navalny bought promotion of his posts from these same people. This was in 2012. Navalny’s man contacted our man, made an agreement, paid money to get shares and likes - but it was gray cash, so, of course, he was scammed. In general, it’s very easy to make seven hundred retweets. These guys created phishing Twitter apps like “Find out your psychological age” and gained access to the accounts of unvigilant citizens. But not everyone watches what they retweet.

How many real subscribers do Tina Kandelaki and Vladimir Solovyov have?

All the pro-Putin stars are screwed up. When a person starts speaking for us, we give gifts. Burmatov and other pro-Putin bloggers have twenty percent living followers. I hinted to Solovyov that maybe he did not have a completely live audience, but he was sure that he was alive. Although Soloviev is, of course, the most popular, he definitely has about thirty thousand people alive. Also because when you follow Medvedev, they immediately recommend adding Solovyov.

Was Medvedev cheated?

Yes. There is a funny story connected with this. The person who cheated, cheated more than enough, although it is clear that Medvedev will already have a lot of subscribers. So, the person who cheated Medvedev cheated himself the same amount. His own people laughed at him and called him the king of Twitter. Navalny also pays for each post, he has his own team and almost the same schemes. They act carefully and do not forcefully. During the mayoral election campaign, Navalny bought interviews for himself, for example, on the website rap.ru, and 800 thousand rubles were paid for Navalny’s avatar in MDK.

Let's get back to DDoS. That is, a team can come down - ddosim, for example, “Echo of Moscow”?

Absolutely right. Although none of our people are reporting to Ekho Moskvy. We're told not to touch it. Most often, LJ is posted because, according to the center, the main danger is blogs.

Is there a solution to how to deal with Navalny’s mirrors?

Nobody cares about him anymore. He was removed from the risk group. The clearing has been cleared almost completely. And the problem with blogs is that they are depersonalized. A hundred blogs can express one idea. You can't close everything. Therefore - to avoid this - the entire platform is exposed. When Navalny was arrested, for example. It's very interesting to watch Twitter when things happen. A struggle immediately begins between the top five pro-Putin bloggers to see who gets the most retweets. Almost all work with blogs goes towards reporting. Therefore, departments recruit their bloggers so that the report at the end of the month looks better - then they will give more money.

How much do you feel like a fighter in the information war?

At first I felt very bright. It seemed to me that my ten “Murzilkas” were nothing at all. Propaganda always comes through bombings. This is not one post that everyone is discussing. It should be everywhere, there should be a lot of materials. And it has a great effect on people. I had a friend, a fiery oppositionist from the journalism department. And then she recently started telling me about Western aggression. I had a friend who was a Navalnyist, and recently he told me that Navalny is a nationalist and that’s bad. I see that propaganda works. People need to put thoughts in their heads. Now we are trying to make the audience think that they are thinking. How does Maxim Kononenko work? He is a professional in his field. He always suggests thinking. He says: “Guys, this, of course, is all good, but let’s think about it together.” He speaks on an equal footing, just like Navalny. And we took this tactic. In general, the opposition has a chance to defeat the system, but it needs to act quickly. Because every action in power goes through approximately five signatures and three meetings. Sometimes it seems to me that government agencies are a club of people who like to consult. For example, I see that something needs to be responded to quickly and sharply, so I call my superiors. They nod: “Yes, the idea is good, well thought out, but let’s discuss it.” - “Great, I’ll be right there.” - “Come on tomorrow morning, our boss has left.” And all the work loses its meaning. In general, I evaluate work by whether it reaches Putin or not. If you get there, it’s a success. There is this Vova Tabak (he made calendars at the journalism department), he made a video “Putin can, Putin can.” They say Putin saw him, shed a tear and allocated them several million dollars at once. And from ours, “Polite People” he really liked.

Are you feeling quiet right now?

I spent a month and a half in Kyiv. We did a brilliant job. We made amazing pictures, thanks to the Right Sector militants for the swastikas. Usually we ourselves bring strange old people to rallies with stupid posters and stickers. And there was nothing to do there. Only now the monument to Lenin fell, I won’t say with whose help. Nobody knows what will happen next. Now everything is going to the point that there will be no work. Several guys go into PR, some go into the Public Chamber, and one goes into the media. We don’t want to just sit on a salary, we love to work. If earlier, until mid-2013, we were losing on the Internet, now we have learned to work well. We learned on our own; specialists didn’t come to us, because it was shameful to not be an oppositionist. In 2013, we beat the opposition in information wars. There was only a strange moment with the mayoral elections. Well, there’s nothing to say about the success of 2014. With such successes of Putin, I think we will soon be left without work.

Daniil Turovsky, "Afisha"

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With one ukr, the question arose about Polish influence on Ukrainian language or, more simply, dermov. Otherwise, the Ukrainians pretend that their language arose naturally historically. But no. This language was created over several decades by borrowing mainly from the Polish language, which was processed in Galicia, based on a number of Little Russian dialects of the Russian language.
The result was a mutant language, which at first aroused anger and laughter even among the patriots of Ukraine, as evidenced by the letters of Nechuy-Levitsky under the general title “Crooked Mirror of the Ukrainian Language” (Krive Dzerkalo Ukrainskoi Movi. 1912). And then they got used to it.

Therefore, before presenting a very brief and superficial dictionary of Polish borrowings in the Ukrainian vocabulary, I would like to once again draw the readers’ attention to the complete scientific inconsistency of the modern theory of Ukrainian philologists about the origin of the Ukrainian language. Strictly speaking, there is no theory as such. There is only a statement that the Ukrainian language has always existed, at least at the beginning of our era, it was an “intertribal language.” In other words, the Polyans, Dulebs, Dregovichs, Ulichs, Drevlyans, Northerners, Vyatichi and Radimichi communicated with each other in the Ukrainian language. And Ukrainian philologists explain the mysterious absence of ancient written monuments in the Ukrainian language by the fact that from the very beginning of writing in Rus', discrimination against the Ukrainian language allegedly arose: clerks, chroniclers and other “bookish” people never wanted to use their native Ukrainian language, they were embarrassed his. They did not appreciate, so to speak, “real language”. They explain the presence of many Polonisms in the modern Ukrainian language not by elementary and obvious Polishing, but by the lexical fund inherited in parallel with the Poles from the ancient Polans.

All these views, even to the smallest extent, do not correspond to historical realities.

In fact, the words that we now call Polonisms never existed in the Russian language, just as they did not exist in the language of the Poles’ ancestors - the Poles: the Poles then spoke the same Slavic language as the Polans and the Novgorod Slovenes, and Radimichi, and Vyatichi, and other Slavic tribes. Only a long time later, the Slavic language of the ancient Poles, having experienced the influence of Latin and Germanic languages, became the Polish language that we know now. Consequently, all the countless Polonisms present in our modern Ukrainian language penetrated into it relatively recently, during the time of Polish rule in the lands of the future Ukraine. And it is precisely these Polonisms that have made the current Ukrainian language so different from Russian. A conscientious philologist will never challenge the opinion of V.M. Rusanovsky, who wrote that “the Old Russian language is far from the specifics of modern Ukrainian dialects, and therefore it must be recognized that the vocabulary of the latter in everything essential that distinguishes it from the Great Russian dialects was formed in Lately". Recently, the gentlemen are Ukrainian nationalists, and not “at the beginning of our chronology,” in the time of Ovid or even the biblical Noah, as you deign to claim. Lately, this is under the Poles!

Is it necessary to prove that in the language of the Poles there were not and could not be such modern Polish-Ukrainian words as parasolka, zapalnichka, zhuyka, bagnet, zhnivarka, palivo, kava, tsukerka, naklad, spital, strike, papir, valiza, crab, videlka, vibukh, harmata, whiteness, blyashanka, gotivka, zbankrutuvati, etc., etc. ? No, gentlemen, the Slavic-Russian language of the inhabitants of ancient southern Rus' became, over time, a Russian-Polish dialect, i.e., a Ukrainian language, because it absorbed a lot of all kinds of Polonisms. Without Polish rule, there would be no Ukrainian language today.

It should also be noted that many Polonisms were introduced into our language artificially, deliberately, with the sole purpose of deepening the difference between the Ukrainian and Russian languages. Of the many such words, let’s take one as an example: “guma” (rubber). Rubber was created at a time when Ukraine had long since returned to the fold of a single all-Russian state, therefore, a new, useful substance in all respects in both Russian and Ukrainian languages ​​should have been called the same word “rubber.” The question arises: how did rubber come to be called in Ukrainian exactly the same as in Polish - guma? The answer is clear: as a result of a purposeful, deliberate policy of Polishization under the false name “derussification.” There are many such examples.

It is noteworthy that the process of “derussification” has flared up with renewed vigor these days. Literally every day, the Ukrainian media, instead of the usual, rooted words, present us with new, supposedly originally Ukrainian ones: “sportovets” instead of sportsman, “policeman” instead of policeman, “agency” instead of agency, “naklad” instead of circulation, “bolіvat” instead of sports pain, “rozvoy” instead of rozvitok - it’s impossible to list everything! Of course, all these “Ukrainian” words are taken directly from the Polish language: sportowjec, policiant, agencia, naklad, uboliwac, rozwoj? Thus, it should be clear that in Ukraine the concepts of “derussification” and “Polanization” are synonymous.

There are, however, individual cases when you want to remove some very “Muscovian” sounding word, but the corresponding Polish one is not suitable. Here are two typical examples. The Polish word is clearly not suitable for replacing the “wrong” word airport with derusifiers, since it sounds exactly the same: aeroport. We had to invent a completely new, unprecedented word “leto”higher". Or for the Ukrainian stage, the previously generally accepted designation of a vocal-instrumental ensemble with the word "group" (in Ukrainian "group") seemed unacceptable to de-Russifiers. But the Polish similar word sounds too much in Muscovite - grupa. And again we had to make do with our own resources: to use the cattle-breeding term "herd" (herd). Let, they say, the new term be associated with a herd of sheep, as long as it does not look like the Russian one! Moreover, otherwise than crazy a caricature of the Ukrainian language, it is difficult to call the currently imposed new transcription of many proper titles and names: the Sagara desert, the Geops pyramid, Sherlock Holmes, Mrs. Hudson, etc. The bitter fruits of “derussification”!

