How does transcription differ from transliteration? Analysis of examples of transcription and transliteration in technical literature

There are many ways to translate a lexical unit of the original text, especially if this unit does not have equivalents in the target language. The most interesting methods used by the translator in this case are transcription, transliteration and tracing.

So, what are transcription and transliteration? Transcription is the reproduction of the sound of a foreign word, and transliteration is the reproduction of the letter composition of a foreign word in the target language. The most common type of translation in translation is a symbiosis of transcription and transliteration. Due to the fact that the phonetic and graphic structures different languages are very different from each other, then the process of transliteration and transcription of a linguistic unit is very conditional.

If we consider individual language pairs, it becomes clear that for each of them there must be a separate list of transcription and transliteration rules. In particular, the English-Russian translation is characterized by the transliteration of some consonants that cannot be pronounced; transliteration of reduced vowels; the transmission of double consonants between vowels, as well as those at the end of a word; preservation of the spelling features of a separate language unit.

This is evidenced by, for example, words related to English public life, as “peer”, “mayor”, “landlord”, “esquire”, or to Spanish as “hidalgo”, “torero”, “bullfight”, etc.; words related to the life of a French city, such as “fiacre”, “concierge”; English addresses "miss", "sir" and many others like them. There is no word that could not be translated into another language, at least descriptively, i.e. a common combination of words in a given language. But transliteration is necessary precisely when it is important to maintain the lexical brevity of the designation, corresponding to its familiarity in the original language, and at the same time emphasize the specificity of the named thing or concept, if there is no exact correspondence in the target language. When assessing the appropriateness of using transliteration, it is necessary to take into account exactly how important the transfer of this specificity is. If the latter is not required, then the use of transliteration turns into abuse of foreign borrowings, leads to obscuring the meaning and clogging native language.
Particular attention should be paid to the translation problem of the so-called realia, the naming of national- cultural sites, characteristic of the source culture and relatively little or not known at all to the translating culture. In conditions of large-scale intercultural communication, such names constitute a very significant group, and the most common way of transmitting them in another language is translation transcription or standard transliteration.

The expediency and legitimacy of transliteration in certain cases is proven by the fact that often authors writing about the life of other peoples resort to this linguistic means as a way to name and emphasize the reality specific to the life of a given people. The Russian language included, for example, the words “aul”, “kishlak”, “saklya” and many others, and it was in this transliteration that they became traditional. This emphasized the specificity of the thing denoted by the word, its difference from what could be approximately denoted by the corresponding Russian word (cf. “aul” and “kishlak”, on the one hand, and “village”, on the other, “saklya” or “ hut" and "hut").

An example of words borrowed from original literature through transliteration serves as motivation for using such words in translation. Often foreign words are transferred into the target language precisely to highlight the shade of specificity that is inherent in the reality they express - if possible lexical translation, more or less accurate. When a transliterated word is rarely used or, especially, transferred to a Russian translated text for the first time, a commentary explanation and appropriate context are sometimes necessary.

However, in Russian translations of Western European fiction behind Lately there is an increasing tendency to avoid words that would require explanatory notes not intended by the original - i.e. namely transliterated designations of foreign realities, in addition to those that have already become familiar.

On the contrary, in modern translations from Eastern languages, transliteration is used quite often when talking about things or phenomena specific to material or social life, i.e. that have no correspondence with us. Transliteration and transcription are used to translate proper names, names of peoples and tribes, geographical names, names of business institutions, companies, firms, periodicals, names of sports teams, stable groups of rock musicians, cultural objects, etc. Most of these names are relatively easy to translate or, less commonly, transliterate:
Hollywood - Hollywood
Pencey - Pansy
Saxon Hall - Saxon Hall
Robert Tichener - Robert Tichener
Bank of London - Bank of London
Minnesota - Minnesota
Wall Street Journal – Wall Street Journal
Detroit Red Wings - Detroit Red Wings
Beatles - The Beatles, etc.

The names and titles of fantastic creatures mentioned in folklore and literary sources are also transcribed:
Baba Yaga
Hobbit - Hobbit
goblin - goblin, etc.
In relation to foreign proper names - be they first or last names of real or fictitious persons, geographical names, etc. – the question of their sound design during translation and – accordingly – their writing is of great importance. The more discrepancies there are in the phonetic structure of two languages, in the composition and system of their phonemes, the more acute this issue is.

In the presence of common system alphabet in two languages ​​(as, for example, in Western European Romance, Germanic and Finno-Ugric languages), they generally refuse to reproduce the sound form of names in translations and in original texts, limiting themselves only to the exact reproduction of their spelling - transliteration.

