EntranceCultural map of uk research paper. The influence of the cross-cultural component on the culinary arts of Russia and Great Britain
Scientific research
Lotto
"All about Great Britain"
Datskova Yulia Borisovna
g.o. Togliatti, MBU school No. 90, 10 B grade
Scientific adviser:
Pilyugina Lyudmila Anatolyevna
English teacher of the highest category, MBU school No. 90
Tolyatti
Introduction
Main content
General information about the countries that make up the UK
Writing questions
Design and creation of lotto
Organizing a game in the classroom
Studying the level of knowledge of students before and after the game by conducting the quiz “All about Great Britain”
Advantages of using Lotto in mastering and consolidating information of a regional nature
Conclusion
Bibliography
Appendix 1 (Questions for cards)
Appendix 2 (Quiz Questions)
I.Introduction
Great Britain is a very beautiful country with a rich history and culture. It is known for its traditions, legends, architectural monuments, which immediately emerge in our imagination at any mention of this country. This is a country of people who have always been distinguished by good manners and good nature, knowledge of the rules of etiquette and respect for their traditions. This is the country that gave the world W. Shakespeare and C. Darwin, and the unforgettable magnificent four “The Beatles”. This is the only country where monarchy and democracy coexist peacefully. From time immemorial, Great Britain has been considered the Workshop of the World, so interest in it will never fade.
Every year the United Kingdom attracts a huge number of tourists, including from our country. Each of us gets acquainted with the culture of the country of the language being studied in English lessons, but in modern textbooks there is not enough regional information, which is defined as problem our work.
Relevance The problem is due to the fact that, as the practice of participation in competitions and olympiads shows, issues related to regional studies cause the most significant difficulties, despite the fact that school textbooks on the English language contain regional texts about Great Britain.
Nowadays, any information is freely available, but students are not always interested in simply reading huge texts, since their content is not always assimilated and remains in memory for a long time. In this regard, we thought about how to make the process of assimilation of information less labor-intensive and more effective.
Everyone knows that children perceive information better in a playful form, and therefore we decided to create a board lotto game “All About Great Britain”.
Novelty of this work is that educational games similar to the one we propose have not been identified in the literature and Internet sources.
An object our research - the history and culture of the country of the language being studied.
Item research - identifying the effectiveness (possibility) of using Lotto as a means of more effective assimilation and consolidation of regional information.
Research hypothesis - The Lotto we created contributes to more effective assimilation and consolidation of regional information.
Purpose this work is With creation of didactic material in the form of lotto for studying and consolidating information about the culture of the country of the language being studied.
During the research it is expected to solve the following tasks:
Study information about the countries that make up the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. (geographical features, symbols, attractions, famous people, who contributed to the treasure of history and cultural development, members of the royal family)
Select the most significant information to compose questions for lotto cards, which would reflect the history and culture of Great Britain, and also select the corresponding pictures.
Design a lotto and describe the rules of the game in the form of instructions.
Organize a Lotto game “All about Great Britain” in the class and compare the level of existing knowledge before and after playing Lotto.
Describe the advantages of using lotto when mastering regional information.
Main content
1.Basic information about the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Northern Ireland
Wikipedia reports that United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland- an island state in northwestern Europe. Great Britain is one of the largest countries in Europe, consisting of four “historical provinces: England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. The capital is London, one of the largest cities in Europe and the most important global financial and economic center. The area of Great Britain is 243,809 km², of which land is 240,579 km² and inland waters are 3,230 km².
The southern coast is connected to continental Europe through a 50 km long Euro tunnel (of which 38 km is under water).
The UK census takes place simultaneously in all parts of the UK every ten years. According to the 2010 census total population Great Britain amounted to 58,789,194 people.
The official language of Great Britain is English
Historically, the inhabitants of Great Britain are considered a mixture of various ethnic groups that settled on its territory before the 11th century: Celts, Romans, Anglo-Saxons, Vikings and Normans. Recent genetic studies have shown that more than 50 percent of English genes contain Germanic Y chromosomes, although other recent genetic analyzes suggest that approximately 75 percent of the traceable ancestors of the modern British population arrived in the British Isles some 6,200 years ago.
Great Britain is a unitary state with a parliamentary monarchy. Queen Elizabeth II is the head of state of the United Kingdom and fifteen other independent Commonwealth countries
Great Britain does not have a constitution as a single document.
