home / Business/ The relationship between life satisfaction and resilience. Chertkova Yu.D., Alekseeva O.S., Fominykh A.Ya.

The relationship between life satisfaction and resilience. Chertkova Yu.D., Alekseeva O.S., Fominykh A.Ya.

An analysis of the value attitudes of older people towards themselves and others in relation to the satisfaction of older people with their lives was carried out. Life satisfaction was measured by self-esteem on a 5-point scale. Value attitudes towards oneself and others were described by the content of attributive characteristics, as well as structural and dynamic parameters reflecting the importance of others, the tendency to value and devalue, idealize, perceive as accessible, and condemn as unacceptable. As a result of correlation analysis, a direct relationship was revealed at the p level

elderly age

value relations

life satisfaction

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7. Salikhova N.R. Value-semantic organization of the individual’s living space. ― Kazan: Kazan. univ., 2010. ― 452 p.

8. Sapogova E.E. Existential-psychological analysis of old age // Cultural-historical psychology. - 2011. - No. 3. - pp. 75-81.

9. Suslova T.F., Zhuchkova S.V. Study of life satisfaction and life-meaning orientations in old and senile age // Social Psychology and society. - 2014. - No. 3. - P. 78-89.

10. Shakhmatov N. F. Mental aging: happy and painful. - M.: Medicine, 1996. - 304 p.

Life satisfaction as a subjective integral indicator of quality of life is of great interest. In its study, various components are distinguished: self-assessment of health, living conditions, social environment, subjective well-being satisfying life needs, and others. M.V. Ermolaeva believes that life satisfaction reflects a global assessment of the quality and meaning of life in old age, which is a complex and insufficiently studied area. According to N.R. Salikhova, life satisfaction is “a person’s integrative deep experience of his life situation and the entire context of life activity as a whole, summing up the general feeling of the course of his life.”

There is evidence of increased life satisfaction as people age. There was an increase in self-confidence and confidence in the possibility of control and manageability of life. HER. Sapogova explores the existential foundations of satisfaction: in old age, “a person strives... to accept himself as a given and to give value to this given.” The author notes the “existential freedom”, the “deepest authenticity” of the elderly, their “freedom to remain themselves.” “The personality, to some extent, begins to transform itself into a symbol and “plunge into eternity.” N.F. Shakhmatov describes the self-sufficient life position and new interests of older people, satisfied with their lives and turned to nature, animals, and selfless help. HE. Molchanova shows that along with a general decrease in the value of the self, there is a fixation on positive character traits; reduction of ideal goals; orientation towards the lives of children and grandchildren.

this work largely echoes the above studies, since personal values, which are not always realized, are the final basis for assessing one’s life and oneself. The result of the assessment is the value relationship of the individual to all aspects of human existence and to life in general. Life satisfaction can also be considered as an integral value attitude towards one's life.

Target work: to identify the relationship between life satisfaction and value attitudes towards oneself and others in old age.

In this work, we will consider value relations towards ourselves and others, highlighting the substantive and structural-dynamic aspects in them, in accordance with the model of value assessment by I.A. Nikolaeva.

Content of value relations towards themselves and others will be determined in accordance with the emotional orientation of the socio-perceptual signs with which our respondents characterize other people. Categories of emotional orientation (B.I. Dodonov) - altruistic, practical, communicative, gnostic, aesthetic, romantic, fearful, gloric, hedonic, manners and norms. To these are added categories of physical and emotional state (psychodynamics), and an undifferentiated assessment (for example, “terrible”, “wonderful”).

Structural-dynamic parameters value relations record the dynamic tendencies of value relations or a person’s propensity for an individually unique value assessment in the aspects of importance and accessibility or feasibility (N.R. Salikhova) of personal values, admissibility/inadmissibility of “anti-values”, preference or neglect (M. Scheler) in assessments others, self-worth. Previously, we identified the following structural and dynamic parameters:

The tendency to evaluate others as high or as low as possible (the tendency to idealize or denigrate others), as well as to evaluate “above average”, “above oneself”, “equal to oneself”;

Absoluteness/relativity of idealized and “anti-ideal” assessments (subjective probability or belief in the embodiment of the values of Good in real life and the embodiment of Evil);

The degree to which idealized others differ from others (subjective attainability (availability) of values in one’s own life);

The degree to which “anti-ideal” others differ from the rest (subjective admissibility/inadmissibility of “anti-values” in life);

Self-worth (integral self-esteem in the coordinates “ideal - anti-ideal”).

Sample: 80 people aged 54-80 years.

Methods: Subjective assessment of life satisfaction on a 5-point scale. Value attitudes towards oneself and others and the social roles of “others” in the life world of the elderly were studied using the “value vertical” method by I.A. Nikolaeva. The gender, age of the respondents, and whether they lived with or without a family were also recorded.

Statistical processing used correlation and factor analysis using the principal component method from the Statistica 6 software package.

Results and discussion

One significant correlation was found between life satisfaction and the parameters of an individual’s value relations - this is the connection with the tendency to value others above average (r=0.34; p<0,01). Чем чаще другие оцениваются выше среднего, тем выше удовлетворенность жизнью. В свою очередь, склонность ценить других выше среднего значимо связана с комплексом других ценностных параметров (таблица 1) и, возможно, является главным «модератором» взаимосвязи ценностных отношений к себе и другим с удовлетворенностью жизнью пожилого человека.

Table 1

Significant correlations between the tendency to value others “above average” and other parameters of value relations in the elderly (n=80; *p<0,05, ** p<0,01, *** p<0,001)

The more others are valued above average, the softer are the evaluations of anti-ideals (p<0,001), но более выражена недопустимость антиидеалов (p<0,01). Ценностные оценки «выше среднего» связаны с образами родных (p<0,01), с альтруистическими характеристики (p<0,01). Менее характерны романтические (p<0,05) и пугнические (p<0,05) оценки, что отражает склонность к миролюбию и реализму у тех, кто ценит других выше среднего.

Subsequent factor analysis showed that this set of connections reflects only one factor with the smallest variance from the five-factor structure of value attitudes towards oneself and others. In FA, the principal component method identified 5 main factors describing 72.4% of the variance of the studied characteristics (Table 2) .

table 2

Factor description of value relations and life satisfaction of older people

Identified variances (in %)

Tendency to value others above average
Tendency to value others more highly than oneself
Tendency to value others as equal to oneself
Tendency to give subjectively maximum estimates
Tendency to give subjectively minimal assessments
Relativity (realism) of “ideals”
Relativity (softness of assessments) of “anti-ideals”
Subjective inaccessibility of ideals
Subjective inadmissibility of anti-ideals
SO - Self-Esteem
Images of consciousness
	Boys


	Relatives
	Screen stars, famous personalities
	Film and literary heroes
	Animals
	Communication
	Altruistic
	Aesthetic
	Physical
	Gnostic
	Practical
	Manners and norms
	Pugnic
	Undifferentiated assessment
	Emotions, psychodynamics
	Romantic
	Gloric
	Hedonic

Satisfaction
Gender: male (1), female (0)
Complete family (1) - single-parent (0)

Ifactor describes 22.38% of the feature distribution. The life satisfaction parameter was not included in it. But it includes the parameter of family completeness (complete family, r = -0.21), i.e. likelihood of elderly living alone. This factor assumes a small number of women (r = -0.42) in the content of consciousness, but the obligatory presence of children (girls, r = 0.87; boys, r = 0.91), who are rated uniquely positively (r = 0.37 ). This factor is not characterized by character descriptions (r= -0.27), practical (r= -0.31) and gnostic (r= -0.26) categories. It is logical to call this factor “pleasant thoughts about grandchildren”. It did not include the parameters of value relations at all.

Thus, “pleasant thoughts about grandchildren” are not associated with the specific value relations of older people, with their gender and with life satisfaction. “Pleasant thoughts about grandchildren” are more typical for single pensioners living separately from their children.

IIfactor(16.8%). It includes, with significant factor loadings, life satisfaction (r = 0.17), low self-esteem (r = -0.6), the tendency to value others above oneself (r = 0.38) and “on an equal footing” with oneself (r = 0 .26), as well as a clear separation of acceptable and unacceptable (r = 0.27). This factor is typical for women, because... strong weight has a gender significance (gender, r= -0.6). At the same time, respondents mention almost only women (r= 0.73), while men are absent (r= -0.80). The factor is not characterized by undifferentiated assessments of others (r = -0.30). The attributes equally express aesthetic, romantic, physical, gnostic, fearful, and somewhat less hedonic characteristics.

So, this is a factor in the value relations of women, whose thoughts are filled with female images in the diversity of their physical and personal characteristics, with a positive attitude towards other people. There is a slight trend towards satisfaction with one's life (r= 0.18).

The variety of perceptual signs indicates the increased psychological competence of women, which is necessary for the formation of a new (or maintenance of old) identity and self-esteem. The trigger for self-knowledge and knowledge of others during this period is likely to be difficulties in social interaction and achievement. As a respondent from Krasnova’s work said: “It has become the most difficult thing to achieve, but before you just had to smile...”. The sources of socio-psychological competence and self-improvement are communication with other women, comparing oneself with them. The increasing need for community with others is manifested in assessments of others as “equal to oneself” (r = 0.27) and leads to an expansion of the circle of female acquaintances. Those. The institution of “girlfriends” becomes especially important, as they act as a mirror in the formation of a new identity. Interestingly, this factor excludes thoughts about men. Some facts from other studies help explain this phenomenon. Firstly, many women of this age live without a husband due to divorce, death of a husband and did not have a husband before. Secondly, marital relationships are changing: “I want to leave the house, not sit with my husband. I know everything he’ll say.” Thus, the importance of men is reduced, although the main source of interest in oneself is still “the desire to maintain attractiveness, youth or a feeling of youth”, the problem of “standards of beauty, physical characteristics and one’s own desirability (for others)” is relevant. It is also possible that due to low self-esteem compared to other more attractive women, men are pushed out.

However, all this, including reduced self-esteem, does not lead to a decrease in life satisfaction. Probably, satisfaction with life is experienced not as a consequence of external and internal conditions, but as an attitude towards the value of life, whatever it may be. For example, one of our respondents (who had already buried her husband and son) says: “But I wanted to live! I will live to spite everyone!” Another: “Look at the youth - they are disappointed in everything, everything is bad for them... But we love life so much! So let’s hold on to it!”

IIIfactor(13.42%) and IVfactor(10.7%) tend to be dissatisfied with life (r= -0.18). The third factor is also represented by the richness of social perception. But the content of the attributes differs from factor II. Here are gloric (r=0.47), romantic (r=0.56), fearful (r=0.59), communicative (r=0.53) signs, assessments of manners and norms (r= 0.39). Undifferentiated assessments (r= -0.35) and practical characteristics (r= -0.26) are not typical.

The difference from factor II also lies in the fact that ratings of others above average (r = -0.26) and, especially, above oneself (r = -0.32) are not typical. Self-esteem is rather high (r = 0.21). There is also the possibility of an unrealistic, too high assessment of the “chosen ones” (r = -0.18). At the same time, there is no subjectively unattainable (r = -0.26), as well as unacceptable (r = -0.25). Thus, this factor reflects the tendency of impractical, romantic natures, perfectionists, focused on competition and struggle. Despite their high self-esteem, they generally have a negative attitude towards people and are less satisfied with life.

This factor is also more likely to be female (r = -0.19). As O.A. showed Ovsyanik, tendencies towards achievement in women aged 40 to 60 are characteristic of masculine women, and Krasnova identified a tendency towards achievement in older women with high educational and social status. Our data shows this trend coupled with lower life satisfaction.

IVfactor is specific in that in the thoughts of the elderly there are animals (r=0.68), film and literary heroes (r=0.49), as well as “stars” (r=0.4). Perception is subordinated to hedonic (r=0.55), aesthetic (r=0.36), romantic (r=0.21) orientation, and there are no characteristics of the mind (r= -0.26). We also see a decrease in self-esteem (r= -0.2) and overestimation of others regarding oneself (r= 0.20), along with a significant number of “anti-ideals” (r= 0.35). This factor suggests increasing age (r= 0.25).

As we see, some dissatisfaction with life and withdrawal into an imaginary world is associated with a decrease in self-esteem, overestimation of others and an increase in the number of anti-ideals. A similar change in interests and departure from reality is described in other works. They are explained by a change in interests due to physiological and social changes and restrictions.

Note that the third and fourth factors are opposite in their value relations towards others: in the third factor, an orientation toward ideals and underestimation of others predominates, while in the fourth, when overestimating others, there are many anti-ideals. Both options are associated with decreased life satisfaction.

Vfactor ( 9%) is similar to factor II, a positive trend in life satisfaction (r = 0.17) in combination with a trend in age (r = 0.32). Here, a mental appeal to relatives (r=0.59) is accompanied by altruistic attributes (r=0.34) and a description of normative behavior (r=0.26). Gnostic (r=-0.33), practical (r=-0.37), fearful (r=-0.19), romantic (r=-0.37) features are not typical. Others are rated above themselves (r=0.25) and above average (r=0.58). Anti-ideals are assessed “softly” (r=0.56), but with a strict idea of their inadmissibility (r=0.31).

In everyday language, these are peace-loving, kind elderly people living in the real world, focused on their relatives. Certain standards of behavior are important to them, and they evaluate others positively.

conclusions

Life satisfaction among older people is not directly related to self-esteem or the value of grandchildren, but is manifested in a tendency to value others “above average.”

The tendency towards satisfaction can be seen: a) in women at the beginning of old age, ignoring men and forming a new age identity and social-perceptual competence based on referent female images; b) older adults with a focus on family, altruistic and traditional values and softness in assessing their violations.