In Russian literature - both translated and original - there is (to the extent possible) a tradition of conveying the sound appearance of foreign-language proper names. Of course, if there is a significant phonetic discrepancy between two languages ​​(as, for example, between English and Russian), the reproduction of their phonetic side can only be partial and conditional and usually represents a certain compromise between the transmission of sound and spelling.
When it comes to common names (big cities, rivers, famous historical figures) or common names, the translator is guided by tradition - regardless of the possibility of getting closer to the original sound. Sometimes the traditional Russian spelling is quite close to the exact phonetic form of a foreign name, for example: “Schiller”, “Byron”, “Dante”, “Brandenburg”, etc.
Anthony Wayne Avenue - Anthony Wayne street.
The rule of applying translation transcription or transliteration to names that exists in translation practice often turns out to be insufficient if a proper name is burdened with a symbolic function, that is, it becomes the name of a unique object, or is used not as a name, but as, for example, a nickname, that is, it is a kind of name a common noun, as it reflects the individual characteristics and properties of the named object. In such cases, in addition to transcription or instead of it, a combination of semantic translation and tracing is used. In some cases, tradition will require different renderings of the same name in the same language for different texts: thus the English "George" is usually transcribed as "George", but when it is the name of a king, it is transliterated as " George".
Some problems may arise when translating names educational institutions in the context of different educational traditions in different countries. Thus, in the American education system, the word school is widely used to describe a number of educational institutions, completely different in level and type.

Translation from Russian may also have some difficulties: for example, the word institute in Russia is used to designate a higher educational institution, as well as a research or even administrative institution, while in English speaking countries the word institute is used only in the second meaning, and therefore is not always adequate as a correspondence, since it distorts the essence of the original concept.
Whooton School - Whooton School
Finally, a special type of linguistic units that are usually transcribed are terms. The source of transcriptions is usually Greek, Latin or English units, depending on which roots underlie the original term. Russian terms, marked by national flavor, also often become the object of transcription when translated into English:
chernozem – chernozem
Duma - Duma.

Igor. Update: October 1, 2018.

Hello, dear readers of the blog site! I decided to devote this post to the topic of transliteration, which, in a nutshell, is the rules for writing text using signs of another language (say, in Russian in Latin).

I think almost all users have encountered this phenomenon, and many have used transliteration, transmitting their thoughts in Russian, but writing them down in English letters, simply not having a Russian-language keyboard layout in the visual display.

Such texts (notes or messages), written in Latin characters, can still be found on some forums. Moreover, their users write, mostly without following any rules that exist and which we will talk about below. The main goal of such communication is to convey information to an audience that would adequately perceive it.

Some used (and still use) transliteration from Russian into English when sending SMS from a mobile phone, if there is no corresponding language option. However, these are not the only examples of the use of translit. Today we’ll talk about this.

Rules of transliteration and its difference from transcription

To begin with, let’s define the basic concepts for a more precise understanding of the subject, and also understand the fundamental difference between such terms as “transcription” and “transliteration.”

Transcription is a broad concept that means transmitting sounds as accurately as possible specific language through a certain system of symbols.

Transliteration provides the display of letters of one script using characters of another script, without placing emphasis on pronunciation.

Words written using special characters are extremely useful for mastering correct pronunciation when learning foreign languages. Here are some examples of transcription of Russian words in Latin in IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet) format:

Address - ˈadrʲɪs Alexey - ɐlʲɪksʲˈej Almanac - ɐlʲmɐnˈax Gogol - ɡˈoɡəlʲ Dmitry - dmʲˈitrʲɪj Evgeniy - jɪvɡʲˈenʲɪj Yekaterinburg - jɪkətʲɪrʲ ɪnbˈurk Mikhail - mʲɪxɐˈil Dictionary - slɐvˈarʲ Tatyana - tɐtʲjˈænə Julia - jˈʉlʲɪjə Yuri - jˈʉrʲɪj

Most languages ​​(including English and Russian) have their own rules of transcription, when each word has a corresponding phonetic analogue that describes its sound. Here are a couple of examples:

Smile - smile (Russian transcription) smile - (English transcription)

Moreover, letters and words in Cyrillic can be transcribed into English, and vice versa.

The task of transliteration, as we have already defined, is to simply display the symbols of one script using the signs of another. Then the Russian words given above as an example (including names) will be translated transliterated into the same English as follows:

Address - Addresses Alexey - Aleksej Almanac - Al"manah Gogol - Gogol" Dmitry - Dmitrij Evgeniy - Evgenij Ekaterinburg - Ekaterinburg Mikhail - Mihail Dictionary - Slovar" Tatyana - Tat"jana Julia - Julija Yuri - Jurij

I think now difference between transcription and transliteration in the general meaning of these terms is obvious. There are many transliteration standards, sometimes incompatible with each other. Historically, several state standards (GOST) have been adopted, including Soviet time regulated transliteration.

Today the international standard is in force ISO-9 regulating general principles translation from Russian into Latin. Its main advantage is that it eliminates ambiguity in interpretation.

