Map of nationalities of the Russian Empire. How many peoples live in Russia? Map of the peoples of Russia

The limited volume of the book does not allow us to dwell in detail on the further ethnic history of the peoples of the world. This history is becoming more complex and diverse with the growth of the population, the development of its productive forces, the complication of social organization, etc. progress of culture. Relocations (migration) are becoming more and more widespread, and the pace of mixing and economic and cultural interaction between individual peoples and their entire groups, often living far from each other, is increasing.

Answering the question of how the modern ethnic map of the world took shape, we will focus only on those ethnic processes that played the greatest role in the formation of this map.

Of great importance for the ethnic history of Europe, Asia and North Africa was the so-called great migration of peoples, which took place in the 4th-9th centuries, when feudal states took shape on the ruins of ancient empires in most countries in this part of the ecumene and at the same time the process of formation of new ethnic groups began, from many of which still exist today. It was at this time that the Slavs settled throughout Eastern Europe and their development of almost the entire Balkan Peninsula, the spread of the Germans throughout Central and Northern Europe and their penetration into the British Isles, where the Celts had previously lived, the formation of Romanesque peoples as a result of the mixing of the Latinized population of various provinces of the former Roman Empire with the “barbarian tribes” who invaded its borders and greatly contributed to its final collapse.

The aforementioned movement to the west of the Huns at the end of the 4th century. reached Europe, where they founded a large but fragile state with an ethnically very mixed population in the Danube basin. Following the Huns, other Turkic tribes came to Eastern Europe - Khazars, Avars, Bulgarians, Pechenegs, Polovtsians, etc. One of the groups of Bulgarians ascended the Volga and played a prominent role in the ethnogenesis of the Chuvash and Tatars, and the other, moving in 679. Danube, dissolved south of it among the Slavs, passing on its name to the Bulgarian people. In the VIII-IX centuries. Hungarians (Magyars), whose language was related to the Ugrians of Western Siberia - the Khants and Mansi, moved from the Southern Urals to the Middle Danube. Mass movements of Turkic peoples took place in Southern Siberia, Central and Central Asia, where in the second half of the 1st millennium AD. e. A series of successive tribal associations and states emerged, which included very heterogeneous ethnic communities. At the end of the 5th century. A large group of Central Asian Iranian-speaking tribes of the Hephthalites (White Huns) moved to India, where they founded a large state on the territory of the former Kushan Empire. From the 6th to the beginning of the 7th century. The Arab conquests began, accompanied by the settlement of Arabs in the countries of Western Asia and North Africa and their assimilation of the local population.

The Great Migration of Peoples: .

a - medieval Chinese images of the Huns;

In the East and Southeast Asia, where in the 1st and early 2nd millennium AD. e. Feudal relations also developed, and at this time many ethnic processes, already discussed above, continued. The ethnic, and at the same time the state, consolidation of the Koreans and Japanese is being completed. The Chinese, who called themselves “Han” (named after the dynasty of the 3rd century BC), gradually mastered the territories south of Qinling, where they mixed with various peoples, passing on their language to them and, in turn, borrowing from them various economic and cultural skills. They split into local groups, very different from each other. In Indochina, the ethnic and political territories of the Vietnamese, Burmese and Thais are expanding at the expense of the Mon-Khmer and Indonesians (in particular the Cham). The Malays settled from Sumatra, settled in Malacca, and then spread throughout almost all of Indonesia, interacting with other groups of Indonesians related to them and forming a number of new ethnic groups. Starting from the first centuries of the new era, several feudal states emerged here, the largest of which were in the 7th-13th centuries. there were Srivijaya in southeast Sumatra and later Majapahit in central Java. It was dependent on the latter state until the end of the 15th century. a significant part of Indonesia, and possibly the Philippines.