Naturally, word creation of this kind is absolutely unacceptable for the vast majority of Ukrainian citizens. Perhaps all these new “Ukrainian” words please the ears of residents of some western regions, accustomed to living under Polish domination, but for those who have not been subjected to prolonged Polishization, they seem unnatural and completely alien.

Especially for those who are trying to turn our language into Polish, I declare: leave our Ukrainian language alone! Remember well that your crazy Polishization of it can lead to the fact that this ugly “newspeak” will become alien to us and the majority of Ukrainian citizens will have to abandon it in favor of the Russian language, which is more understandable and closer to us. Come to your senses, gentlemen, before it’s too late!

Another sign ok. 500 words available

Glossary of Ukrainian words similar to German
© Kiselev O.M. 2007
The picture shows the Germans, 3rd century AD.
In the Ukrainian language you can find many words of Germanic origin, words common to the Ukrainian and German languages, as well as words similar to German. Knowing these words helps when learning German. There are more such words in the Ukrainian language than in Russian. There are several reasons and eras for the emergence of common Ukrainian-German words. Germanic and Slavic languages ​​belong to Indo-European language group and arose from the common proto-language of SANSKRIT. Therefore, in Germanic and Slavic languages ​​there are many similar single-root words; for example German Mutter - Ukrainian matir, mother; German glatt (smooth, slippery, quirky) - Ukrainian. smooth. During the era of the Great Migration of Peoples, over several centuries (in the 1st millennium AD), German tribes (Teutons, Goths, etc.) passed through the lands of what is now Ukraine, including the Lower Dnieper region and Volyn. The Eastern Goths were in Volyn in the 2nd - 5th centuries. AD Part of the German-speaking population did not go to the West along with the majority of their fellow tribesmen, but continued to live in the lands of what is now Ukraine. The Eastern Slavs appeared in Volyn and the Dnieper region around the same time, in the first half of the first millennium of the new era. Rare settlements of some German-speaking tribes interspersed with settlements of the Slavs. The inhabitants of these villages gradually merged with the Eastern Slavs and transferred part of their vocabulary to the latter. The German-speaking population influenced the language and culture of the Eastern Slavs, and subsequently became related and merged with the Slavs. The ancient origin of words related to Germanic ones in the Ukrainian language is confirmed by the fact that among these words there are many that denote basic life concepts (buduvati, dakh). In the Kyiv region there is still a settlement called GERMANOVKA, known by this name for more than 1,100 years. In the 9th century AD, and perhaps even earlier, close communication between Rus' and the Varangians began, who brought with them from Scandinavia the language of the North Germanic (Scandinavian) group. From the Varangians who came at the end of the 9th century. led by Prince Oleg to Kyiv, these words entered the language of the Polyans and Drevlyans who lived in these places. The Polyanes and the Drevlyans spoke their own languages, close to each other. And since Christianization the role written language Throughout Kievan Rus, the Church Slavonic language was used, in which the Slavic Bible of Cyril and Methodius was written. The Polyansky language was the spoken language of the Kyiv principality and became one of the progenitors of the Ukrainian language. During the eventful thousand-year history of Ukraine, German words penetrated into the Ukrainian language in other ways. The penetration of German words into the Ukrainian language continued first through the Polish language during the time of the Polish-Lithuanian state, which for a long time included Ukraine, and later through Galicia, which was part of Austria-Hungary for a long time. Since ancient times, German specialists (builders, carpenters, blacksmiths, brewers, bakers, directors, management personnel, etc.) came to Ukraine. They all brought with them the terms of their professions.
Not all words of the Ukrainian language that have the same root as German came into the Ukrainian language directly from the German language. Words common to these languages ​​may have other origins. Some German words entered Ukraine through Yiddish, the language of Eastern European Ashkinazi Jews. for example, the word hubbub (scream, noise), Gewalt, which in German means power, violence.
The presence in the Ukrainian language of many words common to the Ukrainian and German languages ​​is also explained by the borrowing of international words by these languages ​​from Latin, Greek, French, English and other languages. In the Ukrainian and German languages ​​there are many similar international words of Latin, Greek, Hebrew, English and French origin. For example, the words Kreide (chalk), Edukation (education), fein (beautiful). Some Ukrainian words in this glossary are not related to German words, but are only coincidentally similar and consonant with them.
It makes sense to indicate in one glossary all the words common to the Ukrainian and German languages, regardless of their origin. Knowing such words helps when learning German.
When pronouncing the Ukrainian sound “g”, you should keep in mind that in most cases it is pronounced as a voiced sound, paired with the voiceless sound “x”, and in Russian - as a voiced sound, paired ringing sound"To". Therefore, Ukrainian words with the letter “g” are closer in sound to German words with the letter “h” (gartuvati - haerten - to harden).
The glossary first lists a Ukrainian word, then a German word after a dash, then a definite article showing the grammatical gender of the noun (in German), then in parentheses the meaning of this word in German, if this meaning does not completely coincide with the meaning of the Ukrainian word, then after dash - Russian meaning Ukrainian word.
This publication contains special german letters(“sharp” es, vowels with “umlaut”) is impossible to convey. They are expressed by combinations of Latin letters -ss, -ue, -ae, -oe.

Amateur - Amateur, der - amateur
accentuate – akzentuiren – emphasize, highlight, put an accent mark
gazebo – Altan, der, Balkon mit Unterbau (in German from Italian alt - high) – gazebo, gazebo. At first, this was the name for large balconies, then - platforms, ledges and gazebos from which you can admire the surrounding landscape.

Bavovna – Baumwolle, die – cotton
bagnet – Bajonett, das – bayonet
bastard – Bastard, der, (in German from French) – bastard, illegitimate child
blakitny – blau – blue, sky color
plaque – Blech, das – tin
bleshany (blechernes dach) – blechern (blechernes Dach) – tin (tin roof)
borg – Borg, der – debt, loan
brakuvati (chogos) – brauchen – need (something), lack (something);
I'm missing (something) – es braucht mir (etwas) – I lack (something), I need (something);
I waste pennies – es braucht mir Geld – I don’t have enough money, I need money; I miss the hour – es braucht mir Zeit – I don’t have enough time, I don’t have time
brewer - Brauer, der - brewer (the name of the district center in the Kyiv region of Brovary comes from the word “brovar”)
brewery – Brauerei, die – brewery, brewery
brewery – Brauerei, die – brewing
brutal – brutal – rough
brucht – Bruch, der – scrap, scrap metal
buda, booth - Bude, die - German. shop, stall, lodge;
buduvati – Bude, die (German shop, stall, lodge) – build
booth – Bude, die (German shop, stall, guardhouse) – building, house
burnus – Burnus, der, -nusse, – Arabian cloak with a hood
bursa – Burse, die – bursa, medieval school with a dormitory
student - Burse, der, - student of the bursa

Wabiti – Wabe, die (German honeycomb) – attract
hesitate – vage (German vague, shaky) - hesitate, hesitate
vagina (woman) – waegen (German to weigh) – pregnant (“gaining weight”)
wagi – Waage, die – scales;
important – Waage, die (German scales) – weighty, important;
vazhiti – Waage, die (German scales), waegen (German weigh) – weigh, weigh;
warta – Wart, der (German keeper, guardian) – guard;
vartist – Wert, der – cost
vartovy – Wart, der (German keeper, guard) – sentry;
vartuvati – warten (German: wait, care for a child or sick person, perform official duties) – stand on guard; guard, guard
varty – wert – worth, worth
watch - Wache, die, Wachte, die, - security, military guard, sea watch, shift;
vazhati – waegen (German to venture, dare, risk) – to have an opinion
vizerunok - (from German Visier, das - visor) - pattern
vovna – Wolle, die – wool
wogly – feucht – wet

Guy – Hain, der – grove, forest, coppice, oak grove
haiduk - Haiduck (Heiduck), der (from the Hungarian hajduk - driver) (German Hungarian mercenary warrior, partisan, Hungarian courtier) - hired warrior, servant, traveling footman
hook – Haken, der – hook, hook, hook
halmo - Halm, der (in German: stem, straw, straw, maybe the Ukrainians slowed down the cart with a bunch of straw?) - brake
galmuvati - Halm, der (in German: stem, straw, straw, maybe the Ukrainians slowed down the cart with a bunch of straw?) - slow down
garth – Haertung, die – hardening, hardening
gartuvati – haerten – harden (in the village of Bobrik, Brovary district, Kyiv region, a dialect word was used, derived from gartuvati - gartanachka, which meant potatoes baked in a pot over a fire)
gas – Gas, das (German gas) – kerosene
gatunok – Gattung, die – grade, type, variety, quality
hubbub - Gewalt, die (German violence, power) - loud cry
gvaltuvati – Gewalt, die (German violence, power), jemandem Gewalt antun (German to rape someone) – to rape
gendlyuvati – handeln – to trade (in Ukrainian it is more often used in an ironic, condemning sense)
hetman (the word hetman came to the Ukrainian language through the Polish language) – Hauptmann, der (German captain, centurion, chief) - hetman
gesheft – Gescheft, das (German business, occupation, business, shop) – trading business
hon! (exclamation) – Hops, der, hops!, hopsassa! (in it - jump, jump) - hop!
hopak – Hops, der, hops!, hopsassa! (German jump, jump) - hopak, Ukrainian dance
grati (multiple, plural) – Gitter, das – bars (prison or window)
soil – Grund, der, (German soil, bottom, land plot) – soil, foundation, justification
groundly – ​​gruendlich – thoroughly,
ground – gruendlich – solid
primer, primer – gruenden (German: lay the foundation for something, justify) – justify
gukati – gucken, kucken, qucken (German look) – to call someone from a distance, to call loudly
guma - Gummi, der - rubber, rubber
humovium - Gummi- - rubber, rubber
humor - Humor, der, nur Einz. - humor
gurok, plural gurka – Gurke, die, – cucumber (dialect heard in Gogolev, Kiev region)