In it, each letter of the Cyrillic alphabet corresponds to a specific letter of the Latin alphabet or its combination with a special symbol (diacrit). Diacritics- special superscript or subscript characters that are added to letters.

A striking example is the """ symbol present in some of the transliterated words presented above (say, Tat"jana), which denotes a softening of consonants (analogous soft sign"ь" in the Russian alphabet). As a result of this correspondence, reverse transliteration is possible even if the language is not recognized.

Despite the existence of the international standard ISO-9, which very clearly reflects the principles of translating characters of the Russian alphabet into Latin ones, it is not the only one, since in various areas alternative ground rules apply.

If you are intrigued by this topic and want to take a closer look at it, then you can find a list of all the main standards for transliterating Cyrillic languages ​​using the Latin alphabet on a special Wikipedia page.

Transliteration methods used in practice

After presenting the theoretical part, it’s time to dwell on the types of practical use of transliteration. Here they are:

1. Practical transcription- is based on a standard like ISO-9, which I mentioned above. It is necessary to maintain not only grammatical, but also phonetic correspondence between both languages. In other words, it is necessary to find a “golden mean” in the spelling and sound of a particular word based on both languages.

The advantage of this method is easier text entry. In this case, only Latin characters are used. True, slight difficulties may arise when reading some specific consonants that have the following correspondences: “zh-zh”, “ch-ch”, “sh-sh”, “shch-shch”.

It is also used when sending SMS, and also often in the addresses of Russian-language websites and when working with software that does not support the Cyrillic alphabet. Below is a table of the most commonly used rules for transliteration of the Russian alphabet in Latin:

Please note that some Russian letters correspond to several variants of Latin characters (v, d, e, e, zh, z, j, k, l, x, c, ch, sh, shch, ъ, ы, ь, е, yu, I). They are arranged in descending order of popularity of application.

2. Gamer language(alternative name “Volapuk encoding”) - Latin letters are used here along with numbers and punctuation marks. He received this name because such transliteration is popular among gamers (computer game players).

The fact is that in such games there are generally no options for using the Cyrillic alphabet in nicknames, so gamers create a set of English characters and numbers that look similar to Russian letters (for example, “Cuneiform” in the gamer version looks like “KJIuHonucb”).

This is even original for the formation of Russian nicknames, but for the purpose of sending SMS, and especially when communicating, this method is clearly not suitable. True, sometimes some webmasters use gamer translit for their website (for example, nouck.ru or kypc.ru).

3. Vulgar- the most popular transliteration option in communication between ordinary users. It is based on a mixture of transcription and gamer language. A compromise has been reached here, since this option is quite simple to enter and at the same time easy to read.

Let’s say it uses the number “4” to represent the letter “H”. Also, instead of “F” they put an asterisk “*”, instead of “W” - “W”, etc. In general, ordinary translit allows almost any interpretation, the main thing is that the author feels comfortable writing the text, and it is easy for readers to perceive it correctly.

Transliteration of names, surnames and website addresses

And now we move on to the practical area where the relevant standards must be strictly adhered to. For example, very often you need to provide data (first name, last name, address) when registering on foreign sites, say, on the same Google Adsense () or payment system websites (for example, PayPal).

If you are registering from the territory Russian Federation, then strictly follow the rules applied when obtaining foreign passports, otherwise difficulties may arise.

Therefore, the correct spelling of the Russian name, surname, address (as well as other necessary data) in English can significantly help you.

For webmasters, clear and consistent adherence to the rules of transliteration of Russian words is also of utmost importance. After all, many owners of web resources on the Russian Internet use translit both in page addresses and in the names of their sites.

Why is this necessary? The fact is that URLs () of web pages containing keywords have a positive effect on SEO promotion of the site. You say this is a small thing? But the successful promotion of any project consists of continuous nuances.

An indirect proof of this can be the fact that, for example, Yandex, when ranking (in how search engines rank sites), recently even highlighted keywords in URLs in bold in the search results:

Thus, it is very important to maintain the correct translit from Russian to English for the addresses of all pages of your site. For this purpose, it is worth taking the table provided above as a basis.

You should also keep in mind that when composing a URL, it is best to limit the character set as follows: use only numbers (0-9), uppercase (A-Z) and lowercase (a-z) letters, as well as dashes (“-”) and underscores ("_")

For those who have web resources, there is a simple extension (however, this plugin has not been updated for a long time, so for people like me there is a more modern analogue) that provides automatic transliteration of Russian letters in the page address, while creating CNCs (human-readable URLs) .

Regarding search engine optimization, I would like to dwell on one more nuance (I remind you that there are no trifles in promotion). Despite the fact that the main international standard is this moment ISO-9, transliteration in Yandex and Google has its own characteristics.