In the first half of the 2nd millennium AD. e. The conquests of the Mongols, who captured other, mainly Turkic, peoples who entered the 13th century, had a great influence on the ethnic history of Asia and Europe. into the vast, if ephemeral, empire of Genghis Khan and his successors. As a result of the Mongol conquests, which were accompanied by the movement of entire ethnic communities over vast distances, mixing between peoples of different origins sharply increased and the preconditions were created for the formation of new ethnic groups in Central, Central and Western Asia, the Caucasus and Eastern Europe. An example of these ethnic processes is the emergence of various groups of Tatars in Siberia, Volga-Kama, Crimea and some other regions of our country. Following the Mongol-Tatars, new groups of Turkic peoples penetrated into the Caucasus and Asia Minor, and somewhat later into the Balkan Peninsula - the Oguzes, related to the modern Central Asian Turkmens; they mixed with the local population and played a significant role in the formation of new ethnic groups, including the Azerbaijanis and the Ottoman Turks, who crushed in the 15th century. Byzantium and conquered many peoples of South-Eastern Europe and North Africa for several centuries. Around the same time, the spread of tribes speaking Bantu languages ​​from the eastern and central regions of the African continent to its entire southern half was completed. By the end of the 15th century, almost all the ethnic groups that exist today had emerged in Asia, Europe and Africa.

Of enormous importance for the ethnic history of the whole world was the origin and then the development of capitalism in Europe and the closely related resettlement of large masses of Europeans in the 16th-19th centuries. to America, Australia, Oceania and South Africa. The main role in these grandiose migrations was played first by the Spaniards and Portuguese, and later by the Dutch, French and especially the British. Many groups of these peoples, separated from their mother ethnic groups, gave rise to completely new ethnic communities in new habitats. In their formation, in some cases, the main role was played by the indigenous aboriginal population of colonial countries, in other cases - by the descendants of settlers from Europe, since the aborigines were almost completely exterminated, artificially isolated or forced out of their ethnic territories. The first path was followed by the formation of the peoples of Mexico and many countries of Central and South America. The second path of ethnic development is characteristic of Canada, the USA, Argentina, Uruguay, Australia, many islands of Oceania - New Zealand, Hawaii, etc. In southern Africa, in a similar way, a new ethnic group emerged from the descendants of Dutch settlers (the so-called Boers) - Afrikaners, numbering in our days 2.9 million people and speak a special language “Afrikaans”, close to Dutch, but differing from it in many ways. In some American countries, especially in the Caribbean islands, Venezuela, Brazil and Guyana, descendants of slaves of African descent played a large role in ethnic history along with European immigrants and Indians.

Among the most important ethnic processes of the 16th - early 20th centuries. refers to the settlement of Russians in Siberia, and partly also in the Caucasus and Central Asia. Unlike many other peoples, Russian settlers almost never separated from their native ethnic group. However, their economic and cultural differentiation in new places and mixing with the indigenous population often led to the emergence of new ethnographic groups within the Russian people themselves. In Siberia, the most dramatic cultural and everyday differences arose between the old-timers, descendants of settlers from the 17th and early 19th centuries, and the new settlers, who were mostly poor peasants who moved beyond the Urals during the period of developed capitalism after the reforms of the 60s. At the same time, along with the Russians, significant groups of Ukrainians, Belarusians, Latvians, Estonians, Tatars, Komi, Mordovians and other peoples moved to different areas of the Asian part of the country. These settlers partially retained their languages, cultural characteristics and identity, and partially gradually merged with the neighboring larger population (most often Russian).

Thus, by the beginning of the 20th century. The modern ethnic map of the world has taken shape in its main outlines. Of course, ethnic processes (in particular, migration) continued later, and they continue to this day. The Great October Socialist Revolution, which opened a new era in the history of all mankind - the era of communism, had a decisive influence on their essence and direction. However, the ethnic processes of the post-October period, which continue in most cases even today, are not the past for us, but living modernity. They play a huge role in all phenomena of our socio-political and cultural life.

Ethnographic map

Ethnographic map

map of the location of ethnic groups, elements of their traditional material and spiritual culture. The map reflects the number of ethnic groups, their belonging to a particular race, origin (ethnogenesis), development and settlement. In addition, they show the distribution of languages ​​(language groups), dialects, religions, beliefs and religious rituals, the nature of farming, crafts, features of housing, clothing, food, etc. In some cases, maps convey the interaction of ethnic groups with the environment and interethnic relationship.

