Results of the Napoleonic wars in Europe. Causes and nature of the Napoleonic wars

The historical legacy of the Napoleonic era retained its significance for many decades, and its memory still lives on. The era of the French Revolution and the reign of Napoleon also coincided with a revolution in the cultural history of mankind, which gave rise to the most important trends in philosophical and social thought, literature and art.

Third anti-French coalition (1805)

At the beginning of 1805, a third anti-French coalition emerged, which included Great Britain, Russia, Austria and other European states. In response, Napoleon proclaimed himself king of Italy, initiating a system of dependent kingdoms and other monarchical possessions that replaced the former “daughter republics.”

In August 1805, Austrian troops, without waiting for the Russian army to approach, launched an offensive in southern Germany, but were defeated. The further course of the war was marked by two great battles that completely changed the balance of power in the international arena.

On October 21, 1805, the British squadron defeated the combined fleet of France and Spain in the famous Battle of the Cape Trafalgar in the Mediterranean Sea. Having suffered a catastrophic defeat at sea, Napoleon defeated his opponents on land. The French occupied Vienna, and on December 2, 1805, Austrian and Russian troops were defeated near the Moravian town Austerlitz in a battle known as the “Battle of the Three Emperors.” Russian troops returned to their homeland, and Austria signed a peace treaty, under the terms of which it recognized all the seizures and transformations carried out by Napoleon in Europe. Soon the emperor's brothers occupied the Neapolitan and Dutch thrones.

In the summer of 1806, Napoleon created Confederation of the Rhine, which included 16 German states. All of them left the Holy Roman Empire of the German nation, so its existence was meaningless. On August 6, 1806, Franz II renounced the title that had lost its meaning, and the thousand-year-old empire ended its history. Napoleon's radical transformation of Germany posed a mortal threat to Prussia, which took Austria's place in the anti-French coalition. But soon after the start of a new war, on October 14, 1806, the Prussian troops were completely defeated.

Beginning of the continental blockade

After Trafalgar, the British fleet no longer had rivals at sea, which allowed the British to establish a virtual blockade of Europe, regardless of the interests of other peoples and the norms of international law. In response, Napoleon decided to organize a blockade of the British Isles with the aim of “destroying Great Britain in its trade.” The Berlin Decree, signed by the Emperor in November 1806, marked the beginning of the so-called "continental system", in which, one after another, states dependent on Napoleon or entered into an alliance with him were involved.

In April 1807, Russia and Prussia entered into an agreement to continue the war with Napoleon, calling on other states to support them. However, this call was not heeded. In June 1807, Russian troops were defeated in East Prussia. The results of this war forced both sides to completely reconsider the principles of their foreign policy.

S. M. Solovyov:“Napoleon did not want a war with England: apart from losses, certain naval defeats, this war could not promise him anything.”

World of Tilsit

Napoleon had long sought an agreement with Russia, believing that peace with the Austrian emperor was “nothing against an alliance with the tsar.” Alexander I, for his part, became increasingly convinced that Russia’s main enemy was not France, but Great Britain, which built its prosperity on suppressing the economic development of other countries. In the summer of 1807, during a meeting between the two emperors in the city of Tilsit, not only a peace treaty was signed, but also an agreement on an alliance. The fate of Prussia, which was losing almost half of its territory, was also decided in Tilsit. As a French historian put it, “both wings of the Prussian eagle were chopped off.” The peace agreements provided for the creation of the Grand Duchy of Warsaw in those territories that Prussia captured as a result of the partitions of Poland at the end of the 18th century.

On the site of the Rhineland possessions of Prussia, the Kingdom of Westphalia was created, whose king was Napoleon's brother. According to the Tilsit agreements, Russia and Prussia joined the continental blockade of England.

Continental blockade in 1807-1809

In an effort to undermine the foreign trade of continental Europe, the British tightened measures against neutral shipping, and in September 1807 they again attacked the capital of Denmark. With this attack they set “an example of an unheard-of violation of international law,” and their “modus operandi was such a terrifying combination of duplicity, shamelessness and violence that Europe was shocked.” In response, Denmark entered into an alliance with France and joined the continental blockade. Great Britain declared war on her, and Russia, outraged by the massacre of Denmark, declared war on Great Britain. In 1808, Russia also started a war against Sweden, which supported the British. The Russian-Swedish war ended in 1809 with the annexation of Finland to Russia, and Sweden entered the continental system. The entire Baltic was now closed to British trade. Material from the site

Beginning of the Peninsular Wars (1807-1808)

For his part, Napoleon attempted to close another gap in the continental system, striking in 1807 a blow to Portugal, which remained the largest trading partner of the British in Europe. Unable to resist the French army, the royal court of Portugal moved its residence overseas, to the capital of Brazil, Rio de Janeiro. Brazil, the largest European colony in the Western Hemisphere, was open to British trade. Thus, while strengthening the continental system in Europe, Napoleon at the same time contributed to the fact that vast American markets began to open up for the English. British troops landed in Portugal itself and, with the support of the local population, began a debilitating “Peninsula War” for France.