Dakh – Dach, das – roof
kings – Damespiel, der – checkers
drit – Draht, der, Draehte – wire
druk – Druck, der – pressure; printing (books, newspapers, etc.)
drukarnya – Druckerei, die – printing house
drukar - Drucker, der - printer
drukuvati – druecken – print
dyakuvati – danken – to thank

Education (obsolete) – Edukation, die – education, upbringing; From this Latin word comes the Ukrainian adjective “edukovaniy” - educated, well-mannered. From this adjective arose the distorted common folk ironic “midikovany” (an arrogant person with a pretense of education) and the expression: “midikovany, tilki ne drukaniy” (with a pretense of education, but still not published)

Zhovnir (obsolete) – Soeldner, der (in German from Italian Soldo – monetary unit, lat. Solidus) – mercenary warrior

Zaborguvati – borgen – to make debts, to borrow

Istota – ist (German is, exists – third person singular present tense of the verb sein – to be) – being (organism)

Kylo – Keil, der (German wedge, key, dihedral angle) – pick, a hand-held mining tool for breaking off brittle rocks, a long steel pointed wedge mounted on a wooden handle
capelyuh – Kappe, die – hat
chapel – Kapelle, die (it also means chapel) – chapel
Karafka – Karaffe, die – a pot-bellied glass vessel with a stopper, for water or drinks, often faceted, decanter
karbovanets - kerben (in German, to make notches, notches, but with something) - ruble, i.e. minted, notched
karbuvati – kerben – to notch, mint (money)
kvach – in it. quatsch - colloquial slap!, bam!, clap!, absurd; noun Quatsch, der (nonsense, rubbish, fool) - a piece of rags for greasing a frying pan, and in a children's game - the one who is obliged to catch up with other players and convey the role of the kvach with his touch, the name of this game, an exclamation when conveying the role of the kvach
receipt – Quittung, die (receipt, receipt for receiving something) – ticket (entrance, travel)
kelech – Kelch, der – cup, bowl, vessel with a foot
kermo – Kehre, die, (German turn, bend in the road) – steering wheel
kermach – Kehrer, der – helmsman, helmsman
keruvati – kehren (in German it means to turn) – to manage, to lead
klejnodi – Kleinod, das – treasures, jewelry (via Polish klejnot - jewel, precious object), regalia, which were military insignia of the Ukrainian hetmans (mace, horsetail, banner, seal and kettledrums)
dumplings – Knoedel, der (in German Knoedel = Kloss – dumplings without filling, made from many ingredients: eggs, flour, potatoes, bread and milk) – dumplings without filling or with filling
color – Couleur, die (in German this is a word of French origin) – color
coma – Komma, das – comma
kohati – kochen (German boil) – to love (kohati - to love only a person: a girl, a child, etc.)
kosht (for your own kosht) – Kost, die (German food, table, food, food) – bill (at your own expense)
costoris – der Kostenplan (pron. kostenplan) – estimate
koshtuvati (how many koshtuє?) – kosten (was kostet?) – cost (how much does it cost?)
crib – Krawatte, die – tie
kram – Kram, der – product
kramar – Kraemer, der – shopkeeper, small trader, tradesman
kramnitsa – Kram, (German product) – shop, shop
kreide – Kreide, die – chalk
criminal – kriminell – criminal
kriza – Krise, die – crisis
krumka (bread) – Krume, die (German (bread) crumb, pl. crumbs, topsoil) – hunk, cut piece of bread
kushtuvati – kosten – to taste
kshtalt (via Polish from German) - Gestalt, die - sample, type, form
on kshtalt - nach Gestalt, - in the image and likeness
kilim – Kelim, der – carpet (in German and Ukrainian this is a word of Turkish origin)
kitsya – Kitz, das, Kitze, die – kitty

Lan – Land, das (German country, land, soil) – cornfield, field
lantukh - Leintuch (German linen scarf, linen) - row, spindle (coarse sackcloth or clothing), a large bag of row or thread (“ponitok” - peasant homespun half-cloth), burlap for cart tires, for drying grain bread, etc. The word came into the Ukrainian language from German through Polish (lantuch - rag, flap).
lanzug – Langzug (German long pull, long line) – rope
leibik (dialect word) – Bavarian-Austrian leibel, German. leibl, laibl, laibli – men's or women's outerwear (sleeveless)
lement (duzhe golosna rozmova; galas) - Lamentation (complaint, cry) - very loud conversation; screaming, lamentation.
Lementwati (speak in vocational; Galasuvati; scream vid to the pain, the sufferers are more likely about the dupom; Zchynyati Gamir, Galasuychi at once (about people); scream (about creatures, Phthav that il.); actively discussing it, bringing to new respect the wide enormity; - lamentieren (complain, lament, loudly express one’s dissatisfaction) - speak very loudly, scream, lament; scream in pain or calling for help; make noise (about people); scream (about animals , birds, etc.); dismissively: show interest in any issue, actively discuss it, attracting the attention of the general public to it.
lizhko – liegen (German lie) – bed
likhtar - from him. Licht, das light, fire - lantern
deprive, deprive - from it. lassen (in German – this verb means “to leave” and many other meanings) – to leave, to leave
meadow - from him. Lauge, die - alkali, lye
lyoh - from him. Loch, das (German hole, hole, hole, pocket, ice hole, peephole, hole) – cellar
lyusterko - from him. Luest, die (German joy, pleasure) – mirror
lyada - from him. Lade, die (German chest, drawer) - a movable lid, a door that covers a hole inside something, a chest lid

Malyuvati – malen – to draw
baby – malen (to draw) – drawing
painter – Maler, der – painter, artist
manier – manierlich (German: polite, polite, well-mannered) – emphatically polite, cutesy
matir – Mutter, die – mother
melduvati – melden – register, notify, report
molasses - Molasse, die - molasses (sweet thick brown syrup, which is a waste product when producing sugar)
snowflake – Schmetterling, der – butterfly (insect), moth
morgue – Grossen Magdeburger Morgen; 0.510644 Hektar – unit of land area; 0.5 ha (Western Ukrainian dialect)
mur – Mauer, die – stone (brick) wall
musiti – muessen – to be obliged, to owe

Whip – Nagaika, die (Cossack whip woven from strips of leather) – whip
naris - Riss, der (drawing, plan, sketch, outline) - sketch (short prose work of art)
naphtha – Nafta, die (obsolete) – oil
nіsenіtnitsia – Sensus, der, Sinn, der (German “Sensus”, “Sinn” - meaning; Ukrainian “sens” - meaning - come from the Latin “sensus”) - nonsense, absurdity, absurdity, absurdity, nonsense
nirka – Niere, die – kidney (human or animal organ)

Olia – Oel, das (German liquid vegetable or mineral oil, petroleum) – liquid vegetable oil
otset (in Ukrainian from the Latin acetum) – Azetat, das (German acetate, salt of acetic acid) – vinegar

Peahen – Pfau, der – peacock
palace – Palast, der – palace
papir – Papier, das – paper
pasuvati – passsen – to approach something (to a face, etc.), to be on time
penzel – Pinsel, der – brush (for drawing or painting)
perlina (pearl) – Perle, die – pearl, pearl
peruka – Peruecke, die – wig
perukarnya – Peruecke, die (German wig) – hairdressing salon
pilav – Pilaw (read pilaf), (in German variants: Pilaf, Pilau), der – pilaf, an oriental dish of lamb or game with rice
pinzel – Pinsel, der – brush (for drawing)
scarf – Platte, die – plate, plate
parade ground - Platz, der - area (in a populated area)
plundruvati – pluendern – to plunder, plunder, devastate
dance – Flasche, die – bottle
pump – Pumpe, die – pump, pump (in Russian the word “pump” is used less often)
porcelain – Porzellan, das – porcelain
pohaptsem – happen (nach D), haeppchenweise – hastily, grab (something with teeth, mouth, eat hastily, swallow food in pieces)
proposition – poponieren (to offer) – proposal
proponuvati – poponieren – to offer
private – privat – private, personal, personal

Rada – Rat, der – council (directive or collegial body); Ukrainian words with the same root: radnik – adviser; narada - meeting
ration (in Vistula: ti maesh ration) – Ratio, die (German reason, logical thinking) – rightness (in the expression: you’re right)
rahuvati – rechnen – count (money, etc.)
rakhunok – Rechnung, die – counting, counting
reshta – Rest, der – remainder
Rille - Rille, die in it. furrow, groove, groove - plowed field, systematically cultivated land
robotar – Roboter, der – robot
rizik – Risiko, das – risk
trench – Rohr, das – gutter, groove
rice – Riss, der (crack, crevice) – feature (characteristic feature)
risk – Ri;, der (crack, gap) – dash, bar (sign)
rura (obsolete word) – Rohr, das – (water) pipe
ryatuvati – retten – to save

Selera – Sellerie, der oder die – celery
sense – Sensus, der, Sinn, der – meaning (this word came into German and Ukrainian from the Latin language)
skorbut – Skorbut, der - scurvy
relish – Geschmack, der – taste
savor – schmecken – taste
savory – schmackhaft – tasty, tasty
list – Spiess, der – spear
rates – Stau, Stausee, der – pond
statute - Statut, das - charter
strike – Streik, der – strike, strike (from English)
stroh – Stroh, das (straw); Strohdach, das (thatched roof) – thatched roof
strum – Strom, der – electricity
strumok – Strom, der (German river, stream) – stream
stringy – Strunk, der (German rod, stem) – slender
stribati – streben (German to strive) – to jump
banner - goes back to ancient Scandinavian. stoeng (ancient Swedish – stang) “pole, pole” – flag, banner

Teslar – Tischler, der – carpenter
torturi (in Ukrainian only used in the plural) – Tortur, die – torture
tremtiiti – Trema, das (German trembling, fear) – tremble