Geography. Modern illustrated encyclopedia. - M.: Rosman. Edited by prof. A. P. Gorkina. 2006 .

See what an “ethnographic map” is in other dictionaries:

- (Italian carta, Latin charta paper). 1) a rectangular piece of paper on which signs of one of the four card suits are depicted. 2) drawing of the sky, earth, sea, etc. (geographic maps). 3) a list of foods and drinks in hotels. Dictionary… … Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

MAP, cards, women. (German Karte, from Latin charta). 1. A drawing of part of the earth’s surface, the same as a land map (geographical map). A map of Europe. || The same with primary consideration, according to the rules of cartography, of certain special features... ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

MAP, s, female. 1. Drawing of the surface of the Earth, a celestial body or the starry sky. Map scale. Political K. Europe. Ethnographic history of the world. K. Moon. Astronomical card 2. One of the dense sheets of deck 2, differing in suits (in 2 values), ... ... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

map- s; and. see also cards, card 1) a) Drawing of the earth's surface. Geographic map. Map scale. Map the shores of the bay. Ethnographic, p... Dictionary of many expressions

Y; and. 1. Drawing of the earth's surface. Geographic map. Map scale. Map the shores of the bay. Ethnographic, political, maritime (such a drawing with primary consideration of one or another special feature). // Drawing of the starry sky... encyclopedic Dictionary

An ethnographic map of Eastern and Western Thrace at the beginning of the 20th century (1912) shows how varied the ethnic composition of the population of the region where the Bulgarians lived was not so long ago... Wikipedia

The most interesting way to draw conclusions about the countries of the world and the people who inhabit them is through your own experience, that is, by going to these countries. However, large-scale research by sociologists makes it possible to expand the boundaries of consciousness without going beyond electronic geographic maps and remaining at the monitors. “My Planet” has selected 10 world maps that can change or confirm your idea of ​​some countries and the features of life in them.

IQ level

A map of the level of intelligence of peoples of 113 countries of the world, compiled based on the results of research by the British Richard Lynn and the Finnish Tatu Vanhanen.

Fact: Singapore was the smartest with an IQ of 108.

Paid maternity leave

A map based on statistics from American sociologist Jody Heymann from the United States shows which countries in the world provide parental leave and how long it lasts.

Fact: The United States is one of eight countries where there is no paid maternity leave. Other states that are unfriendly to new mothers include Palau, Nauru, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Tonga, Liberia and Suriname.

Population density

The map shows the number of inhabitants.

Fact: The top five “closest” countries included Monaco, Singapore, the Vatican, Malta and the Maldives.

Attitude towards foreigners

The map illustrates a World Economic Forum (WEF) report on global tourism trends published in 2013. Throughout the year, WEF experts asked people: “How welcome are foreign guests in your country?”

Fact: Three countries where people of other nationalities will feel comfortable are Iceland, New Zealand and Morocco. Bolivia, Venezuela and Russia welcome the least number of guests.

Freedom of the press

Each year, Reporters Without Borders ranks countries around the world on its Press Freedom Index, sending surveys to the world's news outlets, correspondents, journalists, researchers, lawyers and human rights activists. The questionnaire includes questions about direct attacks on journalists and media outlets and sources of pressure on the free press.

Fact: In 2013, the top five were Finland, the Netherlands, Norway, Luxembourg and Andorra. Russia was in 148th place.

Connections with the nearest major city

The map, published in NewScientist, is based on the time it takes to travel to the nearest city with a population of 50,000 or more by boat or land. The calculation model took into account factors that slow down movement (landscape features, border crossings, etc.). So, on 10% of the Earth's territory, travel time to the nearest big city will take more than 48 hours.

Fact: The most remote point on Earth is located on the Tibetan Plateau (coordinates 34.7°N, 85.7°E), it will take three weeks to get to the city of Lhasa or Korla, of which only a day by car, the remaining 20 days will have to be walked.

Coffee consumption

The map shows coffee consumption in kilograms per person per year, as estimated by the World Resources Institute. The average global coffee consumption per year around the world is 1.3 kg per person.

