I am not a poet, a citizen of Ryleev. Ryleev

Researchers have long established that the addressee of the message was the wife of General Malyutin, Ekaterina Ivanovna (1783-1869). The poem is determined to have been written between 1816 and 1818 (93).

The message is permeated with irony - starting with the inconsistency of the title, which is emphatically official (“in the album to her excellency”), and the emphatically unofficial description of the “charms” of the addressee. When you first get acquainted with the poem, what attracts attention is the young poet’s too free description of the appearance of the lieutenant general’s wife. The “kindness” of Ekaterina Malyutina, the “hesitation” of the “snowy breast” baffled researchers. They tried to explain this freedom by the special form of the poem. According to their opinions, it is “designed in the style of a madrigal with a conventional description of the “charms” of the one being sung,” Malyutin is depicted in it “in the typical madrigal manner of a burning beauty” (94). But, even taking into account the madrigal form, such an appeal to the wife of his brother and “benefactor” who was alive at that time looks strange.

The origin and biography of Ekaterina Malyutina have been studied even less than the origin and biography of her husband; in this case we have to be content mainly with assumptions. However, these assumptions are supported by documents, which gives them the right to exist.

Some information can be gleaned from address books dating back to the 1820s. According to the “Index of Dwellings and Buildings in St. Petersburg” for 1823, published by Samuil Adler (censorship permission was received on April 27, 1822), a certain “stockbroker” Heinrich Israel owned two houses in the capital in the Vasilyevskaya part: at number 627 “ along the 15th line and Bolshoy Prospekt" and at number 610 "along the fourteenth line" (95).

Very little is known about the merchant Israel. According to A.I. Serkov’s reference book “Russian Freemasonry”, Johann Heinrich August Israel, a native of Frankfurt-on-Oder, a Lutheran, was a member of the Masonic lodge of Urania, which was led by the famous 18th-century writer Vladimir Lukin and which Nikolai Novikov visited. Apparently, Israel was a man with connections, secular and literary. One can draw an accurate conclusion about Ryleev’s acquaintance with the merchant’s family: in the 1820s, the poet borrowed money from one of his representatives (96).

In 1824, another Adler index was published, supplementing the first one (censorship permission - January 7, 1824). In it, house 627 is already listed as belonging to “Malyutina Katerina, Lieutenant General.” This house will subsequently constantly appear in the official papers of Ekaterina Ivanovna. Malyutina wrote that it belonged “to her” and in October 1823 it was pledged to the Board of Trustees. The same house is mentioned as her property in many later documents and address indexes (97).

Meanwhile, after the death of Pyotr Malyutin in September 1820, his wife and children were left “in a completely meager state.” A month later, in November, the general’s widow asked Empress Elizaveta Alekseevna to accept at her own expense the maintenance of her daughters Ekaterina and Lyubov in the private boarding house of the “Maiden Nijmeister” - since she did not have the means “not only to continue raising her daughters ... in the said boarding house at her own expense, but even provide them with unnecessary maintenance.” The request, however, was refused, since the empress was in a quarrel with the owner of the boarding house and decided “to no longer have her pupils in that boarding house” (98). Of course, in such a situation, there was simply no talk of buying a house in the capital.

There can be only one conclusion: Israel’s house was inherited by Malyutina, which means that the “stockbroker” (who died, apparently, just between the publication of Aller’s first and second indexes) was her relative—most likely, her father.

Based on Aller’s second index, we can conclude that Malyutina was not the only heiress of the merchant. She had a brother, “Revel merchant of the 3rd guild” Andrei Ivanovich Israel. It was to him that the second house of Johann Heinrich Israel, number 610, came into ownership. (99) Surely the father gave his children a good education and tried to arrange their fate through his social acquaintances.

Naturally, General Malyutina did not like to remember her origins; she never mentioned her maiden name in documents, but on the contrary, she always emphasized the “decency” of her own “noble rank”

“I am not a poet, but a citizen...”

Lesson on life and creativity

Kondraty Fedorovich Ryleev (1795 – 1826)

Target: revealing the concept of revolutionary romanticism using the example of Ryleev’s civil lyrics; training in analysis of poetic text; education of citizenship based on the example of the life of K. Ryleev.

Pay him with contempt

Cold,

Who can be cold?

To the suffering of the people.

Try to figure out the goal

human life,

Capture the spirit of the times

And the purpose of the century.

Kondraty Ryleev

During the classes

Teacher. Early hour of July 13, 1826. As soon as the rainy dawn broke, St. Petersburg began to wake up. Groups of people stood on the Trinity Bridge, on the narrow bank near the fortress. Someone's dark shadows were swinging in skiffs on the Neva. People saw how a gallows was brought from the Admiralty side on several dray cabs. The troops were already in place in an arc.

Five were taken to execution. The shackles, put on at night, prevented movement. They saw the twilight dawn and the worst thing - the gallows...

They were forced to wear long white shirts with breastplates that read “Kingslayer.” The executioner pulled the caps over their faces and put on the nooses. The drums beat, “as if for driving through a gauntlet.” The beating of the drums was interrupted for the two. The three, falling on the platform, heard it again.

Witnesses remembered how someone in a bloody cap, standing up, shouted:

Please your sovereign that his wish is being fulfilled, you see, we are dying in agony...

“The operation was repeated and this time it was successful,” reported the head of the control department.

One of those executed was Kondraty Fedorovich Ryleev. Why was he so scary to the authorities, what danger did this man conceal within himself?

1st student. Ryleev was born into the family of a retired lieutenant colonel, who came from an old noble family. At the age of six, he essentially became an orphan with his father and mother still alive. At the age of six he was sent to the First Cadet Corps, and one can only be amazed at how, without love and friendship in the abyss of army drill, this man developed into a poet, hero and leader. The archives have preserved for us letters from a young cadet to his father - a cruel, stingy, cold man.

“Dearest parent! It's been almost three years now that I haven't heard from you. I wrote a lot of letters, but did not receive a single answer to others..."

And another line from a letter to his mother, three years later:

“Oh dearest mother! Doesn’t God really hear those daily, fiery prayers, accompanied by a stream of tears, that I send to him every day! You write, dearest mother, that you do not have the money to buy back the last family jewel, your filial treasure - your portrait! Better not send me a penny, I really don’t need money, by God I don’t, just try to help out the portrait!..”

2nd student. Ryleev spent more than twelve years in the corps, and every day of these years Ryleev and others like him were prepared for loyal officer service in the name of the Tsar - the fatherland was called the second.

In 1812, Ryleev was seventeen years old. Time itself raised Ensign Ryleev. As part of a horse artillery brigade, he spent two years (from 1814) abroad.

“My years and some success in science,” he writes to his father, “give me the right to demand the rank of artillery officer, a rank that captivates young people to the point of madness, and which is also flattering to me, but for nothing other than the fact that I will have happiness to join the number of defenders of our fatherland, the king and the altars of our land ... "

But already in 1818, Ryleev wrote in a letter to his mother: “The current service requires scoundrels, and, fortunately, I cannot be one...”

In the fifth year of service, Ryleev resigned. This decision was fully supported by his fiancee Natalya Mikhailovna Tevyashova, whom he met in the Voronezh wilderness. Having married, Ryleev moved to his mother in Batovo in the fall of 1819.

3rd student. Seventy-odd versts separate Batovo from St. Petersburg. While visiting St. Petersburg, Ryleev met Delvig, Glinka, Bulgarin, and Pushkin. He continues to study literature and write poetry. In 1820, St. Petersburg society was shocked by the impudent act of Ensign Ryleev, who published the poem “To the Temporary Worker” in the Nevsky Spectator. The prototype was so recognizable that everyone expected the brave poet to be punished. Arakcheev, indeed, filed a lawsuit, but when he was asked to indicate which lines he took personally, the nobleman chose to remain silent.Before reading the poem “To the Temporary Worker”, assign the class:

Pay attention to the means of artistic expression used by the poet to achieve his goal. What makes the prototype of a “temporary worker” recognizable? Why does the author choose the genre of satire?

Reading of a poem by a previously prepared student, then a conversation with the class.

After such a striking application, Ryleev attracted the attention of the reading public. This was also facilitated by the joint publication of the almanac “Polar Star” with Bestuzhev, in which the compilers themselves, Krylov’s fables, and poems by Pushkin, Vyazemsky, Baratynsky, Zhukovsky, and Delvig were published. Despite the wide range of authors and the variety of genres, they were united by the main thing - the motive of love for the motherland and the struggle for its freedom.

At the same time, Ryleev met Pushchin, who accepted him into the secret society of future Decembrists. Ryleev became an active participant in the secret society, one of its leaders.