For example, in the generally accepted standard, the Russian letter “x” (ha) corresponds to the Latin “x” (ix). However, Yandex does not highlight keywords with this option in the URL in the search results (only those keywords where “x” is transliterated into “h” are highlighted in bold):

A similar situation is observed with Google, although there are some differences in the transliteration rules of the “empire of good” with the Russian search engine.

Since many webmasters and owners of commercial resources are a little more oriented towards Yandex, in the last chapter I will provide one of online services, which makes it possible to correctly translate into transliteration any set of letters that complies with the rules of the “Runet mirror”.

In general, you can always manually enter the required letter when compiling the URL of any web page. Using the automatic option represented by the same RusToLat, we lose some time on editing, since in the settings of this plugin it is possible to set only the ISO-9 standard as the most suitable one. And it contains exactly the correspondence “x” - “x”.

Of course, you can find a way out here too. Namely, slightly change the plugin file, where the correspondence between the Russian and Latin alphabets is defined. To do this, open it for editing (I recommend using the Notepad++ editor in such cases) and replace the necessary characters:

Just don't forget to make sure that RusToLat is configured correctly (the ISO 9-95 encoding must be set there):

Naturally, everyone decides for themselves whether to perform such an operation or not. By the way, I would be glad to receive any comments from you regarding this aspect. Is the game worth the candle?

In order to achieve active participation of your site in image search, you can use translit keywords in the name of the image files. For these purposes, it is convenient to use the Punto Switcher program. After activating the software, simply select the name of the graphic file and press the Alt+Scroll Lock combination on the keyboard (default hotkeys in Switcher).

Online transliterators

1. First of all, I would like to immediately fulfill my promise and provide a service that takes into account the rules of Yandex (I suspect that it will also be suitable for the Google search engine). This Translit-online.ru, where there are several options to choose from. On the main tab you can translate online any text for reading up to 50,000 characters long:

Below are the settings for some characters unique to the Cyrillic alphabet (е, й, х, ц, щ, е), which cause some difficulties when converting them to the Latin alphabet. Since this is a translation mode for reading, you can adjust the match to your liking:

And here's the next page online translator you can just use CNC to translate the page addresses of your website into translit:

There is also such an interesting tool as virtual keyboard. It allows you to type text in Russian, even if you do not have a Russian-language layout. By switching it to the English layout, you can type using Latin characters, which are as consonant as possible with their Russian counterparts. However, you must first set the virtual keyboard to “RU” mode using the “Esc” button:

For example, to get the word “transliteration”, after the steps described above, you need to type in English “t-r-a-n-s-l-i-t-e-r-a-c-i”, and to display the letter “I” in the text field, you must first press Ctrl, and then “a”.

Among the useful features of this service is also the ability to obtain a variant of the first and last name for a foreign passport; this option is extremely suitable for registering on important foreign resources, as I mentioned above in the article. An online multilingual translator from Russian and vice versa is provided on a separate tab.

2. Another online translit translator is a well-known resource Translit.net(formerly Translit.ru), which has its advantages. There is also a virtual keyboard right on the main page, which allows you to transliterate text.

A.S. Zhuravleva

National Research Irkutsk State Technical University

“In order to correctly write foreign names in Russian, it is necessary to know the relevant rules and principles,” it is difficult not to agree with this statement given in the reference book by R. S. Gilyarevsky and B. A. Starostin “Foreign names and titles in Russian text " Ignorance of these rules leads to severe distortion of names, especially Japanese and Chinese. But not only. Let's imagine that a certain journalist wrote that he interviewed the Dane Schaap, the Spaniard Juan, the Scot Sean, the American Stephen, the Chinese Xiong... And if these people became famous for something, then all these Seans and Xiongi. We call Nobel Prize winner Yang Renning only Yang; the French physicist Paul Villard, who discovered gamma rays in 1900, is often called Villard (fortunately, no one calls the chemist Victor Grignard Grignard). The examples can be continued.

The peculiarity of names and titles, unlike many borrowed foreign words, is that when they are translated into another language, they basically retain their original sound appearance. To convey proper names, the sound shell becomes of paramount importance. In fact, the Danish name Schaap should sound like Skop, the Spanish Juan - like Juan, the Scottish Sean - like Sean, the English Stephen - like Stephen, the Chinese Xiong - like Xiong. How to achieve correct spelling?

In order to ensure the preservation of the original soundographic shell of the borrowed proper name in written language Three methods are possible: transcription, transliteration and direct inclusion of a foreign name in the text while preserving its graphics.

There are many ways to translate a lexical unit of the original text, especially if this unit does not have equivalents in the target language. The most interesting methods used by the translator in this case are transcription and transliteration.

So what are transcription and transliteration?

Transcription is the reproduction of the sound of a foreign word, and transliteration is the reproduction of the letter composition of a foreign word in the target language. In translation, a certain symbiosis of transcription and transliteration is most common.

