inputVasily Nikitich Tatishchev what he opened briefly. Sovereign man
Vasily Tatishchev, industrialist and economist, author of one of the first major works on the history of Russia, was born on April 19 (29 in a new style), 1686.
Prince without a title
The creation of a powerful Russian state is usually associated with the names of the rulers and their immediate confidants. But the solution to this problem would have been impossible without the "sovereign people" - those who carried out grandiose plans to build an empire into reality.
One of these people was Vasily Nikolaevich Tatishchev, who managed to succeed in strengthening the country's economic potential, and in studying and describing the history of Russia since ancient times.
Reproduction of an engraving by A. Osipov depicting Russian statesman Vasily Tatishchev
Vasily Tatishchev was born in April 1686 in the Pskov district, on the estate of his father Nikita Tatishchev.
The Tatishchev family led its history from the Rurikovichs, but then began to lose influence and even lost the princely title. Nikita Tatishchev, Vasily's father, did not even have his own estate and acquired one only after the death of one of his relatives.
Nevertheless, in 1693, seven-year-old Vasily and his ten-year-old older brother Ivan were accepted into the service as tsarist stewards. True, it was not about Tsar Peter, but about his brother and co-ruler Ivan, who had no real power.
Tsar Ivan died in 1696, and the Tatishchev brothers returned to their father's estate, where they stayed for the next 10 years.
Intelligent officer
They were not eager for service again, but during the time of Peter I it was obligatory for the nobles, and in 1706 the Tatishchevs were drafted into the Azov Dragoon Regiment.
The next six years were spent in battles and battles. Vasily Tatishchev took part in the capture of Narva, in the legendary battle with the Swedes near Poltava, in the Prut campaign unsuccessful for the Russian army.
In 1712, already far from young, especially by the standards of the 18th century, Vasily Tatishchev was sent abroad to study engineering and artillery. In addition, he becomes a confidant of Feldzheikhmeister General Yakov Willimovich Bruce, carrying out his assignments abroad.
The patronage of Bruce, a man who was one of the close associates of Peter I, takes Tatishchev's career to a new level. In May 1716, he passed the exam and was promoted to a lieutenant engineer for artillery. In this capacity, he was engaged in streamlining the artillery economy in the army.
In the fall of 1717, Tatishchev attracted the attention of Peter - the magistrate of Danzig offered the painting "The Last Judgment" in payment of the indemnity imposed on the city. The burgomaster assured that it was written by the enlightener of the Slavs Methodius and costs 100 thousand rubles.
Peter I, who loved rarities, but not inclined to waste, estimated the painting at 50 thousand. But here Tatishchev intervened, stating that Methodius' authorship was more than doubtful, and the burgomaster was simply trying to "cheat" the tsar. The deal fell through, and Peter remembered an intelligent officer.
History with geography
In 1718, Tatishchev, as a close associate of Yakov Bruce, participated in the organization of the Aland Congress - negotiations between Russia and Sweden, which were supposed to put an end to the Northern War. Expectations from the negotiations did not come true, the war dragged on for another couple of years, but Tatishchev himself again showed himself excellently as an executor of important state orders.
In the same 1718, Jacob Bruce was appointed head of the Berg Collegium - a kind of ministry of industry and minerals of the Peter the Great era. The new head of the collegium, starting to work, considered it necessary to draw up a detailed geographic map of Russia, without which the development of industry and exploration of minerals were very difficult.
The large-scale task was entrusted to Tatishchev, who, having plunged into the topic, decided that geographical research should be based on historical material. He took up the study of the history of Russia from ancient times. This work will be the beginning of the creation of the first fundamental work on Russian history, which Tatishchev will write until his death.
The main enemy of the Demidov clan
In the times of Peter the Great, the number of tasks facing the country was enormous, and the number of people capable of effectively solving them was small. Therefore, Vasily Tatishchev in 1720 was cut off from geography and sent "in the Siberian province on Kungur and in other places where convenient places would be searched, to build factories and smelt silver and copper from ores."
These places were harsh, the central authority was recognized here very conditionally, but Tatishchev was a man of a dozen awkward. Taking up the organization of state-owned factories, he created the Siberian High Mining Administration - the main governing body of state enterprises in the region.
Tatishchev's measures to relocate old factories and lay new ones became the reason for the founding of two cities - Yekaterinburg and Perm.
View of the monument to the founders of the city of Yekaterinburg Vasily Tatishchev and Wilhelm de Genin on Labor Square in Yekaterinburg
Tatishchev was also actively involved in infrastructure issues - he established the functioning of the post office, was engaged in the construction of schools (both primary and for training in mining), built roads and strengthened the rule of law.
Very quickly, he made himself terrible enemies in the person of the father and son of the Demidovs, entrepreneurs, who until that moment were monopolists of the mining business in the Urals and Siberia. The Demidovs saw state-owned factories as a threat to their business. Vasily Tatishchev, in turn, believed that the Demidovs were mired in abuses and were acting to the detriment of the state.
The Demidovs, using their connections, tried to remove Tatishchev. The case came to an investigative check, which fully acquitted the head of state-owned factories.
Tatishchev's political plan
At the same time, the Demidov clan nevertheless achieved its goal - Vasily Tatishchev was transferred to St. Petersburg, from where he was later sent to Sweden for the needs of mining and for the execution of diplomatic assignments. Tatishchev stayed there from December 1724 to April 1726, inspected factories and mines, collected many drawings and plans, hired a lapidary master who put into operation a lapidary business in Yekaterinburg, collected information about the trade of the Stockholm port and the Swedish monetary system, got acquainted with many local scientists.
Upon his return to Russia, he was appointed a member of the mint office, which was in charge of the mints of the empire.
While Tatishchev worked for the good of the Fatherland, political passions raged around. When in 1730 the question arose of inviting Anna Ioannovna to the kingdom, whose power the Supreme Privy Council was trying to limit, Tatishchev proposed his own project of state structure.
He argued that Russia, as a vast country, most of all corresponds to monarchical rule, and the idea of \u200b\u200b"supreme leaders" should be rejected. But all the same, "to help" the empress should have established a senate of 21 members and an assembly of 100 members with her, and elected to the highest seats by ballot. It also proposed various measures to alleviate the situation of different classes of the population.
Tatishchev's plan was not implemented, but Anna Ioannovna, who had prevailed over the "leaders", appreciated the help in this struggle.
Conflict with Biron
True, the favor did not last long. A year later, Tatishchev had a big quarrel with the favorite of the Empress Biron, a great specialist in putting his hand into the state treasury. The vengeful Biron quickly concocted a bribe case, and Tatishchev was under investigation.
Only in 1734 the charges against Tatishchev were dropped, again sent to the Urals for the construction of new state-owned factories.
Over the next few years, Vasily Tatishchev brought the number of factories to 40, drew up a plan to increase their number by a factor of two, compiled the first instructions for surveyors, devoted a lot of time to questions of mineral exploration and the search for new mines.
Tatishchev insisted that private factories rob the treasury, their owners violate laws, acting to the detriment of the state. He widely used his right to interfere in the activities of state enterprises.
Private traders began to write complaints to Petersburg. And, since they shared part of their income with the highest dignitaries of the empire, Tatishchev again began to have problems. In 1737 he was sent to the Orenburg expedition for the final pacification of Bashkiria and the control of the Bashkirs.
Resignation
Having coped with the task, he returned to St. Petersburg in 1739. Here he was awaited by a new trial on charges of abuse. Behind this process was Biron, who this time achieved his goal - Vasily Tatishchev was imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress, depriving him of all ranks.
Soon Biron fell, and Tatishchev was released. This time he was appointed head of the Astrakhan province, where he was ordered to restore order.
Vasily Tatishchev understood that this task was not for him, that knowledge and experience would be much more useful in the Urals.
But even the accession of the daughter of Peter the Great, Elizabeth Petrovna, did not change the fate of Tatishchev - he was left to serve in the Astrakhan province.
In 1745 Vasily Tatishchev was dismissed. He arrived in his village near Moscow, Boldino, where he began to devote all his time to writing a historical work.
"Russian history"
The first public readings of his book, on which he worked for almost two decades, Tatishchev spent in St. Petersburg in 1739. He was one of the first to study primary sources, chronicles and other materials related to the ancient history of Russia, analyzing and systematizing them.
Tatishchev did not have a special education, but in his historical works the vital attitude to the issues of science and the breadth of outlook combined with this are valuable. He was the first to discover and publish "Russian Truth" - a collection of legal norms of the Old Russian state of the time of Yaroslav the Wise, he was the first to publish "Code of Laws of Ivan the Terrible".