The culture of the United Kingdom is rich and diverse. It was influenced by many factors: the island nature of the state, the history of the country as one of the leaders of Western democracy and a prominent military-political player, as well as the fact that the country was formed as a result of the union of four separate states, each of which retained its own traditions and habits and symbols. Thanks to the British Empire, the influence of British culture can in turn be seen in the language, culture and legal systems of many of the countries of the former colonies, including Australia, Canada, India, Ireland, New Zealand, South Africa and the United States.
The term British literature refers both to Great Britain itself and to the Isle of Man, the Channel Islands, and the literature of England, Wales and Scotland before their unification. The bulk of British literature is written in English. Around 260,000 books were printed in the UK in 2005 and the country led the world in publishing titles in 2006
Various styles of music are popular in the UK, ranging from the local folk music of England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland to heavy metal.
Main religions: Christianity, the most common religion is Islam.
Great Britain was formed as a result of the union of Scotland and England. The Treaty of Union, signed in 1707, brought about the unification of the two countries and the formation of the Kingdom of Great Britain.
Some interesting facts about Great Britain from books by A.V. Sheremeteva “English language. Regional reference book and G.D Tomakhin “London. Linguistic reference book.
The date considered to be the British monarch's official birthday is usually not the date on which he was actually born. For example, Queen Elizabeth II of Great Britain was born on April 21, but her official birthday is celebrated on the third Saturday of June.
Any postage stamp must bear the name of the country that issued it in Latin letters. If the name is not found, it means it is a UK stamp. It is exempt from this obligation as the first country in history to use stamps.
The motto on the coat of arms of Great Britain is written in French: “Dieu et mon droit” (“God and my right”). The Act of the English Parliament mandating the use of English in public courts was also written in French.
IN XVII-XVIII centuries in England there was a position of royal uncorker of ocean bottles with letters. Anyone else who opened the bottles on their own faced the death penalty.
The House of Commons is the only place in Britain where no one can enter British Queen, since she is not a member of the House.
The London Underground is the oldest in the world. It was opened back in 1863. Londoners affectionately call it the tube, after the shape of most tunnels.
The famous tower, commonly called Big Ben, is actually named after St. Stephen. Big Ben is just a bell located on top.
The very first public zoo opened in the UK
You can get interesting information about the sights of Great Britain absolutely free of charge. Why? The fact is that you can visit most museums without paying any fee. It is believed that visitors will donate as much as they see fit
The rumor that London is always damp, cold and cloudy has no basis. Precipitation in the form of rain falls no more often here than in Rome or Sydney.
Residents of England consume more tea than any other country in the world, which is explained by the large number of breaks between meals.
England is known as the country with the longest city names. It may seem strange, but the town of Ely is the only short name for a town in England.
And this is only part of the amazing information about Great Britain. In fact, you can study this country endlessly, but never fully understand it.
Questions for drawing up the lotto.
Having studied the necessary information in detail, we have compiled questions that, in our opinion, most accurately reflect the history and culture of Great Britain and are aimed at increasing the motivation of students to further study information about this wonderful country. When compiling the questions, information from various sources was used. We tried to arrange the questions so that all cards had questions of different difficulty levels. Basic level questions are the level of the school curriculum, i.e. questions to which almost everyone knows the answers. For example:
A beautiful river flowing across London. (The Thames)
The capital of Northern Ireland. (Belfast)
One of the largest churches in the World, an architectural masterpiece by Sir Christopher Wren. (St. Paul's Cathedral)
For example:
What is the official date of birth of Queen Elizabeth II? (6 June)
The name of the Police headquarters and the police itself. (Scotland Yard)
10. The largest and the most popular of the London parks. (Hyde Park)
3.Loto design stages
In order to create a lotto, we had to remember the rules of this game and adapt them a little to our lotto.
Rules of the lotto game “All about Great Britain”
The game can be played by 2-20 people individually/in pairs.
The presenter distributes cards to the players, the fields of which must be covered with “chips” during the game.
The presenter reads out the questions on small “chips”.
The player who has a picture on the card symbolizing the answer to the question raises his hand and answers the question.
If the player answers correctly, then the presenter gives him a “chip” so that the player can close the cell on his card.
If the player answered incorrectly or does not know the answer to the question at all, then the Host keeps the “chip” for himself.
The one who fills all the cells on the card the fastest wins.
| | | (The City) |
|
| | (Scotland Yard) | ||
| (St. Paul's Cathedral) | 6. They live in the Tower of London and are guarded by Beefeaters. (The ravens) | (Belfast) |
|
 1. The House of Commons and the House of Lords |  3
.
Catherine Elizabeth Middleton |  7. The City |
|
 |  5. Scotland Yard | ||
 2.
St. Paul's Cathedral |  6.