Due to the fact that the phonetic and graphic structures of different languages ​​are very different from each other, the process of transliteration and transcription of a language unit is very conditional.

During transliteration, the graphic form (letter composition) of a foreign language word is transmitted by means of the TL, and during transcription, its sound form is transmitted. These methods are used when transmitting foreign-language proper names, geographical names and names of various kinds of companies, firms, ships, newspapers, magazines, etc. They are widely used when transmitting realities; it is especially common in socio-political literature and journalism, both translated and original, but describing life and events abroad (for example, in newspaper correspondence). Thus, the following transcriptions have recently appeared on the pages of our press: English words and phrases that have no equivalents in the Russian vocabulary: tribalism - tribalism, brain drain - brain drain, public school - public school, drive-in - drive-in, teach-in - tie-in, drugstore - drag store, know-how - know-how, impeachment - impeachment, etc. In English socio-political literature one can find such transliterations of Russian realities as agitprop, sovkhoz, technicum, etc.

The leading method in modern translation practice is transcription while preserving some elements of transliteration. For each pair of languages, rules for transmitting the sound composition of a foreign language word are developed, cases of preservation of transliteration elements and traditional exceptions to the currently accepted rules are indicated. In English-Russian translations, the most frequently encountered transliteration elements during transcription are mainly the transliteration of some unpronounceable consonants and reduced vowels (Dorset ["dasit] - Dorset, Campbell ["kaerabalj - Campbell), the transfer of double consonants between vowels and at the end words after vowels (Bonners Ferry, boss) and preserving some of the spelling features of the word, which make it possible to bring the sound of the word in translation closer to already known examples (Hercules missile, deescalation, Columbia). Traditional exceptions concern mainly customary translations of the names of historical figures and some geographical names (Charles I - Charles I, William III - William III, Edinborough - Edinburgh).

The application of transcription to the translation of names found in the text requires a preliminary cultural analysis of possible traditional forms of a given name that have already been established in the world or translating culture and require reproduction exactly in the form in which they exist. For example, the English king James I Stewart was traditionally called Jacob 1 Stewart in Russian texts; recently, the form Jacob 1 has been found in a number of publications. When translating Russian royal and princely names, there are also discrepancies: for example, Ivan the Terrible is found in two forms: Ivan the Terrible and John the Terrible.

The rule of applying translation transcription or transliteration to names that exists in translation practice often turns out to be insufficient if a proper name is burdened with a symbolic function, that is, it becomes the name of a unique object, or is used not as a name, but as, for example, a nickname, that is, it is a kind of name a common noun, as it reflects the individual characteristics and properties of the named object. In such cases, in addition to transcription, or instead of it, a combination of semantic translation and tracing is used. If we meet in English text the name Chief White Halfoat, then it can be rendered in various ways: Chief White Halfoat (transcription), Chief White Halfoat (semantic translation), Chief White Halfoat (mixed translation: a combination of semantic translation and transcription).

In addition to proper names, the group of units translated through translation transcription also includes the names of peoples and tribes, geographical names, names of business institutions, companies, firms, periodicals, names of hockey and other sports teams, stable groups of rock musicians, cultural objects etc. Most of these names are relatively easy to translate or, less commonly, transliterate:

Bank of London - BankofLondon, Wall Street Journal - Wall Street Journal, the Capitol - Capitol.

When transcribing geographical names, a stress shift often occurs due to the phonetic preferences of the translating language: Florida (stress on the first syllable), Florida (stress on the second syllable), Washington (stress on the first syllable), Washington (stress on the last syllable).

There is a rule according to which, if the name includes significant word, mixed translation is often used, that is, a combination of transcription and semantic translation:

Gulf of Mexico - Gulf of Mexico;

River Thames - River Thames;

the Pacific Ocean - Pacific Ocean;

Hilton Hotel - Hilton hotel;

Mayflower Restaurant - Mayflower restaurant.

Transcription is used when translating the names of firms, companies, publishing houses, car brands, periodicals, for example:

Subaru - Subaru;

Ford Mustang - FordMustang;

Facts On File - FactsOnFile;

New Press Quarterly - NewPressQuarterly.

However, the names of educational institutions, as a rule, are subject to partial or complete semantic translation:

Western Michigan University - Western Michigan University;

Cherry Hill High School - Cherry Hill's highest school;

St.Petersburg State University - St. Petersburg State University.

1. Adhere to some system of international transcription or inter-alphabetic correspondence.

2. Almost all proper names are subject to transcription/transliteration, including names of people, geographical names, names of companies (when they are in the nature of a personal name), periodicals, folklore characters, names of countries and peoples, names of national and cultural realities, etc.

3. The application of transcription to the translation of names found in the text requires a preliminary cultural analysis of possible traditional forms of a given name that have already been established in the world or translating culture and require reproduction exactly in the form in which they exist.