The work "Russian History", or "Russian History from the most ancient times, by tireless labors thirty years later, collected and described by the late Privy Councilor and Astrakhan Governor Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev", consisted of four parts. Only the first and second parts, which covered the period from pre-Yurik times to 1238, did Tatishchev manage to finish. The third and fourth parts, describing Russian history before 1558, as well as fragmentarily and the period of the Time of Troubles, remained unfinished.
In addition, Tatishchev wrote the first edition of the Russian History in a language stylized to resemble the ancient Russian language of chronicles. Then, convinced that this style was rather inconvenient for readers, he began to write the edition in the language familiar to the 18th century.
The first edition of "History of Russia" began only in 1768, almost two decades after the death of the author. The manuscript of the last, fourth part was found and published in the 1840s.
The full academic edition of Vasily Tatishchev's History of Russia, which included the first edition, which had not been previously published, was published in 1962-1968.
Tatishchev even organized his own funeral
Organizational skills remained with Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev until the very last days. In the summer of 1750, 64-year-old Tatishchev felt very bad and realized that he had very little time to live. One day, having gone to church, he ordered the artisans to appear there with shovels. After the service, he, taking with him also the priest, went to the cemetery, indicating where and how the grave should be dug for him. After making sure that everything was done correctly, he asked the priest to come to his house the next day to conduct all the death rites.
On the same day, a messenger from Petersburg arrived to him, announcing his call to the capital and awarding him an order. Tatishchev sent the order back, asking them to tell them that he was dying.
TATISHCHEV VASILY NIKITICH
Tatishchev (Vasily Nikitich) - a famous Russian historian, was born on April 16, 1686 in the estate of his father, Nikita Alekseevich T., in the Pskov district; studied at the Moscow artillery and engineering school under the leadership of Bruce, participated in the capture of Narva (1705), in the Battle of Poltava and in the Prussian campaign; in 1713 - 14 he was abroad, in Berlin, Breslau and Dresden, to improve in the sciences. In 1717, T. was again abroad, in Danzig, where Peter I sent him to plead for the inclusion in the contribution of an ancient image, about which there was a rumor that it was painted by St. Methodius; but the city magistrate did not yield to the image, and T. proved to Peter the falsity of the legend. From both of his trips abroad, T. took out a great many books. Upon his return, T. was under Bruce, the president of the berg- and manufactures-collegium, and traveled with him to the Åland Congress. The idea made by Bruce to Peter the Great about the need for a detailed geography of Russia gave impetus to the compilation of T.'s "Russian History", which Bruce pointed out to Peter in 1719 as the performer of such a work. T., who was sent to the Urals, could not immediately present the tsar with a plan of work, but Peter did not forget about this matter and in 1724 reminded T. of it. Taking to work, T. felt the need for historical information and therefore, pushing geography into the background , began to collect materials for history. At the time of the beginning of these works, another, closely related plan, T .: in 1719 he submitted to the tsar a submission in which he pointed out the need for delimitation in Russia. In T.'s thought, both plans were linked; in a letter to Cherkasov in 1725, he says that he was assigned "to the survey of the entire state and the composition of a detailed geography with land maps." In 1720, a new assignment tore off T. from his historical and geographical works. He was sent "to the Siberian province on Kungur and in other places where convenient places would be searched, to build factories and smelt silver and copper from ores." He had to act in a little known, uncivilized country that had long served as an arena for all kinds of abuse. Having traveled around the region entrusted to him, T. settled not in Kungur, but in the Uktussky plant, where he founded a department, called at the beginning the mining office, and then the Siberian high mining authorities. During the first stay of T. at the Ural factories, he managed to do a lot: he moved the Uktusskiy plant to the river. Iset and there laid the foundation of the present Yekaterinburg; obtained permission to allow merchants to enter the Irbit fair and through Verkhoturye, as well as establishments of mail between Vyatka and Kungur; at the factories he opened two primary schools, two for training in mining; procured the establishment of a special judge for the factories; compiled instructions for preserving forests, etc. T.'s measures caused the displeasure of Demidov, who saw the undermining of his activities in the establishment of state-owned factories. To investigate the disputes, Genik was sent to the Urals, who found that T. acted fairly in everything. T. was acquitted, at the beginning of 1724 he introduced himself to Peter, was promoted to adviser to the berg collegium and appointed to the Siberian oberberg amt. Soon after, he was sent to Sweden for mining and diplomatic missions. T. stayed in Sweden from December 1724 to April 1726, inspected factories and mines, collected many drawings and plans, hired a lapidary master who put into operation a lapidary business in Yekaterinburg, collected information about the trade of the Stockholm port and the Swedish monetary system, met with many local scholars, etc. Returning from a trip to Sweden and Denmark, T. spent some time preparing a report and, although not yet expelled from the berg-amt, was not, however, sent to Siberia. In 1727, T. was appointed a member of the mint office, to which the mints were then subordinate; in this position he was caught by the events of 1730. A note was drawn up about their T., which was signed by 300 people from the gentry. He argued that Russia, as a vast country, most of all corresponds to monarchical administration, but that nevertheless "to help" the empress should establish a Senate of 21 members and an assembly of 100 members with her, and elect the highest seats by ballot; here various measures were proposed to alleviate the situation of different classes of the population. Due to the reluctance of the guards to agree to changes in the state system, this entire project remained in vain, but the new government, seeing in T. the enemy of the supreme leaders, treated him favorably: he was the chief of ceremonies on the day of the coronation of Anna Ioannovna. Becoming the chief judge of the coin office, T. began to actively take care of improving the Russian monetary system. In 1731, T. began a misunderstanding with Biron, which led to the fact that he was put on trial on charges of bribery. In 1734 T. was released from the court and again assigned to the Urals, "for the multiplication of factories." He was also entrusted with drawing up a mining charter. While T. remained at the factories, his activities brought a lot of benefit to both factories and the region: under him the number of factories increased to 40; constantly opened new mines, and T. considered it possible to arrange another 36 factories, which opened only a few decades later. Among the new mines, the most important place was occupied by T. mountain Grace. T. enjoyed the right to interfere in the management of private factories quite widely, and thus more than once aroused criticism and complaints against him. In general, he was not a supporter of private factories, not so much out of personal gain, as out of the consciousness that the state needs metals, and that by extracting them itself, it gets more benefits than entrusting this business to private people. In 1737, Biron, wishing to remove T. from mining, appointed him to the Orenburg expedition to finally pacify Bashkiria and the Bashkir control devices. Here he managed to carry out several humane measures: for example, he procured that the delivery of the yasak was entrusted not to the yasak and kisser, but to the Bashkir elders. In January 1739, T. arrived in St. Petersburg, where a whole commission was set up to consider complaints against him. He was accused of "attacks and bribes", lack of diligence, etc. There is a possibility that there was some truth in these attacks, but T.'s position would be better if he got along with Biron. The commission arrested T. in the Peter and Paul Fortress and in September 1740 sentenced him to deprivation of ranks. The verdict, however, was not carried out. In this difficult year for T., he wrote his instructions to his son - the famous "Spiritual". The fall of Biron again put forward T.: he was released from punishment and in 1741 was appointed to Tsaritsyn to govern the Astrakhan province, mainly to end the riots among the Kalmyks. The lack of the necessary military forces and the intrigues of the Kalmyk rulers prevented T. from achieving anything lasting. When Elizaveta Petrovna ascended the throne, T. hoped to get rid of the Kalmyk commission, but he failed: he was left in place until 1745, when he was dismissed from office due to disagreements with the governor. Arriving in his village near Moscow, Boldino, T. no longer left her to death. Here he finished his story, which he brought to Petersburg in 1732, but for which he did not meet with sympathy. The extensive correspondence conducted by T. from the village has come down to us. On the eve of his death, he went to church and ordered the artisans to appear there with shovels. After the liturgy, he went with the priest to the cemetery and ordered to dig his own grave next to his ancestors. Leaving, he asked the priest to come the next day to commune him. At home, he found a courier who brought a decree that forgave him, and the Order of Alexander Nevsky. He returned the order, saying that he was dying. The next day he joined, said goodbye to everyone and died (July 15, 1750). T.'s main work could have appeared only under Catherine II. The entire literary activity of T., including works on history and geography, pursued journalistic tasks: the benefit of society was his main goal. T. was a conscientious utilitarian. His worldview is set forth in his "Conversation of two friends about the benefits of sciences and schools." The main idea of \u200b\u200bthis worldview was the then fashionable idea of \u200b\u200bnatural law, natural morality, natural religion, borrowed by T. from Pufendorf and Walch. The highest goal or "true well-being", according to this view, consists in the complete balance of mental forces, in the "peace of mind and conscience" achieved by developing the mind with "useful" science; Tatishchev referred to the latter as medicine, economics, doctrine and philosophy. To the main work of his life, T. came as a result of the confluence of a number of circumstances. Aware of the harm caused by the lack of a detailed geography of Russia and seeing the connection between geography and history, he found it necessary to