His poems speak best and most fully about the poet.

On the guys’ desks there are cards with Ryleev’s poems and questions for them. The work is organized into creative groups (one card for two desks). Students read poems, discuss collectively the answers to questions, then answer when they are ready.

Cruel

Look, oh Delia, how this flower withers,

With what ferocity from the stem How many parts

Following the leaf, the leaf tearsin a poem?

Harsh autumn hand!

Oh! soon, soon he will lose his beauty,

It will no longer be fragrant;

The last leaf will soon fall off,What is the principle

Zephyr won't play with him. its construction?

Gloomy Aquilon will bring gloomy clouds,What an impression

It will make nature despondent, remains after

Clothes the green valleys with snow, - reading?

Your gaze won’t even find a stem...

That's right, Delia, the days of life are fleetingWhat does it force you to do?

Saturn, envious and angry, will fly away think about it?

And the blessings of carefree youth

Cuts off with a destructive scythe...

Everything changes under the cold hand of Kron:

The boiling blood of youth will cool;

But the boredom of a joyless life

In old age love will give birth to evil!

Then, cruel one, you will know how terrible it is

Burn with futile love in the soul

And there is no passionate flame in front of my eyes,

But to be met with the coldness of contempt.

(1821)

For a long time my heart said:

It's time, young singer, it's time,

Leaving the noisy city of Peter,What are your impressions after reading?

Fly to your dear friend,

To revive the dull spirit,What mood is created?

And the vague dream of a young soul

In the bosom of bliss and freedom,How did you understand what the poem was about?

And blossoming nature

Drive away your worries in silence.The lyrical hero - what is he like?

The desired hour has come - and with a troika

The Ukhara driver appeared,

The bell began to ring -

And your young friend galloped...

Barely the outpost of Petrograd

The sad singer has passed,

How joy filled my soul,

And I began to breathe more freely,

It's like I escaped from hell...

K N N

You wanted to visit, my friend

My secluded corner

When the soul was exhausted

In the fight against the fatal disease.

Your sweet gaze, your magical gaze

I wanted to revive the sufferer,Can this poem be called

You wanted healing peace elegy?

Pour into the excited soul.

Your joyful participationHow did you see the lyrical

Your attention, dear friend, hero?

My happiness is restored again

And they heal my illness.

I don't want your loveWhat is most important to him in life?

I cannot appropriate it;

I can't answer her

My soul is not worth yours.

Your soul is always full

Some wonderful feelings

You are alien to my stormy feelings,

Alien to my harsh opinions.

Do you forgive your enemies -

I'm not familiar with this tender feeling

And to my offenders

I cry with inevitable revenge.

Only temporarily do I seem weak,

I control the movements of the soul;

Not a Christian and not a slave,

I don't know how to forgive insults.

It's not your love that I need,

I need other activities:

One war makes me happy,

Some are fighting alarms.

Love doesn't come to mind:

Alas! my homeland is suffering, -

The soul is in the excitement of heavy thoughts

Now he longs for freedom.

1824 or 1825

A.P. Ermolov

Confidant of Mars and Pallas!

Hope of fellow citizens, faithful son of Russia,What do you think of the one

Ermolov! Hasten to save the sons of Hellas,Who is the poem addressed to?

You, genius of the northern squads!

Seeing you, beloved of glory,Why is the general so recognizable?

By the craving of your hand,Ermolov, although his name

With enemies as fierce as a whirlwind, into a bloody battlenot in the poem?

Formidable regiments will rush -

And, having thrown off the chains of panic fear,By what means does it create

Like a young PhoenixRyleev's image of a general?

Greece will rise from the ashes

And with ancient valor he will strike after you!..

Already in the fatherland of the descendants of Themistocles

Freedom banners are raised everywhere,

The earth is wet with heroic blood

And fertilized with the corpses of enemies!

The dozing Peruns woke up,

The brave are flowing from everywhere!

Well, you too, oh young knight,

All warriors await you, victory awaits you...

Spring 1821

Stanzas

(To A. B(est)vu)

The prophecies did not come true, my friend.

The ardor of my youth:What is this poem about?

The bitter lot of loneliness

I am destined to be among people.What makes the hero sad?

Too early the darkness is mysterious

The terrible experience dispersed

It's too early, my only friend,

I recognized people's hearts.

It's scary not to know joyful days,

To be a stranger among your own

But more terrible than painful truths

To be a vessel from early days.

With heavy sadness, with a black thought

I've been wandering alone ever since

And a gloomy grave

I find the world sad.

Everywhere the meetings are bleak!

You are looking, vain, for people,

And you meet cold corpses

Or senseless children...

1824

Will I be there at the fateful time

Disgrace a citizen

And imitate you, pampered tribe

Reborn Slavs?

No, I am incapable of embracing voluptuousness,

To drag out your youth in shameful idleness

And languish with a boiling soul

Under the heavy yoke of autocracy.What is the image of the author

Let the young men, not having guessed their fate, in a poem?

They don’t want to comprehend the destiny of the century

And they do not prepare for future struggles To whom is it addressed?

For the oppressed freedom of man. poem?

Let them cast a cold gaze with a cold soul

To the misfortunes of his fatherland

And they don’t read their future shame in them

And fair descendants of reproach.

They will repent when the people rise up

Will find them in the arms of idle bliss

And, in a stormy rebellion, looking for free rights,

Neither Brutus nor Riegi will be found in them.

1824

After analyzing the poems - conclusion.

There are propaganda poems and proclamations. But when the poet finds himself in the grip of high feelings, then his poems acquire greater lyricism and are filled with the hero’s experiences: melancholy, sadness. Ryleev’s merit is that he created an individual, lyrical image of a poet-citizen, a person capable of experiencing all the “disasters of his homeland,” all world injustice as his own personal suffering and striving to fight injustice to the end.

Poet-citizen (F. Ryleev)

A free Slav with a soul cannot submissively be a slave...

K. Ryleev

A little over a year before his tragic death, Kondraty Fedorovich Ryleev, the recognized head of the secret “Northern Society,” wrote poems that were distributed among the Decembrists and gained wide popularity there. Included in the investigative materials, they were destroyed on the personal orders of Nicholas the First. A copy that was accidentally preserved in the papers of the Decembrist N. A. Bestuzhev was subsequently published abroad by A. I. Herzen in the “Polar Star” for 1856 and only in 1893, having passed through the tsarist censorship, was given the opportunity to appear in the “Collected Works” of K. F. Ryleeva.

These poems, addressed by the poet to his contemporaries, to the younger generation moving away from social problems into the area of ​​a thoughtless, absent-minded existence, reflect the most significant personality traits of Ryleev and the features of his creative manner.

Will I, at a fateful time, Shame the citizen san And imitate you, pampered tribe of Reborn Slavs? No, I am not capable of dragging out my youthful life in the arms of voluptuousness, In shameful idleness, And languishing with a seething soul Under the heavy yoke of autocracy. Let the young men, who have not guessed their fate, do not want to comprehend the destiny of the century And do not prepare for the future struggle For the oppressed freedom of man. Let them cast a cold gaze on the misfortunes of their homeland with a cool soul, And do not read into them their future shame And the just descendants of reproach. They will repent when the people, having rebelled, Find them in the arms of idle bliss And, in a stormy rebellion seeking free rights, Find neither Brutus nor Riega in them.

This accusatory reproach seems to predict the words of Lermontov, the lines of his angry and bitter thoughts: “I look sadly at our generation! Its future is either empty or dark.” But, unlike Lermontov, Ryleev was firmly convinced that the era of revolutionary impulse was still ahead. The rebellious people will seek the legitimate rights of freedom "in a violent rebellion." The poet was convinced that we must now prepare ourselves for the future struggle “for the oppressed freedom of man.”

What is striking about Ryleev is the straightforwardness and steadfastness with which he subordinated all his work to the revolutionary idea. Citizenship became his muse, which he did not change until the very end of his short literary career.

True, it didn’t start right away. Having graduated from the Cadet Corps in St. Petersburg as an officer of the horse artillery, having made campaigns in Switzerland, France, Bavaria, Prussia, Poland, having served for two years in the provincial garrison in the Voronezh province, Ryleev retired in 1818 and only from that time, at 23 -years of age, had the opportunity to freely engage in literature. He also wrote poetry during his military service, but all these experiments slavishly repeated familiar patterns.