Fact: According to data for 2011, the top five coffee drinking countries included Finland (12 kg), Norway, Iceland, Denmark and the Netherlands. On average, a resident of Russia consumes 1.7 kg of coffee beans per year.

The map shows the percentage of the population that denies religion. As of 2009, there were 2.32% of atheists in the world (that is, 157,529,444 people).

Fact: The highest rate is in Korea, where there are 15.6% of atheists, Sweden is in second place (11.6%), and Mongolia is in third (8.3%). In Russia, 1.5% of the total population are atheists.

Global Peace Index

Experts from the Institute of Peace and the Center for Peace and Conflict Studies at the University of Sydney evaluate the situation in the countries of the world according to 22 parameters, including both internal factors (level of violence, crime, etc.) and external factors (country’s international relations, military spending, etc.) .

Fact: According to data for 2012, the top five countries with the most peaceful conditions were Iceland, New Zealand, Denmark, Canada, and Japan. Russia ended up in 153rd place out of 158 possible.

Gender equality

The ranking, based on WEF data, demonstrates the gender gap in countries around the world. In other words, on the map you can see where women in the world have the most equal access to education systems, health care, and also have the most opportunities to fully participate in the political and economic life of the country.

Fact: For five years in a row, Iceland has been recognized as the leading country in terms of gender equality. As of 2013, it is followed by Finland, Norway, Sweden and the Philippines. Russia occupies 61st place in the overall ranking.

All of us, from school, are familiar with the catchphrase: “Russia is a prison of nations.” 13 peoples have already disappeared from the ethnographic map of Russia, and several dozen more are on the verge of extinction.

If there ever is a trial of the Russian Empire, then the main prosecutors, besides historians, should be ethnologists who will tell the court about how many peoples disappeared during the reign of the Russian tsars and Bolshevik leaders. 13 peoples have already disappeared from the ethnographic map of Russia, and several dozen more are on the verge of extinction. The empire needed land to soothe its pride, and the Russian tsars needed new subjects - obedient, not angry and ready to become a “single family.” In fact, they were supposed to become, contrary to their wishes, future Russians: official Russian historiography has been thoroughly cleaned up for the curious; in textbooks you will not find information, for example, about the 150-year Russian-Chukchi war or the long-term resistance of the peoples of Southern Siberia - the Khakass, Tuvans, Buryats.

All these peoples, who decided to defend their right to be free with the help of weapons, seemed to understand what awaited them in the future - that first they would be declared “Russians”, then they would be forcibly baptized, and the Bolsheviks would finish them off - they would be deprived of the opportunity to live as they had lived for many centuries ancestors: they were forbidden to hunt and fish, and engage in traditional crafts. Torn from their roots, inclined by the empire to Orthodoxy, by the Bolsheviks to atheism, the indigenous peoples of Siberia and the Far East were able to preserve only a little, in particular, shamanism, now perceived as exotic. And the disappeared and disappearing peoples turned into dead and still living exhibits of the museum of crimes of the Russian Empire.

Enumerating disappeared peoples is already a useless exercise, but try to imagine that 100-200 years ago peoples and tribes lived on the territory of the empire - the Ves, Golyad, Kamasins, Kerkets, Melanchlens, Merya, Meshchera, Motors, Muroma, Polovtsy, Ugrians, Chud Zavolochskaya, evremeysy. They, like larger nations, were conquered in order to become “Russian”, fulfilling the wishes of the Russian tsars to strengthen the Russian State and form the “Russian people”, which did not exist, but they really wanted it to exist. With each conquest of another territory, which was elegantly called the “gathering of Russian lands,” the population that remained alive after many years of resistance grew. The Muscovite kingdom, which in the 17th century consisted of only 4 million people, a couple of centuries later turned into an empire with a population of more than 100 million people, most of whom were subjected to forced assimilation.

