Navy during the Second World War. How the Soviet fleet fought during the Great Patriotic War
The Second World War, which lasted almost 6 years, marked the existence of 5 strongest maritime states in the world, among which the first place was still given to Great Britain, and the second is Germany. The top five also included Soviet Union, United States and partly France, which tried to influence the state of affairs of the Allies in Africa with the help of the fleet.
Many government officials knew about the imminent approach of war; already at the end of the 1930s, emergency work began in most large states to re-equip the army and navy, build new models of warships and submarines.
France, England, Germany and the United States urgently began building heavy warships and squadron submarines designed to accompany ships in order to protect them from attacks by enemy surface and submarine forces.
French submarine cruiser "Surku"Thus, in 1934, France began building the modern submarine cruiser Surku, which was armed with 14 torpedo tubes and two 203-mm guns. The deck and command room of the ship were covered with durable armor, capable of withstanding several powerful shots.
In the early 40s, the English fleet was equipped with underwater monitors, some of which were converted into submarine cruisers closer to the beginning of the war, with the gun turret being replaced by a hangar for a seaplane capable of landing directly on the water. In principle, at the beginning of the Second World War, the English fleet was still the most powerful in the world; the ships of the fleet were the fastest and most technically equipped, capable of moving at good speed over long distances. For example, the British military submarine X-1 was equipped with a diesel engine capable of giving it a speed of up to 20 knots per hour.
America did not lag behind Great Britain, striving to surpass all other states in the strength and power of its surface and submarine fleet, for which technical changes were constantly taking place and technical innovations were being introduced. military equipment and equipment. Almost every American warship and submarine had an air conditioning system for the compartments and cabins of sailors and officers; in this, the Americans followed the example of the Dutch, who had long been providing their own crews with a fresh supply of air.
British submarines were equipped with sonars that made it possible to detect the enemy and measure the distance to him even before making visual contact. Such a device, among other things, made it easier to find anchor mines. Also, almost all modern submarines of that time were equipped with devices that reduced the number of bubbles rising above the water surface after an underwater strike by a boat, and allowed minesweepers and aircraft to detect its location. Almost all submarines received new weapons in the form of 20-mm anti-aircraft guns, allowing them to fire air targets.
Submarine sonar
To assist submarines in transporting food, water and fuel on the high seas, the massive construction of tankers and other transport vessels began. The submarines were equipped with powerful electric motors and batteries, which, together with special engine equipment, significantly increased the time the boat spent under water.
Gradually, the submarine turned into a real ship, capable of staying under water not for several minutes, but for several hours. To improve the enemy surveillance system, submarines were equipped with completely new periscopes and radar antennas. It was quite difficult to detect a boat with such a periscope, while it found the enemy without much difficulty. Communication between ships was maintained by special radiotelephones.
As submarine navigation developed, the number of submarine crews grew, with the exception of German submarines, where preference was given to placing a large number of weapons rather than people. The newest German submarine “U-1407” was equipped with three combined-cycle turbines, thanks to which it could reach speeds of up to 24 knots per hour. But due to technical errors, this boat model was not put into mass production.
At the same time as the Germans and the British, the Japanese were also building submarines. However, the submarines of the latter were so imperfect that the noise and vibration they produced could be heard at a fairly large distance, which forced the government to almost completely abandon their use and move on to the construction of aircraft carriers, the first ships of this type in the world fleet. The aircraft carriers of the Japanese fleet were distinguished by good maneuverability, but were poorly armed and had virtually no armor, so they needed protection from cruisers and destroyers.
The British, entering the Second world war, also stocked up on a modern aircraft carrier. “Ark Royal” - that was the name of the ship, could reach a speed of 30 knots and accommodate up to 72 aircraft on its deck. The aircraft carrier was equipped with a large number of hangars, lifts, catapults and nets for catching aircraft that failed to land on their own, while the length of the landing deck reached 244 meters. There was no such deck on any aircraft carrier in the world. Trying not to lag behind in anything European countries, the Japanese by the beginning of 1939 had completely re-equipped and rebuilt the old ships, turning many of them into modern aircraft carriers. By the beginning of the war, Japan had as many as two aircraft carriers capable of carrying 92 aircraft each.