Only after moving to St. Petersburg did he begin making friendly connections in the literary community, in literary societies and salons. Serious work begins. The peculiarity of the creative manner is determined that gives Ryleev a special place in the entire Pushkin galaxy. But his poems first appeared in print only in 1820, when he was already 25 years old - a rather late age for poets of that era. If we keep in mind that Ryleev’s life was tragically cut short in 1826, then his entire literary career spanned only a little over five years. During this short period of time, he did quite a bit: poetry in magazines, editing, together with A. Bestuzhev, one of the best almanacs of that time “Polar Star”, publishing a separate edition of a collection of poems on historical subjects under the general title “Dumas”, publication of the poem " Voinarovsky", critical articles, correspondence on literary topics. And all this in combination with civil service, first in the Criminal Court Chamber, and then on the board of the Russian-American Company, whose activities were devoted to the exploration of the natural resources of Alaska, which then belonged to Russia. But the main business of Ryleev’s life was his ardent participation in the secret “Northern Society”, where he soon took a leading position. He subordinated his poetry to Decembrist propaganda tasks, not missing a single opportunity, even under conditions of tsarist censorship, to serve the idea of ​​a future revolutionary coup.

Ryleev first gained wide fame as a poet when he published his message “To the Temporary Worker” in 1820. For censorship reasons, the author added the subtitle “Imitation of Persian Satire: To Rubellius” to the title, passing off his poems as the work of an ancient Roman poet. But, reading the very first lines -

An arrogant temporary worker, and vile and insidious, a cunning flatterer of the Monarch and an ungrateful friend, a frantic tyrant of his native country, a villain elevated to an important rank by his craftiness! -

everyone understood that we were not talking about any senator of Ancient Rome, but about Count Arakcheev, the cruel commander of military settlements, adviser and employee of Alexander the First, who pursued a reactionary policy. The name Arakcheev was hated by the entire progressive part of Russian society. This is how the Decembrist N. A. Bestuzhev speaks about him in his memoirs:

“In “Satire on the Temporary Worker,” all the contempt for the honors and power of a person is revealed, who sacrifices the happiness of his fellow citizens to the whims of a despot. In the situation in which Russia was and is, no one has ever reached such a high degree of strength and power as Arakcheev.. "Where despotism rules, there oppression is the law: the small are oppressed by the middle, the middle by the large, and these by the highest; but over both oppressors, as well as over the oppressed, there was one thunderstorm: the temporary worker. Some were punished for oppression, others for complaints. All the state trembled under the iron hand of the ruler's favorite. No one dared to complain. As soon as the slightest murmur arose, it disappeared forever in the deserts of Siberia or in the stinking crypts of fortresses.

This was the situation in Russia when Ryleev loudly and publicly summoned the temporary worker to the court of truth; when he named his deeds, set a price for them and boldly cursed his posterity... This was the first blow dealt by Ryleev to autocracy... Ryleev’s political career began with this poem. The ardor of the young soul, the outburst of noble indignation and the well-aimed blows of satire, fearlessly delivered to such a rival, attracted everyone’s attention.”

These words are quite fair. Ryleev himself, in a letter to his friend M. G. Bedraga, was surprised that the censorship, without understanding what was going on, missed verses that contained expressions such as “scoundrel,” “vile soul,” “tyrant, tremble!” “Who will deliver my fatherland from you!”

Your deeds will expose you to the people; He will know that you have constrained his freedom, brought him to poverty with burdensome taxes, deprived the village of their former beauty... ........................... .......... All tremble, tyrant! For evil and treachery, posterity will pronounce its verdict on you!

It was clear to the reader that we were talking not only about the all-powerful temporary despot, but also about the emperor himself - the strangler of freedom.

The civic pathos of Ryleev's poetry clearly appears in his subsequent poems, of which only very few were published on the pages of the magazines of that time. If it were not for his works, which were distributed in lists and partially preserved in the papers of friends, posterity would have had a very limited understanding of him as a revolutionary poet. At best, he would have remained in memory as the author of the historical “Dumas” - a book published during his lifetime, in the fateful 1825. However, even from the little that was published, one can judge the pronounced citizenship and patriotism of his muse. But the figures of the Decembrist movement and those close to it knew Ryleev’s poetry to a much greater extent. In this environment, his poems were rewritten and distributed for direct propaganda purposes. Ryleev responded to the most important events of current political life. He wrote a long poem, “On the Death of Byron,” seeing in the famous English poet, first of all, a defender of the freedom of oppressed peoples. In his “Message to N. I. Gnedich,” he greeted his elder friend not only as “the pet of important muses” of the famous translator of Homer’s epic, but also as a defender of high, ideologically rich poetry.

Ryleev himself gravitated towards the forms of the classical ode, towards the solemn oratorical style bequeathed back in the 18th century. He continued the tradition of Radishchev, who invested direct revolutionary content into his didactic pathos. In his ode, which is called “Civil Courage,” Ryleev contrasts the famous names of famous courtiers with less noticeable but courageous defenders of civil rights and national freedom.

Having despised enemies, despising insults, the Aristides saved their native land from troubles, shining with glory; In exile, in foreign lands, Love for the public good, Love for their fellow citizens did not go out in their hearts...

The warrior's gigantic feat And the shame of the enemies he slain In the court of the mind, in the court of centuries - Nothing before civil valor.

He wanted to see in the poems of his contemporaries a deeper content, a more lively response to public life. The passion for chamber forms of art, the petty themes and lightness of modern lyrics seemed to him, a follower of high poetry, a sign of undoubted decline. This is eloquently evidenced by his letter to Pushkin dated February 12, 1825, in which Ryleev, criticizing Zhukovsky’s influence on the subsequent development of elegiac sentiments, says:

"...It is undeniable that Zhukovsky brought important benefits to our language. He had a decisive influence on our poetic style, and for this we must forever remain grateful to him, but not at all for his influence on the spirit of our literature, as you write. Unfortunately , this influence was too harmful: the mysticism that permeates most of his poems, the dreaminess, uncertainty and some kind of vagueness, which are sometimes even charming in him, corrupted many and did a lot of evil.”

Regarding the assessment of the significance of Zhukovsky for Russian poetry, Pushkin did not agree with Ryleev. Believing that thematic restrictions could not bring much benefit to the development of literature, he was ready to argue with Ryleev as a poet, but at the same time he perfectly understood and respected the ideological and political value of his chosen path. Ryleev, on the other hand, took Pushkin’s criticism with some resentment and remained in his previous positions.

This is what he wrote to his friend A. Bestuzhev, having learned about Pushkin’s critical attitude towards the collection of “Dumas”:

Although Pushkin pronounced a strict judgment on me And weighed the weak gift, like a secret enemy, But because of this, Bestuzhev, I still didn’t hang my nose to please my enemies. My soul will preserve high thoughts and seething courage until the grave; My friend! It is not for nothing that the love for the public good burns in the young man!

“Public good” is the main theme of the mature era in Ryleev’s work. Here he found his own voice, which sharply distinguishes him from the poets of the Decembrist circle. The concept of “citizenship,” which he introduced into poetry, is truly significant for its further development. He himself was well aware of this. In the dedication of the poem "Voinarovsky" to Alexander Bestuzhev there are the following words:

Accept the fruits of my labors.......................... You will not see art in them: But you will find living feelings, - I am not a poet, but a citizen.

As if taking the baton from Ryleev, many years later Nekrasov repeated his behest - “You may not be a poet, but you must be a citizen.” And in more recent days, Vladimir Mayakovsky put this same theme at the basis of his work, without forgetting, like Nekrasov, the high goals of art.

In the cramped conditions of censorship, Ryleev, naturally, could not speak out loud. He inevitably had to remain within the framework of freedom-loving enlightenment and public civil morality. But here, too, social protest emerges with sufficient clarity. In the initial versions of the Derzhavin Duma there are remarkable words:

I am proud of my enmity towards the tyrant, The yoke of citizens disturbs me, A free Slav in soul cannot submissively enslave, He honors the thunderstorm against evil as his holy law With calm importance the brow On the scaffold and before the throne.

Developing the themes of political lyrics, Ryleev focused his attention on the heroic history of the Russian people. Cultivating patriotic feelings was one of the immediate tasks of Decembrist propaganda. But how different this was from the official government ideology! In the usual opposition between “the tsar and the people,” Ryleev, of course, occupied the most extreme democratic position, but the concepts of “justice” and “freedom” were presented to them in such an abstract form that they did not arouse any particular suspicion even among the censorship. This was a purely external, protective cover for the author’s deeper and essentially revolutionary-democratic views. The appropriately minded reader understood everything perfectly. He was no stranger to the language of hints and meaningful understatements.