collect and consider first all historical information about Russia. Since the foreign manuals were full of mistakes, T. turned to primary sources, began to study the chronicles and other materials. At first he meant to give a historical essay, but then, finding that it was inconvenient to refer to chronicles that had not yet been published, he decided to write in a purely chronicle manner. In 1739, T. brought to St. Petersburg the work on which he worked for 20 years, and transferred it to the Academy of Sciences for storage, continuing to work on it and subsequently, smoothing out the language and adding new sources. Lacking special training, T. could not give an impeccable scientific work, but in his historical works valuable attitude to life in science and the associated breadth of outlook. T. constantly linked the present with the past: he explained the meaning of Moscow legislation by the customs of judicial practice and memories of the customs of the 17th century; on the basis of personal acquaintance with foreigners, he understood ancient Russian ethnography; from the lexicons of living languages \u200b\u200bexplained the ancient names. As a result of this connection between the present and the past, T. was not in the least distracted by his work from his main task; on the contrary, these studies broadened and deepened his historical understanding. The conscientiousness of T., previously questioned because of his so-called Joachim Chronicle (see Chronicle), is currently beyond doubt. He did not invent any news or sources, but sometimes he unsuccessfully corrected his own names, translated them into his own language, substituted his interpretations or compiled news similar to the chronicles from data that seemed to him reliable. Citing the chronicle legends in the collection, often without specifying the sources, T. finally gave, in essence, not history, but a new chronicle collection, unsystematic and rather clumsy. The first two parts of the I volume of "History" were published for the first time in 1768 - 69 in Moscow, G.F. Miller, under the title "Russian history from the earliest times by tireless labors 30 years later, collected and described by the late Privy Councilor and Governor of Astrakhan V. N. T." Volume II was published in 1773, Volume III - in 1774, Volume IV - in 1784, and Volume V was found by M.P. Pogodin only in 1843 and published by the Society of Russian History and Antiquities in 1848. T. put the material in order until the death of Vasily III; he also prepared, but did not finally edit the material until 1558; he also had a number of handwritten materials for later eras, but no later than 1613. Part of T.'s preparatory work is kept in Miller's portfolios. In addition to the history of T. and the conversation mentioned above, he compiled a large number of publicistic works: "Spiritual", "Reminder on the sent schedule of high and lower state and zemstvo governments", "Discourse on the revision of the general government" and others. "Dukhovnaya" (published in 1775) gives detailed instructions covering the entire life and activities of a person (landowner). She treats about upbringing, about various types of service, about relations with the authorities and subordinates, about family life, managing the estate and economy, etc. The "Reminder" sets out T.'s views on state law, and "Reasoning", written on regarding the revision of 1742, measures are indicated to multiply state revenues. T. - a typical "nestling of Petrov's nest", with an extensive mind, the ability to move from one subject to another, sincerely striving for the good of the fatherland, who had his own definite worldview and firmly and steadily pursued it, if not always in life, then in every case, in all his scientific works. Wed ON. Popov "T. and His Time" (Moscow, 1861); P. Pekarsky "New news about V. N. T." (III volume, "Notes of the Imperial Academy of Sciences", St. Petersburg, 1864); "On the publication of VNT's works and materials for his biography" (AA Kunik, 1883, published by the Imperial Academy of Sciences); K.N. Bestuzhev-Ryumin "Biographies and Characteristics" (St. Petersburg, 1882); Senigov "Historical and critical studies of the Novgorod Chronicle and the Russian history of T." (Moscow, 1888; review by S.F. Platonov, "Bibliographer", 1888, ¦ 11); publication of "Dukhovnaya" T. (Kazan, 1885); D. Korsakov "From the life of Russian figures of the 18th century" (ib., 1891); N. Popov "Scientists and literary works of T." (St. Petersburg, 1886); P.N. Miliukov "The Main Currents of Russian Historical Thought" (Moscow, 1897).
Brief biographical encyclopedia. 2012
See also the interpretations, synonyms, meanings of the word and what is TATISHCHEV VASILY NIKITICH in Russian in dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books:
- TATISHCHEV VASILY NIKITICH
Vasily Nikitich, Russian statesman, historian. Graduated ... - TATISHCHEV VASILY NIKITICH
famous Russian historian, born. April 16, 1686 in the estate of his father, Nikita Alekseevich T., in the Pskov district; studied at … - TATISHCHEV, VASILY NIKITICH in the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia:
? famous Russian historian, born. April 16, 1686 in the estate of his father, Nikita Alekseevich T., in the Pskov district; studied … - TATISHCHEV VASILY NIKITICH in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
(1686-1750) Russian historian, statesman. In 1720-22 and 1734-37 he managed state-owned factories in the Urals. In 1741-45 the Astrakhan governor. Works on ... - TATISHCHEV VASILY NIKITICH
- TATISHCHEV VASILY NIKITICH
(1686 - 1750), Russian historian, statesman. In 1720 - 22 and 1734 - 37 he managed state factories in the Urals. ... - Tatishchev in the Encyclopedia of Russian Surnames, Secrets of Origin and Meanings:
- Tatishchev in the Encyclopedia of Surnames:
The Tatishchevs are an ancient and glorious family, known in Russia since 1400. But the very first Tatishchevs are clearly not from the nobility. ... - BASIL in the Handbook of Characters and Cult Objects of Greek Mythology:
Vasily II the Bolgar fighter (958-1025) - Byzantine emperor from 976 He suppressed the uprising of Asia Minor nobility in 976-979. and 987— ... - Tatishchev in the Pedagogical Encyclopedic Dictionary:
Vasily Nikitich (1686-1750), statesman, scientist, teacher. He contributed to the formation of history in Russia as a science, laid the foundation for some special historical ... - BASIL in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, TSB:
(Basileios), in Byzantium emperors: V. I Macedonian, emperor from 867, founder of the Macedonian dynasty. From the Macedonian (more correctly Thracian) ... - VASILY BISKOP OF SELEVKY in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
(in Isauria). He was present at a council in Constantinople (448), where he argued against Eutychius. At the "robber" cathedral in Ephesus, V. served ... - BASIL in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
a name very often found in Russian epics and folk tales; to the epic heroes belong: V. Kazimirovich, V. Okulevich, V. Ignatievich, ... - BASIL in the Modern Encyclopedic Dictionary:
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I (1371 - 1425), Grand Duke of Moscow from 1389. Son of Dmitry Donskoy. In 1392 he received a label in the Golden Horde for ... - Tatishchev
TATISHCHEV Ser. Spir. (1846-1906), historian, publicist. Russian-tour participant. wars 1877-78. Tr. on the history of growing up. diplomacy and external politicians, biography of imp. ... - Tatishchev in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
TATISCHEV Dm. Pav. (1767-1845), diplomat, Rus. ambassador in Madrid (1815-21), The Hague (1821-1822), Vienna (1826-41). In 1822 commissioned on the last ... - Tatishchev in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
TATISCHEV you. Nikitich (1686-1750), historian, state. activist. In 1720-22 and 1734-37 he managed state-owned factories in the Urals. In 1741-45 the Astrakhan governor. ... - Tatishchev in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
TATISHCHEV Al-dr Iv. (1763-1833), count (from 1826), military man. and state. activist, general from infantry. Participant in Russian-tour. wars of 1787-91 and Polish. ... - BASIL in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
VASILY MIROZHSKY (? -1299), Abbot of the Spaso-Mirozhsky Monastery. in Pskov. Killed by the Livonians, canonized by Rus. orthodoxy ... - BASIL in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
VASILY THE COPPER HAND (? - c. 932), the leader of the cross. restore in Byzantium (c. 932), who took the name of Constantine Duke. Executed. Restore ... - BASIL in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
VASILY KOSOY (? -1448), specific prince of Zvenigorod. Together with his brother Dmitry Shemyaka, he fought a long-term war with Vasily II the Dark. I tried to capture ... - BASIL in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
VASILY KALIKA (in the world Gregory) (? - 1352), Archbishop of Novgorod (from 1330), writer. Signed beneficial agreements for Novgorod with the chief. princes ... - BASIL in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
BASIL THE GREAT (Basil of Caesarea) (about 330-379), Christ. church. activist, theologian, father of the Church. Brother of Gregory of Nyssa, friend of Gregory the Theologian, together with ... - BASIL in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
VASILY BUSLAEV, the hero of the epics of the Novgorod cycle (14-15 centuries), a reveler and a mischievous person who entered into battle with everything ... - BASIL in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
VASILY BLAZHENNY (? -1569), Moscow. holy fool. One of the most famous moscow. saints, whose gift of providence was revered even by Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible. ... - BASIL in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
VASILY IV Shuisky (1552-1612), Russian. king in 1606-10. Son of Prince. I.A. Shuisky. He headed the secret opposition to Boris Godunov, supported False Dmitry I, ... - BASIL in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
VASILY III (1479-1533), grand. Prince of Moscow, Sovereign of All Russia (from 1505). The son led. book Ivan III and Sophia Palaeologus. I killed ... - BASIL in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
VASILY II the Dark (1415-62), grand. Prince of Moscow (from 1425). Son of Prince. Vasily I and Sophia Vitovtovna, who ruled the prince of the joint from … - BASIL in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
BASIL I (1371-1425), grand. Prince of Moscow (from 1389). The son led. book Dmitry Donskoy and Evdokia Dmitrievna. According to his father's will, he became ... - BASIL in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
VASILY II the Bulgar fighter (958-1025), Byzantine. emperor since 976; from Maked. dynasty. Suppressed revolt. Asia Minor nobility 976-979 (led by Warda ... - BASIL in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
BASIL I Macedonian (c. 836-886), Byzantine. Emperor since 867. From the peasants of the Macedonian fema. Founder Maked. dynasty. He fought against the Arabs ... - BASIL
Chapaev, Lanovoy, ... - BASIL in the Dictionary for solving and compiling scanwords:
Male ... - BASIL in the dictionary of Synonyms of the Russian language.