The tendency towards dissatisfaction can be traced: a) among the elderly, who tend to absolutize “ideals” and are focused on competition and achievement with the devaluation of others; b) in older people with a hedonic-aesthetic orientation, who replace real communication with mass media and animals and tend to give others the lowest possible ratings, i.e. prone to slander.

In general, life satisfaction does not have direct connections with most of the studied parameters, which indicates the multi-level nature of the phenomena being studied, their complex mutual influence, and the need for their further study.

Reviewers:

Chumakov M.V., Doctor of Psychology, Professor, Head. Department of Developmental and Developmental Psychology, Kurgan State University, Kurgan;

Dukhnovsky S.V., Doctor of Psychology, Professor of the Department of General and Social Psychology, Kurgan State University, Kurgan.

Female gender was designated by zero, male by one.

Bibliographic link

Nikolaeva I.A. THE RELATIONSHIP OF OLDER PEOPLE’S LIFE SATISFACTION WITH THEIR VALUABLE RELATIONSHIPS TO THEMSELVES AND OTHERS // Modern problems of science and education. – 2015. – No. 2-1.;
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INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 1. THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF THE PROBLEM OF VITALITY OF PEOPLE WITH DIFFERENT MEANING ORIENTATIONS AND VALUE SETTINGS

1.1 Approaches to understanding personal resilience

1.2 The problem of individual value orientations in psychology

1.3 Retirement as a psychological problem

1.4 Psychological characteristics of people of pre-retirement and retirement age

CHAPTER 2. EMPIRICAL STUDY OF THE FEATURES OF PEOPLE’S RESILIENCE

2.1 Organization and methods of research

2.2 Analysis and discussion of research results

CONCLUSION

LITERATURE

APPLICATION

INTRODUCTION

The accelerated pace of change in living conditions, scientific and technological progress require a person to constantly improve adaptation skills. That is why in psychological science it is especially relevant to study the resilience of an individual to increasing loads, stress and the study of value orientations and attitudes that contribute to the successful overcoming of life's difficulties. At the same time, recently in the scientific literature the problem of transforming the structure of value orientations and attitudes of modern man has been discussed (V.V. Vybornova, L.N. Bannikova, L.N. Boronina, Yu.R. Vishnevsky, V.Yu. Chernykh, V. D. Panachev, O. N. Molchanova, N. S. Gordeeva, etc.). As a result, there are increasingly more studies that conduct a comparative analysis of the value-semantic sphere of large communities of people - representatives of different ages, generations and professions. The relevance of studying the resilience of people of pre-retirement and retirement age at the present time is also due to the high degree of demand for the results of such studies in the practice of psychological counseling. For most people of these age periods, issues of vitality (survival) in the social environment are acute today. Age discrimination, ageism - discrimination against a person based on his age is widespread in all spheres of life in Russian society. Ageism is especially noticeable in the field of labor, where after reaching retirement age it becomes increasingly difficult to find a decent job.

Due to the inability to cope with their own psychological fears regarding future life activities, people of pre-retirement age often do not attach much importance to life values, lose resilience due to a lack of understanding of the benefits of retirement age, which results in an increased risk of depressive conditions. Of course, retirement is an important stage in an individual’s life, meaning the emergence of many psychological problems, concentrated in the context of rethinking life values and changing the level of individual resilience, which emphasizes the relevance of the topic of the dissertation work.

Purpose of the study- analyze the problem of resilience of people with different life orientations and values.

To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

1) consider approaches to understanding personal resilience;

2) analyze the problem of value orientations of the individual in psychology;

3) consider retirement as a psychological problem;

4) determine the psychological characteristics of people of pre-retirement and retirement age;

5) conduct an empirical study of the characteristics of the resilience of people of pre-retirement and retirement age with different life-meaning orientations and value systems. An objectresearch- features of the resilience of people of pre-retirement and retirement age with different life meanings

orientations and values.

Subject of study- the influence of life-meaning orientations and value systems on the resilience of people of retirement and pre-retirement age.

General research hypothesis: The psychological components of life-meaning orientations and resilience have characteristics in people of pre-retirement and retirement age.

Particular research hypotheses:

1. People of pre-retirement and retirement age have different levels of vitality indicators.

2. People of pre-retirement and retirement age have different characteristics of life-meaning orientations.

3. People of pre-retirement and retirement age have different types of values at the level of beliefs and at the level of behavior.

Research methods:

Methods of studying and analyzing psychological, social and pedagogical literature;

Methods of quantitative and qualitative analysis of the obtained results (using methods of mathematical statistics).

Theoretical and methodological basis of the study constitute modern ideas, concepts and approaches of foreign and domestic researchers to the problem of personal resilience - the concept of vitality by D.A. Leontiev, provisions on the subjectivity of the individual (Ananyev B.G., Rubinshtein S.L., Leontiev A.N., Petrovsky V. A., Osnitsky A.K.), the meaning of life (V.E. Chudnovsky), life creativity (D.A. Leontyev), personal adaptation potential (A.G. Maklakov), Sh. Schwartz’s concept of the motivational goal of value orientations and the universality of basic human values, approaches to understanding value orientations as an expression of personality orientation in Russian psychology (B.G. Ananyev, V.A. Yadov, D.A. Leontyeva, N.A. Volkova).

Methods used in the work:

Methods of studying and analyzing psychological literature;

Diagnostic methods of questioning and testing;

Methods of quantitative and qualitative analysis of the results obtained (using Ch. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient).

Research methods:

1. Test of life-meaning orientations (SLO) (D. A. Leontyev).

2. S. Schwartz’s method for studying personal values.

3. Vitality test by S. Maddi (adapted by D.A. Leontyev).

Scientific novelty of the research: The work studied the nature and characteristics of resilience and value orientations of the personality of people of retirement and pre-retirement age. The findings contribute to the study of resilience among people facing psychological challenges due to retirement.

Reliability and validity the obtained results are ensured by a holistic approach to the problem being studied, the methodological validity of the initial theoretical positions and the theoretical and methodological elaboration of the problem; practical testing of the main theoretical provisions of the study, confirming the validity of the hypothesis put forward; application of mathematical and statistical methods of data analysis.

Practical significance of the work lies in the possibility of using the research results for advisory work of psychologists, social workers of social protection services with people of pre-retirement and retirement age. The implementation of psychological support for people of retirement and pre-retirement age will ensure minimization of the risk of depressive states against the background of worries about the quality of future life activity (after retirement), which means the need to pay due attention to the results of the study and their practical use in socio-psychological work with people of retirement and pre-retirement age age.

Structure of the dissertation determined by the logic of the study and consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion, a list of references and applications. The total volume of work is 86 pages, of which 73 pages are main text.

The introduction substantiates the relevance of the topic of the work, formulates the goal, objectives, subject, object, and research methodology.

The first chapter reveals the theoretical aspects of studying the problem of personal resilience, value orientations, psychological characteristics of pre-retirement and retirement age.

The second chapter presents an empirical study: a description of the methods used, the sample of subjects, the stages and procedure of the study is given; processing of research results. In conclusion, the main conclusions and results of the work are presented.

CHAPTER 1. THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF THE PROBLEM OF VITALITY OF PEOPLE WITH DIFFERENT MEANING ORIENTATIONS AND VALUE SETTINGS

1.1 Approaches to understanding personal resilience

The rhythm of life in modern society can rightfully be called stressful, and in some cases even extreme and critical. This is due to many factors, among which we can note the current socio-economic transformations, the political situation, the ecological state of the environment, as well as the increasing information impact to which we are all involuntarily exposed. All this affects a person’s psychological health and emotional well-being.

The ability of an individual to successfully overcome unfavorable environmental conditions, demonstrating high resistance to stress factors, is called resilience, and today its presence is more vital and necessary than ever before. That is why modern psychological science is showing increased interest in the study of this phenomenon and its role in maintaining human psychological health.

The main aspects of a subject’s resilience in the sociocultural space are visible through his orientation to work activity, adoption of a healthy lifestyle, ability to cope with stress in changing living conditions, motivation to achieve his plans, growth in the level of education, adaptation, socialization, etc.

For the first time, attention was paid to this phenomenon in the 80s of the 20th century, it was then that the concept of “hardiness” was introduced, which translated from English meant “endurance”, “persistence”, “strength”. The authors of this concept were American psychologists Salvador Maddi and Susan Kobase. They considered “hardiness” as a special integrative quality, a system of attitudes and beliefs about the world and oneself, allowing an individual to withstand a stressful situation while maintaining internal balance and harmony. “Hardiness,” from the authors’ point of view, made it easier for a person to recognize his real capabilities and accept his own vulnerability. This quality was a kind of base that helped to process stressful effects and transform negative impressions into new opportunities.

Within the framework of this model, it is assumed that emotional and informational experience of a certain specificity acts as the best for the individual, and that is why it develops personality, increases the likelihood of a certain interaction with the outside world to obtain the desired type of emotional and informational experiences. From this point of view, personality is determined by feedback from interaction with the outside world, and not by an innate set of qualities.

Many domestic and foreign researchers in their works view this problem differently and, accordingly, give different understandings of the concepts of “resilience”, “viability”,

"sustainability". The very idea of analyzing a person’s internal forces, which allow him to successfully achieve his goals in extremely difficult conditions, has always been the focus of attention of sociologists, philosophers, psychologists, and representatives of various scientific schools.

First of all, semantic contexts are studied, that is, for the sake of which an individual exposes his life to serious risks, and what impact the result achieved by the individual has on his social consciousness, the individual’s state of mind, activity in learning about the world around him, etc. .

Let's consider other approaches to defining the concept of resilience. For example, according to Chertykov I.N. resilience is understood as a person’s ability to overcome the circumstances given by life and himself, a system of beliefs; it is a system of beliefs that contribute to the development of a person’s readiness to manage a system of increased complexity. There is the most general integral characteristic of personality, based on meaning-forming life orientations, self-attitude, stylistic characteristics of behavior, etc.

From the position of a systemic-structural approach, V.D. expressed his attitude to the phenomenon of resilience. Shadrikov: these are “the properties of functional systems that implement individual mental functions, which express an individual measure of expression, manifested in the success and qualitative originality of the development and implementation of activities.”

Vitality, according to V.D. Shadrikov, belongs to a special (spiritual) class of abilities: “They determine the qualitative specificity of a person’s behavior: his virtue, adherence to the principles of faith, love, altruism, the meaning of life; creativity, optimism." Vitality has the main features of spiritual characteristics, but is not identical to them. It represents the unity of natural and moral principles.

Researcher A. Fominova in her monograph “Personal Vitality” gives a deep analytical overview of the genesis of the term, taking into account foreign scientific achievements. Among the key problems, she identified the relationship between close semantic contexts of such concepts as: vitality, vitality, life creativity.

M.R. Khachaturova notes that resilience is a complex construct, the influence of which can extend to many personal characteristics and aspects of human behavior. Vitality in this case acts as a kind of “resource” of the individual, allowing her to cope with difficult life situations.

M.A. Friesen notes that resilience, being a special pattern in the structure of an individual's attitudes and skills, allows changes to be turned into opportunities; it is a catalyst that allows you to transform negative experiences into new opportunities. The author notes an important function of personality resilience - a potential adaptive resource.

Along with the concept of resilience, the closely related category of vitality has recently attracted the interest of scientists. A.I. Laktionova notes that vitality is not a universal, unconditional or fixed characteristic of an individual; it varies depending on the type of stress, its context and other factors that can be defined as risk factors and protective factors that have a significant impact on the development of an individual's adaptive abilities.

E.V. Lapkina emphasizes that vitality is aimed not only at overcoming stress, but also constitutes a system of life meanings and personal relationships that determine the specifics of its response to stress.

Recent studies of the problem of resilience are dominated by psychological concepts based on different approaches: the cultural-historical theory of higher mental functions of a person (L.S. Vygotsky), system-structural analysis (B.G. Ananyev, A.N. Leontiev, B.F. . Lomov), subject-activity (S.L. Rubinshtein, A.V. Brushlinsky, K.A. Abulkhanova-Slavskaya), etc.

An analytical study of sources allows us to affirm the thesis that at the present time there is no unambiguity in the interpretation of the essence and disclosure of the components of resilience as a psychological and pedagogical phenomenon.

This phenomenon attracted the attention of many Russian researchers, including the eminent Russian psychologist D.A. Leontyev. He translated the concept of “hardiness” into Russian as vitality, which subsequently gave this term a special emotional connotation. So, in A. Reber’s dictionary, under the definition

“stable” is understood as a characteristic of an individual whose behavior is relatively reliable and consistent. The opposite of stability is “instability,” that is, unpredictability and disorder of behavior and mood, or even its danger to others. Thus, the concept of “vitality” includes the emotionally rich word “life” and the psychologically relevant property “resilience”.

Based on an interdisciplinary approach to the phenomenon of human resilience, D.A. Leontyev defines resilience as a trait characterized by the degree to which a person overcomes himself. The closest to the concept of resilience is D.A. Leontyev attributes the term

“life creativity,” that is, a person’s expansion of the world, his life relationships. The main components of resilience, in his opinion, are the individual’s conviction of readiness to cope with the situation, and openness to everything new. Resilience influences both the assessment of the current situation, which is perceived as less traumatic, and the person’s further actions, stimulating him to take care of his own health and psychological well-being.

L.A. defines resilience a little differently. Alexandrova. From her point of view, resilience is a special integral ability that contributes to the successful adaptation of the individual. Its main components are included in two blocks: the block of general abilities includes basic personal attitudes, intelligence, self-awareness, meaning and responsibility; block of special abilities, includes skills for interacting with people, as well as skills for overcoming various types of difficult situations.