4. Most newly introduced terms in special fields are subject to transcription/transliteration. Here, however, it should be remembered that in many cases there is no need to transliterate a foreign word if this word in the translating language has a one-to-one correspondence, which was either used before in similar meaning, or applicable as a newly introduced term. The introduction into use of parallel transliteration terms along with already existing terms from among the units of the target language is essentially equivalent to the creation of professional jargon, that is, it goes beyond the literary norm and introduces unnecessary “information noise” into the process of intercultural communication.

5. Transcription/transliteration can be used as a component of mixed translation, in parallel with tracing, semantic translation or commentary.

To analyze the methods of translating lexical units, we selected several chapters of the famous book by K. Eric Drexler “Machines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology”, and attempted to assess the role of transcription and transliteration in them.

Below is a small list of foreign words and phrases from these chapters, for which, in turn, transcription or transliteration was used when translating into Russian. Note that such a technique as transcription already takes place when translating the author of a work.

K. Eric Drexler - K. Eric Drexler (transcription);

Genex Corporation - Genex Corporation (a combination of transcription and semantic translation);

KEVIN ULMER - KEVIN ULMER (transliteration);

Carl Pabo - Carl Pabo (transliteration);

journal Nature - Nature journal (a combination of transcription and semantic translation);

Garrett Hardin - Garrett Hardin (transliteration);

Frederick Blattner - Frederick Blattner (transcription);

journal Science - Science journal (combination of transcription and semantic translation);

William Rastetter - William Rastetter (transcription);

Genentech - Dzhenentek (transcription);

bulk technology - bulk technology (a combination of transcription and semantic translation);

Forrest Carter - Forrest Carter (transliteration);

Ari Aviram - Ari Aviram (transliteration);

Philip Seiden - Philip Seiden (transcription);

VLSI Research Inc. - VLS-I Research Inc. (transcription);

San Jose - San Jose (transcription);

NEC - N-I-Si (transcription);

Hitachi - Hitachi (transcription);

Toshiba - Toshiba (transcription)

Matsushita - Matsushita (transcription);

Fujitsu- Fugetsu (transcription);

Sanyo-Denki - Sanyo-Denki (transcription);

Sharp - Sharp (transcription);

R.B. Merrifield - R.B. Merrifield (transliteration);

Charles Babbage - Charles Babbage (transcription);

Augusta Ada - Augusta Ada (transliteration);

Countess of Lovelace - Countess Lovelace (combination of transcription and semantic translation);

Danny Hillis - Danny Hillis (transliteration);

Brian Silverman - Brian Silverman (transliteration);

Tinkertoy - Tinkertoy (transliteration);

Eli Lilly - Eli Lilly (transcription);

Indianapolis - Indianapolis (transliteration);

Humulin - Humulin (transcription);

Richard Feynman - Richard Feynman (transliteration);

KARL K. DARROW - KARL K. DARROW (transliteration);

Penicillin - Penicillin (transliteration);

Dr. Seymour Cohen - Dr. Seymour Cohen (transcription);

Stony Brook - Stony Brook (transcription);

New York - New York (transcription);

SUNY-SUNY (transcription);

Upjohn Company - Upjohn Company (transcription);

Vasopressin - Vasopressin (transliteration);

Mona Lisa - Mona Lisa (transliteration);

ribosome - ribosome (transliteration);

lipofuscin - lipofucin (transliteration);

nucleotide - nucleotide (transliteration);

biostasis - biostasis (transliteration);

metabolism - metabolism (transliteration);

Senetek - Sinetek (transcription);

Eastman Kodak - Eastman Kodak (transcription);

ICNPharmaceuticals - ICN Pharmaceuticals (transcription);

JOHN MAYNARD KEYNES- JOHN MAYNARD KEYNES (transcription).

As we can see, when translating such words or phrases, a large number of errors and inaccuracies can be made. Therefore, it is necessary to know the rules of translation and have a cultural reserve in order to translate them in the form in which they exist. But still, it should be remembered that the process of transliteration and transcription of a language unit is very conditional.

Currently, the technique of transliteration and transcription when translating text is used much less frequently than before. This is quite justified - the transfer of the sound or letter form of a foreign language lexical unit does not reveal its meaning, and such words remain incomprehensible to a reader who does not know the foreign language without appropriate explanations. Therefore, this technique when transmitting foreign language realities should be used very sparingly.

Bibliography

Gilyarevsky R.S., Starostin B.A. Foreign names and titles in Russian text. 3rd ed., rev. and additional M.: Higher. school, 1985.

2. Leenson I.A. Who are Sean and Xiong, or How does transcription differ from transliteration? // Chemistry and life. No. 10. 2008. Internet source www.elementy.ru. Access mode: http://elementy.ru/lib/430680 on 10.20.10.