The logic of the new war required strengthening French control over Spain, so in May 1808 Napoleon obtained the Spanish Bourbons to abdicate power in favor of his brother. The consequences of this step were even more dramatic. A guerrilla war (guerrilla war) began in Spain - the first people's war against Napoleonic rule, and numerous Spanish colonies in America rose up to fight for

Second coalition existed in 1798 - October 10, 1799 as part of Russia, England, Austria, Turkey, Kingdom of Naples. 14 June 1800 near the village of Marengo, French troops defeated the Austrians. After Russia left it, the coalition ceased to exist.

WITH 11 April 1805-1806 existed third coalition consisting of England, Russia, Austria, Sweden. IN 1805 The British were defeated by the combined Franco-Spanish forces at the Battle of Trafalgar fleet. But on the continent 1805 Napoleon defeated the Austrian army in the Battle of Ulm, then defeated Russian and Austrian troops under Austerlitz.

IN 1806-1807 acted fourth coalition consisting of England, Russia, Prussia, Sweden. IN 1806 Napoleon defeated the Prussian army at the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt, June 2, 1807 at Friedland- Russian. Russia was forced to sign with France World of Tilsit . Spring-October 1809- lifetime fifth coalition within England and Austria.

After Russia and Sweden joined it, a sixth coalition (1813-1814 ). 16 October 1813-19 October 1813 V Battle of Leipzig French troops were defeated. March 18, 1814 The Allies entered Paris. Napoleon was forced to abdicate the throne and was exiled on Elba Island. But 1 MR 1815 he suddenly landed on the southern coast of France and, having reached Paris, restored his power. Participants of the Vienna Congress formed seventh coalition. June 6, 1815 at d. Waterloo the French army was defeated. After the conclusion of the Paris Peace Treaty November 1, 1815 The seventh anti-French coalition collapsed.

Napoleonic Wars- under this name are known mainly the wars waged by Napoleon I with various European states when he was First Consul and Emperor (November 1799 - June 1815). In a broader sense, this includes Napoleon's Italian campaign (1796-1797) and his Egyptian expedition (1798-1799), although they (especially the Italian campaign) are usually classified as so-called revolutionary wars.

The coup of the 18th Brumaire (November 9, 1799) placed power over France in the hands of a man distinguished by his boundless ambition and brilliant abilities as a commander. This happened just at a time when old Europe was in complete disorganization: governments were completely incapable of joint action and were ready to betray the common cause for private benefits; The old order reigned everywhere, in the administration, in finance, and in the army - an order whose ineffectiveness was revealed at the very first serious clash with France.

All this made Napoleon the ruler of mainland Europe. Even before the 18th Brumaire, being the commander-in-chief of the Italian army, Napoleon began redistributing the political map of Europe, and during the era of his expedition to Egypt and Syria he made grandiose plans for the East. Having become First Consul, he dreamed of being in alliance with the Russian Emperor to dislodge the British from the position they occupied in India.

War with the Second Coalition: final stage (1800-1802)

At the time of the coup d'etat of the 18th Brumaire (November 9, 1799), which led to the establishment of the Consulate regime, France was at war with the Second Coalition (Russia, Great Britain, Austria, the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies). In 1799, she suffered a number of failures, and her position was quite difficult, although Russia actually dropped out of the number of her opponents. Napoleon, proclaimed the first consul of the Republic, was faced with the task of achieving a radical turning point in the war. He decided to deliver the main blow to Austria on the Italian and German fronts.

War with England (1803-1805)

Peace of Amiens (According to its terms, Great Britain returned to France and its allies the colonies seized from them during the war (Haiti, Lesser Antilles, Mascarene Islands, French Guiana; for its part, France promised to evacuate Rome, Naples and the island. Elba) turned out to be only a short respite in the Anglo-French confrontation: Great Britain could not give up its traditional interests in Europe, and France was not going to stop its foreign policy expansion. Napoleon continued to interfere in the internal affairs of Holland and Switzerland. On January 25, 1802, he achieved his election as President of the Italian Republic On August 26, contrary to the terms of the Treaty of Amiens, France annexed the island of Elba, and on September 21 - Piedmont.

In response, Great Britain refused to leave Malta and retained French possessions in India. The influence of France in Germany increased after the secularization of the German lands carried out under its control in February-April 1803, as a result of which most of the church principalities and free cities were liquidated; Prussia and France's allies Baden, Hesse-Darmstadt, Württemberg and Bavaria received significant land increases. Napoleon refused to conclude a trade agreement in England and introduced restrictive measures that prevented British goods from entering French ports. All this led to the severance of diplomatic relations (May 12, 1803) and the resumption of hostilities.