Ugorshchina – Ungarn, das – Hungary

Fainy (West Ukrainian dialect) – fein (German thin, small, elegant, noble, rich, good, excellent, weak, quiet, beautiful) – beautiful (in West Ukrainian dialect this word came from in English)
farba – Farbe, die – paint
farbuvaty – farben – to paint
fakh – Fach, das – specialty
fahivets – Fachmann, der – specialist
fort – Fort, das, -s, -s – fort, fortress
jointer – Fugebank, die, pl. Fugebaenk – jointer
wagon – Fuhre, die – cart
furman – Fuhrmann, der – carter

Hapati - happen (nach D) (in it - to grab something with your teeth, mouth, eat hastily, swallow food in pieces) - grab
hut – Huette, die (German hut, hut, hut, cabin) – house
hut – Huette, die (German hut, hut, hut, cabin) – hut
farm – Huette, die (German hut, hut, hut, cabin) – farm

Tsvirinkati – zwitschen – twitter, tweet
tsvyakh – Zwecke, die (in German: a short nail with a wide head, a button) – a nail
tsegla – Ziegel, der – brick
treadmill – Ziegelei, die – brick factory
tseber – Zuber, der - tub, tub with ears
cil – Ziel, das – goal
cibul – Zwiebel, die – onion (plant)
civil – zivil – civilian, civilian
zina (obsolete) – Zinn, das – tin
tsitska (rough) – Zitze, die – female breast
zukor – Zucker, der - sugar

Line – Herde, die – herd, herd, herd, flock
chipati – ziepen jemandem – jemandem an den Haaren oder an der Haut schmerzhaft ziehen – it’s painful to pull someone’s hair or skin – to touch, touch someone

Shabla – Saebel, der – saber
checks – Schachspiel, das – chess
shakhray – Schacherei, die (German petty trade, doing business, huckstering) – swindler
Shafar (obsolete appeal to God) – schaffen (German: create) – Creator
shibenik – schieben schieben (German: move, push) – hanged man, hooligan
shibenitsa – schieben (German: move, push) – gallows
shibka – Scheibe, Fensterscheibe, die – window glass
shank – Schincken, der oder die – ham, piece of ham
shinkar – Schenk, der – innkeeper
tavern – Schenke, der – tavern, tavern
way - from German schlagen - to beat, compact - road, path
shopa (Western Ukrainian dialect), – Schuppen, der – a fenced off part of a yard or barn, most often with walls made of boards (especially for storing carts and other equipment)
spatsiruvati – spazieren – to walk
shukhlade – Schublade, die – drawer

Shcherbaty – Scherbe, die, (in German, a shard, a fragment) – with one tooth that has fallen out, knocked out or broken (this word is also in Russian)

Fair – Jahrmarkt, der, (in German, annual market) – fair (this word is also in Russian)

When pronouncing the Ukrainian sound “g”, you should keep in mind that in most cases it is pronounced as a voiced sound, paired with the voiceless sound “x”, and in Russian - as a voiced sound, paired with the voiced sound “k”. Therefore, Ukrainian words with the letter “g” are closer in sound to German words with the letter “h” (gartuvati - haerten - to harden).

Here, first the Ukrainian word is given, then, after a dash - the German word, then the definite article showing the grammatical gender of the noun (in German), then in brackets the meaning of this word in German, if this meaning does not completely coincide with the meaning of the Ukrainian word, then after the dash is the Russian meaning of the Ukrainian word.

In this publication, special German letters (“sharp” es, vowels with “umlaut”) cannot be conveyed. They are expressed by combinations of Latin letters -ss, -ue, -ae, -oe.

Of course, none of all the existing human languages ​​on our planet is something ossified (canned), created once and for all, invented by a people (tribe). People of one nation communicate with people of another, as a result of which the languages ​​of each of them are enriched with new concepts and words. There are also international words - telephone, car, cinema, computer, Internet, etc. However, having looked at the list of Ukrainian words of German origin offered to your attention, you have the opportunity to make sure that many of them are purely everyday (here I use transliteration - writing Ukrainian sounds in Russian letters): [blakytny (blue); brakuvata (not enough); brutal (rude); vagatysya (doubt); vvazhaty (to have an opinion); vizerunok (pattern), etc., etc.], which certainly had to be created by this and only this people. But that didn't happen. Why? Yes, for the simple reason that the Ukrainian language is the same artificial formation as the Ukrainian people themselves, which is a population (biomass) consisting of the descendants of mestizos, at one time or another produced by men of Arabic (so-called Jewish ) and women of Russian origin.

In this regard, the Ukrainian people and the Czech people, consisting of the descendants of Arab (Jewish) males and, now, German (Bohemian) females, are like two oars similar to each other. Just like these two newspeaks - Ukrainian and Czech.

bavovna – Baumwolle, die – cotton

bagnet – Bajonett, das – bayonet

bastard – Bastard, der, (in German from French) – bastard, illegitimate child

blakitny – blau – blue, sky color

plaque – Blech, das – tin

bleshany (blechernes dach) – blechern (blechernes Dach) – tin (tin roof)

borg – Borg, der – debt, loan

brakuvati (chogos), – brauchen – need (something), lack (something); I need – I am married (what), I lack, I need es braucht mir (etwas), es braucht mir Geld – I am married (what), I lack, I need (something); es braucht mir Geld - I’m losing pennies, I don’t have enough money, I need money; es braucht mir Zeit – I’m losing time, I don’t have enough time, I don’t have time

brewery - Brauerei, die - brewery, brewery (the name of the regional center in the Kyiv region of Brovary comes from the word brewery)

brutal – brutal – rough

brucht – Bruch, der – scrap, scrap metal

buda, booth - Bude, die - German. shop, stall, lodge;

buduvati – Bude, die (German shop, stall, lodge) – build

burnus – Burnus, der, -nusse, – Arabian cloak with a hood

bursa – Burse, die – bursa, medieval school with a dormitory

student - Burse, der, - student of the bursa

to hesitate - waegen (German to weigh) - to hesitate, not to decide

wagi – Waage, die – scales;

vazhiti – waegen – to weigh, weigh;

vazhati – waegen (German to venture, dare, risk) – to have an opinion

vizerunok – (from German Visier das – visor) – pattern

vovna – Wolle, die, – wool

guy – Hain, der – grove, forest, coppice, oak grove

haiduk - Haiduck (Heiduck), der (from the Hungarian hajduk - driver) (German Hungarian mercenary warrior, partisan, Hungarian courtier) - hired warrior, servant, traveling footman

hook – Haken, der – hook, hook, hook

gartuvati - haerten - harden (in the village of Bobrik, Brovary district, Kyiv region, a dialect word was used, derived from gartuvati - gartanachka, which meant potatoes baked in a pot over a fire)

hubbub - Gewalt, die (German violence, power) - loud cry

gvaltuvati – Gewalt, die (German violence, power), jemandem Gewalt antun die (German rape) – to rape

hetman (the word hetman came to the Ukrainian language through the Polish language) – Hauptmann, der (German captain, centurion, chief) – hetman

gesheft – Gescheft, das (German business, occupation, business, shop) – trading business

hon! (exclamation) – Hops, der, hops!, hopsassa! (in it - jump, jump) - hop!

hopak – Hops, der, hops!, hopsassa! (German jump, jump) - hopak, Ukrainian dance

grati (multiple, plural) – Gitter, das – bars (prison or window)

soil – Grund, der, (German soil, bottom, land plot) – soil, foundation, justification

primer, primer – gr;nden (German: lay the foundation for something, justify) – justify

groundly – ​​gr;ndlich – thoroughly,

primer – gr;ndlich – solid

gukati – gucken, kucken, qucken (German look) – to call someone from a distance, loudly

dah – Dach, das – roof

kings – Damespiel, der – checkers

drit – Draht, der, Dr;hte – wire

druk – Druck, der – pressure; printing (books, newspapers, etc.)

drukarnya – Druckerei, die – printing house

drukar - Drucker, der - printer

drukuvati – druecken – print

dyakuvati – danken – to thank

education (obsolete) – Edukation, die – education, upbringing; From this Latin word comes the Ukrainian adjective “edukovaniy” - educated, well-mannered. From this adjective arose the distorted common folk ironic “midikovany” (an arrogant person with a pretense of education) and the expression: “midikovany, tilki ne drukaniy” (with a pretense of education, but still not published)

zaborguvati – borgen – to make debts, to borrow;

chapel – Kapelle, die (it also means chapel) – chapel

Karafka – Karaffe, die – a pot-bellied glass vessel with a stopper, for water or drinks, often faceted, decanter

karbovanets - kerben (in German, to make notches, notches but with something) - ruble, i.e. minted, with notches

karbuvati – kerben – to notch, mint (money)

kermo – Kehre, die, (German turn, bend in the road) – steering wheel

kermach – Kehrer, der – helmsman, helmsman

keruvati – kehren (in German it means to turn) – to manage, to lead

pick – Keil, der (German wedge, key, dihedral angle) – pick, a hand-held mining tool for breaking off brittle rocks, a long steel pointed wedge mounted on a wooden handle

kelich, less commonly kelech – Kelch, der – cup, bowl, vessel with a foot

coma – Komma, das – comma

kohati – kochen (German boil) – to love

kosht (for your own kosht) – Kost, die (German food, table, food, food) – bill (at your own expense)

costoris – der Kostenplan (pron. kostenplan) – estimate

kostuvati (how much does it cost?) – kosten (was kostet?) – cost (how much does it cost?)

crib – Krawatte, die – tie

kram – Kram, der – product

kramar – Kraemer, der – shopkeeper, small trader, tradesman

kramnitsa – Kram, (German product) – shop, shop

kreide – Kreide, die – chalk

criminal – kriminell – criminal

kriza – Krise, die – crisis

krumka (bread) – Krume, die (German (bread) crumb, pl. crumbs, topsoil) – a cut piece of bread

kushtuvati – kosten – to taste

lantukh - Leintuch (German linen) - row, spindle (coarse sackcloth or clothing), a large bag of row or thread (“ponitok” - peasant homespun half-cloth), burlap for cart tires, for drying grain bread, etc. In Ukrainian The word came from German through Polish (lantuch - rag, flap).