In general, the analysis of Russian psychological scientific literature on the problem of personal resilience allows us to identify the following approaches to understanding the concept under study:

Understanding resilience as a result of the process of socialization of the individual, developing active resistance to external negative factors (Russian socio-psychological scientific school);

Understanding resilience as an inseparable part of the moral education of the individual, within which the central component is will, discipline, personal character (the approach is disclosed in the works of A.S. Makarenko, V.P. Vakhterov, K.D. Ushinsky, etc.);

Understanding resilience as an integral personal characteristic that ensures an individual’s readiness to successfully overcome life’s difficulties (reflected in the works of S.V. Knizhnikova);

Understanding resilience as a personal resource in the meaningful process of implementing life plans (E.I. Rasskazova, R.I. Stetsishin);

Understanding resilience as a system of beliefs about oneself, about one’s relationships with the outside world and its subjects (D.A. Leontiev).

Subsequently, the theoretical foundation for the development of this concept was the provisions of existential psychology. According to psychologists working in this direction, all events in our lives are the result of decision making. Any decision is a choice. Either the choice of the future is uncertainty, or the past is certainty. At the same time, the choice of the future, as often happens, is accompanied by ontological anxiety. And the more changes are expected, the higher the anxiety. Therefore, in order to avoid it, a person acts as usual, that is, chooses the past. However, excessively frequent choice in favor of the past leads to stagnation, thereby increasing the feeling of the meaninglessness of life. The choice of the future, despite natural anxiety, brings new experiences and opportunities into a person’s life, stimulating him to further personal development.

One of P. Tillich’s students, the founder of the existential-humanistic trend in psychology, R. May, in his book “Freedom and Fate,” develops the position of a person’s self-affirmation in conditions when fate sets limits for him, but he achieves true freedom when he resists them. According to R. May, there is a dialectical connection between freedom and fate - one cannot exist without the other; freedom does not exist without borders. If vital needs are not satisfied (in distress, deprivation), then people turn their gaze inward, move from the ego-self (freedom of action) to the psyche-self (freedom of being) and take the necessary steps to higher levels of needs.

According to E.I. Kuzmina, the integration of existential-humanistic (P. Tillich, R. May, S. Maddi), subject-activity (S.L. Rubinshtein) and reflective-activity approaches (E.I. Kuzmina) preserves the ontological the level of understanding of resilience as “the courage to be” and makes it possible to study a subject overcoming life’s difficulties, asserting himself and moving through obstacles to self-actualization.

The mechanism of action of resilience here lies in the influence of attitudes on the assessment of the current life situation and a person’s readiness to actively act in favor of the future.

At the same time, according to S. Muddy and D. Fiske, it initially developed that there are people with high and low levels of activity, due to the tendency of the personality core, striving to maintain its characteristic level of activation.

However, largely thanks to the awareness of the importance of one’s own activity, as opposed to passivity, a person is able to understand that it is through it that he can influence his own life, and it is this that turns out to be the key variable that prevents the emergence of internal tension in stressful situations. Thus, we can claim that this theory tells us about the usual and potential levels of activation, and one of the main foundations of resilience, according to S. Maddi, is the trait of activity, as opposed to passivity.

In order for a person to survive, withstand and not get sick, it is necessary to change the attitude towards this situation. This is one of the methods of a psychotherapist’s work with people who are in a difficult situation and need psychological support. In this case, there is an interaction between the social and psychological aspects of the development of personal resilience.

The development of personal attitudes can become the basis for a person’s more positive outlook, improving the quality of life, and can turn obstacles and stress into a source of growth and development. And the main thing is that factor, an internal resource that is subject to the person himself, this is something that he can change and rethink, something that helps maintain physical, psychological and social health.

Moving on to consider the structure of resilience, let us again turn to the works of Salvador Maddi. They identified three components - involvement, control and risk taking.

The first component of resilience is

"involvement". Involvement is the confidence that even in unpleasant and difficult situations or relationships it is better to remain involved: to be aware of events, in contact with people around you, to devote maximum effort, time, attention to what is happening, to participate in what is happening. A person, regardless of circumstances, must remember that life is worth living. The opposite of involvement is detachment. People with a developed component of involvement are able to receive genuine joy from their own activities. Due to their immersion in the work process, as well as an active creative position, they find a lot of valuable and interesting things in everyday affairs, which allows them to successfully overcome current and potential stress. A person’s lack of a sense of involvement, on the contrary, contributes to depression and rejection, the conviction that life is passing him by.

The next component in the resilience framework is “control.” Control is a kind of attitude towards the manifestation of vital activity. A person endowed with highly developed control is characterized by an active life position, the feeling that he independently, independently of no one, chooses his own path, and that only he himself can influence the outcome of what is happening. In contrast to this, a feeling of one’s own helplessness can form, a feeling that nothing depends on one’s own choice, and that everything is decided by someone else, but not by the person himself.

And the third component of resilience is “challenge,” or as it is also called, “risk taking.” Risk taking is a person’s conviction that everything that happens to him contributes to his personal development, and from any life event, positive or negative, he can gain useful experience. Such a person may consider the desire for everyday comfort and security boring, impoverishing life, and actions in spite of difficulties, and in the absence of guaranteed success, are very useful. On the contrary, people with low challenge scores do not know how to properly use the experience gained and prefer to be content with little.

Thus, we see that in order to maintain optimal performance, activity in stressful situations, and most importantly, psychological health, the high development of each of the three presented components of resilience is especially important.

Regarding the issue of determining the relationship between resilience and similar concepts and phenomena, we can say that at this point in time, in domestic and foreign psychology there are numerous studies reflecting the essential features of this phenomenon.

Thus, to summarize all of the above, we can state that resilience is an integrative personal quality that allows you to successfully endure stressful situations, while maintaining optimal performance and maintaining internal balance. This happens due to orientation towards the future and the activity hidden in it, which brings new experiences and opportunities into a person’s life, stimulating him to further personal development. The main components of resilience are the individual’s conviction of readiness to cope with the situation, and openness to everything new. Resilience includes three components, namely: involvement, which is responsible for a person receiving joy from the activity performed; control that allows a person to maintain an active life position and independently choose his own path in life; risk taking, which encourages you to take justifiable risks and helps you benefit from the experience gained.

1.2 The problem of individual value orientations in psychology

Having analyzed many different understandings and definitions of values proposed in philosophy, sociology, ethics and psychology, we can come to the conclusion that it is inevitable to correlate this concept with three different groups of phenomena. YES. Leontyev formulated the idea of three forms of existence of values, transforming into one another:

1) social ideals - developed by public consciousness and the generalized ideas about perfection present in it in various spheres of public life;

2) the substantive embodiment of these ideals in the actions or works of specific people;

3) motivational structures of the individual (“models of what should be”), encouraging him to substantively embody social value ideals in his activities. These three forms of existence transform into one another.

These transitions can be simplified as follows. The individual assimilates social ideals in the form of so-called “models of what should be”, which contribute to his motivation for activity. As a result, there is a substantive embodiment of ideals. From a substantive point of view, the embodied values of an individual become the key basis for the formation of social ideals, which leads to the formation of an “endless spiral” of values embodied in ideal images. The psychological model of the functioning and structure of an individual’s motivation and its development in the context of sociogenesis allows us to concretize the understanding of personal values in the form of sources of personal motivation, which is functionally equivalent to the needs of the individual. At the same time, personal values, formed in the process of sociogenesis, interact with needs in a rather complex manner.

In general, in Russian psychology, many researchers consider value orientations as an expression of personality orientation and are inclined to believe that value orientations are a subjective mechanism for controlling human behavior (B.G. Ananyev, V.A. Yadov, V.S. Mukhina and etc.).

Recognition of values as actually operating regulators of an individual’s life, influencing behavioral factors regardless of their representation in consciousness, cannot be a reason to deny the existence of conscious beliefs that do not coincide with them in psychological and substantive nature in the context of the individual’s ideas about his own value orientations.

In the scientific literature, special attention is paid to the problem of the discrepancy between real and declared values. A more detailed analysis of the methodological aspects of the identified problem was carried out by Odessa sociologists, and objective empirical factors were obtained in a psychological experiment by E. E. Nasinovskaya, who used the approach of indirect post-hypnotic suggestion. As part of this psychological experiment, subjects had to perform personality-neutral tasks.

For example, there was a task “by eye” to reproduce the length of the presented segments as accurately as possible, and before completing the task, respondents in a state of hypnosis were given instructions like “If - Then”. Under the “If” condition, understatement and exaggeration of the length of segments was instilled; under the “That” condition, the implementation of certain values was required. After emerging from the hypnotic state, the degree and direction of distortion in the length of graphic segments served as a true and reliable indicator of the real motivating power of various value orientations. Also, a significant discrepancy was recorded between the declared importance of the designated values and the strength of their influence on the activities carried out under hypnosis.

V.B. Moeen, M.B. Kunyavsky and I.M. Popov identifies four groups of reasons that explain the discrepancy between actually motivating personal values and the declared value constructs of the individual. With verbal expression and adequate awareness of values, their integration into the practical regulation of an individual’s life can be inhibited in the absence of opportunities for implementation, in the presence of contradictory or competing values.

At the same time, actual values are not always objectively verbalized and recognized by the subject: the limitations of his intellect and the action of defense mechanisms do not allow him to objectively realize the essence of value constructs. Values characterized by adequate awareness can be verbally represented in an inadequate form, which occurs due to the presence of corresponding barriers (for example, speech taboos, etc.).

In order to objectively consider the topic of the work, it is necessary to touch upon the concept of “value orientations”.

Value orientation - social values shared by an individual: serving as goals of life and the main means of achieving them; being the most important factor regulating a person’s motivation and behavior.

Value orientations are understood as elements of the dispositional (internal) structure of an individual’s personality, which were formed and consolidated by life experience in the context of the processes of social adaptation and socialization, which leads to the delimitation of significant (essentially important for the individual) from insignificant (insignificant) values through mechanisms of acceptance or non-acceptance, perceived in the form of a framework (horizon) of fundamental life goals and ultimate meanings, which ultimately determines the acceptable means of realizing value orientations in the process of life.

The main theses of the scientific concept of value orientations are present in the scientific works of F. Znaniecki and W. Thomas, who were the first to categorically use the term “value orientations” itself, reoriented into the individual’s experience of the significance of certain phenomena. The theoretical basis for the concept of value orientations is the theory of M. Weber, dedicated to value-rational actions. The development of the problems of value orientations can also be traced in the works of D. Uznadze, devoted to the fixed social attitudes of the individual.

Value orientations within the framework of the dispositional structure of the personality form the highest level of the hierarchy of the individual’s predispositions to certain models of perception of living conditions, their behavior and subjective assessment, both in the long-term (primarily) and in the actual (here and now) perspective. At the same time, value orientations are more clearly explicated in cases that require the individual to make responsible decisions that entail significant consequences and even predetermine the subsequent nature of life. Value orientations ensure the stability and integrity of the individual, form the structure of consciousness and strategies of social activity, organize and control the motivational sphere of life, and highlight instrumental orientations towards specific types of activities and ways of achieving life goals.

Thus, value orientations should be considered as, first of all, the rejection or preference of certain meanings, which appear in the form of a life-organizing principle and a willingness to support the appropriate behavior of the individual. In this regard, the essence of the concept of value orientations corresponds to the original meanings inherent in the term “orientation”, which is associated with determining one’s own position in space. In this case, in the context of psychological science, we mean orientation in the psychological space, that is, in the psychological characteristics of one’s own personality.

Based on this, we can identify several aspects determined by the value orientations of the individual:

1) Value orientations set the general direction of a person’s aspirations and interests;

2) Value orientations determine the hierarchy of individual patterns and preferences of the individual;

3) Value orientations determine the motivational and target program of an individual’s behavior;

4) Value orientations characterize the level of prestigious preferences and aspirations.

5) Value orientations give an idea of the mechanisms of selection within the framework of criteria for the significance of certain values for an individual;

6) Value orientations determine the degree of determination and readiness of the subject to implement his own “life project”.

The manifestation and disclosure of value orientations is carried out through the assessments that the subject gives both to others and to himself, as well as through the circumstances and aspirations of the individual to structure life situations, make decisions in problem situations and resolve conflicts; value orientations, at the same time, are revealed through chosen lines of behavior in morally charged existential situations, through the skills of setting and changing the dominants of an individual’s own life.

Personal crises, which are often complemented by crises of a social nature, usually cause the need to rethink or confirm the individual’s system of value orientations in order to overcome the contradictions that arise in them, which is associated with a change in the vector of activity, reflection and re-identification of the measure of self-realization. In such cases, the effectiveness of resolving psychological crises and minimizing their negative impact is determined by the degree of reflection, dynamism and openness of the individual’s value orientations.

The integrity and consistency of the system of value orientations should be considered as an indicator of the autonomy and stability of the individual. Consequently, their fragmentation and inconsistency testifies to the marginality and immaturity of the individual’s personality. This immaturity is fixed by the individual’s inability, on the one hand, to make assessments and make decisions, and on the other hand, by the discrepancy between nonverbal and verbal behavior.

Of course, the problem of value orientations requires a rethinking of modern conditions, which presuppose the background self-determination of the individual in various loci of cultural space, subordinate to the corresponding cultural norms and life values, which are often inconsistent with each other. Consequently, the key to an objective understanding of value orientations must be sought not in subject-object relations, but in intersubjective ones.

Also, social pedagogy, social philosophy and sociology of youth study the characteristics of a person’s value orientations. A more holistic understanding of the essence of value orientations requires identifying a complex of types of value systems, differentiated by types and levels of their organization. For example, Trikoz N.A. and Gavrilyuk V.V. in their research they focus on four types of value systems:

1) A meaningful life system of values, within which the values of life are united, which in turn determine the goals of human existence, the values of truth, freedom, beauty, that is, universal life values;

2) Virtual value system, which includes the values of maintaining and preserving familiar everyday life, safety, health, comfort;

3) The interactionist system, which includes judgments and values that are significant for group and interpersonal communication - this is the individual’s calm conscience, good relationships with others, the possibility of mutual assistance, power;

4) A socialized system of values, to which the authors include values that determine the processes of formation of the personality itself: those that are approved and disapproved by society.