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Vasily, (Vasilievich, ... - Tatishchev in the Modern Explanatory Dictionary, TSB:
Vasily Nikitich (1686-1750), Russian historian, statesman. In 1720-22 and 1734-37 he managed state-owned factories in the Urals. In 1741-45 Astrakhan ... - BASIL in the Big Modern Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language:
I m. Male name. II m. The popular name of the day of March 13 as a noticeable one for farmers; ...
Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev belonged to an impoverished family of Smolensk princes. His father, Nikita Alekseevich, was a Moscow tenant, that is, a servant person who, not having inherited estates, was forced to break out into the people by fulfilling various assignments at court. For his faithful service in the Pskov district, 150 acres of land (163.88 hectares) were granted. From that time on, Nikita Tatishchev became a Pskov landowner. And therefore, his son Vasily, who was born on April 29, 1686, is considered by historians to be a native of the Pskov district, although it is possible that he was born in Moscow, since his father continued to serve in the capital. There were three sons in the Tatishchev family: the elder Ivan, Vasily and the younger, Nikifor.
E. Shirokov. Painting “And therefore to be! (Peter I and V. Tatishchev) ". 1999 year
Almost nothing is known about the young years of the life of the future statesman. And only one thing is certain for sure - the life of the Tatishchev family was full of worries. After the death of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich in 1676, the political situation in Russia remained unstable for a long time. After his successor, Fyodor Alekseevich, died in April 1682, the uprising of the archers began. In this regard, the well-being and life of the Moscow residents, who guarded the royal palaces, were under threat all the time. As a result of the unrest that broke out in May 1682, the sickly sixteen-year-old Ivan Alekseevich and his ten-year-old half-brother Peter were elevated to the throne. The archer was declared regent by their older sister Sophia. However, she tried to get rid of their "tutelage" as soon as possible. In August of the same year, thanks to the support of the noble detachments, the leader of the archers Ivan Khovansky was executed, and they themselves backed down.
The seven-year rule of Sophia Alekseevna was marked by a rather powerful economic and social upsurge. Its government was headed by Vasily Golitsyn - an educated man who knows many foreign languages \u200b\u200band seriously thought about the abolition of serfdom. However, after Peter Alekseevich grew up, Sophia was deposed (in August-September 1689), and all power passed into the hands of the Naryshkins. Their rather stupid reign dragged on until the mid-1690s, until finally the matured Peter took up government activities. All these events were directly related to the fate of Vasily Nikitich. In 1684, the weak-willed Tsar Ivan Alekseevich (brother of Peter I) married Praskovya Saltykova, who has long-distance ties with the Tatishchev family. As usual in such cases, the entire Tatishchev clan turned out to be close to the court. There, the life of the young Vasily began - as a steward.
At the beginning of 1696, Ivan Alekseevich died. Nine-year-old Vasily Tatishchev, along with his older brother Ivan, remained in the service of Tsarina Praskovya Feodorovna for some time, but she clearly could not maintain a huge court, and soon the brothers returned to Pskov. In 1703, Vasily's mother, Fetinya Tatishcheva, died, and after a short time his father married again. The relationship of the children from their first marriage with their stepmother did not work out, and, in the end, twenty-year-old Ivan and seventeen-year-old Vasily went to Moscow to inspect the dormant residents. By that time, the Northern War had already begun, and the Russian army needed replenishment to fight the Swedes. In January 1704, the brothers were enlisted in the dragoon regiment as privates. In mid-February, Peter I himself gave a review to their regiment, and in the summer of the same year, having completed training, the newly minted dragoons set off for Narva. Russian troops captured the fortress on August 9, and this event became a baptism of fire for Tatishchev.
After the capture of Narva, Ivan and Vasily took part in hostilities in the Baltic States, being part of the army commanded by Field Marshal Boris Sheremetev. On July 15, 1705, they were both wounded at the Battle of Murmyz (Gemauerthof). After recovering in the spring of 1706, the Tatishchevs were promoted to lieutenant. At the same time, they, among several experienced dragoons, were sent to Polotsk to train recruits. And in August 1706 he was sent to Ukraine as part of the newly formed dragoon regiment. The unit was commanded by the Duma clerk Avtomon Ivanov, who assumed all the costs of maintaining the unit and was an old friend of the Tatishchev family. By the way, this very experienced administrator also headed the Local Order, and therefore often traveled to Moscow. On trips, he took with him twenty-year-old Vasily Nikitich, often entrusting him with very important tasks. Ivanov's patronage can be partly explained by the desire to rely on a devoted person from his circle, but of the two brothers, he singled out the youngest for his business qualities. At that time, Vasily was personally introduced to Peter.
It should be noted that the success of his brother, unfortunately, aroused the envy of Ivan. Their relationship finally deteriorated after the death of his father. For a time they held together against their stepmother, who did not want to share the inheritance. And only in 1712, after she got married for the second time, did the three sons of Nikita Tatishchev begin to divide their father's possessions. The litigation was complicated by Ivan's constant complaints about his younger brothers, who, in his opinion, were “wrongly” dividing the hereditary lands, and finally ended only in 1715. He made peace with Basil and Nikifor already in adulthood.
One of the brightest moments in Tatishchev's life was the Battle of Poltava, which took place on June 27, 1709. The key episode of the battle was the attack of the Swedes on the positions of the first battalion of the Novgorod regiment. When the enemy had almost defeated the first battalion, the Russian tsar personally led the second battalion of the Novgorod regiment, supported by dragoons, into a counterattack. At the decisive moment of the battle, one of the bullets pierced Peter's hat, and the other hit Vasily Nikitich, who was nearby, easily wounding him. Subsequently, he wrote: "Happy for me is the day when I was wounded in the Poltava field next to the sovereign, who himself commanded under bullets and cannonballs, and when he, as usual, kissed me on the forehead and congratulated the wounded for the Fatherland."
And in 1711, twenty-five-year-old Vasily Nikitich participated in the Prut campaign against the Ottoman Empire. The war with the Turks, which ended in defeat, proved to Peter I the illusiveness of his hopes for foreigners, who occupied the bulk of command posts in the Russian army. In place of the expelled foreigners, the king began to appoint his compatriots. One of them was Tatishchev, who received the rank of captain after the Prut campaign. And in 1712 a group of young officers was sent to study in Germany and France. Vasily Nikitich, who had mastered the German language well by that time, went on a trip to the German principalities in order to study engineering. However, systematic study did not work out - the young man was constantly recalled to his homeland. Abroad, Tatishchev studied for a total of two and a half years. During one of the breaks between trips - in the middle of 1714 - Vasily Nikitich married the twice-widowed Avdotya Andreevskaya. A year later, they had a daughter, named Eupraxia, and in 1717, a son, Evgraf. Nevertheless, Tatishchev's family life did not work out - due to his duty, he was almost never at home, and his wife did not harbor tender feelings for him. They finally parted in 1728.
