Functional styles of the Russian language. The concept of stylistic coloring, its types

The concept of stylistic coloring, its types. Expressive possibilities of stylistically colored vocabulary.

There are words that do not carry additional information.

There are words that, in addition to subject content, have additional information. They have a stylistic connotation.

Stylistic coloring is additional to the direct content of an expressive or functional nature, which limits the possibilities and scope of use of the word.

Synonyms – connotation or stylistic marking. An unsuccessfully used evaluative word can lead to serious consequences (journalistic material).

There are 2 types of tonality: functional-stylistic (carries information about the usual sphere of use for a word) and expressive-stylistic tonality (this is the ability of a word to convey an attitude towards what is being communicated and carries information about the attachment of the word to the evaluative context)

These shades are the basis for the stylistic qualification of vocabulary.

Expressive and stylistic coloring.

Expression is expressiveness.

Expressions are the speaker’s ability to express his attitude to what is being communicated, expressing his emotional state, which allows us to characterize the speaker as a representative of a certain social environment.

Essential features:

The meaning of a word is perceived through stylistic coloring.

Sometimes expressive coloring has a formal expression - a suffix. Sometimes it is expressed in the very lexical meaning of the word. Most often it is expressed by the tradition of assigning a word to an evaluative context.

Shcherba classification:

High vocabulary creates a certain upbeat tone. This also includes poetic vocabulary.

Decreased (familiar, expressing a disrespectful attitude towards the subject of speech)

Neutral

Modern classification

1.convey an emotional attitude (subjective assessment)

2 intellectual-evaluative vocabulary.

1. We can distinguish 2 types of tonality - positive (high vocabulary, words marked rhetorical, poetic, approving, humorous) and negative (low vocabulary, words marked disapproving, dismissive, abusive)

2. Vocabulary that gives phenomena an intellectual assessment, which expresses the attitude entrenched in society.

Functional and stylistic coloring.

1. book vocabulary

2. colloquial vocabulary.

1. These are words that are used in book and written styles of the language. There are general books (abbreviations) and words used in one of the functional styles.

2. Orally. Unites different groups of words - expressive-colored vocabulary, semantic equivalents of neutral or official designations (in the theater the top level is a gallery), the everyday sphere.

It is distinguished by a broad subject correlation. This is semantic certainty.

Filin proposed to distinguish between literary and non-literary vernaculars. Literary ones are used by educated people for certain purposes.

Stylistic coloring is presented mainly in vocabulary and phraseology.

At other levels:

Word formation relationship neutral and high

Important - important

Pronunciation

Compass - compass

Case ending options

On vacation - on vacation

In syntax

Where is the notebook that was lying here?

Non-union subordinating connection.

Historically, the stylistic coloring changes. Book words are neutralized.

Used for stylization, creating color, often means belonging to a certain social environment.

Archaisms, historicisms Can be a source of comedy.

Borrowings + Barbarisms (words transferred to Russian soil, the use of which is individual in nature) and Exoticisms (borrowed words that characterize the specific national characteristics of the life of different peoples and are used to describe non-Russian reality.) Macaronic speech is a mixture of Russian and foreign languages.

Neologisms are new words that have not yet been fully included in the active vocabulary. They retain a touch of freshness. For example, in the Soviet era, neologisms were NEP, Komsomolets, five-year plan. + Occasionalisms

In artistic and journalistic speech it is a characterological means (determines belonging to the social sphere)

Dialectisms

Colloquial words

Jargon is a type of colloquial speech used by a certain circle of native speakers united by common interests and social status. Argo is adjacent to jargon - the secret, artificial language of criminals, known only to initiates. +slang

Professionalisms

The word “style” goes back to the Greek noun “stylo” - this was the name of the stick that was used to write on a board covered with wax. Over time, style began to be called handwriting, writing style, and a set of techniques for using linguistic means. Functional language styles received this name because they perform the most important functions, being a means of communication, conveying certain information and influencing the listener or reader.

Functional styles are understood as historically established and socially conscious systems of speech means used in one or another sphere of communication and correlated with one or another area of ​​professional activity.

In the modern Russian literary language, bookish functional styles are distinguished: scientific, journalistic, official business, which appear mainly in written form of speech, and colloquial, which is characterized mainly by oral form of speech.