Pursuing this goal, Ryleev created an extensive gallery of historical portraits of ardent and selfless patriots, for the sake of love for their homeland, for their native people, capable of heroic deeds, sacrificing their own lives. He combined these poems into a cycle connected by a common idea, following the example of the Polish linguist and historian Julian Ursin Niemcewicz, who published a collection of patriotic folk songs. The name “Duma” obviously came from the poetic legends of freedom-loving Ukraine, sung by kobzars. To a certain extent, the title itself should have suggested to the thoughtful reader the idea of ​​the democratic orientation of this work. In total, Ryleev wrote thirty-one thoughts (twenty-one were included in the main collection, published during the author’s lifetime). A simple listing of titles indicates a wide thematic coverage. Here are the names of ancient Russian history: Oleg the Prophet, Olga, Svyatoslav, Svyatopolk, Mstislav Udaloy, Mikhail Tverskoy, Dmitry Donskoy, Kurbsky, Ermak, Boris Godunov and so on - right up to the era of Peter and the middle of the 18th century. And later they added: Prince Vladimir of Kiev, Marfa Posadnitsa, Yakov Dolgoruky, Menshikov, Volynsky, etc. All these poetic stories about figures of Russian history are imbued with a single thought: sacrificial love for the homeland, the fight against foreign rapists, military and civil courage.

Pursuing his noble and patriotic plan, Ryleev did not always adhere to historical accuracy, for which he was subjected to criticism. He idealized his heroes, giving them features that did not correspond to reality. If the images of ancient Russian princes who courageously defended their native land were drawn historically correctly, then the statesmen of the 17th - 18th centuries often unfairly acquired the image desired by the poet as lovers of truth and defenders of people's rights. Indicative in this regard is Ryleev’s depiction of the “cabinet minister” of Empress Anna Ioannovna, Artemy Volynsky. Volynsky, under the poet’s pen, turned into a selfless fighter for people’s freedom and almost the leader of the coming uprising.

This is how the poet conveyed his thoughts in captivity, on the eve of his execution:

The one who, in the fight with the proud, does not wait for rewards and does not ask for them, And, forgetting about himself, sacrifices everything to his homeland, He is firm against the fierce tyrants, He will be free in chains, At the hour of execution he is proud of righteousness And forever noble in his feelings. ......................... And even though he falls, he will be alive in the hearts and memory of the people. And he and the fiery impulse of a beautiful and free Soul . Glorious death for the people! The singers, the hero's reward, will pass on his deeds from century to century, from generation to generation. Hostility towards untruth will boil indomitable in the descendants - And sacred Rus' will see Injustice in the rubble...

In these words of the Annensky nobleman one can hear the voice of Ryleev himself, a revolutionary poet who put his convictions into the mouth of his chosen and idealized hero. The same thing happens with many other historical figures in this cycle. Their thoughts and feelings, contrary to historical truth, often reflect the political convictions of the poet himself. All this was necessary for Ryleev to promote Decembrist ideas. For censorship reasons, Ryleev had to avoid direct condemnation of the autocracy. He preferred, wherever possible, to use the broad concept of “civicism,” which included a freedom-loving understanding of public duty.

The progressive significance of Ryleev's "Dumas" was clear to everyone, but their artistic quality, according to contemporaries, left much to be desired. Pushkin friendly reproached Ryleev not only for the lack of genuine historicity. He changed his mind with the appearance of the poem "Voinarovsky". This work, also written on historical material, differed significantly from the “Dumas” that preceded it.

Pushkin, having read excerpts from the poem in Polar Star, wrote to A. Bestuzhev in 1824: “Ryleev’s Voinarovsky is incomparably better than all his thoughts, his style has matured and is becoming truly narrative, which we almost don’t have yet.” And later he noted in a letter to his brother Lev: “Voinarovsky” is full of life.” He said even more definitely in 1825 (in a letter to A. Bestuzhev): “I know very well that I am his teacher in poetic language, but he goes his own way . He's a poet at heart."

The poem, published in 1825, was also greeted with sympathy by the progressive public. Its lists were circulating from hand to hand long before publication.

The plot of the poem was suggested to the author by historical events during the era of Peter the Great’s struggle with Sweden. We are talking about the fate of one of the prominent figures of that time, Mazepa’s nephew and his supporter, Andrei Voinarovsky. After long wanderings with Charles XII, who fled from Russia, he was handed over to the Russian government and exiled to Siberia, to Yakutsk. Here he, already a very old man, was visited by the famous historian G. Miller, to whom the exile told his entire life full of adventures.

Ryleev's attention was obviously attracted by the strong and independent character of the hero. Peter himself saw in him a significant and dangerous opponent of his statehood. Voinarovsky sided with Mazepa and shared his inglorious fate, prompted to do so by vague dreams of the “freedom” of Ukraine. He did not understand at that time that the invasion of Swedish troops, supported by Mazepa, would bring even greater oppression to his homeland, like any foreign invasion. Much later, already in the Turkish foreign land, Voinarovsky doubted the true intentions of the rebellious hetman, who, with cunning prudence, playing on patriotic feelings, knew how to attract the people he needed to his side.

We honored the head of the people in him, We adored the father in him, We loved the fatherland in him. I don’t know whether he wanted to save the people of Ukraine from troubles, or to erect a throne for himself in it... ...I don’t know what, in the depths of his soul, he was preparing for his native land...

And immediately after these reflections of his hero, Ryleev puts into Voinarovsky’s mouth a conclusion in which his own voice is heard:

But I know that, having harbored Love, kinship and the voice of nature, the first I would have struck Him down, If he had become an enemy of freedom.

The image of Voinarovsky in the poet's portrayal is complex and contradictory. With the undoubted military valor shown in defending Ukraine from the Poles and Tatars, he is combined with a complete misunderstanding of Peter’s state policy, which leads the hero of the poem to the camp of treason, in the name of his falsely understood “freedom.” Only at the end of his life, in a harsh Siberian exile, does he realize his previous errors and bitterly repent of them, yearning for his abandoned and betrayed Motherland.

The idea of ​​patriotism and love of freedom permeates Ryleev’s next poem, “Nalivaiko,” which has come down to us in thirteen small excerpts, some of which were published during the poet’s lifetime in the almanac “Polar Star.”

Severin Nalivaiko - Ukrainian hetman of the 16th century, who raised a popular uprising against the Polish gentry, who then ruled Ukraine, and was executed in Warsaw in 1597. In him, Rylev saw a hero of the struggle for national independence, a courageous defender of his freedom-loving beliefs, persistent to the end. With pain in his soul, the hetman sees the grief of his native land, oppressed and enslaved by the enemies. His heart burns with hatred for foreign invaders, a thirst for just revenge, but at the same time with contempt for his compatriots who have resigned themselves to the foreign yoke:

To forgive centuries-old insults to the tyrants of the homeland And to leave the shame of insults Without just revenge - I am not able to: only a slave So it can be mean and weak. Can I see my Enslaved fellow countrymen with indifference? No no! My lot is to hate Equally tyrants and slaves.

But “Nalivaika’s Confession”, published in “Polar Star”, became even more famous. The tsarist censorship recklessly missed it, misled by the general patriotic nature of the plot. The censor then had to write, at the request of his superiors, unconvincing explanations. The excerpt from “Confession” clearly shows the “sacrifice” that was generally characteristic of Ryleev’s nature. In these concise and energetic verses, he seems to foresee his own fate:

I know: destruction awaits the One who first rises up against the oppressors of the people - Fate has already doomed me. But where, tell me, when was freedom redeemed without sacrifice? I will die for my native land - I feel it, I know... And joyfully, holy father, I bless my lot!

Ryleev remained faithful to the heroic theme in his native history to the end. His literary archive contains plans and sketches of future works, and all of them are related to the past of the Russian or Ukrainian people: “Haidamaki”, “Paley”, “Partisans”, poems about free Novgorod, an arrangement of “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign”.

A special place is occupied by propaganda songs, written in close collaboration with A. Bestuzhev. Simple in language, specific in content, these songs undoubtedly played an important role among the regiments preparing for the uprising.

Here is one of them:

How the blacksmith goes from the blacksmiths, glory! What is the blacksmith carrying? Yes, three knives: The first knife is for the villainous nobles, And the second knife is for the judges and the rogues, And having made a prayer, the third knife is for the king! Whoever gets it will come true, whoever gets it will not miss it. Glory!