English aircraft carrier Ark Royal
However, despite the efforts of the British and Japanese, the championship in aircraft carrier construction belonged to the Americans, whose aircraft carriers turned out to be capable of accommodating over 80 aircraft. Midway-class aircraft carriers were the most powerful and largest at that time, since they were capable of carrying over 130 aircraft on deck, but they did not take part in the war, since their construction was noticeably delayed. During the 6 years of the war, America built 36 heavy aircraft carriers and 124 light ones, carrying up to 45 aircraft.
While Europe and America were playing race, the Soviet Union was also building its own submarines and aircraft carriers. The first submarine capable of matching the power of the American and British was the Leninsky Komsomol, which turned out to be capable of reaching the North Pole, as well as making the transition around globe, without surfacing, as part of a convoy of boats of the same type.
On the eve of the war, much attention in the Soviet Union was paid to the construction of missile boats, landing ships using an air cushion and torpedo boats equipped with hydrofoils. Many ships were equipped with anti-aircraft and nuclear weapons, missiles of various classes and types.
The Union's first aircraft-carrying ship was the aircraft carrier Moskva, capable of accommodating several military helicopters on board. The success of its design allowed engineers and designers to develop a few years later the Kyiv aircraft carrier, on board which could accommodate not only helicopters, but also aircraft in fairly large quantities.
Thus, the world powers thoroughly prepared for the Second World War, acquiring powerful and well-equipped naval fleets.
This section provides information on the qualitative and numerical composition of the navies of the states that participated in the hostilities of the Second World War. In addition, data is provided on the fleets of some countries that officially occupied a neutral position, but actually provided assistance to one or another participant in the war. Ships that were unfinished or entered service after the end of the war were not taken into account. Vessels used for military purposes but flying a civilian flag were also not taken into account. Vessels transferred or received from one country to another (including under Lend-Lease agreements) were not taken into account, nor were captured or restored ships taken into account. For a number of reasons, data on lost landing ships and small ships, as well as boats, are given at minimum values and in fact may be significantly higher. The same applies to ultra-small submarines. When describing the tactical technical characteristics data was provided on the time of the last modernization or rearmament.
Characterizing warships as weapons of war at sea, it should be noted that the purpose of such a war was the struggle for sea communications, as a means for the largest, most massive transportation. Depriving the enemy of the opportunity to use the sea for transport, while at the same time making extensive use of it for the same purposes, is the path to victory in the war. To gain and use supremacy at sea, a strong navy alone is not enough; it also requires large commercial and transport fleets, conveniently located bases and government leadership with a maritime mindset. Only the totality of all this ensures sea power.
To fight the navy, you have to concentrate all your forces, and to protect merchant shipping, you have to divide them. The nature of military operations at sea constantly fluctuates between these two poles. It is the nature of military operations that determines the need for certain warships, the specifics of their weapons and tactics of use.
In preparing for war, the leading maritime states applied various military naval doctrines, but none of them turned out to be effective or correct. And already during the war, with the utmost effort, it was necessary not only to adjust them, but to radically change them to suit the planned military actions.
Thus, the British Navy, based on outdated ships of the interwar period, placed its main emphasis on large artillery ships. The German Navy was building a massive submarine fleet. The Royal Italian Navy built fast light cruisers and destroyers, as well as small submarines with low technical specifications. The USSR, trying to replace the Tsarist Navy, quickly built ships of all classes of outdated models, relying on the doctrine of coastal defense. The basis of the US fleet was made up of heavy artillery ships and outdated destroyers. France strengthened its fleet with light artillery ships with limited power reserve. Japan built battleships and aircraft carriers.
Fundamental changes in the structure of fleets also occurred with the massive introduction of radars and sonars, as well as the development of communications. The use of aircraft identification systems, control of artillery and anti-aircraft fire, detection of underwater, surface and air targets, and radio reconnaissance also changed the tactics of fleets. Large naval battles faded into oblivion, and the war with the transport fleet became a priority.
The development of weapons (the emergence of new types of carrier-based aircraft, unguided missiles, new types of torpedoes, mines, bombs, etc.) allowed fleets to conduct independent operational and tactical military operations. The fleet was turning from an auxiliary force of the ground forces into the main one impact force. Aviation became an effective means of both fighting the enemy fleet and protecting one’s own.