Some scientists also identify artistic (fictional) style, that is, the language of fiction, as a functional style. However, this point of view raises fair objections. Writers in their works use all the diversity of linguistic means, so that artistic speech does not represent a system of homogeneous linguistic phenomena. On the contrary, artistic speech is devoid of any stylistic closure; its specificity depends on the characteristics of the individual author’s styles. V.V. Vinogradov wrote: “The concept of style when applied to the language of fiction is filled with a different content than, for example, in relation to business or clerical styles and even journalistic and scientific styles. The language of national fiction is not entirely correlated with other styles, types or varieties of bookish, literary and colloquial speech. He uses them, includes them, but in original combinations and in a functionally transformed form” 1.

Each functional style is a complex system that covers all language levels: pronunciation of words, lexical and phraseological composition of speech, morphological means and syntactic structures. All these linguistic features of functional styles will be described in detail when characterizing each of them. Now we will focus only on the most visual means of distinguishing between functional styles - their vocabulary.

Stylistic coloring of words

The stylistic coloring of a word depends on how it is perceived by us: as assigned to a particular style or as appropriate in any speech situation, that is, in common use.

We feel the connection between words and terms with the language of science (for example: quantum theory, experiment, monoculture); highlight journalistic vocabulary (worldwide, law and order, congress, commemorate, proclaim, election campaign); We recognize words in official business style by the clerical coloring (victim, accommodation, prohibited, prescribe).

Bookish words are inappropriate in casual conversation: "On green spaces the first leaves appeared"; "We were walking in the forest array and sunbathed by the pond." Faced with such a mixture of styles, we hasten to replace foreign words with their commonly used synonyms (not green spaces, A trees, bushes; Not Forest, A forest; Not water, A lake).

Colloquial, and even more so colloquial, that is, words that are outside the literary norm, cannot be used in a conversation with a person with whom we have official relations, or in an official setting.

The use of stylistically colored words must be motivated. Depending on the content of the speech, its style, on the environment in which the word is born, and even on how the speakers relate to each other (with sympathy or hostility), they use different words.

High vocabulary is necessary when talking about something important and significant. This vocabulary is used in the speeches of speakers, in poetic speech, where a solemn, pathetic tone is justified. But if, for example, you are thirsty, it would not occur to you to turn to a friend with a tirade on such a trivial matter: “ ABOUT my unforgettable comrade and friend! Quench my thirst with life-giving moisture!»

If words with one stylistic connotation or another are used ineptly, they give the speech a comical sound.

Even in ancient manuals on eloquence, for example in Aristotle's Rhetoric, much attention was paid to style. According to Aristotle, it “must be appropriate to the subject of speech”; important things should be spoken seriously, choosing expressions that will give the speech a sublime sound. Trifles are not spoken about solemnly; in this case, humorous, contemptuous words are used, that is, reduced vocabulary. M.V. Lomonosov also pointed out the opposition of “high” and “low” words in the theory of “three calms”. Modern explanatory dictionaries give stylistic marks to words, noting their solemn, sublime sound, as well as highlighting words that are degraded, contemptuous, derogatory, dismissive, vulgar, abusive.

Of course, when talking, we cannot look into the dictionary every time, clarifying the stylistic markings for this or that word, but we feel which word needs to be used in a certain situation. The choice of stylistically colored vocabulary depends on our attitude to what we are talking about. Let's give a simple example.

The two were arguing:

I can't take seriously what this guy says blond youth,- said one.

And in vain,” the other objected, “the arguments for this blond boy very convincing.

These contradictory remarks express different attitudes towards the young blond: one of the debaters chose offensive words for him, emphasizing his disdain; the other, on the contrary, tried to find words that expressed sympathy. The synonymous riches of the Russian language provide ample opportunities for the stylistic choice of evaluative vocabulary. Some words contain a positive assessment, others - a negative one.

Emotionally and expressively colored words are distinguished as part of the evaluative vocabulary. Words that convey the speaker's attitude to their meaning belong to emotional vocabulary (emotional means based on feeling, caused by emotions). Emotional vocabulary expresses various feelings.

There are many words in the Russian language that have a strong emotional connotation. This is easy to verify by comparing words with similar meanings: blond, fair-haired, whitish, little white, white-haired, lily-haired; handsome, charming, charming, delightful, cute; eloquent, talkative; proclaim, blurt out, blurt out etc. By comparing them, we try to choose the most expressive ones, which can convey our thoughts stronger and more convincingly. For example, you can say I do not like, but you can find stronger words: I hate, I despise, I disgust. In these cases, the lexical meaning of the word is complicated by special expression.