3. Korzhova S.B. Translation theory: textbook. a manual for students with additional qualifications “Translator in the field of professional communication” of full-time study. Tyumen, 2007.

4. Translation agency. Internet source www.lingvo-plus.ru. Access mode: http://www.lingvo-plus.ru/transkripc on 10.20.10.

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To prepare this work, materials from the site were used

Translation or interlingual transformations are called transformations with the help of which one can make the transition from original units to communicatively equivalent, equivalent translation units. The translator has three main groups of techniques at his disposal: lexical, grammatical and stylistic. Lexical translation techniques applicable when the source text contains non-standard linguistic unit at the word level. For example, proper name, term, words denoting objects, phenomena and concepts characteristic of the source culture, but absent in the culture of the target language - the so-called realities. One of the most widely used lexical translation techniques is translation transcription. Transcription is defined as a formal phonemic reconstruction of a source lexical item using letters of the target language. In other words, it is a phonetic imitation of the original word. For example, George - George, William - William. In a translated text, the source word is most often presented in a form adapted to the pronunciation characteristics of the target language. In addition to proper names in the group of units translated through translation transcription, most specialists also include geographical names, names of peoples and tribes, names of business institutions, companies, firms, periodicals, names of sports teams, stable groups of rock musicians, national cultural objects ( realities). In relation to a number of objects, traditional forms of translation have been established, for example, Moscow - Moscow, St. Petersburg - St. Petersburg, England - England, the English Channel - English Channel. When transcribing geographical names, it often happens stress shift: Washington – Washington. If the name includes a significant word, a mixed translation is used, i.e. a combination of transcription and semantic translation. For example, Hilton Hotel - Hilton hotel.Transliteration- this is a formal letter-by-letter reconstruction of the original lexical unit using the alphabet of the target language, i.e. letter imitation of the form of the original word. For example, Illinois - Illinois(not Ilina), Michigan - Michigan(not Mishigan). The leading method in modern translation practice is transcription while preserving some elements of transliteration: 1. in the transliteration of some unpronounceable consonants and reduced vowels ( Dorset - Before R set, Campbell- Cam P b e ll); 2. when transmitting double consonants between vowels and at the end of words after vowels ( Bonners Ferry - Bo NN ers Fe pp and, boss - bo ss ). Tracing is defined as the reproduction of the combinatorial composition of a word or phrase, when the constituent parts of a word (morphemes) or phrases (lexemes) are translated by the corresponding elements of the target language. For example, Russian suffixes - spruce, -chik/-schik / - nick can be correlated with English suffixes –er/-or, -ist. For example, reads spruce– read er, builds spruce– build er, carried box– port er etc. A large number of phrases in political, scientific and cultural areas They are practically tracing paper. For example: head of the government - head of the government, Supreme Court - Supreme Court. When using tracing, the translator often has to make some additional transformations - changing the order and number of words in a phrase, case forms, morphological or syntactic status of words in a phrase. For example, first-strike weapon - weapon of the first strike, two-thirds majority - two-thirds majority (votes). Tracing usually involves 1.terms, 2.names of historical and cultural monuments, 3.names works of art, 4. names of political parties and movements, 5. historical events or expressions of general cultural content.

Transcription implies the maximum phonetic reconstruction of the original foreign language, using graphic means of the translating language. Since phonetic and graphics systems languages ​​differ from each other, due to the absence of letters in the target language that are similar to the sound in the foreign language, combinations of letters are used that give the desired sound.

Thus, the Russian “zh” is transmitted to English language through the combination of “zh”, “x” through “kh”, “ш” through “shch” and so on.

Sometimes whether or not to use transcription may depend on the reader. It is necessary to consider whether he is familiar with the realities of a foreign language. The translator must ensure that the text is understood by the reader. So, for example, in a translated article about football published in a youth magazine, the concept of “fan” (from the English “fan”) will not cause misunderstandings. But if the translation of this article is intended for publication in a magazine, the readers of which may include people of retirement age, then the translator should think about the appropriateness of the transcription and consider other translation techniques (for example, replacing it with the more neutral concept of “fan” ").

One of the important reasons for using transcription is brevity.

But as we have repeatedly said, you need to know when to stop everything. An abundance of transcription can lead to an overload of the text with realities, which may not bring the reader closer to the original, but distance him from it.

Also, when using transcription, you should always remember about homonymy, words that are similar in sound, since they can remind the reader of funny-sounding or obscene words in their native language. Often this factor forces the translator to abandon the use of transcription.

Transliteration involves writing a foreign word in such a way that the letters of the foreign language are replaced by the letters of the native language. When transliterating, the word is read according to the rules of reading the native language.

The main method at the moment is considered to be a combination of transcription and transliteration. Since the phonetic and graphic systems of languages ​​differ significantly from each other, the transfer of the form of a word in the target language is always somewhat conditional and approximate.