According to B.A. Barabanshchikov, who analyzed the main types of value orientations of an individual, three levels of their organization can be distinguished:

1) Values that have the most general, abstract nature: these are social, spiritual, material values, and spiritual, in turn, are divided into aesthetic, cognitive, humanistic, etc., and social - into the values of social achievements, social respect and social activity ;

2) Values that are fixed in the life of an individual and manifest themselves as individual personality traits - activity, sociability, curiosity, dominance, etc.

3) The most characteristic patterns of individual behavior, expressed in the consolidation and implementation of value properties.

As part of his research, B.A. Barabanshchikov emphasizes that the empirical data he obtained, proving the connection between values and ideals of an individual with specific methods and forms of behavior, are very diverse, and their formation influences certain personal properties of the individual, despite the fact that the connection between values and personal properties is ambiguous. Therefore, the same personality traits of an individual are correlated with the corresponding groups of values, which, in turn, determine several ways of the individual’s behavior. Also, in a series of empirical studies considered by the author, it was established that values and ideals can be realized through behavioral models, the essence of which is determined by values, or is aimed at the implementation of other value orientations of the individual. However, these values may remain unrealized, which becomes the cause of intrapersonal conflicts. Specific aspects of the manifestation of values in an individual's behavior patterns are determined by the characteristics of the structure of values.

Let us note that in the world socio-psychological and sociological literature, value ideas become the objects of few studies, which is why general traditions of their understanding, and as a consequence - the definition of value orientations, have not yet been developed. Most often they are designated in a broad sense, and therefore are used very ambiguously.

Value orientations and value ideas should be considered as individual forms of representation of “supra-individual” values, and in this light, the terms “value orientations” and “values” will refer to both declared (conscious) and really significant values.

Relevant examples can be given. C. Morris in his studies distinguished between operational (effective) and conscious values, without using the term “value orientations” at all. K. Kluckhohn considered values as a motivational aspect of personality, and value orientations as entire value concepts. M. Rokeach calls values beliefs, which are diagnosed using well-known direct ranking methods.

Taking into account the complexity of definitions of the concepts of “value orientations”,

“values” and “value ideas”, as well as taking into account the frequent confusion of these concepts in the scientific literature, in the framework of further research these terms will be considered identical.

Based on theoretical analysis, a diagram of “Values in the structure of the motivational sphere of the individual” was drawn up (Appendix 1).

All of the above allows us to draw the following conclusion: the system of value orientations determines the substantive side of a person’s orientation and forms the basis of his relationships to the world around him, to other people, to himself, the basis of his worldview and the core of motivation for life, the basis of his life concept. Values influence all motivational formations ( attitudes, interests, habits, inclinations), filling their content with personal meaning. The main function of value orientations is to regulate behavior as a conscious action in social conditions.

1.3 Retirement as a psychological problem

Retirement of older people is characterized by the presence of psychological problems associated with an overestimation of the individual's life situation. The significant increase in the proportion of older people in the age structure of modern society has led to a wide range of problems that go far beyond demographics. This led not only to the large-scale interest of psychological science in the problems of people facing the stage of retirement, but also to the formation of an entire Gerontoculture.

Scientific understanding of the personality of older people is characterized by many contradictory judgments that reflect different points of view of scientists on the essence of this life stage, including the concept of personality. According to some authors, there are no significant changes in personality at the stage of aging (in old age). Other scientists believe that in old age an individual’s personality changes under the influence of mental and somatic transformations, which is why old age itself is perceived as a disease, almost always accompanied by various ailments and, of course, ending in death.

The aging process of an individual causes a change in attitude towards many life events and social phenomena, and contributes to a change in the direction of interests. Moreover, most often the list of interests is narrowed, mental processes slow down, social activity decreases, the individual’s general well-being worsens, dissatisfaction with oneself, psychological uncertainty, and distrust of others appear. However, these changes are not common to older people. Empirical studies have repeatedly shown that many people retain their creative abilities and personal characteristics practically unchanged into old age. Being an extremely critical period of life, old age requires all the strength and attention from the individual to adapt to the environment. However, many older people find it difficult to get used to their new social status, despite the fact that old age as such is characterized by many positive qualities, among which the main ones are life experience, prudence, and more free time.

The emotional well-being of an elderly person is considered as a factor determining the feeling of psychological danger or safety. Emotional well-being is determined by the general level of a person’s health, the characteristics of his relationships with friends, relatives, loved ones, the presence of emotional connections with people around him, their support, as well as many other factors that influence the life values of a person retiring. For an elderly person, the family becomes a means of satisfying basic life needs due to exclusion from the social institution of labor. The scientific literature emphasizes that “on the one hand, this gives an elderly person the opportunity to receive support and emotional warmth, and on the other, the opportunity to assist children in raising grandchildren and running a household, while the absence or breakdown of family ties most often leads to to a sharp decrease in the favorable level of emotional and psychological state.”

In addition, as N.I. Babaeva notes, elderly people have high excitability and low stability, which forms sensitivity to various stimuli (experiences and unpleasant situations), but these reactions are short-lived and they are not recorded. This psychological type can be considered the most optimal for achieving longevity, and a positive, optimistic outlook on life, an active life position is the basis for energetic longevity, not burdened by illness.

An analysis of the problem of an individual’s crisis during the transition to the life stage of old age gives grounds to assert that psychological science is full of certain material that reveals the socio-psychological problems of the vitality of older people. However, generally accepted scientific conclusions that fully characterize the psychological problem of retirement have not yet been formulated. Tsvetkova N.A. and co-authors clarify that some men and women perceive retirement as a socio-psychological problem, and the current demographic situation in Russia only leads to an increase in the number of such people who negatively perceive retirement as a life stage.”

Let's pay attention to the life expectancy indicator. In Russia, the Federal State Statistics Service calculated the forecast for this indicator until 2030. In the following diagram we present the trend of changes in the indicator until 2020 (see Figure 1.1).

As we can see, the life expectancy of women, according to the forecast, is higher than that of men, which is true for each year under consideration. At the same time, the life expectancy of men is lower than the general level (both men and women). In fact, this means that the quality of life of men is at a lower level, which explains its comparatively shorter duration.

Being a socio-psychological phenomenon, gerontoculture is a complex and multidimensional formation, the manifestation of which is seen at three levels:

At the macro level, this is a social phenomenon, manifested in the social policy of the state, in ideas about the behavior patterns of older people, in images of old age as a life stage; which also affects the historical retrospective of aging due to the historical conditionality of gerontoculture as a socio-psychological phenomenon;

At the meso level, gerontoculture is considered as a subculture of a certain age group, within which the interpersonal relationships of subjects come to the fore;

At the micro level, gerontoculture is considered in the form of the aging process of an individual, which is manifested in the subjectivity of activity and life - the activity of the individual, his desire for responsibility for his own self-realization, self-development, understanding and acceptance of his life path.

The main psychological problem of an individual retiring is the problem of fears and concerns regarding his future life path, which is being transformed due to changes in labor and other areas. All this can result in a real psychological crisis that negatively affects the psychological health of an elderly person, but at the same time, the presence of psychological problems in people of retirement age is the norm, due to the psychological characteristics of the individual.

According to E. Erikson, at the eighth stage of life there is a turning point of choice between despair and integrity. R. Pekk in his works detailed the totality of manifestations of this crisis and identified their three components:

Awareness of the fact of aging of the body and deterioration of health at a level at which the individual recognizes and accepts this problem as natural;

Finding oneself outside the professional role, that is, outside the context of labor relations;

Acceptance and resignation to the idea of inevitable death.

According to many researchers, it is the cessation of work that contributes to the most profound psychosocial crises in people who are faced with the life stage of retirement. That is why it is extremely important that an elderly person who has retired can determine for himself a set of the most significant activities that can “replace” his usual work activity. If an individual does not see himself outside of his usual work activity, his retirement can lead to a flow of negative emotions, which will be very difficult to cope with, since the cessation of work activity, which is usual for an individual, has a broad socio-psychological context for a person’s life.

At the same time, older people understand that retirement is characterized by a complex of social losses, which are psychologically difficult to come to terms with: a narrowing of their social circle, a decrease in economic status, and a loss of professional competencies as such or their relevance. In other words, after the cessation of usual work activity, an individual may begin to experience a crisis of the social essence of the individual.

Ovchinnikova L.V. and Rosenfeld A.S. note that body image

The “I” of older people during their retirement bears the negative imprint of personal experiences and social cataclysms, which affect their self-esteem, value orientations and associative characteristics of their own image of “I”.

Also, the psychological problem of retirement lies in the fear of older people regarding the social risks inherent in this stage of life. Various authors put forward certain categories of social risks to which older people are the most vulnerable. For example, M.V. Kornilova provides the following list of social risks for older people (see Table 1.1).

Table 1.1 Social risks of older people in modern society

4.4. Manifestation of resilience in late adulthood

Old age, the age of retirement, has its own unique characteristics, especially in the modern period, when people can push back the state of old age by intensifying their lifestyle and taking care of their health.

However, this age is characterized by such changes that are not characteristic of other ages, notes V. E. Chudnovsky. At this age, the processes of involution become more pronounced and begin to dominate in human life and activity. This period is associated with significant changes in a person’s mental life, in particular changes in his self-esteem, mainly in the direction of its decrease.

“The image of old age “falling into childhood” is not just a metaphor, but a reflection of a whole series of very real psychophysiological processes (weakening of conscious self-control, change in time perspective, etc.).”

In the modern period, there is a complex psychological adaptation of older people to the changes taking place, the intransigence of views and positions influences the intensification of experiences, and, despite vitality, a person feels thrown away from life. In this regard, K. A. Abulkhanova Slavskaya noted that “sometimes a person, having taken an active position, can waste himself on “remaking the world”, getting involved in solving a socially dead-end situation. He does not have enough vital intelligence to separate the futility of his personal efforts associated with a dead-end social situation from his own personal capabilities, he experiences defeat and accepts it as fate... The life line is determined by life maturity or immaturity. The latter in old age manifests itself in infantilism - an overestimation of one’s importance, one’s capabilities, and inadequate “sweepingness.” On the contrary, life maturity is manifested in indifference to “temptations,” in overcoming obstacles, in defending one’s life line. A person realizes the need to resolve life’s contradictions or give up life’s positions.”

Late period in a person’s life is associated with a large number of age-related difficulties. This is, first of all, retirement, when a change in social role occurs, a change in the structure of psychological time, and a person’s financial situation often worsens. An elderly person is not psychologically ready and not trained experience this kind of stress.

Most psychological researchers note that during the “retirement crisis,” a person consciously or unconsciously makes a choice of his aging strategy. The first strategy is associated with the progressive development of a person’s personality, which is manifested in the preservation of old and the formation of new social connections, which gives a feeling of fullness of life and one’s own benefit.

At the same time, the structure of the meaning of life is preserved. The second strategy is associated with the behavior of “survival” as an individual; a passive attitude towards life and alienation from others develops, while the situation of life’s age-related difficulties can be subjectively perceived as a loss of meaning in general.

In older people, a decrease in the level of resilience is associated with the experience of not being involved in active social life, being excluded from life, and loss of control.

B. G. Ananyev noted that “... the end of work inevitably becomes the finale of human life, a dramatic denouement in the form of an open or hidden conflict between man and the world. Moreover, the cause of personality disintegration is not only the cessation of systematic labor itself, but also the gradual destruction in the innermost world of man main value - the experience of work as a benefit, as a person’s subjective creative relationship to the world around him. That is why maintaining work tone and continuing in various types of socially useful activities even after reaching retirement age is the most important condition moral and mental health of elderly and old people".

A. Tolstykh considers the artificiality of such a separation of an elderly person from social life, since retirement is not a law of nature, “but is a social institution that has formed in civilization to ensure old age, and old age was interpreted in past centuries as illness, infirmity, loss of ability to work.”

In the process of studying factors of the effectiveness of coping behavior of older people, psychogerontologists revealed that psychological resource, helping older people cope with life's difficulties is the presence psychological future, which allows the individual to reach new motives his life, plays an important stimulating role.

At the same time, those areas of a person’s life in which he maintains his

According to research by B. G. Ananyev, “preservation and reproduction ability to work old people is, as one might think, the main condition for the preservation and reproduction of the very consciousness of people in the later stages of ontogenesis. It emphasizes the importance of emotionally rich activities of older people. In the case of active longevity, the relative preservation of perceptual processes is explained, in addition to those resisting aging operational mechanisms, high level of motivation, interests in the surrounding reality, needs for knowledge, communication with people and the creation of values. It is these internal impulses that provide the psychophysiological tension necessary for certain perceptual operations.

For an elderly person, the most significant are those areas of a person’s life in which he maintains his autonomy, ability to control events taking place and drawing conclusions.

Research on Psychological Well-Being and Resilience in Older People

It was of interest to study the state psychological well-being elderly people and the components of their manifestation vitality. The study involved 50 people, 26 women and 24 men aged 64 to 75 years.

The method used for diagnosing the psychological well-being of an individual by T. D. Shevelepkova, P. P. Fesenko, a modification of the method by K. Riff, including the following scales: “positive relationships with others”, “autonomy”, “environmental management”, “personal growth”, “ goals in life”, “self-acceptance”.

The concept of “psychological well-being” focuses on a person’s subjective emotional assessment of himself and his own life, as well as on aspects of self-actualization and personal growth. The methodology is aimed at studying current psychological well-being (high and low psychological well-being). A low level of actual psychological well-being is due to the predominance of negative affect (a general feeling of one’s own unhappiness, dissatisfaction with one’s life), a high level is due to the predominance of positive affect (a feeling of satisfaction with one’s life, happiness).