Considering the course of the war in conjunction with technological progress, the development of fleets can be characterized as follows. IN initial stage During the war, the ever-increasing German submarine fleet actually blocked the sea communications of Great Britain and its allies. To protect them, a significant number of anti-submarine ships were required, and their equipment with sonar turned submarines from hunters into targets. The need to protect large surface ships, convoys and ensure future offensive operations demanded the massive construction of aircraft carriers. This characterizes the middle stage of the war. On final stage To conduct massive landing operations in both Europe and the Pacific, there was an urgent need for landing craft and support vessels.
All these problems could be solved only by the United States, whose powerful economy during the war years turned its allies into debtors for many years, and the country into a superstate. It should be noted that deliveries of ships under Lend-Lease agreements took place as part of the rearmament of the United States, i.e. the allies were given outdated ships, with low performance characteristics or without proper equipment. This applied equally to all recipients of assistance, incl. both the USSR and Great Britain.
It is also necessary to mention that both large and small US ships differed from ships of all other countries in the presence comfortable conditions crew life support. If in other countries, when building ships, priority was given to the quantity of weapons, ammunition, and fuel reserves, then American naval commanders put the comfort of the crew on a par with the requirements for the combat qualities of the ship.
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Table continuation
The total number of military fleets of 42 countries (possessing military fleets or at least one ship) that took part in World War II was 16.3 thousand ships, of which, according to incomplete data, at least 2.6 thousand were lost. In addition, The fleet included 55.3 thousand small ships, boats and landing craft, as well as 2.5 thousand submarines, excluding midget submarines.
The five countries with the largest fleets were: USA, Great Britain, USSR, Germany and Japan, which had 90% of warships from total number, 85% submarines and 99% small and landing craft.
Italy and France, with large fleets, as well as smaller ones, Norway and the Netherlands, were unable to effectively manage their ships, sinking some of them and becoming the main suppliers of trophies to the enemy.
It is possible to determine the significance of types of ships in military operations only taking into account the stages of the war. Thus, at the initial stage of the war, submarines played a dominant role, blocking enemy communications. In the middle stage of the war, the main role was played by destroyers and anti-submarine ships, which suppressed enemy submarine fleets. In the final stage of the war, aircraft carriers with support ships and landing ships took first place.
During the war, a merchant fleet with a tonnage of 34.4 million tons was sunk. At the same time, submarines accounted for 64%, aviation - 11%, surface ships - 6%, mines - 5%.
Of the total number of warships sunk in the fleets, approximately 45% were attributed to aviation, 30% to submarines, and 19% to surface ships.
21 MarSubmarine fleet Germans during World War II
In this article you will learn:
The submarine fleet of the Third Reich has its own interesting history.
Germany's defeat in the war of 1914-1918 brought it a ban on the construction of submarines, but after Adolf Hitler came to power, it radically changed the arms situation in Germany.
Creation of the Navy
In 1935, Germany signed a naval agreement with Great Britain, which resulted in the submarines being recognized as obsolete weapons, and thus Germany receiving permission to build them.
All submarines were subordinate to the Kriegsmarine - the Navy of the Third Reich.
Karl Demitz
In the summer of the same 1935, the Fuhrer appointed Karl Dönitz as commander of all submarines of the Reich; he held this post until 1943, when he was appointed commander-in-chief of the German Navy. In 1939, Dönitz received the rank of rear admiral.
He personally developed and planned many operations. A year later, in September, Karl becomes vice-admiral, and after another year and a half he receives the rank of admiral, at the same time he receives the Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves.
It is he who owns most of the strategic developments and ideas used during submarine warfare. Dönitz created a new supercaste, the “unsinkable Pinocchios,” from his subordinate submariners, and he himself received the nickname “Papa Carlo.” All submariners underwent intensive training and knew the capabilities of their submarine thoroughly.