War with the Third Coalition (1805-1806)

As a result of the war Austria was completely driven out of Germany and Italy, and France asserted its hegemony on the European continent. On March 15, 1806, Napoleon transferred the Grand Duchy of Cleves and Berg into the possession of his brother-in-law I. Murat. He expelled the local Bourbon dynasty from Naples, which fled to Sicily under the protection of the English fleet, and on March 30 placed his brother Joseph on the Neapolitan throne. On May 24, he transformed the Batavian Republic into the Kingdom of Holland, placing his other brother Louis at its head. In Germany, on June 12, the Confederation of the Rhine was formed from 17 states under the protectorate of Napoleon; On August 6, the Austrian Emperor Franz II renounced the German crown - the Holy Roman Empire ceased to exist.

War with the Fourth Coalition (1806-1807)

Napoleon's promise to return Hanover to Great Britain if peace was concluded with it and his attempts to prevent the creation of a union of North German principalities led by Prussia led to a sharp deterioration in Franco-Prussian relations and the formation on September 15, 1806 of the Fourth Anti-Napoleonic Coalition consisting of Prussia, Russia, England, Sweden and Saxony . After Napoleon rejected the ultimatum of the Prussian king Frederick William III (1797-1840) to withdraw French troops from Germany and dissolve the Confederation of the Rhine, two Prussian armies marched on Hesse. However, Napoleon quickly concentrated significant forces in Franconia (between Würzburg and Bamberg) and invaded Saxony.

The victory of Marshal J. Lannes over the Prussians on October 9-10, 1806 at Saalefeld allowed the French to strengthen their position on the Saale River. On October 14, the Prussian army suffered a crushing defeat at Jena and Auerstedt. On October 27, Napoleon entered Berlin; Lubeck capitulated on November 7, Magdeburg on November 8. On November 21, 1806, he declared a continental blockade of Great Britain, seeking to completely interrupt its trade ties with European countries. On November 28, the French occupied Warsaw; almost all of Prussia was occupied. In December, Napoleon moved against Russian troops stationed on the Narev River (a tributary of the Bug). After a number of local successes, the French laid siege to Danzig.

The attempt of the Russian commander L.L. Bennigsen at the end of January 1807 with a sudden blow to destroy the corps of Marshal J.B. Bernadotte ended in failure. On February 7, Napoleon overtook the Russian army retreating to Königsberg, but was unable to defeat it in the bloody battle of Preussisch-Eylau (February 7-8). On April 25, Russia and Prussia concluded a new alliance treaty in Bartenstein, but England and Sweden did not provide them with effective assistance. French diplomacy managed to provoke the Ottoman Empire to declare war on Russia. On June 14, the French defeated Russian troops at Friedland (East Prussia). Alexander I was forced to enter into negotiations with Napoleon (Tilsit Meeting), which ended on July 7 with the signing of the Peace of Tilsit and led to the creation of a Franco-Russian military-political alliance.

Russia recognized all French conquests in Europe and promised to join the continental blockade, and France pledged to support Russia’s claims to Finland and the Danube principalities (Moldova and Wallachia). Alexander I achieved the preservation of Prussia as a state, but it lost the Polish lands that belonged to it, of which there were the Grand Duchy of Warsaw was formed, headed by the Saxon Elector, and all its possessions west of the Elbe, which together with Brunswick, Hanover and Hesse-Kassel formed the Kingdom of Westphalia, led by Napoleon's brother Jerome; The Bialystok district went to Russia; Danzig became a free city.

Continuation of the war with England (1807-1808)

Fearing the emergence of an anti-English league of northern neutral countries led by Russia, Great Britain launched a preemptive strike on Denmark: September 1-5, 1807, an English squadron bombarded Copenhagen and captured the Danish fleet. This caused general indignation in Europe: Denmark entered into an alliance with Napoleon, Austria, under pressure from France, broke off diplomatic relations with Great Britain, and Russia declared war on it on November 7. At the end of November, the French army of Marshal A. Junot occupied Portugal, allied with England; The Portuguese prince regent fled to Brazil. In February 1808, Russia began a war with Sweden. Napoleon and Alexander I entered into negotiations on the division of the Ottoman Empire. In May, France annexed the Kingdom of Etruria (Tuscany) and the Papal State, which maintained trade relations with Great Britain.

War with the Fifth Coalition (1809)

Spain became the next target of Napoleonic expansion. During the Portuguese expedition, French troops were stationed with the consent of King Charles IV (1788-1808) in many Spanish cities. In May 1808, Napoleon forced Charles IV and the heir to the throne, Ferdinand, to renounce their rights (Treaty of Bayonne). On June 6, he proclaimed his brother Joseph king of Spain. The establishment of French domination caused a general uprising in the country. On July 20-23, the rebels surrounded and forced two French corps to surrender near Bailen (Bailen Surrender). The uprising also spread to Portugal; On August 6, English troops landed there under the command of A. Wellesley (the future Duke of Wellington). On August 21, he defeated the French at Vimeiro; On August 30, A. Junot signed an act of surrender in Sintra; his army was evacuated to France.