Ryleev's legacy is small. In addition to “Voinarovsky,” he published only forty-five poems during his lifetime (including 21 “thoughts”). After the defeat of the December uprising, his name completely disappeared from the pages of almanacs and magazines. And only since 1856, when an amnesty was declared for the Decembrists exiled to Siberia, Ryleev’s poems gradually began to appear in print, and only then in connection with one or another memoir. True, earlier, abroad, Herzen and Ogarev began to publish individual poems by Ryleev. There, abroad, Gerbel published “The Complete Works of K. F. Ryleev” (Leipzig, 1861). But the domestic reader had the opportunity to become more or less fully acquainted with the works of the revolutionary poet only in 1872, through a collection of works and correspondence compiled by the famous literary critic of that time, P. A. Efremov. And then for the first time the poet’s appearance, his inner world, his unwavering revolutionary mood appeared with convincing evidence.

The entire creative path of K. Ryleev is marked by amazing consistency. At a relatively young age, he paid tribute to the then fashionable genres of chamber poetry (elegy, messages to friends, album impromptu), but was not too carried away by them, having a more worthy, socially significant goal in mind. For Ryleev, literature is, first of all, service to society. Since the poet's entry into the secret "Northern Society" in 1823, all of his work has been subordinated to the propaganda of revolutionary ideas.

With his passion for the civil theme, he contrasted his creativity, his personality with the epicurean poets or dreamy elegiacs. In this way he gained his own creative originality and outlined the only correct path that corresponded to his political and artistic convictions.

In the history of our poetry, K. Ryleev created the image of a poet, which is of great fundamental importance for its further development. Following Radishchev’s revolutionary ode and Pushkin’s freedom-loving lyrics, Ryleev established the theme of true citizenship and social protest, which was picked up and further continued by the work of Lermontov, Polezhaev, Ogarev and Nekrasov.

https://chany-kupeli.ru Norwegian jacuzzi wooden heated vat.

104190 Gladkova O

This summary is focused on the program of T.F. Kurdyumova, V.Ya. Korovina, V.P. Polukhina and others, and on the textbook by V.G. Marantsman. The lesson can be taught in 9th grade as part of the program or as an extracurricular reading lesson. The textbook by Sokolov Y.V. is used. “Civics”.

Lesson design: portrait of K.F. Ryleev, illustration from a painting by the artist Delacroix.

“Freedom”, musical etude by Chopin, the topic of the lesson and epigraph, demonstration materials are written on the board.

Preliminary preparation for the lesson: students receive assignments on cards, prepare proposed works for expressive reading, and work with dictionaries and reference books.

Lesson Objectives.

• To form in students an idea of ​​the social and moral categories of “citizenship” and “patriotism” as the leading ideas of Kondraty Ryleev’s work.
• Systematize the proposed and independently selected information, modify it based on the goals of communicative interaction.

Lesson-reflection on the topic: “I am not a POET, but a CITIZEN.”

Oh so! There is nothing higher
Purposes of the poet:
Holy truth is his duty,
The subject is useful to the world.

K. Ryleev.

During the classes.

1.Organizational moment. Students are divided into micro groups (3-4 people). Each group receives a task on a card.

2. The teacher's word.

Citizens of the Russian Federation! Can I address this message to everyone in class today? What meanings of the word “citizen” do you know? You've probably heard about the hero who accepted death for the Fatherland, they say: he was a warrior and a citizen. But they also say about Pushkin: poet and citizen. About the composer Glinka: musician and citizen.

Does this mean that a citizen is only an outstanding personality, or a soldier who died on the battlefields for the Fatherland, or a talented artist, or a singer? So who is a citizen? I invite you to reflect on these and other questions.

3. Lesson vocabulary. About the citizen.

Determine the meaning of words, and you will rid the world of half the misconceptions.

Tasks: Work in small groups and answer questions.

• What meanings of the word “citizen” do you know?
• What does it mean to “be a worthy son of the Fatherland”?
• What is the difference between a Citizen (with a capital C) and a citizen by birth?

Assignment to a group of linguists: work with different dictionaries of the Russian language and prepare a certificate about the meaning of the word “citizen”

Information for teachers. In V.I. Dahl’s dictionary the word “citizen” means:

Man as a city dweller;

Man as a member of the community;

Each person or person who makes up the nation, land, state.

In the “Dictionary of the Russian Language” by S.I. Ozhegov, the meanings are supplemented by the following:

A person belonging to the permanent population of a given state, enjoying its protection and endowed with a set of political and other rights;

An adult, a man, as well as a form of address;

In the “Dictionary of Modern Russian Literary Language” there are meanings:

A citizen is a person who serves the homeland, the people, and cares about the public good;

Non-military;

Unchurched.

In the “Etymological Dictionary” by N.M. Shansky you can find information about the history of the word: borrowed from the old glory. language, where “citizen” is a derivational calque from Greek, literally “resident of the city.” Modern meaning from Radishchev.

Assignment to a group of literary scholars.Remember the previously studied works of M. Lomonosov, G. Derzhavin, A. Radishchev and answer the question, what are the literary traditions of the formation and development of the theme of patriotism in Russian literature of the 18th century?

Information for teachers. One of the first who promoted the citizenship of poetry, its educational function and defined the role of the poet as a citizen was Antioch Cantemir: “Everything I write, I write as a citizen,” “... I can’t help but write: I can’t stand it.”

In the literature of the 18th century, in the works of Derzhavin and Lomonosov, the theme of patriotism and glorification of the power of the Russian state was developed. But the underdevelopment of social life determined the limited meaning of the word “patriot”. Alexander Radishchev brings an understanding of the influence of the social environment on character, recognition of the active principle of the human personality. He also introduces an element of citizenship.

In the book “Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow” in the chapter “Spasskaya Polest” Pryovzor says: “You come to know your faithful subjects who, far from you, do not love you, but love the fatherland; who are always ready for your defeat if it is avenged by the enslavement of a person. But they will not disturb civil peace untimely and uselessly.”

The instructive intonation of Fonvizin, the relentless analytical prose of Radishchev, the bold poetry of Derzhavin are so different, so identical in one thing - the most important thing in their work is that concern for the fate of the country is placed above all else.

Conclusion: in the formulation of the topic of our lesson, the word “citizen” is opposed to the word “poet”. Being a Decembrist, Ryleev sets the goal of his work as influencing the younger generation with the help of poetry, educating youth in the spirit of patriotism and citizenship. The logical emphasis falls on the word citizen, emphasizing the special significance of the concept. The word is used in the meaning of “a citizen-person serving the homeland, the people, caring for the public good” (high).

4. Preparation for the perception of new material.

“On the verge of two centuries

At the turn of two eras…” a new time was born.

Beginning of the 19th century. Time gave birth to new ideas and created new aesthetic ideals. We say December 14, 1825, the time of the Decembrists, but we put our bookish understanding into these words. The air of time, its colors, features - all this is almost lost to us. Art, history, and the memories of contemporaries remain as evidence of this time. Freedom, indomitability, eternal disagreement with the surrounding reality - these are the signs of a new era. They found their embodiment in Chopin's music.

(A fragment of Chopin’s “Revolutionary Etude” is played.)

This piece will be the musical epigraph to our lesson.

Stormy impulse, tragic despair, determination and doom, energy and loneliness are captured in the painting “Freedom” by the French artist Delacroix. Let this illustration be the visual epigraph of the lesson.

The Decembrists were among the first to respond to the calls of the time. “I remember how Ryleev’s serious verse struck like a bell and called to battle and death, as they call to a feast,” A. Herzen spoke about the verses of Kondraty Ryleev. It was the Decembrist poets who formed the new aesthetic ideal of the citizen, continuing the literary traditions of their predecessors.

We will turn to the poetry of K. Ryleev, we will try, by analyzing his works, to reveal the central image - a hero-fighter, a patriot and a citizen. This image is defined in Ryleev’s artistic formula about the purpose of the poet; with this line we outlined the topic of our conversation: “I am not a Poet, but a Citizen.”

5. Analytical reading of poems.

Exercise. Using the texts of the proposed works by K. Ryleev, identify and indicate the core qualities of the hero-fighter and compare them with the facts of the poet’s life. Does the Decembrist ideal of a citizen correspond to your ideas about a citizen of today? Present the results of your work in the form of a table.

A group of analysts, historians, literary scholars.

Card No. 1.

Read the poem “Citizen”. Questions: why does the poet call his time “fatal”? What does the poet see as the duty of a citizen? Describe the images of “reborn Slavs”, the image of a citizen, etc. What do the author and his hero have in common?

Information for teachers. On November 27, 1825, constant meetings were held at Ryleev’s apartment. Ryleev critically assesses the situation and finds it bleak. He shows resourcefulness, perseverance, and outlines practical measures. His fiery speeches captivate some, encourage those who are confused, and pour contempt on those who are frightened. Shortly before the uprising, the poet writes the famous poem “Will I be at the fatal time...” It most vividly promotes the image of a hero-fighter. This person selflessly fights for freedom, is an example of civic valor, and has a purposeful heroic character. This image is contrasted with the images of “reborn Slavs”. These are those who have retreated from the political struggle, spend their lives in sensuality, have forgotten their civic duty, have lost their courage, and are socially passive.