Dönitz's submarine combat tactics were so talented that they received the nickname "wolf packs" from the enemy. The tactics of the “wolf packs” were as follows: the submarines lined up in such a way that one of the submarines could detect the approach of an enemy convoy. Having found the enemy, the submarine transmitted an encrypted message to the center, and then it continued its journey in a surface position parallel to the enemy, but quite far behind him. The remaining submarines were centered on the enemy convoy, and they surrounded it like a pack of wolves and attacked, taking advantage of their numerical superiority. Such hunts were usually carried out in the dark.
Construction
The German Navy had 31 combat and training submarine fleets. Each of the flotillas had a clearly organized structure. The number of submarines included in a particular flotilla could vary. Submarines were often withdrawn from one unit and assigned to another. During combat trips to sea, command was occupied by one of the commanders of the submarine fleet task force, and in cases of very important operations, the commander of the submarine fleet, Befelshaber der Unterseebote, took control.
Throughout the war, Germany built and fully equipped 1,153 submarines. During the war, fifteen submarines were seized from the enemy, they were introduced into the “wolf pack”. Turkish and five Dutch submarines took part in the battles, two Norwegian, three Dutch and one French and one English were training, four Italian were transport and one Italian submarine was docked.
As a rule, the main targets of Dönitz's submarines were enemy transport ships, which were responsible for providing the troops with everything they needed. During a meeting with an enemy ship, the main principle of the “wolf pack” was in effect - to destroy more ships than the enemy could build. Such tactics bore fruit from the first days of the war across vast expanses of water from Antarctica to South Africa.
Requirements
The basis of the Nazi submarine fleet were submarines of the 1,2,7,9,14,23 series. At the end of the 30s, Germany mainly built submarines of three series.
The main requirement for the first submarines was the use of submarines in coastal waters, such were the second class submarines, they were easy to maintain, well maneuverable and could dive in a few seconds, but their drawback was a small ammunition load, so they were discontinued in 1941.
During the battle in the Atlantic, the seventh series of submarines was used, the development of which was originally carried out by Finland; they were considered the most reliable, since they were equipped with snorkels - a device thanks to which the battery could be charged under water. In total, more than seven hundred of them were built. Submarines of the ninth series were used for combat in the ocean, since they had a large radius of action and could sail without refueling even in Pacific Ocean.
Complexes
The construction of a huge submarine flotilla implied the construction of a complex of defense structures. It was planned to build powerful concrete bunkers with fortification structures for minesweepers and torpedo boats, with firing points and shelters for artillery. Special shelters were also built in Hamburg and Kiel at their naval bases. After the fall of Norway, Belgium and Holland, Germany received additional military bases.
So for their submarines the Nazis created bases in Norwegian Bergen and Trondheim and French Brest, Lorient, Saint-Nazaire, Bordeaux.
In Bremen, Germany, a plant was installed for the production of series 11 submarines; it was installed in the middle of a huge bunker near the Weser River. Several bases for submarines were provided to the Germans by the Japanese allies; a base in Penang and on the Malay Peninsula was also equipped in the Indonesian Jakarta and the Japanese Kobe. additional center for the repair of German submarines.
Armament
The main weapons of Dönitz's submarines were torpedoes and mines, the effectiveness of which was constantly increasing. The submarines were also equipped with 88 mm or 105 mm caliber artillery guns, and 20 mm anti-aircraft guns could also be installed. However, starting from 1943, the artillery guns were gradually removed, since the effectiveness of the deck guns decreased significantly, but the danger of an air attack, on the contrary, forced the power of anti-aircraft weapons to be strengthened. To effectively conduct underwater combat, German engineers were able to develop a radar radiation detector, which made it possible to avoid British radar stations. Already at the end of the war, the Germans began to equip their submarines with a large number of batteries, which allowed them to reach speeds of up to seventeen knots, but the end of the war did not allow them to rearm the fleet.
Fighting
Submarines took part in combat operations in 1939-1945 in 68 operations. During this time, 149 enemy warships were sunk by submarines, two of them battleships, three aircraft carriers, five cruisers, eleven destroyers and many other vessels, with a total tonnage of 14879472 gross register tons.
Sinking of the Coreages
The Wolfpack's first major victory was the sinking of the USS Coreages. This happened in September 1939, the aircraft carrier was sunk by the submarine U-29 under the command of Lieutenant Commander Shewhart. After the aircraft carrier was sunk, the submarine was pursued by accompanying destroyers for four hours, but U-29 was able to escape with almost no damage.