The loss of Spain and Portugal led to a sharp deterioration in the foreign policy situation of the Napoleonic Empire. In Germany, patriotic anti-French sentiment increased significantly. Austria began to actively prepare for revenge and reorganize its armed forces. On September 27 - October 14, a meeting between Napoleon and Alexander I took place in Erfurt: although their military-political alliance was renewed, although Russia recognized Joseph Bonaparte as the king of Spain, and France recognized the accession of Finland to Russia, and although the Russian Tsar undertook to act on the side of France in the event of Austria attacked her, nevertheless, the Erfurt meeting marked a cooling of Franco-Russian relations.

In November 1808 - January 1809, Napoleon made a campaign against the Iberian Peninsula, where he won a number of victories over Spanish and English troops. At the same time, Great Britain managed to achieve peace with the Ottoman Empire (5 January 1809). In April 1809, the Fifth Anti-Napoleonic Coalition was formed, which included Austria, Great Britain and Spain, represented by a provisional government (the Supreme Junta).

On April 10, the Austrians began military operations; they invaded Bavaria, Italy and the Grand Duchy of Warsaw; Tyrol rebelled against Bavarian rule. Napoleon moved to Southern Germany against the main Austrian army of Archduke Charles and at the end of April, during five successful battles (at Tengen, Abensberg, Landsgut, Eckmühl and Regensburg), he cut it into two parts: one had to retreat to the Czech Republic, the other across the river. Inn. The French entered Austria and occupied Vienna on May 13. But after the bloody battles of Aspern and Essling on May 21-22, they were forced to stop the offensive and gain a foothold on the Danube island of Lobau; On May 29, the Tyroleans defeated the Bavarians on Mount Isel near Innsbruck.

Nevertheless, Napoleon, having received reinforcements, crossed the Danube and on July 5-6 at Wagram defeated Archduke Charles. In Italy and the Grand Duchy of Warsaw, the actions of the Austrians were also unsuccessful. Although the Austrian army was not destroyed, Francis II agreed to conclude the Peace of Schönbrunn (October 14), according to which Austria lost access to the Adriatic Sea; she ceded to France part of Carinthia and Croatia, Carniola, Istria, Trieste and Fiume (modern Rijeka), which made up the Illyrian provinces; Bavaria received Salzburg and part of Upper Austria; to the Grand Duchy of Warsaw - Western Galicia; Russia - Tarnopol district.

Franco-Russian relations (1809-1812)

Russia did not provide effective assistance to Napoleon in the war with Austria, and its relations with France deteriorated sharply. The St. Petersburg court thwarted the project of Napoleon's marriage with Grand Duchess Anna, sister of Alexander I. On February 8, 1910, Napoleon married Marie-Louise, daughter of Franz II, and began to support Austria in the Balkans. The election on August 21, 1810 of the French Marshal J.B. Bernatott as heir to the Swedish throne increased the Russian government's fears for the northern flank.

In December 1810, Russia, which was suffering significant losses from the continental blockade of England, increased customs duties on French goods, which caused Napoleon's open discontent. Regardless of Russian interests, France continued its aggressive policy in Europe: on July 9, 1810 it annexed Holland, on December 12 - the Swiss canton of Wallis, on February 18, 1811 - several German free cities and principalities, including the Duchy of Oldenburg, whose ruling house was associated family ties with the Romanov dynasty; the annexation of Lübeck provided France with access to the Baltic Sea. Alexander I was also concerned about Napoleon's plans to restore a unified Polish state.

In the face of an inevitable military clash, France and Russia began to look for allies. On February 24, Prussia entered into a military alliance with Napoleon, and on March 14, Austria. At the same time, the French occupation of Swedish Pomerania on January 12, 1812 prompted Sweden to conclude an agreement with Russia on April 5 on a joint fight against France. On April 27, Napoleon rejected Alexander I’s ultimatum to withdraw French troops from Prussia and Pomerania and allow Russia to trade with neutral countries. On May 3, Great Britain joined the Russian-Swedish one. On June 22, France declared war on Russia.

War with the Sixth Coalition (1813-1814)

The death of Napoleon's Grand Army in Russia significantly changed the military-political situation in Europe and contributed to the growth of anti-French sentiment. Already on December 30, 1812, General J. von Wartenburg, commander of the Prussian auxiliary corps, which was part of the Great Army, concluded a neutrality agreement with the Russians in Taurog. As a result, all of East Prussia rebelled against Napoleon. In January 1813, the Austrian commander K.F. Schwarzenberg, under a secret agreement with Russia, withdrew his troops from the Grand Duchy of Warsaw.

On February 28, Prussia signed the Treaty of Kalisz on an alliance with Russia, which provided for the restoration of the Prussian state within the borders of 1806 and the restoration of German independence; thus, the Sixth Anti-Napoleonic Coalition arose. Russian troops crossed the Oder on March 2, occupied Berlin on March 11, Hamburg on March 12, Breslau on March 15; On March 23, the Prussians entered Dresden, the capital of Napoleon's allied Saxony. All of Germany east of the Elbe was cleared of the French. On April 22, Sweden joined the coalition.