“The Vitality Test” by S. Maddi, adapted by D. A. Leontiev and E. I. Rasskazova, was used to identify the characteristics of the components of the vitality of older people.

Components of vitality according to this method:

- index involvement– the conviction that participation in ongoing events gives a person a chance to find something important and interesting for himself;

- index control– belief in the existence of cause-and-effect relationships between human actions and results;

- index risk taking– the belief that the development of a person’s personality is associated with both positive and negative experiences.

During the study, it was revealed that up to 50% of subjects have low level of vitality(67% of men and 43% of women), and only 14% of women have a high level of resilience.

First of all, overall low scores on resilience are associated with low scores on the criterion "involvement" which indicates a feeling of dissatisfaction among older people with their social roles and a lack of pleasure from everyday activities.

It turns out that an elderly person is often forced to accept the new social role of a pensioner. It can be more difficult for men than for women to find a new significant social role for themselves, since the formation of the personality of modern older Russians was associated primarily with the priority of professional and public roles, to the detriment of roles associated with private life and family relationships.

Brought up on the positions of collectivism, older people cannot move to the positions of individualism or self-sufficiency.

Quite low scores on the “risk taking” criterion indicate the presence of a strong need for the permanence of life, stability and security. These needs can make it difficult for an older person to adapt to changing life situations. Low scores on the general indicator of vitality are associated with low scores on the parameters “Goals in life” and “personal growth” according to the Social Well-being methodology, which emphasizes the importance of a person’s value and semantic formations in his ability and ability to endure the difficulties of current life. A low level on the scales “Autonomy” (67% of men and 64% of women), and “Competence” or “Management of the environment”, a low level (44% of men and 57% of women) positively correlates with data on the Control scale of S. Maddi’s vitality test. It is important to emphasize the opposite answers of subjects who have low and high levels on the “Autonomy” and “Competence” scales in terms of the degree of involvement in life changes not only in their family and the life of their immediate environment, but also in current social life.

It is noteworthy that, despite the low scores on vitality, in our sample the levels of psychological well-being on the “positive relationships with others” and “self-acceptance” scales, associated with a person’s subjective perception of his life activity, turned out to be quite high. That is, despite experiencing increasing dependence on surrounding people and circumstances, some frustration in setting life goals, the participants in our study noted their ability to empathize, the ability to be open to communication, as well as availability of skills, helping to establish and maintain contacts with other people. These human characteristics help combat loneliness.

In the life of an elderly person, in his ability to withstand difficulties, it is important to consider the role of cultural and social factors, which are determined by the traditions of society (the position and role of the elderly person in the family and the state as a whole), the material security of the elderly person, as well as his personal position, which is manifested in activity , productivity and a creative attitude towards one’s own life, and most importantly, a sense of one’s own need for significant other people, who are perceived as self-worth.

Thus, in each age period, a person has some internal resources to optimally cope with life's difficulties, however, these resources can often remain unclaimed if attention is not deliberately focused on their identification and development.

The internal resource of children and adolescents, which helps them successfully cope with life’s difficulties, is associated with flexibility of thinking, behavior, and emotional response. This is manifested in the rapid development of new standards, mastery of skills, switching attention from one situation to another, emotional flexibility, and protective work of the imagination. However, the importance of the child’s internal resources cannot be overestimated. The importance of external factors of coping with difficult life situations for children is much greater than internal ones. Also, it is the social and emotional support of significant people that is an important factor in overcoming difficult situations in youth and decisive in old age, despite the possibility of developing at this age such internal resources as wisdom and turning to spiritual and religious experience.

For the period of adulthood at all its stages, the most important resource in coping behavior is the ability to understand one’s own psychological reality, accept this reality, understand one’s own capabilities and limitations in various areas of one’s life.

The crisis of old age is associated with the formation of meaning, the loss of vitality at this age is associated with emotional isolation in the past, refusal to master the new. And even some obsession with your health has a negative impact on your overall vitality.

PSYCHOLOGY

RELATIONSHIP OF PERSONAL RESOURCES AND SUBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF LIFE (using the example of meaningfulness of life and resilience)

Yu. Yu. Neyaskina

PERSONAL RESOURSES AND SUBJECTIVE LIFE QUALITY APPRECIATION INTERRELATION RESEARCH (on the example of life conciseness and hardiness)

Yu. Yu. Neyaskina

The article presents an analysis of the empirically identified specifics of the relationship between the subjective assessment of the quality of life and the parameters of meaningfulness of life and resilience. It has been shown that these resources are differently associated with assessments of life satisfaction among representatives of different age and professional groups. The study complements the picture of ideas about the factors that determine the subjective quality of life of an individual.

The paper provides the analisys of the emperically found interrelation between life quality subjective appreriation and hardiness. It is revealed that such resources are differently connected according to person's age or profession. So the research complements the subjective life quality determinant conception.

Key words: quality of life, life satisfaction, meaningfulness of life, resilience, time perspective of the individual.

Keywords: life quality, satisfaction from life, life conciseness, hardiness, personality’s time perspective.

In the modern world, a person’s ability to carry out his plans regardless of external conditions, including unfavorable ones, is an undeniable value both in many areas of professional activity and in everyday life. In line with positive psychology, personal resources - positive personality traits that contribute to a person’s successful adaptation to the world around him and practical mastery of it - are undoubtedly predictors of indicators of personal well-being, prerequisites for achieving positive emotional states (happiness, life satisfaction, etc.) and, as a consequence, improving quality of life.

The purpose of the study was to describe the specifics of subjective assessment of the quality of life among respondents of different age and professional backgrounds with varying degrees of expression of “resource” personality parameters - meaningfulness of life and resilience. Numerous theoretical and empirical studies indicate that both meaningfulness in life and resilience can be considered as core components of personal potential. The results of studies by D. A. Leontyev and co-authors show that resilience and meaningfulness of life are significantly positively correlated with each other, although they do not coincide.

This study tested the hypothesis that the combination of high indicators of vitality and meaningfulness of life does not necessarily entail an increase in a person’s subjective assessment of his life (just as a combination of low ones does not always clearly entail a decrease in this assessment): the nature of the relationship is not clear-cut , varies depending on age and professional specifics.

The formation of the total sample was carried out on the basis of two basic grounds:

1) age of respondents;

2) professional affiliation.

In the context of the second parameter, we were interested in “special” professional samples, suggesting that resilience, being a professionally significant quality, is one of the basic “resource” personality parameters. Thus, the sample with a total volume of 280 people combined the following groups (Author’s note: Empirical data were collected during joint research with E. A. Nekrasova, V. V. Teslenko, G. S. Fesenko, N. A. Pak in during 2013):

1) 60 people of different social status, gender, professional background, aged from 25 to 35 years;

2) 60 people of different social status, gender, professional background, aged 35 to 45 years;

3) 80 people - police officers aged from 20 to 50 years;

4) 80 people - young people aged 18 to 21 years, serving under conscription in the ranks of the armed forces of the Russian Army.

The following methods for collecting empirical data were used: Test of life-meaning orientations (LSO) by J. Crumbo, adapted by D. A. Leontiev; Questionnaire on time perspective by F. Zimbardo (2TP1) adapted by A. Syrtsova, E. V. Sokolova, O. V. Mitina; Vitality test by S. Maddi, adapted by D. A. Leontyev, E. I. Rasskazova; Methodology for assessing quality of life and satisfaction (Q - Les - Q) adapted by E. I. Rasskazova; Study of quality of life (Quality of Life Inventory, Frisch M.) translated and adapted by E. I. Rasskazova (Russian-language adaptation of the methodology is currently ongoing).

Yu. Yu. Neyaskina, 2014

PSYCHOLOGY

Research results

I. In a study aimed at studying the characteristics of the quality of life in young people aged 25-35 with different levels of meaningfulness in life and resilience, clustering the data of 60 respondents according to the totality of all parameters (meaningfulness of life, resilience, time perspective) did not give clearly defined clusters . The best solution was obtained based on the indicators of the methods of time perspective of the individual and life-meaning orientations. As a result, respondents were distributed into two clearly defined clusters. The first cluster included 39 people - experimental group 1, the second - 20 - experimental group 2. At the stage of searching for the reasons on which the respondents were divided, we calculated the average values for all scales of the LSS methods and scales of the F. Zimbardo personality time perspective questionnaire. According to the LSS method, all scales (goals, process, result, locus of control - life, locus of control - self) showed significant differences (p< 0,01).

Despite the fact that clustering according to the aggregate matrix of indicators “LHS + Vitality” did not give a clear division into groups, comparison of the resulting groups according to the resilience method showed significant differences on all scales. In the first group, indicators on the scales of involvement, control, risk taking, as well as the general indicator of resilience were higher than those of respondents in the second group. Thus, the first experimental group (EG 1) consisted of respondents with higher indicators of meaningfulness in life and vitality parameters, the second (EG 2) - with low indicators on these positions.

According to the results of F. Zimbardo's method, significant differences were obtained between groups on three out of five scales (negative past, hedonistic present, fatalistic present). Experimental group 2 (with low indicators of meaningfulness and resilience) is characterized by a more negative attitude towards the past, an orientation towards a carefree and carefree attitude towards time and life, an inability to give up pleasure today for tomorrow's reward, a helpless and hopeless attitude towards the future and life in general.

Next, the relationship between the significance and accessibility of values was revealed (M. Frisch’s method), as well as the specifics of assessing the quality of life according to a number of parameters (E. I. Rasskazova’s method) among respondents of the resulting groups.

In the group with high indicators of vitality and meaningfulness of life (EG 1), there are practically no parameters for which respondents demonstrate low (lower than significance) satisfaction (Table 1).

The parameters “Self-esteem” and “Friends” are implemented in the lives of respondents “in abundance”, more than are in demand. The only parameter - “Home” - has higher indicators for importance than for satisfaction. For respondents in the first experimental group, home is of great importance, but people are not satisfied with the place where they live.

In the second experimental group there are a large number of indicators for which satisfaction is lower than importance (health, money, work, love, home, city). Respondents are not satisfied with the implementation of these values in their lives (Table 2).

Table 1

Comparison of the importance of values (areas) and satisfaction with them among respondents with high rates of meaningfulness and vitality

EG 1 Significance Satisfaction t criterion

Self-esteem 1.51 1.94 3.28**

Friends 1.45 2.27 4.43**

House 1.86 1.21 2.54*

Note: * for p< 0,05; ** для р < 0,01.

table 2

Comparison of the importance of values (areas) and satisfaction with them among respondents with low indicators of meaningfulness and vitality

EG 2 Significance Satisfaction t criterion

Health 1.7 0.35 3.00**

Money 1.65 -0.25 4.54**

Work 1.2 0.05 2.44*

Love 1.75 0.65 2.42*

House 1.6 0.1 3.21**

City 1.15 -0.35 2.72**

Note: * for p< 0,05; ** для р < 0,01.

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Table 3

Results of comparison of the subjective significance of values among respondents with high (EG 1) and low (EG 2) indicators of meaningfulness and vitality

Scales EG 1 (high) EG 2 (low) t-test

Significance

Self-esteem 1.51 1.1 2.12*

Money 1.18 1.65 3.19**

Training 1.40 0.8 3.28**

Children 1.67 1.2 2.23*

House 1.86 1.6 2.10*

District 1.24 0.7 2.70**

Note: * for p< 0,05; ** для р < 0,01.

For respondents of the first experimental group (high indicators of meaningfulness, vitality), it is more important how they evaluate themselves, the opportunity to acquire new skills or information that interests them is important, relationships with children are of great importance, the place of residence and the area around them are important. For respondents

in the second experimental group, the money they earn and the things they own are more important.

Table 4

Results of comparison of subjective satisfaction with values among respondents with high (EG 1) and low (EG 2) indicators of meaningfulness and vitality

Scales EG 1 (high) EG 2 (low) t criterion

Satisfaction

Health 1.45 0.35 2.29*

Self-esteem 1.94 1.05 2.54*

Goals and values 1.89 1.05 2.68**

Money 0.86 -0.25 2.39*

Training 1.64 0.6 2.76**

Love 2.05 0.65 2.85**

Friends 2.27 1.2 3.29**

Relatives 2.02 0.9 2.40*

House 1.21 0.1 2.16*

Note: * for p< 0,05; ** для р < 0,01

Results of comparison of groups in assessing quality of life (aspect: satisfaction over the past week)

Table 5

Scales EG 1 EG 2 t criterion

Emotional experiences 21.76 18.15 3.91**

Sphere of communication 20.43 17.3 2.70**

Relationships with other people 4.28 3.5 3.01**

Material condition 3.20 2.45 2.67**

Well-being 3.94 2.9 3.62**

Life satisfaction 4.07 3.25 3.47**

Note: * for p< 0,05; ** для р < 0,01.

The group with high rates of meaningfulness and resilience is superior to the second experimental group in a significant number of parameters. Respondents of the first experimental group are more satisfied with such aspects as: health, self-esteem, goals and values, money, education, love, friends, relatives, home.

At the next stage, we compared life satisfaction over the past week among representatives of different groups (methodology by E. I. Rasskazova). You-

significant differences were revealed on all scales: emotional experiences, sphere of communication, relationships with other people, financial status, well-being, life satisfaction (Table 5).

Respondents with higher scores on the criteria of meaningfulness of life and resilience had a higher level of subjective quality of life. This result seems to be expected to a certain extent: it is obvious that the presence of personal resources (we believe that

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laziness in life, as well as resilience and a balanced time perspective are internal resources for the individual) contributes to a more positive assessment of one’s own life. At the same time, we were interested in age specifics, the relationship between the importance of various spheres and values of life, and the subjective assessment of satisfaction with these aspects among young people in comparison with a more mature sample. In this regard, at the next stage, a study similar to that described, but conducted on a sample of respondents aged 35-45, was undertaken.