But everything was in order with Vasily Nikitich in the service. Having shown himself to be an executive and proactive person, he regularly received various responsible tasks from his superiors. At the beginning of 1716, he changed the type of troops - the knowledge he acquired abroad became the basis for sending him to the artillery. Abroad, Tatishchev bought a large number of books on various fields of knowledge - from philosophy to natural sciences. Books at that time were worth a lot, and Vasily Nikitich made his purchases at the expense of his commander Yakov Bruce, who led the Russian artillery forces, and in 1717 headed Manufactories and the Berg Collegium.
Often, the assignments of Yakov Vilimovich were quite unexpected. For example, in 1717 Tatishchev received an order to re-equip all artillery units stationed in Pomerania and Mecklenburg, as well as to put in order all the guns they had. There were very few state funds allocated for this, however, Vasily Nikitich successfully completed a difficult task, for which he received a high response about his work from the outstanding Russian military leader Nikita Repnin. Soon after that, he became a member of the Russian delegation to the Aland Congress. The place where the negotiations took place was chosen by Tatishchev.
Communication with Bruce finally changed the direction of Vasily Nikitich's activities - from the military path he turned to the civilian, being, however, the captain of the artillery. One of the most pressing issues at the beginning of the eighteenth century was the change in the tax system. Yakov Vilimovich, together with Vasily Nikitich, conceived to develop a project for a general land survey in the huge Russian state. His ultimate goal was to get rid of the numerous crimes of local authorities and to guarantee a fair distribution of taxes that would not ruin either the peasants or the landowners and increase the treasury revenues. For this, according to the plan, it was required to analyze the geographical and historical characteristics of individual counties, as well as to train a certain number of qualified land surveyors. In 1716, Bruce, loaded with many orders, entrusted Vasily Nikitich with all the affairs of this project. Having managed to prepare a 130-page document, Tatishchev was forced to go to Germany and Poland for work. However, his developments were not useful - in 1718 Peter I decided to introduce poll taxation in the country (instead of land taxation). Nevertheless, the tsar listened with interest to Bruce's proposal, instructing him to compose a geographical description of Russia. Yakov Vilimovich, in turn, transferred this case to Tatishchev, who in 1719 was officially assigned to "surveying the entire state and composing detailed Russian geography with land maps."
Vasily Nikitich plunged headlong into the study of a new topic for him and soon realized clearly close connection geography and. It was then that the aspiring scientist first began to collect Russian chronicles. And at the beginning of 1720, he learned about his new assignment - as a representative of the Berg Collegium to go to the Urals and take over the development and search for new deposits, as well as the organization of the activities of state enterprises for the extraction of ore. In addition, Tatishchev had to deal with countless "search cases". Almost immediately, he exposed the abuses of local governors and Akinfiy Demidov, the actual ruler of the region. The confrontation with the Demidovs, who have powerful ties in the capital, escalated after Tatishchev became the mining chief of the Siberian province in July 1721. This position gave him the right to interfere in the internal life of their enterprises. However, this did not last long - failing to bribe Tatishchev, Akinfiy Demidov accused him of bribery and abuse of power. In March 1722, the Dutchman Wilim Gennin went to the Urals to investigate the case, who then took control of the region into his own hands. He was an intelligent and honest engineer who quickly became convinced of Tatishchev's innocence and appointed him his assistant. As a result of the investigation carried out by Gennin, the Senate acquitted Vasily Nikitich and ordered Akinfiy Demidov to pay him six thousand rubles for "slandering".
Vasily Nikitich spent about three years in the Urals and managed to do a lot during this time. The most notable fruits of his labors were the founding of the cities of Yekaterinburg and Perm. In addition, it was Tatishchev who was the first to propose to move to another place the copper plant on Kungur (on the Yegoshikha River) and the iron works on Uktus (on the Iset River). His projects were initially rejected by the Berg Collegium, but Vilim Gennin, assessing the interpretability of Tatishchev's proposals, insisted on their implementation with his power. At the end of 1723 Tatishchev left the Urals, openly declaring his intention to never return here. The incessant struggle with the German leaders and local tyrant voivods, coupled with the harsh local winter, undermined his health - in recent years, Tatishchev has become increasingly ill. Upon arrival in St. Petersburg, Vasily Nikitich had a long conversation with the tsar, who greeted him rather kindly and left him at court. During the conversation, various topics were discussed, in particular, issues of land surveying and the creation of the Academy of Sciences.
At the end of 1724, Tatishchev, on the instructions of Peter I, went to Sweden. His goal was to study the local organization of mining and industry, to invite Swedish craftsmen to our country and to agree on training young people from Russia in various technical specialties. Unfortunately, the results of Vasily Nikitich's trip turned out to be close to zero. The Swedes, perfectly remembering their recent defeats, did not trust the Russians and did not want to contribute to the growth of Russia's power. In addition, Peter died in 1725, and Tatishchev's mission in the capital was simply forgotten. His personal experience turned out to be more fruitful - Vasily Nikitich visited many mines and factories, bought many books, and met prominent Swedish scientists. He also collected important information about Russian history, available in the annals of the Scandinavians.
Vasily Nikitich returned from Sweden in the spring of 1726 - and ended up in a completely different country. The era of Peter the Great was over, and the courtiers gathered around the new Empress Catherine I were mainly concerned only with strengthening their position and destroying competitors. Jacob Bruce was removed from all posts, and Tatishchev, who received the post of adviser, the new leadership of the Berg Collegium decided to send him back to the Urals. Not wanting to return there, Vasily Nikitich in every possible way delayed the departure, referring to the compilation of a report on the trip to Sweden. The scientist also sent a number of notes to the Empress's Cabinet with new projects developed by him - on the construction of the Siberian highway, on the implementation of general land surveying, on the construction of a network of canals to connect the White and Caspian Seas. However, all his proposals were never understood.
At the same time, the outstanding figure managed to enlist the support of very influential persons, in particular Dmitry Golitsyn, a member of the Supreme Privy Council, who dealt with financial issues. In those years, one of the means of reducing government spending and reducing the tax burden on the taxable population was proposed a monetary reform, namely an increase in the production of a copper coin in order to gradually replace silver dimes. In mid-February 1727, Tatishchev was appointed the third member of the Moscow Mint Office, having received the task of organizing the work of domestic mints, which were in a pitiful state. Very quickly Vasily Nikitich established himself as a knowledgeable specialist in a new place. First of all, he attended to the creation of standards - weights made under his personal control became the most accurate in the country. Then, in order to make life difficult for counterfeiters, Tatishchev improved the minting of coins. On the Yauza, at his suggestion, a dam was created and water mills were installed, which several times increased the productivity of three capital mints. The scientist also insisted on the establishment of a decimal monetary system, which made it possible to simplify and unify the conversion and circulation of money, but this and a number of his other proposals were never supported.
After the death of Catherine I (in May 1727) and Peter II (in January 1730), the problem of succession to the throne arose in the country. The members of the Supreme Privy Council (“supreme leaders”) under the leadership of Golitsyn and the Dolgorukov princes made a decision on certain conditions called “Conditions” to invite Ivan V's daughter, Anna Ioannovna, to the Russian throne. The conditions, by the way, were the refusal of the empress to make key decisions without the consent of eight members of the Supreme Council. However, the nobles in their majority perceived "Konditsiya" as a usurpation of power by members of the Supreme Council. One of the most active participants in the events was Tatishchev, who in the 1720s became close to Prince Antiochus Cantemir and Archbishop Feofan Prokopovich, ardent supporters of autocracy. The historian himself was in a tense relationship with the Dolgorukovs, who gained strength under Peter II, and therefore hesitated for a long time. In the end, he was the author of a kind of compromise petition, submitted to the empress on February 25, 1730. The deputation of the nobility, recognizing the legitimacy of the autocracy, proposed to establish a new government body consisting of 21 people elected at the noble congress. A number of measures were also put forward to make life easier for different classes of the country's population. Anna Ioannovna didn't like the petition read by Tatishchev, but she still had to sign it. After that, the queen ordered to break the "Condition".
Unfortunately, as a result of absolutist agitation, no changes in the state system happened, and Tatishchev's entire project was lost in vain. The only positive result was that the new government treated Vasily Nikitich favorably - he played the role of master of ceremonies during the coronation of Anna Ioannovna in April 1730, received villages with a thousand serfs, was awarded the title of actual state councilor. In addition, Vasily Nikitich took the post of "chief judge" in the capital's coin office, thereby gaining the opportunity to influence financial policy in Russia. However, all these were only illusions. The place of one of the heads of the institution, where the money was "baked", belonged to those "feeders" for which one had to pay. Very soon Tatishchev, not afraid to enter into conflicts with the mighty of this world, had a strong quarrel with Biron, the influential favorite of Anna Ioannovna, who was distinguished by his open demand for bribes from officials and courtiers.