War with the Seventh Coalition (1815)

On February 26, 1815, Napoleon left Elba and on March 1, with an escort of 1,100 guards, landed in Juan Bay near Cannes. The army went over to his side, and on March 20 he entered Paris. Louis XVIII fled. The Empire was restored.

On March 13, England, Austria, Prussia and Russia outlawed Napoleon, and on March 25 they formed the Seventh Coalition against him. In an effort to defeat the allies piecemeal, Napoleon invaded Belgium in mid-June, where the English (Wellington) and Prussian (G.-L. Blucher) armies were located. On June 16, the French defeated the British at Quatre Bras and the Prussians at Ligny, but on June 18 they lost the general battle of Waterloo. The remnants of the French troops retreated to Laon. On June 22, Napoleon abdicated the throne for the second time. At the end of June, the coalition armies approached Paris and occupied it on June 6-8. Napoleon was exiled to Fr. St. Helena. The Bourbons returned to power.

Under the terms of the Peace of Paris on November 20, 1815, France was reduced to the borders of 1790; an indemnity of 700 million francs was imposed on her; The allies occupied a number of northeastern French fortresses for 3-5 years. The political map of post-Napoleonic Europe was determined at the Congress of Vienna 1814-1815.

As a result of the Napoleonic Wars, France's military power was broken and it lost its dominant position in Europe. The main political force on the continent became the Holy Alliance of Monarchs led by Russia; Great Britain retained its status as the world's leading maritime power.

Wars of conquest of Napoleonic France threatened the national independence of many European nations; at the same time, they contributed to the destruction of the feudal-monarchical order on the continent - the French army brought on its bayonets the principles of a new civil society (Civil Code) and the abolition of feudal relations; Napoleon's liquidation of many small feudal states in Germany facilitated the process of its future unification.

(1804-1814, 1815) against the anti-French coalitions of European states and individual countries of the world with the goal of establishing its military-political and economic dominion in Europe, joining new territories to France and li-shit Ve-li-ko-bri-ta-niyu sta-tu-sa mi-ro-vo-go li-de-ra.

At the initial stage, the Napoleonic Wars contributed to the rise of the national-wide movement in European countries, on -ho-divas-si-sya under the yoke of the Holy Roman Empire, the overthrow of mo-nar-hi-regimes, the formation of sa -mighty national states. One day, Na-po-le-he I himself seized and subjugated a whole number of countries, the people of which found themselves under the yoke of foreign wars. The Napoleonic wars became a seizure-of-no-thing, turned into a source of access for na-le-o-new France .

By the time Na-po-le-o-na Bo-na-par-ta came to power, France was at war with the 2nd an-ti-French-tsuz-skaya koa-li-tsi-ey (created in 1798-1799) in the company of Ve-li-ko-bri-ta-nii, Ko-ro- the lion-st-va of both Si-ci-lies, the Holy Roman, Russian and Ottoman empires. As a result of unsuccessful military actions, France found itself in a difficult situation by the fall of 1799. The Egyptian ex-pe-di-tion of Na-po-le-o-na Bo-na-par-ta continued, from-re-zan-naya from the metro-po-po- or the ex-peditionary army was in a critical position. The geo-ge-mo-nia of France in Italy was ut-ra-che-na in the re-zul-ta-te of the Italian-Yan-ho-ho-da of 1799. The Austrian army on the upper Rey was not going to invade France. The French ports were blocked by the British fleet.

As a result of the state re-re-vo-ro-ta on November 9, 1799 (see the Seventh-teenth-bru-me-ra) Na-po-le-on Bo-na- Part became the first con-su-lom of the 1st French re-pub-li-ki and, in fact, all the full power was concentrated in his their hands. In an effort to get France out of the way Na-po-le-he decided to, first of all, remove Ve-li-ko -bri-ta-niu of its main alliance in Europe - the Holy Roman (since 1804 Austrian) Empire. For this, secretly forming an army at the south-eastern borders, Na-po-le-on Bo-na-part moved to Italy in May 1800 Liyu and June 14 in the battle of Ma-ren-go Bo-na-part defeated the imperial troops, which pre-d-def-de-li-lo is - progress of the entire campaign. In December 1800, the French army brought a new order to the imperial troops in Germany near Ho-gen-lin-den, in -zul-ta-te who-ro-go was concluded in the Peace of Lu-ne-ville of 1801. In October 1801, Na-po-le-on Bo-na-part concluded peace treaties with the Ottoman and Russian empires. Ve-li-ko-bri-ta-niya, having lost your co-alliances, would you-well-dena-conclude with France Am -en-sky peace treaty of 1802, which completed the collapse of the 2nd anti-French coalition. France and its union-ki ver-well-captured Ve-li-ko-bri-ta-ni-ey ko-lo-nii (except for the islands of Ceylon and Tri-ni-dad), having promised, in turn, to establish Rome, Naples and the island of Elba. There was a short, long, peaceful breath. One day the thief in Am-e-ne did not establish a pro-ti-vo-re-chiy between the go-su-dar-st-va-mi, and 22.5 .1803 The war of France was announced.