II. At the next stage, when dividing 60 respondents aged 35 - 45 years into groups based on a set of indicators of meaningfulness of life, resilience and time perspective, a pattern similar to that described in the previous study was obtained: clustering of the summary matrix, including indicators of all three methods, did not allow us to obtain a “good” solution. After excluding the vitality parameters from the clustering matrix and conducting a cluster analysis based on the data from the life support system and the method of time perspective of the individual, the respondents were divided into two clearly defined clusters.

The first experimental group (EG 1a) included 30 people (16 women and 14 men). The second experimental group (EG 2a) included 26 people (14 women and 12 men). The formed groups can be considered equivalent in terms of age, gender and education and not quite equivalent in terms of marital status.

The first experimental group (EG 1a) included respondents with higher indicators of meaningfulness in life and vitality parameters (differences were revealed on all scales of both methods), the second (EG 2a) included respondents with lower indicators of

indicated positions (4 people from the initial sample were not included in any cluster and their results were not taken into account in further research). Let us note that the resulting experimental groups are not characterized by polar (high and low) indicators for the parameters of meaningfulness and vitality. This fact may partly explain the resulting picture of differences and similarities in assessing the quality of life.

It can be stated that the empirical picture we obtained in a sample of young people (25-35 years old) is also reproduced in a more mature sample: the groups differ on all scales of methods of meaningfulness in life and resilience, despite the fact that the clustering of the totality of these indicators (“LSS” + viability) does not provide a “good” cluster solution. This fact seems to us worthy of attention, but for now we will limit ourselves to just mentioning it without attempting to interpret it.

Indicators according to the method of time perspective of personality indicate differences in only two scales out of five (in EG 1a the indicator on the “future” scale is higher, p< 0,05; ниже - по шкале «негативное прошлое», р < 0,01). Видится существенным, что различия во временной ориентации лиц с разными уровнями осмысленности жизни и жизнестойкости в группах молодых и зрелых людей были выявлены по различным шкалам.

Next, groups with more and less high levels of meaningfulness in life and resilience were compared in terms of the level of subjective assessment of quality of life and life satisfaction. The following significant differences were revealed in the importance of values and subjective life satisfaction in various areas in the first and second experimental groups (Table 6).

Table 6

Subjective assessment of the importance of values and satisfaction with their implementation by respondents with different levels of meaningfulness in life and resilience (35 - 45 years old)

Parameters of EG 1a EG 2 a t-criterion

Health (important) 1.7 1.4 2.44*

Money (satisfied) 0.63 0.46 3.3**

Creativity (satisfied) 1.6 0.8 3.15**

Love (satisfied) 1.87 0.96 2.4*

Children (satisfied) 1.93 0.65 3.07**

Note: * for p< 0,05; ** для р < 0,01.

It is obvious that the number of significantly different parameters is significantly less than that obtained from a similar comparison of data from respondents of a different age category: one difference in the context of significance (versus five in the group of young people 25 - 35 years old), four differences in the context of satisfaction (versus nine - respectively).

It is significant that the assessment by respondents of both groups of quality of life over the past week did not differ significantly in any of the parameters (physical health, emotional experiences, activity in free time, sphere of communication, relationships with other people, functionality during the day,

financial condition, general well-being). The last empirical fact is consistent with the absence of differences in present scales (F. Zimbardo’s method). The lack of differences in the subjective assessment of the present among people aged 35–45 years with different levels of meaningfulness in life and resilience may be a consequence of a kind of “operationalization” of the present period of life through the activities carried out (work, study, household, etc.): even in a situation of insufficient internal resource a person turns out to be necessarily involved in the everyday range of diverse activities and, thereby, in some sense neutralizes, levels out the absence

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resource, “filling” one’s present (probably, the opposite situation is also possible, when a person with a high level of resources, being absorbed in the momentary “concerns of the present,” neglects the resource and does not turn to it “here and now”).

Thus, we can say that in adulthood, higher indicators of meaningfulness in life and resilience do not so clearly determine differences in the subjective assessment of one’s own life according to a set of parameters, as in youth. Perhaps, during the period of maturity, the range of “resource” parameters expands, and satisfaction with various aspects of life begins to be achieved at the expense of some other components of personal potential.

III. The next block of research procedures was carried out on samples of young and mature respondents, who, in addition, differed from the groups described above in terms of professional affiliation. Further research was carried out on “special” groups in terms of professional involvement - representatives of law enforcement agencies (including conscripts).

At the first stage, the research base consisted of police officers - 80 people: 40 officers and 40 junior officers. It should be noted that the age range in the sample was very widely represented - from 20 to 50 years. The average age of respondents is 33 years.

Data on the scales of the methods of life-meaning orientations, resilience, and time perspective were subjected to cluster analysis. Based on intragroup similarity, the combined sample was divided into two clusters. The first experimental group included 37 police officers, and the second - 40 officers. Three respondents were not included in any of the clusters.

At the stage of searching for grounds for grouping, we encountered a pattern different from the studies described above: of the three methods, it was the vitality test that turned out to be the main basis for dividing respondents into groups. The differences on all scales of the resilience technique turned out to be statistically significant (involvement, risk taking, general indicator of resilience - at p< 0,01; контроль - при р < 0,05), в то время как методика СЖО дала лишь одно значимое различие (шкала «локус контроля - я»), методика Зимбардо значимых различий не показала. Выявленный эмпирический факт представляется нам свидетельством того, что жизнестойкость выступает особо важным параметром, предстает базовым личностным ресурсом именно для данной категории респондентов в силу специфики их профессиональной деятельности и следующей из этого специфики образа мира и образа жизни.

A more detailed analysis of the qualitative composition of the resulting groups revealed the following fact: the first group included exclusively members of the junior command staff, the second (with higher indicators on all scales of vitality) was predominantly made up of representatives of the officer corps (37 out of 40 people). It should be noted that before the clustering procedure, we carried out

scale-by-scale comparison of groups formed specifically on the basis of professional status (title), however, significant differences were not obtained on any of the scales. Thus, a slight “movement” in the qualitative composition of the groups (the exclusion of 3 people from considering the results and the “transfer” of another 3 people from one group to another) made it possible to form groups that differed in terms of vitality parameters. It should be noted that the groups turned out to be practically equivalent in gender (no more than 25% women in each sample), radically different in professional status. In addition, it is of interest that the age range of respondents in the second group (with higher levels of resilience) turned out to be significantly lower (29 ± 7.4 versus 36 ± 7.6; t = 3.97**). Thus, the first experimental group consisted of junior commanding officers, predominantly men aged 30 to 42 years, with lower scores on the parameters of resilience (resilience, involvement, control, risk taking) and lower scores on the “locus of control - self” scale. "(those who consider themselves less able to act as masters of their own lives). The second experimental group consisted primarily of officers aged 22 to 36 years, who had high scores on vitality parameters and felt able to control their lives.

It is obvious that with such a distribution of respondents into groups, we are dealing with a priori different categories of persons. Young people who choose a path to obtain a military education and men who enter the profession on a contract basis, based on a set of parameters, represent different types of military personnel. At the same time, most often a young man who consciously enters the military profession has ideas about the system of social and material benefits that a serviceman receives “included” with his chosen specialty, potentially contributing to improving the quality of life. Thus, we can say that one of the motives (and in the case of contract service, most often the leading motive) for entering the military profession is a person’s conscious orientation towards improving the quality of life (its objective parameters). This fact to some extent neutralizes the so-called “input differences” associated with the qualitative composition of the resulting groups.

A comparative analysis of groups according to the positions of subjective assessment of quality of life gave the following results.

When assessing the importance of various life spheres (values), respondents from both experimental groups showed virtually no differences. The exception was the “money” parameter, the significance of which turned out to be significantly higher for respondents with lower vitality scores (and with a lower professional rank). The parameters that gave differences in the aspect of satisfaction with what was achieved also turned out to be quite small (Table 7).

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Table 7

Results of comparison of subjective quality of life between groups of military personnel with high and low vitality indicators

EG 1 (II) (low vitality) EG 2 (II) (high vitality) Student’s t-cr

Money (importance) 1.56 1.3 2.20**

Game (satisfaction) 1.4 1.85 2.01**

Helping others (satisfaction) 0.86 1.45 2.76**

Leisure time activity (last week) 10.86 11.9 2.44**

Note: * for p< 0,05; ** для р < 0,01

Respondents with higher levels of resilience demonstrate greater satisfaction with such aspects as “playing,” “helping others,” and “leisure time activity” (an aggregate parameter assessing one’s condition over the past week). Considering that “helping others” in the context of the methodology used (M. Frisch’s method translated by E. I. Rasskazova) involves helping people in general (not close relatives, that is, not targeted help), and “game” is what the respondent does in their free time to relax, have fun or improve themselves, it can be assumed that the respondents of the second experimental group, on the one hand, have the resources to be active in relation to both others and themselves personally, and, on the other hand, in a certain way replenish their internal resources through this activity. Respondents with low levels of hardiness may view the material aspect of life as a kind of external resource that allows them to achieve a higher assessment of the quality of life.

To provide greater validity to the conclusions about the existence of a relationship between the parameters of resilience and quality of life (as well as meaningfulness and quality of life), a correlation analysis was carried out between the data of the corresponding techniques.

The number of identified correlations between vitality parameters and various indicators of quality of life in both groups turned out to be significantly different. In the first experimental group, 8 and in the second - 38 significant correlations were identified. This empirical fact seems to be evidence that in the presence of an internal resource (in this case, with a high level of resilience), a person’s subjective assessment of the quality of life is based on this resource.

An analysis of the consistency between indicators of quality of life and parameters of meaningfulness of life indicates a different picture of the relationship: in the experimental group with lower indicators of vitality, 25 were identified, in the group with high indicators - only 13 significant correlations. It can be assumed that meaningfulness of life and resilience determine the specifics of the quality of life of police officers, while the parameters of resilience are more interconnected with various aspects of the subjective quality of life at a high level of expression, while at

When resilience is weakly expressed as a personal resource, the determining factor is the meaningfulness of life.

It can be assumed that if a professionally significant personal resource (in this case, resilience) is developed, then this is already enough for a person to enjoy the process of professional activity. If the resource is scarce, then external (social) assessment of achievements that ensure social success becomes important. Hypothetically, with a low level of personal resource, external assessment in material form becomes more significant (not necessarily purely monetary, it can be any marker of recognition and social success - insignia, awards, etc.).

IV. At the next stage of the study, the experimental base was young people, aged from 18 to 21 years, serving under conscription in the ranks of the armed forces of the Russian Army - a total of 80 people. All respondents were called up for service from the Kamchatka region, were conscripts of the same period of conscription (Spring 2012 conscription) and were under the same conditions of service.

The distribution of respondents into groups was carried out on the basis of a clustering matrix, including indicators of all scales of the resilience methodology. Two main clusters were obtained. The first included 28 respondents with a high level of resilience (EG 1). The second cluster (EG 2) included 38 respondents who showed a lower level of resilience (on all scales, including the integral indicator, differences at p< 0,01). 14 респондентов не вошли ни в одну группу.

Criterion analysis showed that the groups differ in most indicators of the LSS technique. The only exception was the “Process” scale.

Thus, further comparison in terms of subjective assessment of the significance of values and quality of life was carried out in groups that were equivalent in age, gender and professional status and differed in the level of meaningfulness of life and the severity of resilience. The first experimental group included young people with higher, and the second - with lower, indicators on the indicated parameters.

The time perspective technique showed differences between groups on the “negative past”, “positive” scales.

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positive past”, “fatalistic present”

Note that the absence of differences precisely on those scales that characterize the “present” of conscripted military personnel (“process”, “hedonic present”) seems quite natural in the context of the presence of respondents of both groups in special conditions that strictly regulate and structure precisely the “present” the life span of the respondents (in this case, the “fatalistic present” scale is probably determined to a greater extent by personal characteristics rather than by the external conditions of the respondents’ life activities).

A comparison of the assessments of respondents of both groups regarding the importance of individual life spheres and values according to the quality of life methodology did not show significant differences. At the same time, the assessment of subjective satisfaction with various aspects of life varies significantly along a number of parameters.

Young people with high levels of resilience and meaningfulness in life are more satisfied with their health, have more structured goals in life (as confirmed by the results of the LSS methodology) and values that give meaning to life. In addition, respondents in the first group have higher life satisfaction in the areas of work and creativity, which indicates harmonious personal development and the ability to enjoy everyday activities, as well as higher satisfaction with material well-being. Also, representatives of the first experimental group are more satisfied with such personal relationships as love, and emphasize the ability to build interpersonal connections. The results are presented in Table 8.

When assessing life satisfaction over the past week, young people with higher levels of meaningfulness in life and resilience also showed a tendency to have more positive subjective assessments of various aspects of life (Table 9).

Analysis of the correlations between the parameters of the quality of life, on the one hand, and the scales of life support methods, resilience and time perspective, on the other, allows us to draw the following conclusions: high satisfaction with the quality of life among respondents of the first group is closely related to obtaining satisfaction from their own activities, with active involvement in current events. And the higher the satisfaction with activity and involvement, the more a person is satisfied with his creativity and place of residence, the more important personal relationships (love) and awareness of his own role in society become for him, which allows the individual to find a lot of meaningful and interesting things for himself. In addition, the high subjective quality of life among respondents in this group is supported by satisfaction with the part of life they have lived and orientation towards the future (with a hedonistic emphasis in the present). The higher the indicators of personal resources, the more satisfaction increases with such components of the subjective quality of life as health, creativity, relationships with others, and satisfaction with the city of residence. At the same time, the importance of having such components of quality of life in the lives of respondents as love, learning, goals in life and having a job increases, and the area of residence becomes less important, which indicates flexibility in relations with the outside world, i.e. the ability to adapt.