Vasily Nikitich did not want to put up with this. Soon he had to wage a desperate struggle to maintain his troublesome and not too high position. Due to the events of 1730, the financial situation in Russia deteriorated sharply, delays in the payment of salaries to officials became appalling, dooming them to switch to the old system of "feeding", that is, forcing them to take bribes from the population. A similar system to the Empress's favorite, who was engaged in embezzlement of the state, was extremely beneficial - an objectionable official could always be accused of bribery on occasion.
However, for some time Tatishchev was tolerated - as a specialist there was no one to replace him. The case against him was opened only in 1733, and the reason was an operation to withdraw defective silver coins from circulation - the income of the merchants who carried out this operation allegedly significantly exceeded the treasury income. Personally, Vasily Nikitich was charged with a bribe from the "company people" of three thousand rubles, by the way, a meager amount given the scale of theft in the country and the turnover of the coin office. Tatishchev himself believed that the reason for his dismissal was the project he submitted to Anna Ioannovna on the organization of schools and the popularization of sciences. At that time, only 1850 people were studying in Russia, on whom 160 thousand (!) Rubles were spent. Vasily Nikitich proposed a new teaching procedure that would increase the number of students to 21 thousand, while reducing the cost of their education by fifty thousand rubles. Of course, no one wanted to part with such a profitable feeding, and therefore Tatishchev was sent into exile in the Urals "to look over state and particular ore factories."
Vasily Nikitich went to his new duty station in the spring of 1734. He spent three years in the Urals and during this time organized the construction of seven new factories. Thanks to his efforts, mechanical hammers began to be introduced at local enterprises. He launched an active struggle against the ongoing policy of deliberately bringing state-owned factories to a disastrous state, which served as the basis for their transfer to private hands. Tatishchev also developed the Gornozovodsk charter and, despite the protests of industrialists, introduced it into practice, took care of development in the field of medical business, advocating free medical care for factory workers. In addition, he continued the measures begun in 1721 to create schools for the children of artisans, which again provoked the indignation of breeders who used child labor. In Yekaterinburg he created a mining library, and leaving the Ural region, Vasily Nikitich left her almost his entire collection - more than a thousand books.
In 1737, Tatishchev prepared and sent to the Academy of Sciences and the Senate his own manual for surveyors, which he had developed, which became, in essence, the first geographic and economic questionnaire. The scientist asked for permission to send it to the cities of the country, but was refused, and already independently sent it to the large cities of Siberia. Vasily Nikitich sent copies of the answers to the instructions to the Academy of Sciences, where they aroused the interest of historians, geographers and travelers for a long time. Tatishchev's questionnaire contained items about the area and soil, animals and birds, plants, the number of livestock, the trades of the inhabitants, the number of factories and plants, and much more.
In May 1737, Tatishchev was sent to manage the Orenburg expedition, that is, to lead an even more undeveloped region of the then Russian Empire. The reason for this was his successful work in organizing production in the Urals. For two years, previously unprofitable enterprises began to bring large profits, which became a signal for Biron and his associates to privatize them. The richest deposits discovered in 1735 on Mount Blagodat became another tasty morsel for businessmen of all kinds. Formally, the transfer of Vasily Nikitich to Samara - the "capital" of the Orenburg expedition - was arranged as a promotion, Tatishchev was given the rank of lieutenant general and was granted a secret adviser.
In the new place, the statesman faced many serious problems. The purpose of the Orenburg expedition was to ensure the presence of the Russians in Central Asia. For this, a whole network of fortresses was created on the lands inhabited by Cossacks and Bashkirs. However, soon the Bashkirs, who retained almost complete self-government, regarded the actions of the Russians as an encroachment on their rights and in 1735 raised a major uprising, which was suppressed with extreme cruelty. Vasily Nikitich, managing factories in the Urals at that time, took part on duty in the pacification of the Bashkir lands adjacent to his possessions, and learned from this a certain lesson - you need to negotiate in an amicable way with the Bashkirs. Leading the Orenburg expedition, Tatishchev took measures to pacify the Bashkir aristocracy - he released the prisoners home on a "word of honor", pardoned those who had come to confess. Only once did he give the go-ahead to execute two leaders, but he later regretted it - the reprisal against them only provoked another riot. Vasily Nikitich also tried to stop the looting of the military and the abuse of Russian officials. All his peacekeeping steps did not bring any noticeable results - the Bashkirs continued to rebel. In St. Petersburg, Tatishchev was accused of "softness", and Biron set off on complaints. The historian was again on trial for bribery and abuse, losing all his ranks. Upon arrival in the northern capital in May 1739, he served some time in the Peter and Paul Fortress, and then was taken under house arrest. Of course, nothing significant could be found on him, but the case was never closed.
Surprisingly, the delay in the investigation saved Tatishchev from much bigger trouble. In April 1740, Artemy Volynsky was arrested, a cabinet minister who intended to compete with the German clique that ruled Russia on behalf of the empress. A similar fate befell the members of his circle, discussing the pressing problems of public life. From some of them Vasily Nikitich received ancient manuscripts for use, with others he was in constant correspondence. In this gathering of intellectuals, his authority was indisputable. In particular, Volynsky himself, having written the "General plan on the improvement of state internal affairs", expressed the hope that his work could please "even Vasily Tatishchev." Fortunately, neither Volynsky nor his confidants betrayed their associate. They were executed in July 1740.
And in October of the same year, Anna Ioannovna died, bequeathed the throne to her two-month-old grand-nephew. Biron was appointed regent, who was arrested by Field Marshal Christopher Minich on November 9, 1740. Together with him, the regent was the mother of the infant emperor Anna Leopoldovna, and the real power was in the hands of Andrei Osterman. He advised Tatishchev to confirm the charges against him, promising full forgiveness. The sick and exhausted Vasily Nikitich agreed to this humiliation, but this did not lead to an improvement in his position. Remaining under investigation, in July 1741 he received a new appointment - to head the Kalmyk commission, which was involved in the settlement of the Kalmyks, who in 1724 became subjects of Russia.
The historian encountered this people, who professed Buddhism, back in 1738 - for the baptized Kalmyks, he founded the city of Stavropol (now Togliatti). The main part of them lived near Astrakhan, and traditionally feuded with the Tatars, constantly raiding them. In addition, they themselves were divided into two clans, waging endless strife, during which thousands of ordinary Kalmyks were either physically destroyed or sold into slavery in Persia and Turkey. Vasily Nikitich could not use force - there were no troops under his leadership, and funds for entertainment expenses were allocated by the Collegium of Foreign Affairs irregularly and little. Therefore, Tatishchev could only negotiate, arrange endless meetings, give gifts, invite the warring princelings to visit. There was little sense from such diplomacy - the Kalmyk nobility did not fulfill the agreements and several times a day changed their point of view on many issues.
In 1739 Tatishchev finished the first version of the History, composed "in the ancient dialect." He created his works in fits and starts, in his spare time from extremely saturated administrative activities. By the way, "Russian History" became the greatest scientific feat of Vasily Nikitich, having absorbed a huge amount of the most unique information that has not lost its significance until now. It is rather difficult for modern historians to assess Tatishchev's work in full. The current study of Old Russian texts is based on the results of more than two centuries of research into the chronicles carried out by many generations of linguists, source researchers and historians. However, in the first half of the eighteenth century, such tools were not available at all. Faced with incomprehensible words, Tatishchev only had to guess what exactly they meant. Of course he was wrong. But surprisingly, there weren't so many of these errors. Vasily Nikitich constantly rewrote his texts, as he constantly searched for more and more new chronicles, and also gained experience, comprehending the meaning of previously not understood fragments. Because of this, various versions of his works contain contradictions and contradictions. Later, this became the basis for suspicion - Tatishchev was accused of falsification, speculation, fraud.
Vasily Nikitich pinned great hopes on Elizaveta Petrovna, who came to power in November 1741 after a palace coup. And although the Germans who hated him were removed from power, all this did not in any way affect Tatishchev's position. The empress's inner circle included former "supreme leaders" and members of their families, who consider the historian to be one of the culprits of their disgrace. Remaining still in the position of the person under investigation, Vasily Nikitich in December 1741 was appointed to the post of governor of Astrakhan, without having received the appropriate powers. Completely ill, he tried to improve the situation in the province to the best of his ability, however, without support from the capital, he could not significantly change the situation. As a result, Tatishchev asked for resignation due to illness, but instead the investigation of his "case" was resumed. The investigators were unable to unearth anything new, and in August 1745 the Senate decided to recover from Tatishchev a fine, invented by Biron's investigators, in 4616 rubles. After that, he was placed under house arrest in one of his villages.