The poem is addressed not to a narrow circle of people, but to the entire generation. Hence the agitation structure, the declamatory intonation. This is the speech of an orator, a tribune, preaching his political convictions. Words are chosen not according to their substantive precision, but to serve as a means of civic evaluation.

Conclusion: words for the table - freedom fighter, speaker, purposeful, has a heroic character.

Card No. 2

Read the poem “Stanzas” (“The prophecies did not come true, my friend...”), the chapter “Confession of Nalivaika” from the poem “Nalivaiko”.

Questions: what features of the hero-fighter are revealed in these works? How do they relate to the poet’s character traits?

Information for teachers. On the night of December 13-14, the conspirators gathered at Ryleev’s apartment, and here a plan of action was finally developed. The officers had to disperse to the barracks and lead the raised troops to Senate Square. “How wonderful Ryleev was that evening,” recalled Bestuzhev. “His speech flowed like fiery lava. I admired him, sitting on the side. They separated in the morning. The young poet Odoevsky exclaimed with admiration: “We will die, oh, how gloriously we will die!” Only Ryleev was serious. He restrainedly said to one of his friends: “Yes, there are few prospects for success, but still we must begin: beginning and example will bear fruit.” Realizing the failure of the uprising, the Decembrists were not afraid, but made sacrifices for the sake of their descendants, with the thought of new generations. It was not the desire to suffer, not a spectacular pose, but an awareness of sacrifice, exceptional honesty, courage and bravery - that was what guided the Decembrists.

Excerpt from the poem:

I know: destruction awaits
The one who rises first
On the oppressors of the people, -
Fate has already doomed me.
But where, tell me, when was it
Freedom redeemed without sacrifice?
I will die for my native land, -
I feel it, I know...
And joyfully, holy father,
I bless my lot!

Conclusion: the absence of vanity and the desire for glory are alien to the hero of the poem and to Ryleev. In the elegy “Stanza” the hero’s bitter complaints about the “bitter lot of loneliness” are heard, because people disappointed the poet:

All of them have an insensitive soul,
Only for your own benefit
Keep the heat artificial
For the common good of people.

Words for the table: loneliness, lack of vanity and desire for fame, sacrifice, honesty.

Card number 3.

Exercise. In the poems “K.N.N.” (You wanted to visit, my friend...), “Vera Nikolaevna Stolypina”, in the poem “Nalivaiko” in the chapter “You have been my friend for a long time, Loboda”, see what the revaluation of ideas about friendship, about family, about love is in Ryleev’s work.

Information for teachers. The Decembrist understanding of civic valor, “love for the public good” was associated with the requirement to subordinate all feelings, all life to a single goal. The poems re-evaluate traditional ideas. In “Elegy” (1824) we read:

My wishes came true
Long-time dreams have come true,
My cruel suffering
You recognized my love...

But the hero-fighter must subordinate passion, doubts, hesitations, and weaknesses of the soul to the great idea.

It's not your love that I need,
Other things await me...
One war makes me happy,
Some are fighting alarms.
Love doesn't come to mind:
Alas! My homeland is suffering, -
The soul is in the excitement of heavy thoughts
Now he longs for freedom.

In the poem, addressing Loboda, in the words of Nalivaika, Ryleev defines his understanding of the duty of a family man and citizen:

But you are a father, but you are a husband,
It's high time, my friend,
To be not husbands, but husbands...
No, not one love for my wife
My mind teaches me to be more careful...

The hero sees the “sacred duty of a mother” in the fact that she must:

Raise beautiful children...
Let their fellow citizens see them
Ready to fall beyond our native land,
Let them hate
A lie with a fiery soul.

Conclusion: these lines give the intimate lyrics a civil character, turning them into a passionate appeal.

Words for the table: renunciation of family, of love, and the ability to subordinate the individual to a general idea.

6. Let's summarize.

It is a delicate matter to try to challenge the testimony of contemporaries, even if they are obtained second-hand. “Ryleev came on time,” said the literary critic Yu. Verkhovsky and continued, “Ryleev is the focus of civil poetry, as it could most fully express itself in the conditions of time, environment, its ideology and artistic taste.” So, let's present the results of our research in a table.

Aesthetic ideal, your ideal citizen in Ryleev’s poetry:

• freedom fighter
• purposefulness of character
• speaker
• citizen-poet
• lack of vanity
• sacrifice
• honesty
• loneliness
• refusal of love
• subordination of the individual to the general idea
• concern for the public good.

Exercise: Fill out column 2 of the table, enter those feelings of a person that, in your opinion, are more civil. Compare your observations and write a short essay “What is required to be useful to society and the state?” (This essay topic was proposed to A. Ulyanov).

7. Prospect for the development of the topic. To continue the conversation, I invite those who are passionate about literature and who are interested in the topic of our conversation. I suggest you consider the following points:

– Gogol is an example of a writer-citizen of his country.

- You may not be a poet,
But you have to be a citizen.

N. Nekrasov “Poet and Citizen” (1856)

- In the days of the revolution, to be a Man, not a citizen...

M. Voloshin 1925.

– A poet in Russia is more than a poet,
Poets are destined to be born in it.
Only to those in whom the proud spirit of citizenship roams,
For those who have no comfort, there is no peace.

E. Yevtushenko 1965.

List of used literature.

1. Veresaev V. “Pushkin’s Companions.” M., “Soviet sport”, 1993.
2. Markov A. “Kondraty Ryleev.” (Poem in the magazine “Ogonyok” No. 38-39, 40 for 1980).
3. Maric M. “Northern Lights”
4. Radishchev A. “Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow”, M., Moskovsky Rabochiy, 1959.
5. Ryleev K. “Russian poetry of the 19th – early 20th centuries.”, M., “Fiction” 1987.

Municipal autonomous educational institution

Lavrovo secondary school

Novgorod region, Demyansky district

ABSTRACT

Work theme:

“I am not a poet, but a citizen”

Performed by Boytsov Victor,

9th grade student

Head Nechaeva Vera Viktorovna,

Teacher of Russian language and literature

Introduction……………………………………………………3

From the history of the Decembrist movement………………3

Poet-Decembrist Kondraty Fedorovich Ryleev........5

Creativity of K.F. Ryleev…………………………......6

1. Duma…………………………………………………………...6

   Propaganda-satirical songs………………..8

   Lyrics………………………………………………………9

   Poems………………………………………………………...10

Conclusion…………………………………………. ..12

Sources of information……………………………..13

1. Introduction.

In connection with the approach of a memorable date - the 190th anniversary of the events on Senate Square and the uprising of the Chernigov Regiment - December 25, I became interested in this topic and decided that this event in the history of my country would be interesting for me, because I study history with great interest, I participate in school and district events. I, like many others, am not indifferent to the fate of the Firstborn of Freedom, who connected their lives with the establishment in society of the ideals of Courage, Humanism, and Social Justice.

I chose the nomination “Cultural Heritage of the Decembrists” because of all the Decembrist poetry, the poetry of K.F. Ryleev was and remains the most emotionally incendiary and original. Freedom was glorified and sung by the Decembrist poets V. Kuchelbecker, A. Odoevsky, V. Raevsky, A. Bestuzhev, F. Glinka. Much of what was written by the Decembrists did not see the light of day or disappeared completely. The writings of the Decembrists, as well as documents relating to the activities of secret societies, were destroyed by the authors themselves, their relatives, and the authorities. And what survived remained under censorship ban for many decades in Tsarist Russia. The works of the Decembrists, printed abroad in the Free Russian Printing House founded by Herzen and in other places, could not have legal distribution in Russia. Even after the revolution of 1905. readers did not receive the complete works of the Decembrist poets. And only after the October Revolution of 1917. the opportunity arose to make many previously unknown works of the Decembrists into the public domain.

The school curriculum still includes topics on studying the works of poets and writers of that time. It was with great interest that I became acquainted with the work of one of these remarkable people.

2. From the history of the Decembrist movement.

Decembrists - participants in secret societies of 1816-1825, who organized armed uprisings against the state system of the Russian Empire in St. Petersburg on December 14, 1825 and in Ukraine on December 29, 1825.

In 1814, the first secret societies arose, copying Masonic lodges: “Order of Russian Knights”, “Sacred Artel”, “Semyonovskaya Artel”, as well as the circle of V.F. Raevsky.