For the sake of objectivity, it is still worth distinguishing between the policies of the Russian Empire and the Bolsheviks, although which of them is more monstrous is difficult to say. The empire seized territories, turning the population into “Russian Orthodox”; the Soviet government finished off the people with all kinds of prohibitions, turning them into the “Soviet people” - without faith, without history, without language and without culture. The entire Soviet people lived according to the rules invented in Moscow, and these rules deprived the people of their traditional way of life, turning former hunters and fishermen, shepherds and gatherers into the collective farm peasantry. When to graze deer or sheep was decided not by the traditions of ancestors established by thousands of years of experience, but by an official in Moscow, who, most likely, had never seen either camps or pastures. The Soviet people had to carry out orders regarding milk yield and sheep shearing; everything was erased from their memory - rituals and traditions, songs and stories of their ancestors. Soviet ethnographers diligently collected material for their dissertations and books, as if they understood that soon all this would disappear.

The worst thing is to observe the disappearance of peoples now, already on the territory of modern Russia. See the population drinking themselves to death in the villages of the Shors in the south of the Kemerovo region or the Khanty, Mansi and Eskimos who moved to the cities and forgot their traditions. Almost no one knows about the mushers and Kamchadals; few people say that 60 percent of Russian oil is produced on the land of the Khanty and Mansi, and the peoples themselves have become outcasts on their own land. The Khanty make up only 1.2 percent of the population of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, the Mansi are even smaller - 0.7 percent. According to statistics, there are even several times more Ukrainians in the district, and Russians make up the overwhelming majority - almost 70 percent of the population. Once upon a time, traditional reindeer herding became exotic; just over three tens of thousands of heads remained from numerous herds. Now in the schools of the district, about two thousand children of the Mansi people and a little more than three thousand of the Khanty people study in their native language.

The national territories formed under Soviet rule on the conquered lands beyond the Ural ridge - republics or districts - contain ethnonyms and mentions of indigenous peoples only in their names. In fact, indigenous peoples are in an overwhelming minority there. In the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, the Chukchi themselves make up only about 25 percent of the population; even fewer, on the verge of extinction, are representatives of other indigenous peoples - the Eskimos, Evens and Chuvans. This ratio was created not only due to assimilation during the years of Bolshevism, but also due to the long, about 150 years, Russian-Chukchi war - from 1641 to 1776. History preserves the events of that time, the cruelty and persistence of the occupiers. Captain of the Tobolsk Dragoon Regiment Dmitry Pavlutsky was distinguished by disproportionate cruelty when in 1731, at the head of a detachment of more than 400 people, he undertook a punitive operation against the Chukchi: “And on May 9, he reached the first Chyukoch yurt sitting near the sea, in which the former Chukchi were beaten... They saw from that place at a short distance... they beat those sitting in one yurt and the Chyukochs who were in it... And when they reached their Chyukotsky prison... and in that prison there were up to eight yurts, which they plundered and burned.”

The Russian-Chukchi War ended with the seizure of land, but not the conquest of the people; uprisings were feared until the end of the 19th century. The military boasted that they had killed more than 10 thousand Chukchi, but the survivors also slowly died not only because the punitive forces destroyed many deer. Together with the Russians, contagious diseases, for example, syphilis, came to the Chukchi through the Koryaks, Chuvans and Yukaghirs: syphilis is called in Chukchi “Chuvan disease”, “Russian disease”. Along with the Russians came alcoholism, which finished off the remaining peoples. The peoples of the Far North and Siberia do not have the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase, which breaks down alcohol, and the “fire water” brought by the Russians slowly killed people. In Australia, the USA and Canada, there are restrictions on the sale of alcohol in areas of compact settlement of indigenous peoples - precisely for this reason. Nobody thought about this in Russia.

Kayurs, Koryaks, Voguls, Mansi, Nganasans, Nenets, Nivkhs, Selkups, Kets, Tofalars, Itelmens, Dolgans, Udeges, Nenets and Eskimos are peoples whose number ranges from several hundred to several thousand. The most numerous people are the Mansi, there are a little more than 30 thousand people. Thanks to the oil in their land, more than a dozen people became billionaires, but not the Mansi themselves. Small peoples in other parts of Russia are on the verge of extinction - the Vod in the Leningrad region, the Archin people in Dagestan. It is difficult to imagine what will happen to these peoples in 30 or 50 years - most likely, they will disappear and become lines on the list of those who exist only in ethnographic reference books. There is no hope that the current Russian government will make efforts to save them.