Expression means expressiveness (from lat. expressio - expression). Expressive vocabulary includes words that enhance the expressiveness of speech. Often one neutral word has several expressive synonyms that differ in the degree of emotional tension: misfortune, grief, calamity, catastrophe; violent, unrestrained, indomitable, furious, furious. Often synonyms with directly opposite connotations gravitate towards the same neutral word: ask- beg, beg; cry- sob, roar.

Expressively colored words can acquire a variety of stylistic shades, as indicated by the marks in dictionaries: solemn (unforgettable, accomplishments), high (forerunner), rhetorical (sacred, aspirations), poetic (azure, invisible). All these words differ sharply from the reduced ones, which are marked with marks: humorous (blessed, newly minted), ironic (deign, vaunted), familiar (not bad, whisper), disapproving (pedant), dismissive (daub), contemptuous (sycophant) derogatory (squishy), vulgar (grabber), expletive (fool).

Evaluative vocabulary requires careful attention. Inappropriate use of emotionally and expressively charged words can give speech a comical sound. This often happens in student essays. For example: “Nozdryov was an inveterate bully.” “All Gogol’s landowners are fools, parasites, slackers and dystrophics.”

indicates the primary area of ​​use of the word (functional style).

The most important contrast: book and colloquial vocabulary.

Book vocabulary. Extralinguistic characteristics.

Book vocabulary serves the intellectual sphere of communication (beyond everyday topics).

Book vocabulary is used by educated people who are characterized by the logical construction of sentences.

Linguistic characteristics. Book vocabulary is foreign (from Western languages ​​+ Staroslav).

Official business words (memorandum)

Clerical vocabulary (notify)

Journalistic vocabulary (reaction, progressive, massacre, hot spot)

Poetic (traditional poetic) vocabulary (flame)

They have corresponding stylistic marks in dictionaries.

Conversational vocabulary characteristic of colloquial speech (style)

Characteristics: ease of communication

spontaneity

everyday semantics (topic)

There is a large layer of vocabulary that has stylistically neutral equivalents (utility, earn extra money). These words are a consequence of the law of economy and correspond to the expanded nominations.

Colloquial vocabulary contains negative expressive connotations:

work – give all your best – work hard (cannot be used in a similar context)

Colloquial vocabulary denotes the realities of everyday life (there are no neutral equivalents)

rumple

slap on the head

Colloquial vocabulary

The term vernacular is ambiguous

1. Vernacular is one of the noun forms of the Russian folk language, which is behind the rules of the literary language.

2. Literary vernacular - linguistic elements (primarily vocabulary), which are distinguished by a rough expressive assessment and penetrate into the literary language as a literary expressive means (to get in love, get out)

Dictionaries, cat. came out at the beginning of the 20th century, they stopped giving the mark “prost” to determine the sharp coloration). Literary vernacular - colloquial reduced.

Actually stylistic coloring reflects the rise or fall of speech from a neutral style or having a neutral equivalent in the case of a word.

high ↔ familiar (linguistic carelessness)

reduced (sharp emotional assessment - turkey)

vulgar (cow, pig)

Stylistic coloring is a moving element. The most stable functional coloring.

Emotionally expressive – very mobile (in the language the word is neutral, but in the context it takes on color)

Different types of stylistic coloring interact with each other.

fool (expressive - abusive, colloquial, vulgar) - fool (expressive - reproachful, colloquial, familiar)

V.V. Vinogradov gave a detailed list of litters.

The stylistic coloring of the word is closely related to the concept of linguistic pragmatics. Linguistic pragmatics is the science of the functioning, i.e., the use of linguistic signs. Linguistic pragmatics is also an expression of the speaker’s attitude to reality, the subject of communication.

Towards interstyle, stylistic neutral vocabulary These include words that usually do not have an oriented functional-style fixation. Such vocabulary forms the basis of the vocabulary of the language. Outside of contextual use, it is considered stylistically neutral, or unmarked.

The concept of “form of existence of language”. Basic forms of existence of language. Vocabulary of a socially limited sphere of use.

Words united by sphere of distribution:

Common vocabulary.

Words whose use is free are not restricted. Such vocabulary forms the basis of the modern Russian language.

Vocabulary of limited use.

From the point of view of the socio-dialectal sphere of distribution, the following are distinguished:

· Dialectisms- words inherent in certain territorial dialects.

· Professional And terminological vocabulary.

· Jargon-argotic vocabulary.

Dialectal vocabulary.

Dialects- mainly dialects of the peasant population, which are a means of oral communication. They may have phonetic, morphological, syntactic and lexical features.

Phonetic dialectisms.