lizhko – liegen (German lie) – bed

likhtar - from him. Licht, das light, fire; - flashlight

lyoh - from him. Loch, das hole, hole, hole, pocket, ice hole, peephole, hole; - cellar

lyusterko - from him. Luest, die (German joy, pleasure) – mirror

tiny – malen – to draw

painter – Maler, der – painter, artist

manier – manierlich (German: polite, polite, well-mannered) – emphatically polite, cutesy

matir – Mutter, die – mother

snowflake – Schmetterling, der – butterfly (insect), moth

mur – Mauer, die – stone (brick) wall

musiti – muessen – to be obliged, to owe

nirka – Niere, die – kidney (human or animal organ)

olia – Oel, das (German liquid vegetable or mineral oil, petroleum) – liquid vegetable oil

peahen – Pfau, der – peacock

palace – Palast, der – palace

papir – Papier, das – paper

pasuvati – passsen – to approach something (to a face, etc.), to be in time

penzel – Pinsel, der – brush (for drawing or painting)

perlina (pearl) – Perle, die – pearl, pearl

peruka – Peruecke, die – wig

perukarnya – Peruecke, die (German wig) – hairdressing salon

pilaf, pilaf - Pilaw (read pilaf), (in German variants: Pilaf, Pilau), der - pilaf, an oriental dish of lamb or game with rice

scarf – Platte, die – plate, plate

parade ground - Platz, der - area (in a populated area)

plundruvati – pluendern – to plunder, plunder, devastate

dance – Flasche, die – bottle

porcelain – Porzellan, das – porcelain

pohaptsem – happen (nach D), haeppchenweise – hastily, grab (something with teeth, mouth, eat hastily, swallow food in pieces)

ration (in Vistula: ti maesh ration) – Ratio, die (German reason, logical thinking) – rightness (in the expression: you’re right)

rakhunok – Rechnung, die – counting, counting

reshta – Rest, der – remainder

celery – Sellerie, der oder die – celery

skorbut - Skorbut, der - scurvy

relish – Geschmack, der – taste

savory – schmackhaft – tasty, tasty

list – Spiess, der – spear

rates – Stau, Stausee, der – pond

statute - Statut, das - charter

strike – Streik, der – strike, strike (from English)

strum – Strom, der – electric current

strumok – Strom, der (German river, stream) – stream

stribati – streben (German to strive) – to jump

banner - goes back to ancient Scandinavian. stoeng (ancient Swedish – stang) “pole, pole” – flag, banner

teslyar – Tischler, der – carpenter

torturi (in Ukrainian only used in the plural) – Tortur, die – torture

tremble – Trema, das (German trembling, fear) – trembling

fainy (West Ukrainian dialect), garniy – fein (German thin, small, elegant, noble, rich, good, excellent, weak, quiet, beautiful) – beautiful (in Western Ukrainian dialect this word came from the English language )

fakh – Fach, das – specialty

fahivets – Fachmann, der – specialist

wagon – Fuhre, die – cart

furman – Fuhrmann, der – carter

hapati – happen (nach D) – grab (including something with teeth, mouth), eat hastily, swallow food in chunks

tsvirinkati – zwitschen – twitter, tweet

tsegla – Ziegel, der – brick

treadmill – Ziegelei, die – brick factory

tseber – Zuber, der – tub, tub with ears

cil – Ziel, das – goal

cibul – Zwiebel, die – onion (plant)

civil – zivil – civilian, civilian

zina (obsolete) – Zinn, das – tin

tsitska (rough) – Zitze, die – female breast

zukor – Zucker, der – sugar

checks – Schachspiel, das – chess

shibenik – schieben schieben (German: move, push) – hanged man, hooligan

shibenitsa – schieben (German: move, push) – gallows

shibka – Scheibe, Fensterscheibe, die – window glass

shank – Schincken, der oder die – ham, piece of ham

shinkar – Schenk, der – innkeeper

tavern – Schenke, der – tavern, tavern

way - from German schlagen - to beat, compact - road, path

shopa (Western Ukrainian dialect), – Schuppen, der – a fenced off part of a yard or barn, most often with walls made of boards (especially for storing carts and other equipment)

shukhlade – Schublade, die – drawer

fair – Jahrmarkt, der, (in German, annual market) – fair (this word is also in Russian, but it came to Russian from Ukrainian)

Ukrainian words similar to German

The picture shows the Germans, 3rd century AD. In the picture - Ukrainians
In the Ukrainian language you can find many words of Germanic origin, words common to the Ukrainian and German languages, as well as words similar to German. Knowing these words helps when learning German. There are more such words in the Ukrainian language than in Russian.

There are several reasons and eras for the emergence of common Ukrainian-German words. Germanic and Slavic languages ​​belong to the Indo-European language group and arose from the common proto-language of SANSKRIT. Therefore, in Germanic and Slavic languages ​​there are many similar single-root words; for example German Mutter - Ukrainian matir, mother; German glatt (smooth, slippery, quirky) - Ukrainian. smooth. During the era of the Great Migration of Peoples, over several centuries (in the 1st millennium AD), German tribes (Teutons, Goths, etc.) passed through the lands of what is now Ukraine, including the Lower Dnieper region and Volyn. The Eastern Goths were in Volyn in the 2nd - 5th centuries. AD Part of the German-speaking population did not go to the West along with the majority of their fellow tribesmen, but continued to live in the lands of what is now Ukraine. The Eastern Slavs appeared in Volyn and the Dnieper region around the same time, in the first half of the first millennium of the new era. Rare settlements of some German-speaking tribes interspersed with settlements of the Slavs. The inhabitants of these villages gradually merged with the Eastern Slavs and transferred part of their vocabulary to the latter. The German-speaking population influenced the language and culture of the Eastern Slavs, and subsequently became related and merged with the Slavs. The ancient origin of words related to Germanic ones in the Ukrainian language is confirmed by the fact that among these words there are many that denote basic life concepts (buduvati, dakh). In the Kyiv region there is still a settlement called GERMANOVKA, known by this name for more than 1,100 years. In the 9th century AD, and perhaps even earlier, close communication between Rus' and the Varangians began, who brought with them from Scandinavia the language of the North Germanic (Scandinavian) group. From the Varangians who came at the end of the 9th century. led by Prince Oleg to Kyiv, these words entered the language of the Polyans and Drevlyans who lived in these places. The Polyanes and the Drevlyans spoke their own languages, close to each other. And since the time of Christianization, the role of the written language throughout Kievan Rus was played by the Church Slavonic language, in which the Slavic Bible of Cyril and Methodius was written. The Polyansky language was the spoken language of the Kyiv principality and became one of the progenitors of the Ukrainian language. During the eventful thousand-year history of Ukraine, German words penetrated into the Ukrainian language in other ways. The penetration of German words into the Ukrainian language continued first through the Polish language during the time of the Polish-Lithuanian state, which for a long time included Ukraine, and later through Galicia, which was part of Austria-Hungary for a long time. Since ancient times, German specialists (builders, carpenters, blacksmiths, brewers, bakers, directors, management personnel, etc.) came to Ukraine. They all brought with them the terms of their professions.
Not all words of the Ukrainian language that have the same root as German came into the Ukrainian language directly from the German language. Words common to these languages ​​may have other origins. Some German words entered Ukraine through Yiddish, the language of Eastern European Ashkinazi Jews. for example, the word hubbub (scream, noise), Gewalt, which in German means power, violence.
The presence in the Ukrainian language of many words common to the Ukrainian and German languages ​​is also explained by the borrowing of international words by these languages ​​from Latin, Greek, French, English and other languages. In the Ukrainian and German languages ​​there are many similar international words of Latin, Greek, Hebrew, English and French origin. For example, the words Kreide (chalk), Edukation (education), fein (beautiful). Some Ukrainian words in this glossary are not related to German words, but are only coincidentally similar and consonant with them.
It makes sense to indicate in one glossary all the words common to the Ukrainian and German languages, regardless of their origin. Knowing such words helps when learning German.
When pronouncing the Ukrainian sound “g”, you should keep in mind that in most cases it is pronounced as a voiced sound, paired with the voiceless sound “x”, and in Russian - as a voiced sound, paired with the voiced sound “k”. Therefore, Ukrainian words with the letter “g” are closer in sound to German words with the letter “h” (gartuvati - haerten - to harden).

The glossary first lists a Ukrainian word, then a German word after a dash, then a definite article showing the grammatical gender of the noun (in German), then in parentheses the meaning of this word in German, if this meaning does not completely coincide with the meaning of the Ukrainian word, then after dash is the Russian meaning of the Ukrainian word.
In this publication, special German letters ("acute" es, vowels with "umlaut") cannot be conveyed. They are expressed by combinations of Latin letters -ss, -ue, -ae, -oe.

Accentuvati - akzentuiren - to emphasize, highlight, put an accent mark
gazebo - Altan, der, Balkon mit Unterbau (in German from Italian alt - high) - gazebo, gazebo. At first, this was the name for large balconies, then - platforms, ledges and gazebos from which you can admire the surrounding landscape.