On February 9, 1816, a group of members of the “Sacred” and “Semyonovskaya” artels led by:

Alexander Muravyov;

Nikita Muravyov;

Matvey Muravyov-Apostol;

Sergei Muravyov-Apostol;

Sergei Trubetskoy;

Ivan Yakushkin;.

Pavel Pestel;

Ivan Pushchin;

Mikhail Lunin

established the “Union of Salvation” - a society of true and faithful sons of the Fatherland. It consisted of about 30 people.

At the beginning of 1818, instead of the “Union of Salvation”, the “Union of Welfare” arose, uniting about 200 people at the first stage.

In February 1821, on the basis of the “Union of Welfare”, the Southern Society arose in Ukraine with a center in Tulchin, led by a Directory of three people. The de facto leader was Pavel Pestel, the author of the Southern Society’s “Russian Truth” program.

In the fall of 1822, the Northern Society took shape in St. Petersburg, headed by a Duma of three people. Its chairman was Nikita Muravyov, the author of the Northern Society’s “Constitution” program.

In 1826, it was planned to unite the Northern and Southern societies and carry out a military coup in the summer of that year. But life made its own adjustments. Emperor Alexander died on November 19, 1825I. A situation of interregnum arose for 25 days. First, everyone swore allegiance to Konstantin Pavlovich, Alexander’s brotherI, but according to the will, his other brother, Nikolai Pavlovich, was declared heir. The new oath was planned to take place on December 14, 1825.

The Decembrists were not ready to perform; the situation agitated the people and the army. The conspirators decided on a military coup. They were going to force the senators to sign the “Manifesto to the Russian People,” which proclaimed the overthrow of the autocracy, the abolition of serfdom, and the formation of a Constituent Assembly to create a constitution. Kondraty Ryleev and Ivan Pushchin were going to deliver the Manifesto to the Senate.

On December 14, at about 11 o’clock, three regiments entered Senate Square: the Moscow Life Guards, the Grenadier Life Guards and the Guards Marine Crew. The plan drawn up the day before at Ryleev’s apartment collapsed. It was not possible to disrupt the oath. 3,000 rebel soldiers and 30 Decembrist officers lined up in a square at the monument to Peter the Great. Governor-General M. Miloradovich tried to persuade them to swear allegiance to Nicholas, but P. Kakhovsky killed him with a pistol shot. At about 6 o'clock in the evening, on the orders of Nicholas, they began to fire from cannons at the rebels. Some fled into nearby streets, others were arrested. Soon there was a Decembrist uprising in the South. By the time it began, Pavel Pestel and the entire Tulchin government were arrested, so Sergei Muravyov-Apostol managed to raise only the Chernigov infantry regiment on December 29. On January 3, it was defeated, the seriously wounded Muravyov-Apostol and other leaders of the uprising were arrested.

The Supreme Criminal Court considered the cases of 121 Decembrists. Five of them were sentenced to death: Pavel Pestel, Kondraty Ryleev, Sergei Muravyov-Apostol, Mikhail Bestuzhev-Ryumin, Pyotr Kakhovsky. They were hanged on July 13, 1826 in the Peter and Paul Fortress. More than 120 people were exiled to Siberia. Other officers were demoted to rank and file and sent to combat units in the Caucasus.

Only in 1856 AlexanderIIreturned 40 Decembrists from exile.

This is a brief history of the Decembrist movement. The Decembrists were leaders of the first, noble, stage of the revolutionary movement in Russia. The Decembrist uprising was also of great importance for revolutionary agitation. The profiles of the five executed Decembrists depicted on the cover of the revolutionary magazine Polar Star, published by Herzen abroad, became a symbol of the Decembrist uprising. Its defeat was the most important lesson for subsequent generations of revolutionaries. The Decembrists bequeathed to them their revolutionary experience, and this experience showed that an uprising that does not rely on the active support of the masses is doomed to defeat.

But behind this whole epic are the fates of many people whose names remain in the history of Russia forever: A. Pushkin, A. Griboedov, Yu. Lermontov, N. Nekrasov, F. Glinka, L. Tolstoy and others.

3. Decembrist poet - Kondraty Fedorovich Ryleev.

Among the Decembrists there were many direct cultural figures - writers, poets and scientists who contributed to the cultural development of Russia.

The name of the remarkable Russian revolutionary, the Decembrist poet Kondraty Fedorovich Ryleev, one of the most active participants in the uprising of December 14, is well known. Ryleev’s work is an example of inspired civic poetry.

Ryleev “ignited everyone... with his persistence...” - claimed the participants in the uprising. Although Ryleev was clearly aware that the chances of success of an armed uprising against tsarism were negligible, he did not deviate from the idea of ​​its necessity. “I predict that there will be no success, but shock is necessary... we will teach others through our failure,” said the poet. Hatred of despotism and readiness for self-sacrifice awoke in Ryleev in his adolescence.

Kondraty Fedorovich was born on September 18, 1795 in the village of Batov, not far from St. Petersburg. His father, a retired colonel, chose a military career for his son. As a five-year-old boy, the future poet had already left his parents' home: he was placed in the St. Petersburg Cadet Corps.

Having a hard time with any manifestation of violence and cruelty, little Ryleev, at the time of his cadet life, sometimes lay down under the rod instead of guilty fellow students, preferring to be innocently punished than to witness the suffering and humiliation of his comrades.

In 1814, he graduated from the cadet corps with the rank of ensign and was sent to the 1st artillery brigade and took part in a foreign campaign in a number of Western European countries... there he got the opportunity to become closely acquainted with a more advanced social structure compared to Russia, which, according to him, it helped strengthen his love of freedom.

At the end of 1818, Kondraty Fedorovich retired with the rank of second lieutenant, got married and with his young wife in January 1819 moved first to Batovo to his mother, and then to St. Petersburg, where from January 1821 he held the elective position of assessor of the chamber of the criminal court.

4. Creativity of K.F. Ryleev

Ryleev began his efforts in literature while still in the cadet corps, and since 1820 he has been appearing in print. But his first works did not attract public attention. Wide fame came to him after the publication in the October issue of the popular magazine “Nevsky Spectator” of the satire “To the Temporary Worker,” in which he fearlessly and sharply exposed Arakcheev:

“An arrogant temporary worker, and vile and insidious,

The monarch is a cunning flatterer and an ungrateful friend,

Furious tyrant of his native country,

A villain elevated to an important rank through slyness!”

4.1. Duma

At the beginning of 1825, Ryleev published his historical ballads, united by one theme, in one book called “Dumas”. The heroes of Ryleev's thoughts are courageous fighters for the independence and power of the homeland, passionate denouncers of injustice. Among these heroic images, opposing the images of tyrants - Svyatopolk, Dmitry the Pretender and others, are the ancient Russian prince-military leaders Oleg and Svyatoslav, Mstislav Udaloy, and the legendary Novgorod republican Vadim, and the brave commander Dmitry Donskoy, and such historical figures as Rogneda, Volynsky . In his gallery of historical patriotic figures, Ryleev introduced both the legendary Boyan and the greatest poet XVIIIcentury Derzhavin, in whom he saw a staunch “defender of the public good”, “with truthful verse” who kindled “valor in young hearts.” Ryleev's thoughts were the writer's poetic response to the demands of his day. Ever since the Patriotic War of 1812, interest in the heroic past of the motherland, in its historical figures, starting from ancient times, has sharply increased in Russian society, and the topics of Russian history powerfully attracted both readers and writers. Like the fate of his native people, Kondraty Fedorovich was deeply concerned about the fate of the Ukrainian people oppressed by tsarism, a special interest in whose history arose in him during his life in the Ostrog district. In 1822, Ryleev published the Duma “Bogdan Khmelnytsky” about the glorious Ukrainian hetman, under whom the reunification of Ukraine with Russia took place in 1654.

Oleg the Prophet

“...The people, seeing from the steep bank

Return of your regiments,

Glorified the exploits of Oleg

And he praised the gods.

All Kyiv is in a magnificent feast

He expressed his delight

And Prince Prophetic nickname

I gave it unanimously."

1821 or 1822

Olga at Igor's grave

"The autumn wind was raging,

Twisting the trees with leaves,

And the ancient pines rocked

Over the dark hills.

A gray fog rose from the clearing

And he hid everything from view;

Only Igorev turned the mound blue,

Like a formidable bulk..."

1821 or 1822

Svyatoslav

“...Suddenly a river of blood gushed out!..

The brave Weisman fell, but with honor;

And a swarm of regiment riders

The Muslims were hit with revenge.

The enemies mixed up, gave the rear -

And the field was covered with corpses,

And the Russian banner hoisted

Where the forefathers crushed the Greeks."