Vasily Nikitich spent the rest of his life in the village of Boldino in the Moscow Region, under the watchful eye of soldiers. Here he finally found the opportunity to summarize his scientific activity, supplement and revise their manuscripts. In addition, the restless old man was engaged in the treatment of local peasants, was in active correspondence with the Academy of Sciences, unsuccessfully trying to publish his "History", and also sent two notes to the very top - about the flight of serfs and about the population census. Their content went far beyond the stated topics. According to legend, two days before his death, Tatishchev went to the cemetery and found a place for a grave. The next day, a courier allegedly arrived at him with the Order of Alexander Nevsky and a letter of his acquittal, but Vasily Nikitich returned the award as already unnecessary. He died on July 26, 1750.
Monument to V.N.Tatishchev in Togliatti
After himself, Tatishchev - a man of encyclopedic knowledge, constantly engaged in self-education - left a lot of manuscripts concerning the most diverse areas of knowledge: metallurgy and mining, money circulation and economics, geology and mineralogy, mechanics and mathematics, folklore and linguistics, law and pedagogy and, of course same, history and geography. Wherever fate took him, he did not stop studying history, with great attention he studied the lands in which he had to live. The first volume of the "History of Russia", prepared by Gerard Miller, was published in 1768, but even now, not all of the works of this outstanding person have been published. By the way, the first and only (!) Lifetime publication of Vasily Nikitich was the work "On the mammoth bone". It was published in Sweden in 1725 and was republished there four years later, as it aroused great interest. And no wonder - it was the first scientific description of the remains of a fossil elephant. It is also worth adding that the son of this great man turned out to be indifferent to the memory and merits of his father. Evgraf Tatishchev kept the inherited papers extremely carelessly, and much of the huge collection of manuscripts and books has decayed and became unreadable.
Based on the book by A.G. Kuzmina "Tatishchev"
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July 26, 1750
Works by Vasily Titishchev
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Anna Evgrafovna Tatishcheva (1752-1835). Spouse - Fedor Mikhailovich Akhmetyev.
Alexandra Evgrafovna Tatishcheva (married to Dashkova, wife of Yakov Andreevich Dashkova) (April 27, 1759 - March 24, 1795)
Alexey Evgrafovich Tatishchev (August 29, 1760 - October 29, 1832). Spouse - Maria Stepanovna (née Rzhevskaya) (June 21, 1774-1852)
Ekaterina Evgrafovna Tatishcheva (1763-1793)
Nikita Evgrafovich Tatishchev (1763-1786)
Vasily Evgrafovich Tatishchev (1766-1827)
Praskovya Evgrafovna Tatishcheva (1767-1841). Spouse - Leon Leonovich Bagration (Georgian) (1764-1800)
Mikhail Evgrafovich Tatishchev (1771-1791)
Elizaveta Evgrafovna Tatishcheva (1772-1837). Spouse - Ivan Filippovich Novosiltsev
26.07.1750
Tatishchev Vasily Nikitich
Russian Historian
Economist
News & Events
07/25/2018 Vasily Tatishchev died this afternoon in 1750
09/02/1998 Opening of the monument to Tatishchev
Vasily Tatishchev was born on April 29, 1686 in the city of Pskov. The boy's family descended from the Rurik family, more precisely, from the younger branch of the Smolensk princes. Subsequently, the clan lost its princely title. Father, was listed in the sovereign service and at first did not have any land holdings, but in 1680 he managed to get the estate of a deceased distant relative in the Pskov district. Later, the sons of Nikita Alekseevich, ten-year-old Ivan and seven-year-old Vasily, were granted stolniks and served at the court of Tsar Ivan Alekseevich.
At the age of eighteen, Vasily was enrolled in the Azov Dragoon Regiment and served in the army for sixteen years, leaving it on the eve of the end of the Northern War with the Swedes. He took part in the capture of Narva, in the Battle of Poltava, in the Prut campaign of Peter I against the Turks. From 1712 to 1716, Tatishchev improved his education in Germany. The young man visited Berlin, Dresden, Breslau, where he studied mainly engineering and artillery, kept in touch with General Feldzheichmeister Jacob Bruce and carried out his orders. In April 1716 he attended the "general review" of the Peter's army, after which, at Bruce's request, he was transferred from cavalry to artillery. Having passed the exam on May 16, 1716, he was promoted to engineer-lieutenant of artillery.
The very next year, Tatishchev was in the active army near Kaliningrad and Danzig, engaged in putting in order a fairly neglected artillery system. In 1718 he took part in organizing negotiations with the Swedes on the Aland Islands. For a number of reasons, months-long negotiations did not end with the signing of a peace treaty.
Upon his return to St. Petersburg, Tatishchev continued to serve under the command of Bruce, who, when the Berg Collegium was established on December 12, 1718, was put at the head of this institution. In 1719, Bruce turned to Peter I, substantiating the need for "surveying" the entire state and compiling a detailed geography of Russia. Tatishchev was to become the performer of this work. However, at the beginning of 1720 he was assigned to the Urals and from that time he practically had no opportunity to study geography. In addition, already at the preparatory stage for the compilation of geography, I saw the need for historical information, quickly became carried away by a new topic and in the future I collected materials not for geography, but for history.
In 1720, a new assignment torn Tatishchev away from his historical and geographical works. The statesman was sent to Siberia to search for and build metallurgical plants. He had to act in a little-known, uncivilized country that had long served as an arena for all kinds of abuse.
Having traveled around the region entrusted to him, Tatishchev settled not in Kungur, but in the Uktus plant, where he founded a department, which was called at first the Mining Chancellery, and then the Siberian High Mining Authority. During his first stay at the Ural factories, he managed to do a lot: he moved the Uktussky plant to the Iset River and there he laid the foundation for the current Yekaterinburg, chose a place for the construction of a copper smelter near the village of Yegoshikha, thereby laying the foundation for the city of Perm. He opened two elementary schools at the factories, two for teaching mining, and also agreed to open an institution of a special judge for the factories. In addition, he drew up instructions for the protection of forests, laid a new, shorter road from the Uktussky plant to the Utkinskaya pier on Chusovaya.
The measures taken by Vasily Tatishchev caused the displeasure of Nikita Demidov, who saw the undermining of his activities in the establishment of state-owned factories. To investigate disputes, Georg de Gennin was sent to the Urals, who found that Tatishchev acted fairly in everything. Then he was promoted to advisor to the Berg Collegium and appointed to the Siberian Ober-bergamt.
Soon he was sent to Sweden to study mining and to carry out diplomatic assignments. Vasily Nikitich stayed in Sweden from December 1724 to April 1726, inspected factories and mines, collected many drawings and plans, hired a lapidary master, who launched a lapidary business in Yekaterinburg, collected information about the trade of the Stockholm port and the Swedish monetary system, got acquainted with many local scientists.
In 1731, Tatishchev's misunderstandings began with Ernst Biron, which led to the fact that Vasily Nikitich was put on trial on charges of bribery. Three years later, he was released from court and again assigned to the Urals to develop factories. While he remained at the factories, his activities brought a lot of benefit to both factories and the region: under him the number of factories increased to 40; new mines were constantly opening, and Tatishchev considered it possible to arrange another 36 factories, which opened only a few decades later. Among the new mines, the most important place was occupied by the Grace Mountain indicated by Tatishchev.
The fall of Biron again brought Tatischev forward. In 1741, he was assigned to Astrakhan to govern the Astrakhan province, mainly to end the disturbances among the Kalmyks. The lack of the necessary military forces and the intrigues of the Kalmyk rulers prevented him from achieving anything. When Elizaveta Petrovna came to the throne, Tatishchev hoped to free himself from the Kalmyk commission, but he failed: he was left in place until 1745.
Arriving in his village near Moscow, Boldino, Tatishchev no longer left her to death. Here he finished his famous "Russian History". The work on writing a work on native history began long ago and, in fact, has become the main business of life. Taking up the writing of the work, the author set himself several tasks. First, to identify, collect and organize the material and present it in accordance with the chronicle text. Secondly, to explain the meaning of the collected material and establish a causal relationship between events, to compare Russian history with Western, Byzantine and Eastern history.