Na-po-le-on Bo-na-part on May 18, 1804 was hailed by him-per-ra-to-rum French-call Na-po-le-o-no I. He began to build up forces in the north of France (in Bou-lon la-guerre) for the organization of forces -ro-va-niya of the English Channel and the landing of the ex-peditionary army in Vel-li-ko-bri-ta-nia. Obsessed with this, the English have not unraveled active diplomatic activities to create new howl of the coalition against Na-po-le-o-na I. The Russian Empire is behind the key with Ve-li-ko-bri-ta-ni-ey Peter -Burg So-yuz-ny do-go-vor of 1805, po-lo-lived on-cha-lo of the 3rd An-ti-French Co-a-li-tion (Ve-li -ko-bri-ta-nia, Russian, Holy Roman and Ottoman empires; although Sweden, Ko-ro-left both -their Si-tsi-liy and Da-niya formal-but did not join the coalition, but were in force in 1804 before- ditch with the Russian im-per-ri-ey actually became her students). In the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805, the combined French-Spanish fleet suffered a crushing defeat from the British es -cadres under the command of Admiral G. Nel-so-na. This thwarted the French plans to invade Vel-li-ko-bri-ta-niy. France lost its military fleet and stopped fighting for supremacy at sea.

Coalition forces are significant but superior to the strength of the new army. According to this, Na-po-le-on I decided in the beginning of the Russian-Av-st-ro-French war of 1805 com-pen- si-ro-to overcome the forces of the coalition with the rapid actions of the French troops with the goal of defeating the enemy in an hour -cham. In October, Na-po-le-on I lived around and defeated the Austrian army in the Battle of Ulm in 1805. The remaining Russian troops found themselves face-to-face with the superior French army. To the commander of the Russian troops, Infantry General M.I. Ku-tu-zo-vu managed to escape the encirclement, in the Battle of Krems, to defeat the French corps of Mar-sha-la E. Mor-tier and unite with the os-stat-ka-mi of the Austrian army. But in the Au-ster-lits-com battle of 1805, the Russian-Austrian troops suffered.

History table. Subject: Wars of conquest of Napoleon Bonaparte.

Five columns: 1. Years; 2. Anti-French coalitions; 3. main events; 4. Results;5. Meaning.

Thank you.

Answers and solutions.

In the first years of the Directory, France won a number of victories in the war with the coalition. The war, which began as a liberation war, turned into a war of conquest. Clear signs of this appeared during the military campaign in 1796-1797.
The French army, led by General Bonaparte, invaded Italy in 1796. In 1797-1799 The Ligurian, Cisalpine, Roman, and Neapolitan republics were formed by the French on Italian territory.
The Napoleonic Wars had a strong influence on the fate of the German people. Napoleon's hegemony was established in Germany. In 1795, France signed the Basel Agreement with Prussia.
In 1798, in connection with French expansion in Europe and the Middle East, a new coalition was formed against France.
After the failure of the Egyptian campaign, French rule in Northern Italy was temporarily replaced by Austrian rule. In 1800, in the city of Marengo, the French army again defeated the Austrian army and captured Northern Italy. For ten years, Italy was subject to Napoleon's empire. Part of its northern territories was directly included in France.
The map of Germany was constantly redrawn. In 1803, a decree was signed according to which it was decided to abolish 112 states with a population of 3 million. Their lands were annexed to large states. The lands of the spiritual principalities were secularized.
Napoleonic rule was accompanied by robberies, violence and at the same time promoted bourgeois transformations. The number of churches and monasteries was reduced, and many feudal privileges were abolished. At the same time, the French government introduced new taxes and indemnities and a recruiting system. In 1806, Prussia, which opposed the formation of the Confederation of the Rhine, started a war against France, but lost it. The greatest humiliation for her was the Peace of Tilsit in 1807, which made her dependent on France.
The wars of the Austrian Empire against France ended in defeat for the empire. In 1806, under pressure from Napoleon, the Habsburg dynasty forever lost its status as Holy Roman Emperors. The monarchy became known as the Austrian Empire.
Immediately after coming to power, Napoleon forced Spain to participate in the wars of the anti-British coalition. This war ended with the defeat of the Spanish fleet at the Battle of Cape Trafalgar. Amid economic crisis, financial confusion and military decline in 1807, Napoleon forced Spain into a new war with Portugal. However, after its end, French troops did not leave Spanish territory.
The Spanish people, in protest, rose up on May 2, 1808, first in Madrid and then in other cities. The announcement of a foreigner as king, military intervention, violation of folk traditions - all this raised the population of Spain to fight for their independence. The Spanish provinces, one after another, declared war on the French. Rebel and armed groups were formed, vested with great powers. Napoleon sent an army of 200,000 to Spain, which with great difficulty managed to restore order in large cities. Napoleon, who managed to subjugate all of Europe, met fierce resistance from the Spanish army. The defenders of Zaragoza fought for their city to the last drop of blood. The heroic struggle of the Spaniards for their independence ended in the fall of 1813. Spain was defeated, and French troops won another victory.