Bavovna - Baumwolle, die - cotton
bagnet - Bajonett, das - bayonet
bastard - Bastard, der, (in German from French) - bastard, illegitimate child
blakitniy - blau - blue, sky color
plaque - Blech, das - tin
bleshany (blechernes Dach) - blechern (blechernes Dach) - tin (tin roof)
borg - Borg, der - debt, loan
brakuvati (chogos) - brauchen - need (something), lack (something);
I'm missing (something) - es braucht mir (etwas) - I lack (something), I need (something);
I'm wasting pennies - es braucht mir Geld - I don't have enough money, I need money; I'm missing the hour - es braucht mir Zeit - I don't have enough time, I don't have time
brewer - Brauer, der - brewer (the name of the district center in the Kyiv region of Brovary comes from the word “brovar”)
brewery - Brauerei, die - brewery, brewery
brewing - Brauerei, die - brewing
brutal - brutal - rough
brucht - Bruch, der - scrap, scrap metal
buda, booth - Bude, die - German. shop, stall, lodge;
buduvati - Bude, die (German shop, stall, lodge) - build
burnus - Burnus, der, -nusse, - Arabic cloak with hood
bursa - Burse, die - bursa, medieval school with a dormitory
bursak - Burse, der, - student of the bursa

Wabiti - Wabe, die (German honeycomb) - attract
hesitate - vage (German vague, shaky) - hesitate, hesitate
vagina (woman) - waegen (German to weigh) - pregnant (“gaining weight”)
wagi - Waage, die - scales;
important - Waage, die (German scales) - weighty, important;
vazhiti - Waage, die (German scales), waegen (German weigh) - weigh;
warta - Wart, der (German keeper, guardian) - guard;
vartovy - Wart, der (German keeper, guard) - sentry;
vartuvati - warten (German: wait, care for a child or the sick, perform official duties) - stand on guard; guard, guard
vazhiti - waegen - weigh, weigh;
watch - Wache, die, Wachte, die, - security, military guard, sea watch, shift;
vvazhati - waegen (German to dare, dare, risk) - to have an opinion
vizerunok - (from German Visier das - visor) - pattern
vovna - Wolle, die - wool
wogky - feucht - wet

Guy - Hain, der - grove, forest, coppice, oak grove
haiduk - Haiduck (Heiduck), der (from the Hungarian hajduk - driver) (German Hungarian mercenary warrior, partisan, Hungarian courtier) - hired warrior, servant, traveling footman
hook - Haken, der - hook, hook, hook
halmo - Halm, der (in German: stem, straw, straw, maybe the Ukrainians slowed down the cart with a bunch of straw?) - brake
galmuvati - Halm, der (in German: stem, straw, straw, maybe the Ukrainians slowed down the cart with a bunch of straw?) - slow down
garth - Haertung, die - hardening, hardening
gas - Gas, das (German gas) - kerosene
gatunok - Gattung, die - grade, type, variety, quality
gartuvati - haerten - harden (in the village of Bobrik, Brovary district, Kyiv region, a dialect word was used, derived from gartuvati - gartanachka, which meant potatoes baked in a pot over a fire)
hubbub - Gewalt, die (German violence, power) - loud cry
gvaltuvati - Gewalt, die (German violence, power), jemandem Gewalt antun (German to rape) - to rape
gendlyuvati - handeln - to trade (in Ukrainian it is more often used in an ironic, condemning sense)
hetman (the word hetman came to the Ukrainian language through the Polish language) - Hauptmann, der (German captain, centurion, chief) - hetman
gesheft - Gescheft, das (German business, occupation, business, shop) - trading business
hon! (exclamation) - Hops, der, hops!, hopsassa! (in it - jump, leap) - hop!
hopak - Hops, der, hops!, hopsassa! (German jump, jump) - hopak, Ukrainian dance
grati (multiple, plural) - Gitter, das - bars (prison or window)
soil - Grund, der, (German soil, bottom, land) - soil, foundation, justification
gruendlich - thoroughly,
gruendlich - solid
to ground, to ground - gruenden (German: to lay the foundation for something, to justify) - to justify
gukati - gucken, kucken, qucken (German look) - to call someone from a distance, to call loudly
guma - Gummi, der - rubber, rubber
humovium - Gummi- - rubber, rubber
humor - Humor, der, nur Einz. - humor
gurok, plural gurka - Gurke, die, - cucumber (dialect heard in Gogolev, Kiev region)

Dach - Dach, das - roof
kings - Damespiel, der - checkers
drit - Draht, der, Draehte - wire
druk - Druck, der - pressure; printing (books, newspapers, etc.)
druckerei - Druckerei, die - printing house
drukar - Drucker, der - printer
drukuvati - druecken - print
dyakuvati - danken - to thank

Education (obsolete) - Edukation, die - education, upbringing; From this Latin word comes the Ukrainian adjective “edukovaniy” - educated, well-mannered. From this adjective arose the distorted common folk ironic “midikovany” (an arrogant person with a pretense of education) and the expression: “midikovany, tilki ne drukaniy” (with a pretense of education, but still not published)

Zhovnir (obsolete) - Soeldner, der (in German from Italian Soldo - monetary unit, lat. Solidus) - mercenary warrior

Zaborguvati - borgen - to make debts, to borrow

Istota - ist (German is, exists - third person singular present tense of the verb sein - to be) - being (organism)

Kaplitsa - Kapelle, die (it also means chapel) - chapel
Karafka - Karaffe, die - a pot-bellied glass vessel with a stopper, for water or drinks, often faceted, decanter
karbovanets - kerben (in German, to make notches, notches, but with something) - ruble, i.e. minted, notched
karbuvati - kerben - to notch, mint (money)
kwach - Quatsch, der (nonsense, rubbish, fool) - a piece of rags for greasing a frying pan, in a children's game - the one who is obliged to catch up with other players and convey the role of the kvach with his touch, the name of this game, an exclamation when conveying the role of the kvach
receipt - Quittung, die (receipt, receipt for receiving something) - ticket (entrance, travel)



pick - Keil, der (German wedge, key, dihedral angle) - pick, a hand-held mining tool for breaking off brittle rocks, a long steel pointed wedge mounted on a wooden handle
kelech - Kelch, der - cup, bowl, vessel with a foot
kermach - Kehrer, der - helmsman, helmsman
kermo - Kehre, die, (German turn, bend in the road) - steering wheel
keruvati - kehren (in German it means to turn) - to manage, to lead
dumplings - Knoedel, der (in German Knoedel = Kloss - dumplings without filling, made from many ingredients: eggs, flour, potatoes, bread and milk) - dumplings without filling or with filling
kilim - Kelim, der - carpet (in German and Ukrainian this is a word of Turkish origin)
klejnot - Kleinod, das - treasures, jewelry (via Polish klejnot - jewel, precious object), regalia, which were military insignia of the Ukrainian hetmans
color - Couleur, die (in German this is a word of French origin) - color
coma - Komma, das - comma
kohati - kochen (German boil) - to love
kost (for your kosht) - Kost, die (German food, table, food, food) - bill (at your own expense)
costoris - der Kostenplan (pron. kostenplan) - estimate
koshtuvati (how many koshtuє?) - kosten (was kostet?) - cost (how much does it cost?)
bed - Krawatte, die - tie
kram - Kram, der - goods
kramar - Kraemer, der - shopkeeper, small trader, tradesman
kramnica - Kram, (German product) - store, shop
kreide - Kreide, die - chalk
criminal - kriminell - criminal
kriza - Krise, die - crisis
krumka (bread) - Krume, die (German (bread) crumb, pl. crumbs, topsoil) - hunk, cut piece of bread
kushtuvati - kosten - to taste
kshtalt (via Polish from German) - Gestalt, die - sample, type, form

Lantukh - Leintuch (German linen) - row, spindle (coarse sackcloth or clothing), a large bag of row or thread (“ponitok” - peasant homespun half-cloth), burlap for cart tires, for drying grain bread, etc. In Ukrainian The word came from German through Polish (lantuch - rag, flap).
lanzug - Langzug (German long pull, long line) - rope
lizhko - liegen (German lie) - bed
likhtar - from him. Licht, das light, fire; - flashlight
deprive, deprive - from it. lassen (in German - this verb means “to leave” and many other meanings) - to leave, to leave
lyoh - from him. Loch, das (German hole, hole, hole, pocket, ice hole, peephole, hole) - cellar
lyusterko - from him. L;st, die (German joy, pleasure) - mirror
lyada - from him. Lade, die (German chest, drawer) - a movable lid, a door that covers a hole inside something, a chest lid

Malyuvati - malen - to draw
baby - malen (draw) - drawing
painter - Maler, der - painter, artist
manierny - manierlich (German: polite, polite, well-mannered) - emphatically polite, cutesy
matir - Mutter, die - mother
molasses - Molasse, die - molasses (sweet thick brown syrup, which is a waste product when producing sugar)
snowflake - Schmetterling, der - butterfly (insect), moth
morgue - Grossen Magdeburger Morgen; 0.510644 Hektar - unit of land area; 0.5 ha (Western Ukrainian dialect)
mur - Mauer, die - stone (brick) wall
musiti - muessen - to be obliged, to owe

Nisenitnytsia - Sensus, der, Sinn, der (German “Sensus”, “Sinn” - meaning; Ukrainian “sens” - meaning - come from the Latin “sensus”) - nonsense, absurdity, absurdity, absurdity, nonsense
nirka - Niere, die - kidney (human or animal organ)

Olia - Oel, das (German liquid vegetable or mineral oil, petroleum) - liquid vegetable oil
otset (in Ukrainian from the Latin acetum) - Azetat, das (German acetate, salt of acetic acid) - vinegar

Peahen - Pfau, der - peacock
palace - Palast, der - palace
papier - Papier, das - paper
pasuvati - passsen - to approach something (to a face, etc.), to be on time
penzel - Pinsel, der - brush (for drawing or painting)
perlina (pearl) - Perle, die - pearl, pearl
peruka - Peruecke, die - wig
peruecke - Peruecke, die (German wig) - hairdresser
pilav - Pilaw (read pilaf), (in German variants: Pilaf, Pilau), der - pilaf, an oriental dish of lamb or game with rice
pinzel - Pinsel, der - brush (for drawing)
scarf - Platte, die - plate, plate
parade ground - Platz, der - area (in a populated area)
plundruvati - pluendern - to plunder, plunder, devastate
dance - Flasche, die - bottle
porcelain - Porzellan, das - porcelain
pohaptsem - happen (nach D), haeppchenweise - hastily, grab (something with teeth, mouth, eat hastily, swallow food in pieces)
proposition - poponieren (to offer) - proposal
proponuvati - poponieren - to offer