Pshono instead of millet, writing, misto instead of song, place, are running instead of runs, porch instead of porch- in North Russian dialects; nope, raka instead of I'm carrying, river, Hvödor instead of Fedor- in South Russian dialects.

2. Word formation.

Guska instead of goose in southern dialects, to the side instead of from the side in the Don dialect.

Morphological.

Coincidence of the dative and instrumental cases in the plural. in northern dialects: went with my sisters. In the south: I have instead of I have, babysit instead of carries.

4. Lexical:

· Actually lexical- words that coincide with general literary ones in meaning, but differ in their sound complex. (Synonyms).

They name the same concepts as identical words in the literary language. Basque(North-Ural) – Beautiful, golitsy, fur coats(northern), Wachigi(northern-ur.) – mittens, veksha(northern) – squirrel, zubar(northern-ur.) – debater, Lithuanian(northern-ur.) – braid(‘agricultural implement’), beam(south) – ravine, guy(south) – forest, stitch(south) – track, golbets(northern-ur.) – underground.

· Lexico-semantic- words that coincide in spelling and pronunciation with literary ones, but differ from them in their meaning. (Homonyms).

Whiskey(Kursk, Voronezh) – ‘hair all over the head’, cheerful(southern, Ryazan) – ‘elegant, beautifully decorated’, goat(southern, Kaluga, Eagle, Kursk) – ‘snake’.

· Ethnographic– names of local household items.

Poneva(Ryaz.) – a type of skirt, shushpan(Ryaz.) - women's outerwear made of white homespun wool. As a rule, they do not have synonyms in the literary language and can only be explained descriptively.

Dialectisms can penetrate into the literary language through colloquial speech, vernacular, fiction, and newspaper speech.

Functions of dialect vocabulary:

· nominative. Names local household items, customs...

· communicative. Oral communication in a particular territory, in written forms of the language, helps to name this or that object or phenomenon in a more accessible way for local readers.

· In fiction they are used to depict local specifics and character characteristics.

In explanatory dictionaries marks are given dialectal And regional. Some linguists (Rosenthal, Shmelev) consider them synonymous, others differentiate them: dialectal associated with clear territorial consolidation, and regional correlates with the wider spread of the word.

Under the influence of lit. language, semantic differentiation of dialectisms can occur. Yes, Volgogr. little chicken under the influence of literary chick came to mean only a large, fledged chicken.

Special vocabulary:

1. Professional terminology.

Terminological vocabulary– words or phrases used for logically precise definition of special concepts. The main function of the term is definitive (definition function).

Terminology– one of the most mobile parts of vocabulary. Firstly, the number of terms available only to specialists is sharply increasing, and secondly, terminology is penetrating into the general literary language. Terms are an artificial lexical-semantic formation. Within this terminological system, they are not determined syntactically and constructively; the meaning is direct, nominative. Ideally, the terms should be unambiguous. But the content of a concept can belong to several categories at once that have non-genus-specific connections: pressure (process and magnitude). Ambiguity, synonymy and antonymy of terms are disadvantages of the systems.

Terminological systems are subject to general lexical-semantic patterns of language functioning and development. Typically, terms have regularity in word formation.

Ways to create new terms:

· actually lexical. Formation of original words and phrases ( shoemaker– railway, charger– physical), borrowings ( algorithm, cybernetics, laser), a mixture of both ( daughter atoms, liquid shock absorber, fall of the reduced =)).

· lexico-derivational. Creation of terms using existing word-formation models: adding complete stems ( cotyledon, pipeline), addition of truncated stems ( space navigation, trade union committee), use of foreign language elements ( biophysics, phytoplankton), abbreviation ( Power lines- power line, computer), a combination of partially dismembered names and various word-forming elements ( hydrosandblast perforation). Terms formed by addition can be indivisible units ( crank) or units of incomplete lexicalization ( atom-donor, alpha-particle).

· affixation. Grounding, reduction, fluoridate, headset.

· lexico-semantic. Complete rethinking of an existing word ( elementary in combination elementary particle) or name transfer taking into account associations ( hole– defect electron, paw- part of a sewing machine).

· borrowing. Agglutination, humanity, literature, democracy.

2. Actually professional.

Words and expressions that are not scientifically defined names of professional concepts.

They can be included in special dictionaries and are characterized by imagery. Star, needle, hedgehog, plate– types of snowflakes (meteorol.)

Professionally-slang words– highly professional words used in colloquial speech. Christmas trees And paws– quotation marks (polygraphic), labukh- a bad musician.