1822

Boyan

“On the banks of the Dnieper, having defeated the Bulgarians,

Vladimir the Sun has returned

And in the bright gridnitsa, in the circle of princes, boyars,

Having fun with friends at a noisy feast..."

1821

Bohdan Khmelnytsky

“In the midst of a gloomy and damp dungeon, where he secretly penetrated,

Sliding along the arches, the ray of the morning star

And the horror of the place illuminated, -

In chains, both menacing and gloomy,

Khmelnitsky was lying on the ground;

Dark thoughts were seething in him

And they expressed themselves on their foreheads..."

1821

Ivan Susanin

“Where are you taking us?..I can’t see a thing! –

Susanin's enemies cried out with heart. –

We get stuck and drown in drifts of snow;

We know that we won’t be able to stay with you for the night.

You've probably lost your way, brother, on purpose;

But you won’t be able to save Mikhail!”

1822

4.2 Propaganda-satirical songs

Sharing completely Pushkin’s conviction that “no amount of wealth can outbid the influence of a published thought,” from 1823 Ryleev, in collaboration with A. Bestuzhev, began to write propaganda and satirical songs for dissemination in military units, among the working people. If the poems that Ryleev addressed to the educated part of society were characterized by a certain solemnity of style, and sometimes a certain archaism of the language (“To the Temporary Worker”), then his propaganda songs were an example of simplicity and nationality both in vocabulary and rhythm. Oral creativity, folk soldiers' songs - the basis on which they relied. Sharply protesting against serfdom, the arbitrariness of officials, and excessive taxes, the authors of the song openly hint at the need for a revolutionary struggle for the rights of the people:

“And what was taken away by force,

We will help you out by force."

“Our Tsar is a Russian German -

Wears a narrow uniform.

Oh yes king, oh yes king,

Orthodox sovereign!

Where does he reign?

Every day in the playpen.

Oh yes king, oh yes king,

Orthodox sovereign!

Presses his elbows

Picks it up with its claws.

Oh yes king, oh yes king,

Orthodox sovereign!..”

1823

“Say, speak, Like a snub-nosed villain

As in Russia the tsars reigned over it -

They rule. Woe!

Tell me quickly, but Lord, Russian God,

How the Tsars in Russia Helped Poor People

They're putting pressure. Soon".

Like Peter's corporals

They escorted me out of the yard

Quiet.

And the wife is in front of the palace

She rode around on horseback

Famously. Between 1822 and 1825

4.3. Lyrics

Working on his thoughts, poems, songs, Ryleev never completely betrayed either the lyrics or the civic character of the poems with which he began his path as a poet. In the years preceding the uprising, he writes “On the Death of Byron, in which he glorifies the poet as a fighter against tyranny who sacrificed his life for the freedom of the oppressed people - the Greeks; a poem addressed to V.N. Stolypina, inspired by the idea of ​​emancipation of the motherland; “On the Death of Chernov,” glorifying the hero who fought against vice, the carrier of which is a man from high society.

"On the Death of Byron"

“Among the horrors of war, what is it about?

Melancholy and funeral mourning?

Where do they run when the sad sound rings?

Sons of Holy Greece?

I've been wet for a long time from tears and blood

Hellas in the midst of holy struggle;

What a misfortune of fate again

Are they threatening the homeland of Themistocles?..

…When he finished his youth

In a country far from home,

Killed by cruel sadness,

The Greek told Europe about him:

"Friends of freedom and Hellas,

Everywhere in tears as a reproach to fate;

Only tyrants and slaves

His sudden death is welcome."

Vera Nikolaevna Stolypina

“Do not poison your souls with sadness,

Don't kill yourself: you are a mother;

Sacred duty to you

Raise beautiful children.

Let their fellow citizens see them

Ready to fall beyond our native land,

Let them hate

Lies with a fiery soul;

Let in the host of young giants

To the horror of the proud we will see them

And we will boldly say: know that they

Father Stolypin, grandfather Mordvinov."

1825

You wanted to visit, my friend

My secluded corner

When the soul was exhausted

In the fight against the fatal disease,

Your sweet gaze, your magical gaze

I wanted to revive the sufferer,

You wanted healing peace

Pour into the excited soul.

Your joyful participation,

Your attention, dear friend,

My happiness is restored again

And they heal my illness..."

1824 or 1825

3. Poems

“Voinarovsky” is the only poem completed by Ryleev. The central place in it is given to the story of Voinarovsky, exiled to Yakutsk after the defeat of Mazepa, and his misadventures. Deceived by Mazepa, who hid his power-hungry plans from him, Voinarovsky is portrayed by Ryleev as having still not fully realized the anti-national orientation of his uprising after Mazepa’s defeat.

“He was modest from his youth,”

And, wanderer, I repeat: I don’t know,

What's in the depths of your soul

He cooked for his native land.

But I know that, hidden,

Love, kinship and the voice of nature,

I would be the first to defeat him,

If only he became an enemy of freedom.”

The poem was regarded by the writer's contemporaries as an undoubted creative success. Soon after Ryleev moved to St. Petersburg, two important events occurred in his life: on the recommendation of A. Delvig, he was accepted into the Free Society of Lovers of Russian Literature, which united opposition-minded writers, and he met Pushkin.

Several letters from Ryleev to Pushkin and three letters from Pushkin to Ryleev have been preserved. Pushkin's letters indicate that he followed Ryleev's poetic growth with great interest and close attention. From A.S. Pushkin’s letter to Ryleev: “I think you have already received my comments on “Voinarovsky.” I’ll add one thing: wherever I said nothing, it should imply praise, exclamation marks, wonderful, etc.” Pushkin's approval was extremely important for Ryleev. Pushkin also gave high praise to an excerpt from the new poem “Paley” conceived by Ryleev, published in the journal “Northern Bee”.

Excerpt from the first part of the poem “Voinarovsky”:

"In the land of blizzards and snows,

On the banks of the wide Lena,

A long row of houses turns black

And the yurt has log walls.

There's a pine fence all around

Rising from the deep snows,

And with pride to the wild valley

The tops of the high churches are looking;

A dense forest rustles in the distance,

The snowy plains are turning white,

And the flinty mountains stretch

Various peaks..."

The only poem completed by Ryleev. Between 1822 and 1825 the commonwealth with the A. people, of particular interest

5. Conclusion

Ryleev is the first Russian poet to take up arms against the autocracy. His words never differed from his deeds.

Not only the themes and ideological orientation of Ryleev’s works, but also his artistic style distinguished Ryleev among the poets of the first quarter of the 10th century.IX century. His style is characterized, on the one hand, by romantic elation, on the other, by deep seriousness, due to his unshakable belief in the correctness of his position in life, his business.

The writing life of Kondraty Fedorovich Ryleev lasted only one five years. It ended at the time when he firmly set out on an original poetic path. Ryleev had exceptional charm and a rare attractive force. Charm, an unshakable belief that the “hopes” for the abolition of serfdom, for the revolutionary transformation of the homeland would be “fulfilled,” poetic, youthful audacity made him not only the leader, but also the soul of Northern society.

“Ryleev was a poet of the social life of his time. Although he said about himself: “I am not a poet, but a citizen,” one cannot help but recognize in him as much a poet as a citizen. Passionately throwing himself into the political field, with unblemished purity of heart, thought and activity, he sought to express in his poetic works a sense of truth, right, honor, freedom, love for the homeland and people, holy hatred of all violence...” - this is how Ogarev wrote about him in his preface to the Dumas.

Having passed away early, Ryleev did not have time to say much of what he could and wanted to say... But what he left behind paints us a wonderful image of a poet-fighter, one of those glorious Russian patriots, about whom we can say in the words of A. Herzen :

“These are some kind of heroes, forged from pure steel from head to toe, warrior-companions who deliberately went out to obvious death in order to awaken the younger generation to a new life and cleanse the children born into an environment of execution and servility.”

While working on an essay on the topic “Cultural Heritage of the Decembrists,” I learned a lot about myself. I was struck by the depth of thought and fortitude of the poet Kondraty Fedorovich Ryleev. Poems, thoughts, poems and songs of Ryleev, capturing the unbending image of the revolutionary poet, excite everyone who touched his work. Knowing what you are going into and thinking that you will lose, but based on your example, your descendants will not repeat your mistakes, this can be called courage. Not everyone can love their homeland as much as the Decembrists did at the present time.

6. Sources of information:

School encyclopedia. Russian historyXVII- XIXcentury. Publishing house "Loma-Press Education" 2003.

Decembrists. M.V. Nechkina. Publishing house "Science" 1984.

K.F. Ryleev. Favorites. Publishing house "Children's Literature" 1972.