Rada - Rat, der - council (instruction or collegial body); Ukrainian words with the same root: radnik - adviser; narada - meeting
ration (in Vistula: ti maєsh ration) - Ratio, die (German reason, logical thinking) - rightness (in the expression: you're right)
rahuvati - rechnen - count (money, etc.)
rakhunok - Rechnung, die - counting, counting
reshta - Rest, der - remainder
rizik - Risiko, das - risk
robotar - Roboter, der - robot
rinva - Rinne, die - gutter, groove
ryatuvati - retten - save

Celery - Sellerie, der oder die - celery
sense - Sensus, der, Sinn, der - meaning (this word came into German and Ukrainian from the Latin language)
skorbut - Skorbut, der - scurvy
relish - Geschmack, der - taste
savor - schmecken - taste
savory - schmackhaft - tasty, tasty
list - Spiess, der - spear
rates - Stau, Stausee, der - pond
statute - Statut, das - charter
strike - Streik, der - strike, strike (from English)
stroh - Stroh, das (straw); Strohdach, das (thatched roof) – thatched roof
strum - Strom, der - electric current
strumok - Strom, der (German river, stream) - stream
stringy - Strunk, der (German rod, stem) - slender
stribati - streben (German to strive) - to jump
banner - goes back to Old Scandinavian. stoeng (ancient Swedish - stang) “pole, pole” - flag, banner

Teslar - Tischler, der - carpenter
torturi (in Ukrainian only used in the plural) - Tortur, die - torture
tremtiiti - Trema, das (German trembling, fear) - tremble

Ugorshchina - Ungarn, das - Hungary

Fainy (West Ukrainian dialect) - fein (German thin, small, elegant, noble, rich, good, excellent, weak, quiet, beautiful) - beautiful (in Western Ukrainian dialect this word came from the English language)
fakh - Fach, das - specialty
fahivets - Fachmann, der - specialist
jointer - Fugebank, die, pl. Fugeb;nk - jointer
wagon - Fuhre, die - cart
fuhrmann - Fuhrmann, der - carter

Hapati - happen (nach D) (in German - grab something with your teeth, mouth, eat hastily, swallow food in pieces) - grab
hut - Huette, die - house

Tsvirinkati - zwitschen - twitter, tweet
tsvyakh - Zwecke, die (in German: a short nail with a wide head, a button) - a nail
tsegla - Ziegel, der - brick
treadmill - Ziegelei, die - brick factory
tseber - Zuber, der - tub, tub with ears
cil - Ziel, das - goal
cibul - Zwiebel, die - onion (plant)
civil - zivil - civilian, civilian
zina (obsolete) - Zinn, das - tin
tsitska (rough) - Zitze, die - female breast
zukor - Zucker, der - sugar

Line - Herde, die - herd, herd, herd, flock

Checks - Schachspiel, das - chess
shakhray - Schacherei, die (German petty trade, doing business, huckstering) - swindler
shibenik - schieben schieben (German: move, push) - hanged man, hooligan
shibenitsa - schieben (German: move, push) - gallows
shibka - Scheibe, Fensterscheibe, die - window glass
shank - Schincken, der oder die - ham, piece of ham
shinkar - Schenk, der - innkeeper
tavern - Schenke, der - tavern, tavern
way - from German schlagen - to beat, compact - road, path
shopa (Western Ukrainian dialect), - Schuppen, der - a fenced off part of a yard or barn, most often with walls made of boards (especially for storing carts and other equipment)
shukhlade - Schublade, die - drawer

Shcherbaty - Scherbe, die, (in German, a shard, a fragment) - with one fallen, knocked out or broken tooth (this word is also in Russian)

Fair - Jahrmarkt, der, (in German, annual market) - fair (this word is also in Russian)

Glossary of Ukrainian words similar to German

Russian words in German
Oleg Kiselev
RUSSIAN WORDS IN GERMAN LANGUAGE
Kiselev O.M. 2007

Every language has words of foreign origin. In German, words of Russian origin mainly relate to the specifics of Russian or Soviet life.

Abkuerzungsverzeichnis - list of abbreviations
Adj. - Adjektiv - adjective
Ez. - Einzahl - singular
frz. - franzoesisch - French
it. - italienisch - Italian
lat. - lateinisch - Latin
Mz. - Mehrzahl - plural
nlat. - neulateinisch - New Latin
russ. - russisch - Russian
slaw - slavisch - Slavic
tschech. - tschechisch - Czech
umg. - umgangssprachlich - from colloquial language
see - sieh! - Look!

This glossary contains words of Russian origin, most of which the average German understands without translation or explanation. Some of these words are only understood by advanced Germans. In German texts such words are used without translation.
After the noun being explained, the gender of the noun and the ending of the genitive case (genitive) singular, as well as the nominative case (nominative) are indicated in brackets. plural. An explanation of the meaning of these words is given in German and Russian.