Tatishchev's work on writing "History of the Russian" was rather slow. The historian showed his notes to many, but the work did not meet with approval. Resistance came from the clergy and foreign scientists. He was accused of freethinking. Then Tatishchev sent his "History of Russia" to the Novgorod archbishop Ambrose, asking him "for reading and correction." The archbishop did not find in Tatishchev's work "nothing really contrary", but asked him to reduce the controversial points.
Then Vasily Nikitich turned for help to Pyotr Rychkov, a prominent historian, geographer, economist of that time. Rychkov showed great interest in Tatishchev's work. Having retired to his estate Boldino after numerous wanderings and exiles, Tatishchev continues to work purposefully on writing the "History of Russia". By the end of the 1740s, Tatischev decided to start negotiations with the Academy of Sciences about the publication of his work. Most of the members of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences were in a benevolent mood. This is due to a change in the general situation in the country. Elizaveta Petrovna came to power. National science in her person has gained state support. His work was first published during the reign of Catherine II.
On the eve of his death, Tatishchev went to the church and ordered the artisans to appear there with shovels. After the liturgy, he went with the priest to the cemetery and ordered him to dig his own grave near the ancestors. When he was leaving, he asked the priest to come to commune him the next day.
Vasily Nikitovich Tatishchev died July 26, 1750 in Boldino. He was buried at the Christmas cemetery, Solnechnogorsk district, Moscow region.
Works by Vasily Titishchev
The first major work on Russian history - "Russian History"
In addition to the main work, Tatishchev left a large number of publicistic works: "Spiritual", "Reminder of the sent timetable of high and lower state and zemstvo governments", "Discourse on the revision of the general government" and others. "Dukhovnaya" (published in 1775) gives detailed instructions covering the entire life and activities of a person (landowner).
Incomplete explanatory dictionary (up to the word "Klyuchnik") "The Lexicon of Russian Historical, Geographical, Political and Civilian" (1744-1746) covers a wide range of concepts: geographical names, military affairs and navy, administrative and management system, religious issues and the church , science and education, peoples of Russia, legislation and courts, classes and estates, trade and means of production, industry, construction and architecture, money and money circulation. First published in 1793 (Moscow: Mining School, 1793. Ch. 1-3).
The sculptor V.N.Tatishchev is installed in the lobby of the Tatishchev Volga University (Togliatti).
In Astrakhan there is a garden named after Tatishchev and a bust was installed on the Alley of Glory of the Astrakhan Land.
In 1998, in Yekaterinburg on Plotinka, a monument to the founders of Yekaterinburg was erected "Glorious sons of Russia VN Tatishchev and VI de Gennin Yekaterinburg is a grateful 1998". The author of the monument is sculptor Pyotr Chusovitin.
Other
The Tatishchev and de Gennin prize was established in Yekaterinburg, the Tatishchev prize was also established in Moscow.
Mount Tatishcheva is the highest relief point on the territory of modern Yekaterinburg.
In 2002, a Russian postal envelope dedicated to Tatishchev was issued.
The small planet Tatishchev, discovered on September 27, 1978 by the Soviet astronomer L.I. Chernykh at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory, is named in honor of V.N.Tatishchev.
Baltic naval sailors serve on the ship "Vasily Tatishchev" (residents of Togliatti achieved this).
Maria Mikhailovna Rimskaya-Korsakova (January 9, 1736 - August 6, 1786). Spouse - Mikhail Petrovich Volkonsky (along the line of Ivan Fedorovich Volkonsky Chermny). In the second marriage - to Stepan Andreevich Shepelev.
Peter Mikhailovich Rimsky-Korsakov (1731-1807). Wife - Pelageya Nikolaevna Shcherbatova (1743-1783).
Alexander Mikhailovich Rimsky-Korsakov (1753 - May 25, 1840), general of infantry, member of the State Council.
Son - Evgraf Vasilievich Tatishchev (1717-1781), actual state councilor. He was brought up at home, where he received his initial education under the guidance of his father. In 1732 he was accepted as a cadet in the Land Gentry Corps, in 1736 he was released into the army as a soldier. He served first in the Perm Dragoon Regiment, in 1741 he was promoted to Major Seconds and transferred to the Lower Regiments with a secondment to the Kalmyk Expedition, which was under the command of his father. Since 1751 he was in the rank of prime-major in the Narva infantry regiment, since 1758 - lieutenant colonel of the Rostov infantry regiment. On December 18, 1758, he was promoted to colonel, and from December 25, 1764, he was transferred to the civil service with the renaming of state councilors. Soon he retired and settled in Moscow. Wife - Praskovya Mikhailovna Zinovieva. The second wife is Natalya Ivanovna Cherkasova. Third wife - Agrafena Fedotovna Kamenskaya (1733-1811)
Rostislav Evgrafovich Tatishchev (1742-1820), state councilor, organizer of the Vorobievo estate.
Tatishchev Vasily Nikitich - (1686-1750), Russian historian and statesman. Born April 19, 1686 in Pskov into a noble family. Seven years old, he was granted a steward and was taken to the court of Tsar Ivan Alekseevich, with whose wife Praskovya Fedorovna (nee Saltykova) Tatishchevs were related.
The court "service" continued until the death of Tsar Ivan Alekseevich in 1696, after which Tatishchev left the court. The documents do not contain certificates of Tatishchev's studies at school. In 1704, the young man was enlisted in the Azov Dragoon Regiment and served in the army for 16 years, leaving it on the eve of the end of the Northern War with the Swedes. He took part in the capture of Narva, in the Battle of Poltava, in the Prut campaign of Peter I against the Turks.
At the end of 1712, Tatishchev was sent to Germany, where he spent 2.5 years intermittently, studying fortification and artillery, optics, geometry and geology. In the spring of 1716 he returned to Russia and was transferred to an artillery regiment, carried out special assignments of the chief of artillery of the Russian army YV Bruus and Peter I.
In 1720 he was sent to the Urals, where he was engaged in the organization of the mining industry. The founding of Yekaterinburg and the Yagoshikhinsky plant, which laid the foundation for the city of Perm, and the geological and geographical study of the Urals, are associated with the names of Tatishchev and the prominent metallurgical engineer V.I. In 1724-1726 he was in Sweden, where he supervised the training of Russian youths in mining and studied economics and finance. Upon his return, Tatishchev was appointed a member, then the head of the Mint Office (1727-1733), which minted gold, silver and copper money (paper money - banknotes appeared in Russia in 1769).
In his notes and submissions addressed to Empress Catherine I, he advocated the introduction of a decimal system of measures and weights in Russia, for streamlining monetary circulation, increasing treasury revenues through the development of industry, foreign trade, export growth, and not over-exploitation of coin regalia. At the same time he wrote a socio-political and philosophical work Conversation of two friends about the benefits of sciences and schools (1733). In 1734-1737 he was again sent to lead the metallurgical industry of the Urals, started the construction of new iron and copper smelters, setting the goal of increasing iron production by one third. In Yekaterinburg, he began work on the General Geographical Description of All Siberia, which, due to a lack of materials, left unfinished, having written only 13 chapters and a book plan. The conflict with Biron's henchmen and the dissatisfaction of local influential persons, who used certain abuses of power on the part of Tatishchev, led to his recall, and then to prosecution.
In the last years of his life, Tatishchev was the head of the Orenburg and Kalmyk commissions, the Astrakhan governor. In 1745, due to financial violations revealed by the audit in his previous work, he was removed from the post of governor and exiled to his estate - the village of Boldino, Dmitrovsky district, Moscow province, where he was under house arrest until his death.
The Boldinsky period of Tatishchev's life is the most fruitful scientifically. Here he managed to finish his first Russian encyclopedic Dictionary The Russian historical, geographical and political lexicon, to a large extent, complete the Russian History, which he began to work on when he was the head of the Mint (published from the manuscript by G.F. Miller in the 1760s-1780s). Working on the History of Russia, Tatishchev opened for science such documentary monuments as Russkaya Pravda, the Code of Laws of Ivan the Terrible, the Book of the Big Drawing, and collected the richest chronicle materials.
The form of Tatishchev's work resembled a chronicle in which the events of the history of Russia from ancient times to 1577 were presented in chronological sequence. The central place in the presentation was given to autocracy. Periods of economic prosperity and power of Russia, the author argued, always coincided with “autocracy”. The transition to the aristocracy, feudal strife in the specific period led to the subordination of Russia to the Mongols, and the limitation of tsarist power in the early 17th century. - to the ruin of the state and the rejection of significant territories by the Swedes and Poles. The main conclusion of Tatishchev: "... Everyone can see how much the monarchical government is more useful to our other state, through which the wealth, power and glory of the state is multiplied, and through the other it is diminished and lost."