Creation methods:

· lexico-derivational. Karsun, nest, footing(the textbook doesn't say what it is).

· lexico-semantic. Etch– gradually release the anchor chain or cable (marine)

They are not usually widely used, but terminology may occur. At the same time, the terms can be mastered lit. language (determinologization): catalyst'stimulant', contact‘communication, interaction’. This is facilitated by oral speech and journalism.

The words are stylistically unequal. Some are perceived as bookish (intelligence, ratification, excessive, investment, conversion, prevail), others are perceived as conversational (regular, blurt out, a little); some give the speech solemnity (prescribe, expression of will), others sound casual (work, talk, old, cold). “The whole variety of meanings, functions and semantic nuances of a word is concentrated and united in its stylistic characteristics,” wrote academician. V.V. Vinogradov. When stylistically characterizing a word, one takes into account, firstly, its belonging to one of the functional styles or the lack of functional-style fixation, and secondly, the emotional connotation of the word, its expressive capabilities.

Functional style is a historically developed and socially conscious system of speech means used in one or another sphere of human communication. “Functional style,” emphasizes M.N. Kozhin, is the peculiar character of the speech of Tai or its other social variety, corresponding to a certain sphere of social activity and its correlative form of consciousness, created by the peculiarities of the functioning of linguistic means in this sphere and the specific speech organization that creates a certain general stylistic coloring.”

In the modern Russian language, book styles are distinguished: scientific, journalistic, official business. They are stylistically contrasted with colloquial speech, which usually appears in its characteristic oral form.

In our opinion, a special place in the system of styles is occupied by the language of fiction, or artistic (fiction) style. The language of fiction, or rather artistic speech, does not represent a system of linguistic phenomena; on the contrary, it is devoid of any stylistic closure and is distinguished by a variety of individual authorial means.

Golub I.B. Stylistics of the Russian language - M., 1997

In addition to its main part - the lexical meaning - the content of a word includes some other components. Let us compare, for example, the words titanic and enormous. Both of them mean “very large,” but in general they differ in their content, and it is impossible to use one instead of the other without taking these differences into account. The difference between them is that the word huge can be used in a variety of communication situations, and the word titanic can only be used in solemn situations.

The contrast between the words huge and titanic shows that in language there is a difference between sublime and neutral units. Analysis of the series dead - lifeless - lifeless, in which the words are united by the meaning “deprived of life,” shows that the word neutral can be opposed by words of varying degrees of “sublimity”: lifeless is characterized a weak degree of elevation (book coloring), and the lifeless one - a strong degree of elevation (has the mark “high” in dictionaries).

The difference between words on the basis of neutrality - bookishness - loftiness is a difference in expressive-stylistic meaning. It generally indicates in what situations the use of the word is appropriate.

Let's continue the comparison and consider the series get bored - get sick of - get sick of. The difference between them lies, as it were, on the other side of the neutral, “zero” expressive-stylistic mark: the neutral word nadosti is contrasted with two stylistically reduced words - the colloquial disgust and the colloquial tire, reflecting a weaker and stronger degree of decline.

Neutral words, the most necessary and frequency units of language (speak, know, big, time, person, etc.), are opposed, on the one hand, by words of two degrees of elevation (book and high), and on the other - by words of two degrees of decline ( colloquial and colloquial): die (high) - rest in peace (obsolete bookish) - die (neutral) - get lost (colloquial); for (bookish) - because, since (neutral) - because (colloquial) - because (colloquial); kidnap (bookish) - steal (neutral) - drag away (colloquial) - steal, steal (colloquial).

The place of a neutral member in the expressive-stylistic ranks is always filled, and the place of one or another elevated or reduced member may be empty.

In addition to the differences between words in expressive and stylistic coloring (elevated - neutral - reduced), there are other contrasts between them. A comparison of the words court and judgment shows that words can differ in meaning, which can be called evaluatively stylistic. The word court denotes this phenomenon neutrally, without giving it any additional assessment, while the word judgment, naming the phenomenon, also conveys a disapproving assessment of it, enshrined in the language and especially expressed by the suffix (compare also: communicate - mingle, interfere - meddle (into) , agreement - conspiracy, etc.).

At first glance, it may seem that words that are stylistically lowered are words with a negative emotional assessment, and words that are elevated convey the speaker’s approving attitude towards the designated phenomena. But this is not so: for example, high words (guardian, soar, pearl), and bookish (tirade, synclit), and neutral (orate, newly-minted), and not just lower colloquial and colloquial words (to become kind, sentimental, etc.) have an ironic connotation. P.).