1. 1791 – 1797 First coalition. Composition: England, Prussia, Kingdom of Naples, Duchy of Tuscany, Austria, Spain, Holland, since 1795 Russia. Revolutionary wars and the Italian campaign. France expelled foreign troops from its territory and invaded Northern Italy.
2. 1799 – 1802 Second coalition. Composition: England, Russia, Turkey, Austria, Kingdom of Naples. Second Italian campaign. Peace of Luneville, Peace of Amiens. The beginning of domination in Italy and the peace treaty with Great Britain (the War of the Second Coalition ended).
3. 1805 Third coalition. Composition: Austria, Russia, Great Britain, Sweden, the Kingdom of Naples and Portugal. War of the Third Coalition, Ulm, Austerlitz. Peace of Presburg. The defeat of the Third Coalition, the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire, the creation of the Confederation of the Rhine.
4. 1806 - 1807 Fourth coalition. Composition: England, Russia, Prussia, Saxony, Sweden. Jena, Auerstedt, Friedland. Tilsit world. The defeat of Prussia, the defeat of Russia.
5. 1809 Fifth Coalition. Composition: Austria, England and Spain. Regensburg, capture of Vienna. World of Schönbrunn. Austria was deprived of access to the Adriatic Sea and lost Illyria, Salzburg, and Western Galicia.
6. 1812 - 1814 Sixth coalition. Composition: Russia, Sweden, Great Britain, Austria and Prussia. Smolensk, Borodino, Leipzig, capture of Paris. Parisian world. Return of France to the borders of 1792 and restoration of the monarchy.

Almost the entire Napoleonic era passed for France in wars with European powers, of which the most stubborn enemy was England, which formed several coalitions against France (Table 1). These wars were very successful for the French in the first ten years and made France a powerful nation. Most of Western Europe recognized French rule over itself. Moreover, some lands and states became part of France, others became the personal possessions of Napoleon and his relatives, others recognized his supremacy over themselves and pledged to obey his demands.

In 1800, Napoleon set out on his second Italian campaign. The French won a brilliant victory at the Battle of Marengo, forcing Austria to withdraw from the war. In 1801, the Peace of Luneville was concluded, according to which Austria was completely ousted from Italy and recognized the borders of France along the Rhine. In 1802, peace was signed with England in Amiens. France regained its possessions in the West Indies, but withdrew from Egypt. Thus ended a series of wars with the second French coalition.

Anti-French coalitions during the revolutionary and Napoleonic wars

Table 1

The situation with England was much more complicated. In 1805, a third anti-French coalition was formed, which included England, Austria, Russia and the Kingdom of Naples. The core of the coalition was England, and Napoleon intended to strike the main blow against it. Preparations for the invasion army began. However, in the naval battle of Cape Trafalgar off the coast of Andalusia, the English squadron under the command of Admiral Nelson inflicted a serious defeat on the combined Franco-Spanish fleet. France lost the war at sea.

Napoleon, seeking to strengthen his position in the center of Europe, defeated the Austrian and Russian armies at Austerlitz. Austria was forced to leave the coalition, and concluded peace with France in Presburg (1805), ceding part of its possessions in Western Germany, the Tyrol and the Venetian region with the Adriatic coast.

After this, Napoleon carried out transformations that asserted French and his personal dominance in Europe. He annexed Tuscany and Piedmont directly to France, and the Venetian region to his Italian kingdom. He declared his elder brother Joseph king of Naples. The Batavian Republic was transformed into the Kingdom of Holland, the throne of which was given to another brother of Napoleon - Louis Bonaparte.

Major changes were made in Germany. In place of numerous German states, the Confederation of the Rhine was formed (1806), of which Napoleon himself became its protector. This meant the actual establishment of French power over a large part of Germany.

Reforms were carried out in the occupied territories, serfdom was abolished, and the Napoleonic Civil Code was introduced.

By establishing the Confederation of the Rhine, Napoleon offended the interests of Prussia, which in 1806 entered into a coalition against France.