Aktiv, (das, -s, nur Ez.), - Personenegruppe, die eine Aufgabe in der Gesellschaft erfuellt (in Kommunist. Lagern) (lat.-russ.) - asset, (in communist countries)
Aktivist, (der, -n, -n), - 1. jemand, der aktiv und zielstrebig ist, 2. ausgezeichneter Werktaetiger (in der DDR) (lat.-russ.) - activist, active worker (in the GDR)
Apparatschik, (der, -n, -n), sturer Funktion;r (lat.-russ.) - apparatchik, stubborn (stupid, limited) functionary
Babuschka, Matr(j)oschka, traditionalle russische Puppe - in German it is often used instead of the word matryoshka
Balalajka, (die, -, -ken), russischem Zupfinstrument - balalaika, Russian plucked musical instrument
Barsoi, (der, -s, -s), russischer Windhund - greyhound, Russian hound dog
Borschtsch, (der, -s, nur Ez.), Eintopf aus Roten Rueben, Weisskraut, sauer Sahne u.a. (als polnische, ukrainische oder russische Spezialitaet) - borscht, Polish, Ukrainian or Russian first dish of beets and/or cabbage with sour cream
Beluga, (der, -s, -s), 1. kleine Walart, Weiswal, 2. (nur Ez.) Hausenkaviar, 3. Hausen (Huso huso L.) - 1. white whale, beluga whale, marine mammal of the dolphin family, 2. beluga caviar, 3. beluga, a genus of fish of the sturgeon family, anadromous fish of the Black, Azov, Caspian and Adriatic seas
Bistro, (das, -s, -s), kleine Gaststaedte mit einer Weinbar (russ.-frz.) - bistro, small cafe with wine bar, snack bar, small restaurant (derived from the Russian word "quickly"; after the victory over Napoleon in 1814 Russian Cossacks in Paris used this word)
Blini, (das, -s, -s), kleiner Buchweizenpfannkuchen - pancakes (in Germany they believe that pancakes are made from buckwheat flour)
Bojar, (der, -n, -n), altruss. Adliger, altrumaenischer Adliger - boyar (in ancient Rus' or in former Romania)
Bolschewik, (der, -n, -n oder -i), Mitglied der Kommunistischen Partei der ehemaliges Sovjetunion (bis 1952) - Bolshevik, member of the Communist Party of the former USSR (until 1952)
bolschewisieren, (Verb), bolschewistisch machen - to Bolshevize
Bolschewismus, (der, -, nur Ez.), Herrschaft der Bolschewiken, (nlat.-russ.) - Bolshevism, Bolshevik rule
Bolschewist, (der, -en, -en), Anhoenger des Bolschewismus - Bolshevik
bolschewistisch, (Adj.), zum Bolschewismus gehoerig - Bolshevik
Burlak, (der, -en, -en), Wolgakahntreidler, Schiffsziher - barge hauler, a person from a group of people pulling a barge
cyrillische Schrift - see kyrillische Schrift
Datscha, (die, -, -n), Landhaus (in ehemalige DDR) - dacha, country house (formerly in the former GDR)
Dawaj-dawaj! - come on, come on! (in Germany they know this Russian expression, but do not understand its literal meaning; the expression was brought by prisoners of war returning from Russia)
Desjatine, (die, -, -n), altes russisches Flaechenma; (etwas mehr als als ein Hektar) - tithe, an old Russian measure of area, slightly more than one hectare
Getman, (der, -s, -e), (dt.-poln.-ukr.), oberster ukrainische Kosakenfuehrer, (from German Hauptmann - captain, centurion, chief) - hetman (Ukrainian), hetman (Russian) ) (the word hetman came into the Ukrainian language through the Polish language
Glasnost fuer Offenheit, Gorbatschows politischer Reformkurs - glasnost, political course of Gorbachev's reforms
Gley (der, -, nur Ez.), nasser Mineralboden - soil profile of green, blue or bluish-rusty color due to the presence of ferrous iron (in Russian from English)
Gospodin, (der, -s, Gospoda), Herr - master
Gulag, (der, -s, nur Ez.), Hauptverwaltung der Lagern (in der ehemaliges Sovjetunion) - Gulag, the main administration of camps in the former USSR
Iglu, (der oder das, -s, -s), aus Sneebloken bestehende runde Hutte des Eskimos - an igloo consisting of snow blocks, a round structure of the Eskimos
Iwan, (der, -s, -s), Russe, sowietischer Soldat; Gesamtheit der sowjetischen Soldaten (als Spitzname im II Weltkrieg) - Ivan, Russian, Soviet soldier, Soviet army (as a nickname in World War II)
Jakute, (der, -en, -en), Angehoeriger eines Turkvolkes in Sibirien - nationality, a person belonging to one of the Turkic peoples of Siberia
Jurte, (die, -, -n), rundes Filzzelt mittelasiatischer Nomaden - yurt, round tent of Central Asian nomads
Kadet, (der, -en, -en), Angehoeriger einer 1905 gegruendeten, liberal-monarchistischen russischen Partei, - cadet, member of the party of constitutional democrats created in 1905, supporters of the constitutional monarchy in Tsarist Russia
Kalaschnikow (der, -s, -s), Maschinenpistole (im Namen des russische Erfinder), - Kalashnikov; Kalashnikov assault rifle (on behalf of the Russian inventor)
Kalmuecke (Kalmyke), (der. -en, -en), Angehoeriger eines Westmongolischenvolkes - Kalmyk
Kasache, (der, -en, -en), Einwohner von Kasachstan, Angehoeriger eines Turkvolkes in Centralasien - Kazakh
Kasack, (der, -s, -s), ueber Rock oder Hose getragene, mit Guertel gehaltene Bluse (durch it.-frz.) - a blouse worn over a dress or trousers and supported by a belt
Kasatschok, (der. -s, -s), akrobatischer Kosakentanz, bei dem die Beine aus der Hoke nach vorn geschleuden werden - acrobatic dance of the Cossacks, in which the legs slide forward
Kascha, (die, -, nur Ez.), russische Buchweizengruetze, Brei - porridge, in Germany the word “Kascha” is used mainly to refer to buckwheat porridge
KGB - KGB, State Security Committee
Kibitka, (die, -, -s), 1. Jurte, 2. einfacher, ueberdachter russischer Bretterwagen oder Schlitten - 1. yurt, 2. kibitka, a simple covered Russian cart or sleigh
Knute, (die, -, -n), Riemenpeitsche; Gewaltherrschaft - whip, belt whip, control by force
Kolchos (der, das, -, Kolchose), Kolchose (die, -, -n), landwirtschaftliczhe Productionsgenossenschaft in Sozialismus - collective farm, collective farm, agricultural production cooperative under socialism
Komsomol (der, -, nur Ez.), kommunistiscze jugedorganization (in der ehemaliges UdSSR) (Kurzwort) - Komsomol
Komsomolze (der, -n, -n), Mitglied des Komsomol - Komsomol member
Kopeke, (die, -, -n), abbr. Kop. - kopeck
Kosak, (der, -en, -en), - freier Krieger, leichter Reiter; in Russland und in die Ukraine angesiedelten Bevoelkerungsgruppe - Cossack
Kreml, (der, -s, -s), Stadtburg in russischen Staedten; Stadtburg in Moskau und Sitz der russische Regierung; die russische Regierung - the Kremlin, the central fortress in ancient Russian cities, the Kremlin, the central fortress in Moscow, the Soviet or Russian government
Kulak, (der, -en, -en), Grossbauer, (von russisches Wort Kulak, bedeutet auch Faust) - wealthy peasant, fist
Kyrillika, Kyrilliza, kyrillische Schrift - slawische Schrift (slaw.) - Cyrillic, Church Slavonic script, the name of a group of Slavic scripts (Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Bulgarian, Serbian and Slavic), descended from the Church Slavonic script created by Cyril and Methodius
Leninismus, (der, -s, nur Ez.), der von W.I.Lenin weiterentwickelte Marksismus (rus.-nlat.) - Leninism
Leninist, (der, -en, -en), Anh;nger des Leninismus (rus.-nlat.) - supporter of Leninism, Leninist
leninistisch, (Adj.), zum Leninismus gehoerig, darauf beruhend (rus.-nlat.) - related to Leninism, based on Leninism
Machorka (der, -s, nur Ez.), russischer Tabak, - makhorka, Russian strong tobacco
Malossol, (der, -s, nur Ez.), schwach gesalzener russische Kaviar - lightly salted caviar
Matr(j)oschka, traditionalle russische Puppe - matryoshka
Molotowskokteul - Molotov cocktail; Molotov cocktail ( original title Molotov cocktail originated in Finland during the Soviet-Finnish War of 1940)
Panje, (der, -s, -s), russischer Bauer, (scherzhaft, abwertend) - Russian peasant (ironically)
Panjewagen, (der, -s, -), kleine einfache russische Pferdwagen, (scherzhaft, abwertend) - primitive Russian cart (ironically)
Papirossa, (die, -, -rosay), russische Zigarette mit langem, hohlem Mundstueck - cigarette, Russian cigarette with a long, hollow mouthpiece
Perm, (das, -s, nur Ez.), juengste Formation des Paleozoikums (Geologie und Paleontologie) - Perm, early Paleozoic period (in geology and paleontology), from the name of the Russian city of Perm
Perestrojka, (ohne Artikel), (der, -s, nur Ez.), Gorbatschtwsreformen, Umgeschtaltung in SU - perestroika, Gorbachev’s reforms in the USSR
Petschaft, (das, -s, -e), zum Siegeln verwendeter Stempel oder Ring mit eingrawiertem Namenszug, Wappen oder ;nlichen, (tschech.-rus.) - used to make an impression in a soft material (in wax) seal, stamp or ring engraved with name, coat of arms, etc.
Pirogge, (die, -, -n), mit Fleisch oder Fisch, Reis oder Kraut gefuelte russische Hefepastete - Russian pies with meat, fish, rice or herb filling
Pogrom, (das, -es, -e), gewaltige Ausschreitungen gegen rassische, religiose, nationale Gruppen, z. B. gegen Juden - pogrom, violent outrages that are directed against racial, religious or national groups of the population, for example against Jews.
Podsol, (der, -s, nur Ez.), mineralsalzarmer, wenig fruchtbarer Boden, Bleicherde - podzolic soil, poor in mineral salts and infertile soil
Politbuero, (das, -s, -s), kurz fuer Politisches Buero, zentraler leitender Ausschuss einer kommunistischen Partei - politburo, political bureau, central leadership of the communist party
Pope, (der, -en, -en), Geistlicher der russischen und griechisch-orthodoxen Kirche - priest, priest of the Russian or Greek Orthodox Church, priest
Rubel (der, -s, -), russische und ehemalige sowjetische Waehrungseinheit - Russian and former Soviet currency
Samisdat, (der, -s, nur Ez.), selbstgeschribene oder selbstgedrueckte illegale Buecher - samizdat, publications produced illegally at home
Samojede, (der, -en, -en), 1.Angehoeriger eines nordsibirischen Nomadenvolks; 2. eine Schlittenhundrasse - 1. Samoyed, a person belonging to one of the Siberian nomadic tribes; 2. sled dog breed
Samowar, (der, -s, -e), russische Teemaschine - Russian samovar
Sarafan, (der, -s, -e), ausgeschnitenes russische Frauenkleid, das ueber eine Bluse getragen wyrde (pers.-russ.) - Russian women's clothing (the word came into the Russian language from the Persian language)
Stalinismus, (der, -s, nur Ez.), 1. totalitaere Dictatur J.Stalins (1879-1953), die 1936-1939 mit der Ermordung von Millionen Menschen gipfelte; 2. Versuch den Socialismus mit Gewaltakten umzusetzen (rus.-nlat.) - Stalinism, 1. the total dictatorship of J.V. Stalin, repression and extermination of millions of people, the peak of repression and executions occurred in 1936-1939; 2. attempt to introduce socialism through violence
Stalinorgel, (die, -, -n), sovietischer rohrlose Raketenwerfer („Katjuscha“) - “Katyusha”, the name of the Soviet barrelless rocket artillery, which appeared during the war of 1941-1845.
Steppe, (der, -s, -s), weite Grassebene - steppe, wide grassy plain
Sputnik, (der, -s, -s), kuenstlicher Satelit im Weltraum, - satellite, artificial cosmic body revolving around a natural cosmic body
Taiga, (die, -, nur Ez.), Nadelwald-Sumpfguertel (in Sibirien), (tuerk.-russ.) - taiga, natural zone of coniferous forests, coniferous forest (in Siberia), often swampy
TASS (die, nur Ez.), ehem. staatliche Sovetische Pressagentur (russ., Kurzwort) - TASS, Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union
Tatar, (der, -en, -en), Angehoeriger eines t;rkischen Volks in der Sovjetunion (t;rk.-russ.) - Tatar
Troika, (die, -, -s), russische Gespannform, Dreigespann; Dreierbuendnis - a troika, a team of three horses, a team of three persons, a panel of judges who convicted according to the simplified procedure of the so-called. enemies of the people (in the former USSR)
Trotzkismus, (der, -, nur Ez.), ultralinke Kommunistische Stroemung - Trotskyism, ultra-left communist political trend
Trozkist, (der, -en, -en), anh;nger des Trotzkismus - Trotskyist, supporter of Trotskyism
Tscheka, (die, -, nur Ez.), politische Politei der Sowjetunion (bis 1922) - Cheka, Cheka, political police at the beginning of Soviet power (before 1922)
Tscherwonez, (der, -, plural Tscherwonzen), altrussische Goldm;nze, 10-Rubelstuck (frueher) - chervonets, gold ten-ruble pre-revolutionary Russian coin
Tundra, (die, -, Tundren), Kaeltesteppe (finn.-russ.) - tundra
Ukas, der, Ukasses, plural Ukasse, Zarenerlass, Anordnung (scherzhaft) - decree, command of the king or higher authority
Werst, (die, -, -), altes russisches Laengenmass(etwas mehr als Kilometer) - old Russian measure of area, slightly more than one kilometer
Wodka, (der, -s, -s), russischer oder polnischer Getreideschnaps oder Kartoffelschnaps (manchmal mit Zusaetzen, z.B. Bueffelgrasswodka) - vodka, Russian (Wodka) or Polish (Vodka) strong alcoholic drink made from grain or potatoes, sometimes infused with herbs (for example bison)
Zar, (der, -en, -en), Herschertitel (frueher, in Russland, Bulgarien, Serbien, Momtenegro) (lat.-got.-russ.) - king
Zarewitsch, (der, -es, -e), russischer Zarenson, Prinz - prince, son of the Russian Tsar
Zarewna, (die, -, -s), Zarentochter - princess, daughter of the king
zaristisch, (Adj.), zur Zarenherschaft geh;rig, zarentreu, monarchistisch - tsarist, related to tsarism, loyal to the tsar
Zariza, (die, -, -s oder Zarizen), Zarengemahlin oder regirende Herscherin - queen, king's wife or reigning monarch
Kiselev O.M. 2007