The ravens |  8.
Belfast |
4. Organizing a quiz in class.
To determine the effectiveness of using lotto, we conducted a quiz in class. 10 people took part in the game. Before the game, we gave each participant a list of fifteen questions and asked them to answer them. On average, each person answered 7-8 questions (see Appendix 2)
After the survey we received the following results:
Then we played lotto. 
After the game, we asked the game participants to answer the same questions again. In the diagram you can see that the number of correct answers has increased:
Having studied both charts, you can clearly see the positive dynamics. The guys coped with a large number of questions and noted that Lotto really helps to better assimilate information. By perceiving information by ear, students improve their listening and speaking skills, and by looking at cards with pictures, they develop visual memory.
And most importantly, this method of training does not require much effort.
5. The advantages of using lotto in mastering and consolidating information of a regional nature.
The use of gaming techniques, such as lotto, contributes not only to the development of cognitive activity, but also makes the process of learning material more joyful, creative and collective. The game requires not only mental but also emotional effort. An atmosphere of passion and joy makes it possible to more accurately remember information and allows each student to experience a situation of success. Thus, language material is mastered unconsciously, in a relaxed manner. This gaming technique not only allows for the formation of communicative competencies through activities such as listening (children listen to tasks read out by the presenter), speaking (formulating an answer to a question), and reading (the presenter reads tasks from cards). This exciting board game can be an excellent addition to free time with your family, when in an accessible, easily digestible form you can learn a lot about Foggy Albion, improve your language skills, and develop organizational skills.
III. conclusions
We've put a lot of work into creating the All About Great Britain Lotto. In the process of work, we learned a lot of new and interesting things about this amazing country, its culture and customs. We didn’t always succeed, but in the end we got an interesting, exciting game that our classmates and ourselves enjoy playing. While working on the project, we processed a lot of information from various sources. We tried to reflect basic information about Great Britain in the questions. And most importantly, we were convinced that Lotto, indeed, contributes to the expansion and consolidation of knowledge about Great Britain, which confirms the hypothesis we put forward.
The practical value of this work lies not only in the fact that the created Lotto can be used in lessons, among friends and family, by analogy you can create Lotto as a means of learning any other language, especially since we have not identified similar educational games.
IV.Bibliography:
http:// ru. wikipedia. org/
A.V. Sheremetyeva “English language. Regional reference book", Publishing House "Lyceum", 2010
G.D Tomakhin “London. Linguistic reference book", Moscow, Enlightenment, 2000
http:// images. gandex. ru
http:// infox. ru/ science/ past/2008/09/26/ lukporei. phtml
http:// ru. wikipedia. org/ wiki/Royal_badge of Wales
http:// www. personbio. com/
O-planete.ru
Redigo.ru, velikobritaniya.org
Dsbw.ru, 7kontinent.com.ua
Annex 1
Questions For cards :
1. The Parliament consists of these two Houses.
(The House of Commons and the House of Lords)
2. One of the largest churches in the World, an architectural masterpiece by Sir Christopher Wren.
(St. Paul's Cathedral)
3. The wife of Duke of Cambridge William, the mother of George.
(Catherine Elizabeth Middleton)
4. What is the official date of birth of Queen Elizabeth II?
5. The name of the Police headquarters and the police itself.
6. They live in the Tower of London and are guarded by “Beefeaters”.
7. The commercial and business heart of London.
8. The capital of Northern Ireland.
9. A beautiful river flowing across London.
10. The largest and the most popular of the London parks.
11. An English singer of “Rolling in the deep”, “Someone like you”.
12. Which Monarch led for the longest period in the history of the UK (63 years)?
(Queen Victoria)
13. A famous English detective writer, she created Hercule Poirot and Miss Marple.
(Agatha Christie)
14. The national flag of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is called so.
(The Union Jack)
15. The policemen are usually called so.
16. The name of the biggest bell in Westminster Palace in London which is from September 2012 is officially called as Elisabeth Tower?
17. The place in Westminster Abbey where the most popular writers, poets and musicians are buried.
(The Poet's corner)
18. The geographical center the British capital where Nelson's Column is situated.
(Trafalgar Square)
20. Who was the creator of the number?
21. A gallery on Trafalgar square which contains a wonderful collection of works from the British, French,Italian, Dutch and Spanish schools from the 13th to 19th centuries.