In the same year, Prussian and Russian troops, who formed the fourth coalition against Napoleon, were defeated. Prussian troops were defeated in one day in two major battles: at Jena by Napoleon himself and at Auerstedt by his Marshal Davout. Within ten days, the entire western half of Prussia, with its capital Berlin, was occupied by the French. Since Prussia was unable to continue the war, the Russians were left without an ally. Napoleon fought several battles with them, ending in the complete defeat of the Russian army at Friedland. This war ended with the signing of the Peace of Tilsit in 1807, which was concluded during a personal meeting of Emperors Alexander I and Napoleon in a floating pavilion on the river. Neman. Under the terms of this peace, Napoleon, “out of respect for the All-Russian Emperor” and out of “mercy,” spared Prussia’s independence, taking away from it only the lands between the Elbe and the Rhine and the Polish regions acquired by Prussia through two partitions of Poland. From the lands taken from Prussia, the Kingdom of Westphalia was formed, which he gave to his younger brother Jerome, as well as the Duchy of Warsaw.

Russia was obliged to enter into a continental blockade against England, which began in 1806. According to Napoleon’s decree, trade with England was prohibited throughout the empire and in the countries dependent on it.

The continental blockade, the purpose of which was to cause maximum harm to English trade, put France itself in a difficult position. It was for this reason that Napoleon captured Portugal in 1807. For Portugal, as a predominantly coastal country, the cessation of trade with England was very unprofitable. When Napoleon demanded in an ultimatum that the country join the blockade, he was refused. Portuguese ports remained open to English ships. In response to this, Napoleon sent his troops to Portugal. The Portuguese House of Braganza was dethroned and its representatives left the country. A long-term war began, during which British troops arrived to help the Portuguese.

In 1808 France invaded Spain. The Spanish king from the Bourbon dynasty was overthrown, and Napoleon placed his brother Joseph (Joseph) on the throne in his place. However, the Spanish people launched a guerrilla war against Napoleonic troops. Napoleon himself went to Spain, but he was not able to completely suppress popular resistance. His marshals and generals continued the war in Spain with varying success, until in 1812 the French were expelled from Spain by the combined forces of the British, Spaniards and Portuguese.

Back in 1808, under the pretext of non-compliance by the Papal States with the continental blockade, the emperor sent troops into the Papal States and issued a decree according to which the pope was deprived of secular power and was transported to live in France. The ecclesiastical region was annexed to France, and Rome was declared the second city of the empire. Therefore, Napoleon gave his son, born in 1811, the title of King of Rome.

Austria decided to take advantage of Napoleon's predicament on the Iberian Peninsula. In 1809, together with Great Britain, she formed the fifth anti-French coalition and declared war on Napoleon. During the hostilities, French troops occupied Vienna. In the battle of Wagram, the Austrians were defeated and were forced to sign a peace treaty that was difficult for them. Austria lost a number of territories: Galicia, annexed to the Duchy of Warsaw, the Adriatic coast (Illyria, Dalmatia, Rause), which, under the name of the Illyrian province, became part of Napoleon’s own possessions, Salzburg with neighboring lands, which went to Bavaria. This peace was sealed by the marriage of Napoleon with the daughter of the Austrian Emperor Franz II, Marie-Louise.

The completion of all Bonaparte's conquests was the annexation to France of Holland, taken from King Louis for non-compliance with the continental blockade, and the entire German coast between the Rhine and Elbe.

By 1810, Napoleon had achieved extraordinary power and glory. France now consisted of 130 departments instead of 83. It included Belgium, Holland, Northern Germany to the Elbe, Western Germany to the Rhine, part of Switzerland, Piedmont with Genoa, Tuscany and the Papal States. Napoleon personally owned the Kingdom of Italy with the Venetian region and the Illyrian province. His two brothers and brother-in-law owned three kingdoms (Spanish, Westphalian and Neapolitan) and were subordinate to him. The entire Confederation of the Rhine, which included most of central Germany and the Duchy of Warsaw, was under his protectorate.

However, for all its apparent power, the country was experiencing an internal crisis. Severe harvest failures followed for two years in a row. The Continental blockade caused a decline in trade and industry.

Inside France, there was growing dissatisfaction with the continuous wars and conscription. Society is tired of constant shocks. Finances were in disarray, the economy was working at its limit. It was obvious that France needed to stop expansion.

Relations with the conquered countries were also difficult. On the one hand, the French authorities carried out bourgeois reforms. On the other hand, Napoleonic taxes and indemnities were a heavy burden for the peoples of the conquered countries. The “blood tax” was especially painful (tens of thousands of soldiers were supplied to the emperor’s army). The growth of French influence and Napoleon's desire to unify Europe in his own image caused resistance.

Secret societies were formed in many countries: in Spain and Germany - the society of Freemasons ("free masons"), in Italy - the Carbonari ("coal miners"). All of them set the goal of overthrowing French rule.

However, Napoleon persistently sought to establish complete control over the continent. Russia seemed to him to be the main obstacle on this path. Complications in relations with Russia began immediately after the Peace of Tilsit. According to France, Russia did not fulfill the conditions of the continental blockade conscientiously enough. Napoleon's matchmaking with the Russian princess, the sister of Emperor Alexander I, turned out to be unsuccessful. The contradictions between the two powers reached such a level that it became obvious that war could not be avoided.