Table 8

Differences in groups of conscripts with different levels of resilience

according to quality of life parameters

Scales Importance Satisfaction

EG1 EG 2 t em. EG 1 EG 2 t em.

Health 1.75 1.63 0.9 2.18 1.4 3.3**

Self-esteem 1.29 1.55 1.7 1.75 1.69 0.4

Goals and values 1.57 1.26 1.7 2.14 1.37 3 7**

Money 1.14 1.03 0.9 1.32 0.47 2.8**

Work 1.5 1.63 1 1.5 0.21 3.4**

Game 1.4 1.21 0.5 2 1.84 0.7

Training 1.32 1.42 0.8 1.82 1.42 1.5

Creativity 1.18 1.03 1 1.79 1.29 2.1*

Helping others 1.29 1.37 0.6 1.82 1.68 0.7

Love 1.86 1.68 1.6 1.93 0.97 3**

Friends 1.75 1.71 0.4 2.14 2.21 0.4

Children 1.68 1.55 0.9 1.04 0.82 0.6

Relatives 1.36 1.57 1.8 2.11 2.08 0.1

House 1.43 1.63 1.6 2 1.63 1.4

District 1.21 1.05 1 1.57 1.5 0.2

City 1.14 1.24 0.7 1.5 1.18 1.5

Note: * for p< 0,05; ** для р < 0,01

Bulletin of Kemerovo State University, 2014 No. 3 (59) T. 1 \ 141

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Table 9

Differences in the subjective assessment of the importance of values and satisfaction with their implementation among conscripts with different levels of resilience

Scales EG1 (group with a high level of vitality) EG 2 (group with a low level of vitality) t em.

Sphere of physical health 17.68 15.97 2 9**

Sphere of emotions 22.36 21.05 2.1*

Sphere of activity in free time 13.18 11.79 3 2**

Social sphere 21.18 19.97 1.9

Relationships with people 4.46 4.16 1.8

Activities during the day 4.04 3.95 0.5

Material condition 4.04 3.5 2 7**

Well-being in general 4.36 3.89 2.4*

Note: * for p< 0,05; ** для р < 0,01.

Consideration of correlations in the second group (respondents with low resource indicators) shows that subjective assessments of the components of quality of life in these young people are interconnected with the conviction that risk contributes to development, and it does not matter what the result will be, they act even in the absence of guarantees success. And the more respondents accept this risk, the less satisfied they are with their self-esteem, work, and relationships with friends. Also, the subjective quality of life in this group correlates with a helpless and hopeless attitude towards life and the future, and the more pronounced this attitude is, the less satisfied the respondents are with their education, financial condition, relationships with relatives and place of residence (home and area). In addition, satisfaction with the lived part of life is not supported by either satisfaction with the material aspect of life, or satisfaction in the areas of creativity and love.

I. Generalization of the data obtained as a result of comparing the subjective assessment of the quality of life at different levels of meaningfulness of life and resilience in different age groups allows us to come to the following conclusions:

In different age categories (youth and middle adulthood), groups of respondents with high and lower scores on the methods of life-meaning orientations and resilience give an unequal qualitative picture of the differences in the parameters of subjective assessment of the quality of life;

It can be assumed that during youth, meaningfulness of life and resilience are to a greater extent determining the subjective quality of life as personal resources than in adulthood;

It remains unclear why the pattern of data clustering based on the LSS method and the vitality test does not give a “good” division of the sample into 2 classes, while the division based on the data from the LSS and Zimbardo methods makes it possible to form groups that turn out to be different in all parameters of vitality. This empirical fact requires further research.

II. Generalization of the results on samples included in special conditions of professional activity (police officers, conscripts) allows us to establish the following patterns:

In contrast to “non-specific” samples in the context of professional affiliation, samples of military personnel and representatives of law enforcement agencies (for example, police officers) are characterized by a special nature of the relationship between the subjective quality of life and resilience and meaningfulness of life;

With a sufficient degree of expression of resilience, this parameter is one of the conditions among military personnel that influences the subjective assessment of the quality of life. A low level of resilience in itself does not have a direct impact on subjective life satisfaction, but only encourages the individual to use other personal resources to improve the subjective quality of life (a search for ways to compensate occurs; it can be assumed that either the individual finds these ways and remains in the profession, or is forced to change the field of activity);

As in the case of samples of different ages that are non-specific in terms of professional involvement, internal resources turn out to be most significant for military personnel precisely at a young age. Moreover, strict regulation of life “in the present” becomes a factor that significantly limits the field of external resources, due to which the role of internal resources for young people increases even more;

Involvement in special conditions of life at a young age turns out to be a factor for an individual that significantly reduces the quality of life if resilience and meaningfulness of life as personal resources are not sufficiently formed. If a young man during military service is able to rely on these resources, the situation of military service is not only not perceived by the individual as critical, but also contributes to a detailed understanding of the life path, works to harmonize the time perspective, updates the complex of internal resources of the individual and increases efficiency life activity of young people during their service.

142 | Bulletin of Kemerovo State University, 2014 No. 3 (59) T. 1

PSYCHOLOGY

Thus, a generalization of the data from the conducted studies allows us to say that in adulthood, higher indicators of meaningfulness in life and resilience do not so clearly determine differences in the subjective assessment of one’s own life according to a set of parameters, as in youth. During the period of maturity, activities aimed at transforming the world are important to maintain quality of life. Moreover, if internal resources (meaningfulness of life,

vitality) are sufficiently developed, then satisfaction from the actual process of activity itself works to increase indicators of the subjective quality of life. If internal personal resources are not enough, then the individual needs social support, social approval, confirmation of the “correctness” of her lifestyle and approval of the results of her life activity (including material incentives).

Literature

1. Leontyev D. A. Test of life-meaning orientations (SLO). M., 2000. 18 p.

2. Leontiev D. A., Rasskazova E. I. Vitality test. M.: Smysl, 2006. 63 p.

3. Personal potential: structure and diagnostics / ed. D. A. Leontieva. M.: Smysl, 2011. 680 p.

4. Rasskazova E.I. Methodology for assessing the quality of life and satisfaction: psychometric characteristics of the Russian version // Psychology. Journal of Higher School of Economics. 2012. T. 9. pp. 81 - 90.

5. Sery A. V. Yanitsky M. S. Value-semantic paradigm as a methodological basis for assessing and forecasting personality development // Personal development: prognostic models, factors, variability: collective monograph. Tomsk, 2008. pp. 71 - 93.

6. Syrtsova A. A., Sokolova E. T., Mitina O. V. Adaptation of the F. Zimbardo personality time perspective questionnaire // Psychological Journal. 2008. T. 29. No. 3. P. 101 - 109.

7. Frisch M. Quality of Life Inventory. Complementary Trial Package. Pearson. 2007.

8. Frisch M. Quality of Life Therapy. Applying a Life Satisfaction Approach to Positive Psychology and Cognitive Therapy. Wiley: New Jersey. 2006.

Neyaskina Yulia Yurievna - Candidate of Psychological Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Theoretical and Applied Psychology of Kamchatka State University. Vitus Bering, [email protected].

Yulia Yu. Neyaskina - Candidate of Psychology, Associate Professor, Assistant Professor at the Department of Theoretical and Applied Psychology, Vitus Bering Kamchatka State University, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy.

Chapter 1. THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF THE PROBLEM OF DETERMINING RESILIENCE AND ITS STRUCTURE

1.1 Existential personology of personality S. Maddi as a theoretical prerequisite for the concept of vitality.

1.2 The concept of resilience S. Muddy.

1.3 Review of foreign literature on resilience research.

1.4 Meaning as the highest integrative principle of personality and its connection with vitality.

1.4.1. Study of meaning by foreign psychologists.

1.4.2. Development of the problem of meaning in Russian psychology.

1.5 Life creativity, personal-situational interaction, self-realization of the individual as concepts close to the concept of vitality.

1.6 Self-awareness and self-attitude.

1.7 The connection between resilience and personality traits. 75 Conclusions on Chapter 1.

Chapter 2. ORGANIZATION AND METHODS OF RESEARCH.

2.1 Purpose and objectives of the study.

2.2 Research methods.

Chapter 3. ANALYSIS OF RESEARCH RESULTS

SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF VITALITY AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH SOME COMPONENTS OF PERSONALITY.

3.1 Determination of the meaning of the concept of resilience by a Russian-speaking sample (Understanding resilience in the Russian mentality).

3.2 Adaptation of S. Muddy’s resilience questionnaire.”

3.3 Features of the manifestation of resilience by various social and age groups.

3.4 Analysis of the relationship between resilience and personality traits.

3.4.1. Study of the relationship between resilience and personality traits depending on age.

3.4.2. Analysis of the relationship between resilience and personality traits and its dependence on professional orientation.

3.4.3. Dependence of manifestations of connections between vitality and personality traits on gender.

3.5 Study of connections between resilience and life-meaning orientations.

3.6 Identification of the peculiarities of the connection between resilience and self-attitude of the individual.

3.7 Connection of resilience with stylistic features of behavior.

3.8 Results of factor analysis.

Conclusions for Chapter 3.

Recommended list of dissertations

Psychological characteristics of high school students, participants in bullying in the educational environment, and their resilience 2011, Candidate of Psychological Sciences Petrosyants, Violetta Rubenovna
Personal and psychological resources of resilience: using the example of a clinician’s personality 2008, Candidate of Psychological Sciences Stetsishin, Roman Ivanovich
Identity crisis among students and its connection with resilience 2012, candidate of psychological sciences Kuzmin, Mikhail Yurievich
Personal resources and patterns of behavior in critical situations in adolescence and adulthood: in different cultural and historical conditions 2013, candidate of psychological sciences Bazarkina, Irina Nikolaevna
Psychological features of the development of structural and content characteristics of the meaning of life of boys and girls 2006, Candidate of Psychological Sciences Rusanova, Olga Aleksandrovna

Introduction of the dissertation (part of the abstract) on the topic “Study of resilience and its connections with personality traits”

The relevance of research. The economic, political, and demographic processes taking place in Russia have radically changed the social sphere of society. Rapidly growing differentiation of the population, unemployment, the emergence of refugees, internally displaced persons, unfavorable environmental conditions and a difficult demographic situation are the realities of today.

The conditions in which the life of a modern person takes place are often rightly called extreme and stimulating the development of stress. This leads to a general decrease in the sense of safety and security of modern man. The situation of threat to life in the modern world is increasingly becoming a common attribute of the so-called peaceful life.

The problem of human behavior in life situations has recently become very relevant, which is explained by the saturation of information and the acceleration of the rhythm of life of a modern person. A new society has emerged that makes new demands on people. Responsibility for one’s life and its success falls on the person himself. In order to adapt, to adapt to such tension, to successfully realize oneself, a person needs to develop problem-solving skills, acquire a quality, a personality trait that would allow effective self-realization.

All this necessitates the study of the phenomenon of hardiness, which was proposed by the American psychologist Salvador Maddi, and which he understands as a pattern of the structure of attitudes and skills that makes it possible to turn changes in the surrounding reality into human capabilities. In Russian psychology, the problem of life situations, and especially difficult and extreme life situations, is developed by many authors, relying on such concepts as coping strategies, strategies for coping with difficult life situations, post-traumatic stress disorder: this is F.E. Vasilyuk, Erina S.I., Kozlov V.V., Ts.P. Korolenko, Sh. Magomed-Eminov, K. M. Muzdybaev, V. Lebedev, N.N. Pukhovsky, M.M. Reshetnikov, N.V. Tarabrina, and others. But this issue is mostly considered in the direction of preventing mental disorders that arise as a result of exposure to extreme factors. In other words, transordinary existence, according to M. Magomed-Eminov, increasingly invades ordinary existence, endowing it with features of anomalousness and catastrophism. The threat of non-existence becomes a non-specific characteristic of not only an existential situation, but also an ordinary life situation and determines human existence. This problem is especially relevant for people of young and early adulthood, for whom the problems of activity in professional development and social adaptation are most significant. In modern Russian psychology, attempts are being made to holistically comprehend the personal characteristics responsible for successful adaptation and coping with life’s difficulties. This is the psychological content of the introduced JI.H. Gumilyov’s concept of passionarity by representatives of the St. Petersburg psychological school, and the concept of personal adaptation potential, which determines a person’s resistance to extreme factors, proposed by A.G. Maklakov, and the concept of personal potential developed by D.A. Leontiev based on a synthesis of the philosophical ideas of M.K. Mamardashvili, P. Tillich, E. Fromm and W. Frankl."

An analysis of foreign experimental studies devoted to the study of resilience shows that most of the work is one-sided, since they focus on the study of resilience as a general measure of human mental health. A large number of researchers consider “hardiness” in connection with problems of overcoming stress, adaptation-maladaptation in society, physical, mental and social health.

Methods for diagnosing vitality that are adequate to our culture have not been developed, which significantly narrows the possibilities for studying this phenomenon. It is necessary to expand the understanding of the phenomenon of resilience, including through the introduction of the concept (definition) of the connection between resilience and personality traits, life-meaning orientations, and self-attitude.

In domestic psychology, the development of this issue is associated with research on coping with difficult situations (Libin A.V., Libina E.V.), the meaning of life and acme (Chudnovsky V.E.), with the problem of life creativity (Leontyev D.A.), personal-situational interaction (Korzhova E.Yu.), self-realization of the individual (Korostyleva L.A.), self-regulation of individual activity (Osnitsky A.K., Morosanova V.I.).

The goal is to study the peculiarities of the relationship of resilience with personality traits and properties, with life-meaning orientations, self-attitude, and stylistic characteristics of the individual in people of different social status, gender and age.

To achieve this goal, the following tasks were set:

1. Theoretical analysis of the concept of resilience through the definition of its relationships with concepts and phenomena considered in the domestic psychology of human behavior in life situations.