Destruction of Royal Oak
The next brilliant victory was the destruction of the Battleship Royal Oak. This happened after the submarine U-47 under the command of Lieutenant Commander Gunther Prien penetrated the English naval base at Scala Flow. After this raid, the British fleet had to be relocated to another location for six months.
Victory over Ark Royal
Another resounding victory of Dönitz's submarines was the torpedoing of the Ark Royal aircraft carrier. In November 1941, the submarines U-81 and U-205, located near Gibraltar, were ordered to attack British ships returning from Malta. During the attack, the Ark Royal aircraft carrier was hit; at first the British hoped that they would be able to tow the stricken aircraft carrier, but this was not possible, and the Ark Royal sank.
From the beginning of 1942, German submariners began to conduct military operations in US territorial waters. The cities of the United States were not dark even at night, cargo ships and tankers moved without military escort, so the number of destroyed American ships was calculated by the supply of torpedoes on the submarine, so the submarine U-552 sank seven American ships in one exit.
Legendary submariners
The most successful submariners of the Third Reich were Otto Kretschmer and Captain Wolfgang Lüth, who managed to sink 47 ships each with a tonnage of over 220 thousand tons. The most effective was the submarine U-48, whose crew sank 51 ships, with a tonnage of about 305 thousand tons. The submarine U-196, under the command of Eitel-Friedrich Kentrath, spent 225 days at sea for the longest time.
Equipment
To communicate with submarines, radiograms encrypted on a special Enigma encryption machine were used. Great Britain made every possible effort to obtain this device, since there was no other way to decipher the texts, but as soon as the opportunity arose to steal such a machine from a captured submarine, the Germans first destroyed the device and all encryption documents. However, they still succeeded after capturing U-110 and U-505, and a number of encrypted documents also fell into their hands. U-110 was attacked by British depth charges in May 1941, as a result of the damage the submarine was forced to surface, the Germans planned to escape from the submarine and sink it, but they did not have time to sink it, so the boat was captured by the British, and Enigma fell into their hands. and magazines with codes and maps of minefields. In order to keep the secret of the Enigma capture, the entire surviving crew of submariners was rescued from the water, and the boat itself was soon sunk. The resulting ciphers allowed the British to be aware of German radio messages until 1942, until Enigma was complicated. The capture of encrypted documents on board U-559 helped break this code. She was attacked by British destroyers in 1942 and taken into tow; a new variation of Enigma was also found there, but the submarine began to quickly sink to the bottom and encryption machine drowned along with two British sailors.
Victory
During the war, German submarines were captured many times, some of them were also subsequently put into service with the enemy fleet, such as U-57, which became the British submarine Graf, which carried out combat operations in 1942-1944. The Germans lost several of their submarines due to defects in the design of the submarines themselves. So the submarine U-377 sank to the bottom in 1944 due to the explosion of its own circulating torpedo; the details of the sinking are not known, since the entire crew also died.
Fuhrer's convoy
In the service of Dönitz, there was also another division of submarines, called the “Fuhrer Convoy”. The secret group included thirty-five submarines. The British believed that these submarines were intended to transport minerals from South America. However, it remains a mystery why at the end of the war, when the submarine fleet was almost completely destroyed, Dönitz did not withdraw more than one submarine from the Fuhrer Convoy.
There are versions that these submarines were used to control the secret Nazi Base 211 in Antarctica. However, two of the convoy's submarines were discovered after the war near Argentina, whose captains claimed to be carrying unknown secret cargo and two secret passengers to South America. Some of the submarines of this “ghost convoy” were never discovered after the war, and there were almost no mentions of them in military documents, these are U-465, U-209. In total, historians talk about the fate of only 9 out of 35 submarines - U-534, U-530, U-977, U-234, U-209, U-465, U-590, U-662, U863.
Sunset
The beginning of the end for German submarines was 1943, when the first failures of Dönitz’s submariners began. The first failures were due to the improvement of the Allied radar, the next blow to Hitler’s submarines was the growing industrial power of the United States, they managed to build ships faster than the Germans sank them. Even the installation of the latest torpedoes on the 13 series submarines could not tip the scales in favor of the Nazis. During the war, Germany lost almost 80% of its submariners; at the end of the war, only seven thousand were alive.