Tracing . This is a method of borrowing in which the associative meaning and structural model of a word or phrase are borrowed. Calques are borrowings in the form of a literal translation of a foreign word or expression, i.e., exact reproduction of it by means
the host language while maintaining the morphological structure and motivation. When tracing, the components of a borrowed word or phrase are translated separately and combined according to the model of a foreign word or phrase. Russian noun“suicide” is a calque of the Latin suicide (sui – `oneself, cide – `murder); English noun self-service, borrowed into the Russian language by tracing, has the form `self-service`.
The so-called semi-calques are funny, when one of the roots of a two-root foreign word is traced, and the other is transcribed. According to the rules, a traffic light should have been called either phosphorus (transcription) or light-bearer (full tracing), and television should have been called either television (as in Polish) or far-sightedness (as in German - Fernsehen). It is interesting that in the word TV there was no tracing.

Concretization is called converting the meaning of a word into foreign language translating language from broad to more condensed.

: Dinny waited in a corridor which smelled of disinfectant. Dinny waited in the corridor, which smelled of carbolic acid. Wasn't at the ceremony. He attended the ceremony.

Generalization. The opposite of concretization. Converting the meaning of words from narrow to broad.

Don't visit me almost every week-end. He comes to see me almost every week. Using a word with a more general meaning eliminates the need for the translator to clarify whether the author means Saturday or Sunday when talking about “weekend.”

Modulation or semantic development is the replacement of a word or phrase in a foreign language with a word from the target language, the meaning of which is logically derived from the meaning of the original unit. Quite often, the meanings of related words in the original and translation turn out to be connected by cause-and-effect relationships: I don't blame them. - I understand them. (The cause is replaced by the effect: I don't blame them because I understand them). He's dead now . - He died. (He died, therefore he is now dead.) Not always made you say everything twice. - He always asked again. (You were forced to repeat what you said because he asked you again.)

1. Rearrangements

Transposition is used when it is necessary to change words in places during translation. This technique can only be used with words that can be moved. This technique is often used due to the different structure of sentences in English and Russian. As a rule, in English, a sentence begins with a noun, followed by a verb, and the adverb often comes at the end.

The Russian system is different: usually at the beginning of the sentence there are minor members, then the verb and at the end the subject. The translator needs to take this into account. This phenomenon has a name, “communicative division of a sentence.”

Antonomic translation involves, in the process of translation, replacing the lexical unit of the original with the opposite one, while maintaining the essence of the content.

Don't stop moving! (English) - Keep moving!

We had no end of good time. - We had a great time.

But we must keep in mind that not every antonym with negation when translated can reflect the true essence of the original. It is impossible, for example, to paraphrase the sentences in this way: I opened the door (I did not close the door), he laughed (he did not cry). It should also be remembered that antonyms can replace each other only when included in a larger speech unit. The single word “danger” cannot be translated into “safety” or “darkness” into “light”.

Another trick is compensation. It is used to achieve translation equivalence. A technique is used when certain lexical elements do not have a corresponding equivalent in the target language. In this case, the translator can compensate for this with another word that is semantically appropriate.

This technique is considered one of the most difficult and requires great skill from the translator.

Holistic transformation. This technique implies a transformation of both the lexical unit and the entire sentence. An equivalent transformation of the phrase is carried out, while preserving the semantic idea.

Accepted options in English: Watch the doors, please. Keep clear of the doors.

However, compared to the method of semantic development, holistic transformation has greater autonomy. Its main feature is that the synthesis of meaning occurs without a direct connection with analysis, the semantic connection between elements may not be traced, the most important thing is the equivalence of the content plan: How do you do? - Hello!; Here you are! - Here!; Well done! - Bravo!; Help yourself - Help yourself!; Hear, hear - Correct!

Explication or descriptive translation. This is a transformation in which a word can be replaced by a phrase that gives a more detailed definition of the original in the target language. Using this technique, you can give a clearer explanation to a word for which there is no equivalent in the target language. conservationist - supporter of conservation environment; whistle-stop speech – speeches made by a candidate during an election campaign trip. But this technique has a drawback - it is voluminous and verbose.

Car owners from the midway towns ran a shuttle service for parents visiting the children injured in the accident. “Car owners from towns between these two points continually brought and dropped off parents who visited their children injured in the crash.

The cinematography carries commercial functions, and the title is advertising. Therefore, the name undergoes various transformations so that it becomes bright and attracts as much attention as possible from the domestic viewer. For example, if the film Hitch had been translated as simply “Hitch” rather than “The Hitch Rules”, it would not have been as promising for a potential viewer.

example

Alice promised to help

Olga Alexandrovna, I just can’t paraphrase this passage. I looked at a bunch of sites on the Internet, all in the same style, and didn’t find any simplified formulations. I really need your help!