2. Study of resilience through determining its relationship with personality traits and properties.

3. Study of resilience through determining its relationship with life-meaning orientations as the highest level of personal self-realization.

4. Determination of the peculiarities of the relationship between resilience and self-attitude depending on social status, gender and age.

5. Study of the connection between resilience and style characteristics of an individual’s behavior depending on social status, gender and age.

6. Adaptation of the methodology for measuring resilience for the Russian sample.

Research hypotheses:

1. Understanding. the meaning of resilience by representatives of the Russian-speaking population coincides with the definition and formulations proposed by the author of this concept, S. Madtsi.

2. Manifestations of resilience reflect the social conditions of Russian reality: demographic, professional, living conditions, education.

3. Vitality is positively related to such individual typological characteristics of a personality that presuppose its activity: extraversion, spontaneity. And negatively, resilience is associated with individual typological characteristics, which are indicators of a “weak” (hypothymic) constitutional structure: sensitivity, anxiety.

4. Vitality, being a pattern of personality attitudes that are subject to the person himself, and which are subject to change and rethinking, is positively related to life-meaning orientations.

5. The “involvement” attitude of resilience, which allows a person to feel significant and valuable enough to solve life’s problems, determines the positive connection between resilience and self-attitude.

6. Resilience is positive. is associated with stylistic characteristics of the individual aimed at coping with a stressful situation and achieving goals.

7. Vitality is more characteristic of a socially mature person, as a socio-psychological phenomenon is more clearly manifested in adulthood and in persons with a higher social status.

8. There are differences in the manifestations of resilience and its connections between men and women.

The object is the phenomenon of resilience and socio-psychological properties of the individual.

The subject of the study is the structure of the socio-psychological properties of resilience.

The methodological basis of the study was:

1) the principle of the unity of psyche and activity (K.A. Abulkhanova-Slavskaya, B.G. Ananyev, A.V. Brushlinsky, V.P. Zinchenko, V.N. Myasishchev, C.J1. Rubinstein, etc.);

2) the principle of a systemic-structural and integrated approach to the study of personality and activity (K.A. Abulkhanova-Slavskaya, B.G. Ananyev, A.V. Karpov, M.M. Kashapov, E.A. Klimov, K.K Platonov, C. J. Rubinstein, E. F. Rybalko, E. I. Stepanova, etc.);

3) the principle of connection between personal self-realization and the process of socio-psychological adaptation (Abulkhanova-Slavskaya, G.A. Ball, I.B. Dermanova, JT.A. Korysteleva, A.A. Nachaldzhyan, A.A. Rean); paradigm of subjectivity A.V. Petrovsky;

4) the principle of studying the dynamic, functional structure of personality (V.V. Kozlov, V.V. Novikov, K.K. Platonov);

5) the principle of age periodization (B.G. Ananyev, A.A. Derkach, N.V. Kuzmina, A.K. Markova, E.F. Rybalko, E.I. Stepanova, etc.);

Scientific novelty of the research.

1. For the first time, an attempt has been made to determine the semantic content of the concept of resilience in the Russian mentality.

2. A methodology for measuring resilience as a special pattern of personality attitudes that motivates a person to transform stressful life events has been adapted and tested.

3. The specificity of the relationship between the structure of socio-psychological properties of resilience and age, gender and status characteristics has been revealed.

4. Connections between resilience and personality traits (extraversion, spontaneity, introversion and anxiety) and with such components of personality as life-meaning orientations, self-attitude and style self-regulation of behavior have been identified.

5. It has been determined that resilience, based on some natural properties of the individual, manifests itself to a greater extent as an integrative quality of creating personally significant meanings in life and realizing them in the context of a social situation.

Theoretical significance of the work

The theoretical prerequisites for the concept of resilience by S. Maddi and the connection with his theory of existential personology of personality, connection with domestic research in the field of coping with a stressful situation, and personal self-realization are analyzed.

Data were obtained on age and gender differences in the manifestations of the connection between resilience and personality traits.

Practical significance of the study

In the practice of psychodiagnostics, resilience can be used as an integral characteristic of a personality, replacing the diagnosis of individual or particular components.

In the work of a social psychologist for professional guidance, determining the level of development of resilience will help to predict professional suitability and social success in those areas of activity where there is social tension, risk, extreme or near-extreme situations.

Research methods. The comparative method and the method of age sections are used as organizational methods. The study took into account the principle of an integrated approach. Correlation, variance and factor analysis are used as statistical methods.

Research methods. To determine the level of development of resilience, the S. Muddy resilience questionnaire was used; for the study of a person’s life orientations - the method of life-meaning orientations (D.A. Leontiev’s SJO test); to determine individual-typological personality traits - a questionnaire of individual-typological personality traits (NTO L.N. Sobchik); to study the self-attitude of an individual - the methodology for studying self-attitude (MIS R.S. Panteleev); to determine the characteristics of stylistic self-regulation of behavior - the questionnaire of stylistic self-regulation of behavior (SSP by V.I. Morosanova).

Approbation of work and implementation of research results

The main provisions and results of the study were discussed at the Department of Applied Psychology of South Ural State University and in the form of reports and messages at scientific and practical conferences of SUSU (Chelyabinsk, 2003, 2006), the international scientific and practical conference of the URAO “Man as a subject of socio-economic development of society” "(Chelyabinsk, 2005), international congress "Social psychology - XXI century" (Yaroslavl, 2005).

A set of methods used in the work, as well as theoretical and empirical research, are used in work with students in the course “Psychology and Pedagogy”, in the classes of an elective course for high school students “One is not born with a personality, one becomes a person.” This elective course with teaching materials is recommended by the Chelyabinsk Institute of Additional Professional Pedagogical Education for use in schools in the Chelyabinsk region.

The dissertation was discussed at a meeting of the Department of Applied Psychology at South Ural State University and recommended for defense.

Main provisions submitted for defense

1) The intelligentsia’s understanding of the meaning of resilience in the Russian mentality corresponds to the concept of resilience by S. Maddi. The first four ranks, identified by graduate students and teachers, define the main components of the concept of resilience, these are strong character, determination, optimism, as an expression of the psychological side, and the ability to solve a problem, overcome difficulties, practicality - activity. Optimism and the ability to solve problems provide inclusion and, to some extent, risk taking, strong character and determination - control. This fact serves as a rationale for studying the manifestation of resilience in a Russian-speaking sample.

2) Vitality, being to a greater extent a social factor, begins to manifest itself in adolescents and increases in the youthful and mature periods of personal development.

3) Based on the biological natural properties of the individual, resilience functions as an integral trait, including meanings and goals that are significant for the individual, self-attitude as part of self-awareness, and stylistic characteristics of behavior.

4) The connections between resilience and life-meaning orientations, self-attitude and style self-regulation are determined by social, age and gender factors.

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Conclusion of the dissertation on the topic “Social Psychology”, Nalivaiko, Tatyana Viktorovna

Chapter 3 Conclusions

1. The semantic components of the concept of resilience in the Russian mentality have been identified. The main components of the concept of resilience are considered to be strong character, determination, and optimism. The semantic nest of the ability to solve a problem has something in common with overcoming difficulties; the difference here is seen in the fact that for graduate students this is more of a forecast, while teachers, as more experienced and “adult” people, associate overcoming difficulties with practicality, i.e. experience that has already developed. Here we can see two sides of resilience: psychological and activity-based, and its components: optimism and the ability to solve problems ensure inclusion and, to some extent, risk-taking, strong character and determination - control.

2. Resilience, which arises in early childhood, manifests itself already in adolescence and, as a result of its development under the influence of many, including social, factors, is more clearly expressed in representatives of the adult sample. Factor analysis made it possible to identify the specifics of the relationship between resilience and personality traits. In the generalized personality structure, manifestations of vitality are determined by the pattern of regulatory processes conditioned by the established experience of activity, flexibility as the leading regulatory-personal property and internal agreement with oneself as the main property of self-attitude.

3. Vitality, based on individual personal (natural) properties (extraversion, spontaneity, introversion and anxiety), which are based on the innate characteristics of the nervous system and mediate social activity (according to J1.H. Sobchik), is more manifested in the ability to create personally significant meanings in life and realize them in the context of a given social situation.

4. Vitality reveals connections with life-meaning orientations as the highest level of personal self-realization. In students and adults, there is a connection between resilience and all scales of the test of life-meaning orientations. All connections are positive. Thus, in order to be resilient, you must have a goal (or goals) in life, perceive the process of life itself as interesting, emotionally rich and meaningful, feel how productive and meaningful life is, have an idea of yourself as a strong personality, have the conviction that that a person is given control over his life, to freely make decisions and implement them. And, conversely, a person who has reached the highest level of self-realization, with an established system of life-meaning orientations, will have high resilience.

5. Resilience in its manifestations is based on self-attitude: self-worth, reflected self-attitude, internal non-conflict and absence of self-accusation. Relationships between resilience and self-esteem were observed in all three age groups, but with different scales and at different levels of significance. These connections are mediated by demographic, social factors and professional orientation.

6. The connection between resilience and stylistic self-regulation of the individual, especially with modeling situations and evaluating results, has also been noted.

The connection between resilience and the general level of style self-regulation and with the scales of planning, modeling, programming, and evaluation of results is visible in the adult part of the sample, which includes students who have entered the stage of early maturity (adulthood). Manifestations of the connection between vitality and style self-regulation, more than the personality traits discussed above (meaning in life orientations and self-attitude), are mediated by social, demographic and professional factors.

7. All connections are discovered starting in adolescence and increase in adulthood. Students have fewer connections with individual personality traits (extroversion and introversion) and with self-attitude (self-worth, internal non-conflict and equanimity) than students and adults; no connection was found between resilience and meaningfulness of life and with stylistic self-regulation of behavior either at the general level or at the level of any of the scales.

8. The connections between resilience and personality traits depend on the gender characteristics of the individual.

The study showed that among young men there is a connection between resilience and life-meaning orientations (goal, process, result, locus of control-I, locus of control-life and at the general level). Girls don't have such a connection. Young men have a more rational approach to life; for them, resilience is associated with the formation of meanings, with reliance on meanings. Girls are more emotional; for them, resilience is associated not with rational comprehension, but with the emotional experience of problems and situations.

In men, there are connections between resilience and such regulatory styles as programming, evaluation of results and the general level of stylistic self-regulation of behavior, in women - with modeling, evaluation of results and the general level of stylistic self-regulation of behavior.

The connections between resilience and self-esteem are clearer and stronger in women than in men.

Factor analysis made it possible to generalize the specifics of the relationship between resilience and personality traits, which is mediated by gender factors. Vitality in men will be determined by the pattern of volitional attitudes of the individual associated with the awareness of one’s own responsibility for everything that happens to him, the general system of understanding life, goal setting; Women's vitality determines the pattern of positive emotional attitudes, self-awareness and self-attitude, and self-esteem personality traits.

CONCLUSION

In our difficult social, economic, demographic and environmental conditions, an important factor not only in a person’s survival and adaptation to the surrounding reality, but also in his self-realization as an individual, is resilience, which characterizes the social maturity of an individual and can predict his success in various fields of activity.

Theoretical analysis showed that the concept of resilience, introduced by S. Maddi and designated by him as a special personal trait, as a pattern of attitudes and skills of an individual that helps him transform negative influences into opportunities, is widely studied in foreign psychology. In Russian psychology, vitality is closely related to: life-meaning orientations, as the highest level of personal self-realization; self-attitude as the central formation of the individual, which largely determines the social adaptation of the individual; stylistic self-regulation as significant individual characteristics of self-organization and management of external and internal target activity, consistently manifested in its various types.

It has been experimentally proven that the phenomenon of resilience is the most general integral characteristic of a personality, which is a pattern of life-meaning orientations, self-attitude, and stylistic characteristics of behavior, which is based on the natural properties of the individual, but is largely social in nature.

In the practice of social psychodiagnostics, resilience can be used as an integral characteristic of a personality, replacing the diagnosis of individual or particular components. A tool for diagnosing resilience can be the S. Maddi resilience questionnaire adapted by us.

In the work of a social psychologist during vocational guidance, by determining the level of development of resilience, a forecast of professional suitability and social success can be made in those areas of activity where there is social tension, risk, extreme or near-extreme situations.

Based on the experimental data obtained, we can recommend that psychologists, in order to increase resilience in psychocorrectional and developmental work with students, work with meanings (learn to set priorities, determine goals, feel like the master of life), form an attitude towards themselves, and practice self-regulation styles.

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The relationship between life satisfaction and resilience. Chertkova Yu.D., Alekseeva O.S., Fominykh A.Ya.

Bibliographic link

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 1. THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF THE PROBLEM OF VITALITY OF PEOPLE WITH DIFFERENT MEANING ORIENTATIONS AND VALUE SETTINGS

1.1 Approaches to understanding personal resilience

1.2 The problem of individual value orientations in psychology

1.3 Retirement as a psychological problem

1.4 Psychological characteristics of people of pre-retirement and retirement age

CHAPTER 2. EMPIRICAL STUDY OF THE FEATURES OF PEOPLE’S RESILIENCE

2.1 Organization and methods of research

2.2 Analysis and discussion of research results

LITERATURE

APPLICATION

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 1. THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF THE PROBLEM OF VITALITY OF PEOPLE WITH DIFFERENT MEANING ORIENTATIONS AND VALUE SETTINGS

1.1 Approaches to understanding personal resilience

1.2 The problem of individual value orientations in psychology

1.3 Retirement as a psychological problem

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Bibliographic link

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

INTRODUCTION

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2.1 Organization and methods of research

2.2 Analysis and discussion of research results

LITERATURE

APPLICATION

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1.1 Approaches to understanding personal resilience

1.2 The problem of individual value orientations in psychology

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