Categories:// from 03/21/2017However, Dönitz's submarines last day fought for Germany. Dönitz himself became Hitler's successor, later arrested and sentenced to ten years.
Interesting facts in honor of Russian Navy Day
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Every last Sunday in July is celebrated Navy RF. On this day, all those who stand guard celebrate their professional holiday maritime boundaries Russia, all those who connect years of life and service with ensuring the combat readiness of ships and units of the Navy, family members of military personnel, workers and employees of naval institutions and enterprises, veterans of the Great Patriotic War. In honor of this holiday, we, together with Wargaming, collected some interesting information about the fleet during the Second World War.
USSR Navy and trophies of the Second World War
Great Patriotic War was a difficult test not only for the Soviet fleet, but also for the shipbuilding industry of the USSR. The fleet suffered losses, which were replenished with great difficulty, since the most important shipbuilding centers were either lost or largely destroyed.
At the end of the war, as the victorious power, the Soviet Union took part in the division of the Axis naval forces. As a result of reparations, the USSR received dozens of fully combat-ready ships. Thus, the Navy's lists were replenished with a former Italian battleship, two cruisers, and more than a dozen destroyers and torpedo boats. In addition, a number of heavily damaged or disarmed ships were captured, including two German heavy cruisers and several Japanese destroyers and destroyers. And although all these ships could not be considered a full-fledged replenishment of the striking power of the fleet. They gave Soviet sailors and engineers an invaluable opportunity to become acquainted with many achievements of the foreign shipbuilding industry.
Division and destruction of Kriegsmarine ships
During the Second World War, the German fleet suffered enormous losses, and yet at the time of surrender it still represented an impressive force - over 600 warships and about 1,500 auxiliary ships.
After the end of hostilities, the Allies decided to divide the remaining combat-ready ships of the Kriegsmarine between the three main victorious powers: the USSR, Great Britain and the USA. For all three main the goal, of course, was not to replenish its naval forces, but to study German technologies in the field of weapons and shipbuilding. And most of the German submarine fleet, which once sowed terror in the sea, was to be completely destroyed: 165 submarines were to be sunk. Ultimately, 452 warships were divided between the Allies, including 2 cruisers, 25 destroyers and destroyers, and 30 submarines.
The British Navy at the beginning and end of World War II
By the beginning of World War II, the British Empire's possessions spread throughout the world. The metropolis, located on an island that was by no means abundant in resources, had to maintain a large fleet to protect its communications with the colonies, therefore a feature of the British Navy were numerous cruisers with a long cruising range.
The Second World War and six years of war at sea markedly changed the Royal Navy. Only at the cost of colossal effort did the British industry manage to maintain the number of cruisers at the pre-war level, and the former pride of the “Mistress of the Seas” - battleships - alas, were lost among other classes of ships. The number of destroyers—the “workhorses” of the war—has increased by one and a half times, despite their enormous losses. Submarines have also proven their effectiveness and have taken a significant place in the fleet.
But a new weapon of war at sea came to the fore—aircraft carriers. The British government fully realized their role: between 1939 and 1945 the number of aircraft-carrying ships increased eightfold, almost exceeding the number of cruisers.
US Navy at the beginning and end of World War II
By the time it entered World War II, the United States had already surpassed Great Britain in the number of battleships, which were still considered the embodiment of the power of any world power. At the same time, pragmatic Americans also understood the value of submarines - weapons that are relatively cheap and effective.
In less than four years of the war, the US fleet has grown several times, coming very close to being ahead of all other countries combined in the number of battleships. However, by that time the armored giants had already lost primacy in the international arena: the scale of military operations in the oceans required “universal fighters,” and the absolute number of cruisers and destroyers increased sharply. However, when comparing the relative “weight” among the main classes of ships, both destroyers and cruisers only retained their positions. The most formidable force at sea became aircraft carriers, which took the leading place in the Navy. By 1945, the United States had no equal in its numbers in the world.
Don't forget to congratulate the sailors you know and everyone involved!