(The National Gallery)
22. A famous English and Irish writer, scientist and a theologian (theologian), he wrote “The Chronicles of Narnia”.
(Clive Staples Lewis)
23. The national symbol of Wales.
(The daffodil and the leek)
24. The national symbol of Northern Ireland.
25. A part of London where working – class families live. There are a lot of factories, workshops and docks there.
26. The official residence of British prime ministers.
(10 Downing Street)
27. A British actor, script writer, composer and a director. He starred in black-and-white silent comedies. His ‘visit card’ was a blower hat and a walking stick.
('Charlie' Chaplin)
28. A British writer who is known as an author of the novels about Harry Potter.
29. The official London residence of the Queen and the Royal family.
(Buckingham Palace)
30. What is the name of the famous wax museum?
(Madame Tussauds)
31. London's distinctive taxi.
(Black taxi cab)
32. It’s a musical instrument of Scotland which is made of skin of a sheep.
33. A part of London where the best hotels, the most expensive restaurants, clubs, theaters, cinemas are located.
34. One of the most beautiful and famous bridges across the Thames designed by Horace Jones.
35. What is the real date of birth of Queen Elizabeth II?
36. What was the job of Princess Diana before she married Prince Charles?
37. The best known national museum of antiquities and ethnography.
(The British Museum)
38. An Irish poet, philosopher and a public figure. The author of “Gulliver’s Travels”.
(Jonathan Swift)
39. It is also called the City of Westminster; it’s the most important part of London, where Parliament and most government offices are located?
(Westminster area)
40. The national symbol of England.
41. The oldest of all major tennis tournaments.
42. A big wheel in London offering good views of the capital.
(The London Eye)
43. The first lady in politics, who became a Prime-Minister of Great Britain. She was called as “The Iron Lady”.
(Margaret Thatcher)
44. A famous English football player. He played for “Manchester United”, “Real Madrid” etc.
45. A British rock group, which was very popular in 1970. It became famous due to the songs “We will rock you” and “We are the champions”.
46. England's national sport.
47. A vehicle with two decks, one of the symbols of Great Britain.
(Red double-decker bus)
48. The national symbol of Scotland.
(The purple thistle)
(The Leicester Square)
50. A gothic church designed by Sr. Christopher Wren. Here are the tombs of monarchs and famous people of the UK.
(Westminster Abbey)
51. An English physicist, mathematician, mechanic and an astronomer. He discovered the Law of Universal Gravitation.
52. The name of the leading Royal Dynasty.
53. An Irish writer, poet and a philosopher, the author of “The Portrait of Dorian Gray”.
54. What young actor starred in the movie "Harry Potter"?
(Daniel Radcliffe)
55. A strait between France and England which has a tunnel under it.
(The Strait of the English Channel)
56. The capital of ship building in the 18th century.
(Stratford-on-Avon)
58. The capital city of England and of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
59. A prime-minister of Great Britain in 1940-1945 and 1951-1955, a war journalist, a writer and a Nobel laureate in Literature.
(Winston Churchill)
60. What is the name of the youngest son of Princess Diana?
61. A Scottish writer and a doctor, the author of the genius detective Sherlock Holmes.
(Arthur Conan Doyle)
62. A former participant of the group ‘Take That’ famous for the songs ’Supreme’, ‘Angels’ and etc.
(Robbie Williams)
63. The British currency.
(pound sterling)
64. The capital of Wales.
65. The monument in the center of Trafalgar Square.
(Nelson's Column)
66. This tower was built by William the Conqueror at the end of the 11th century.
(The Tower of London)
67. A British actress who became famous after starring in the film ‘Titanic’
68. A British bacteriologist. He discovered penicillin in 1929.
(Alexander Fleming)
69. A famous British poet and play writer who was born on Stratford-on-Avon. The author of ‘Romeo and Juliet’, ‘Hamlet’ and many others.
70. An English writer and a publicist who wrote “Robinson Crusoe” in 1719.
71. What mythical monster lives in Loch Ness?
(Loch Ness's monster)
72. A Scottish pattern of kilts.
73. Ancient monuments in the south of England famous for their mystery.
74. The Gallery of St. Paul's Cathedral where whisper can be heard at a great distance.
(The Whispering Gallery)o
75. An English naturalist and a traveler who is best known for his theory of evolution.
(Charles Darwin)
76. A famous Scottish writer and a poet. He wrote “Treasure Island” in 1882.
(Robert Louis Stevenson)
77. The first Englishman who sailed around the world in 1577-1580.
78. This kind of sport was invented in England in 1880.
79. The mythical character of Irish folklore with a pot of gold.
80. It’s a musical instrument and an official symbol of Ireland.
Appendix 2
Quiz questions
The name of the biggest bell in Westminster Palace in London which is from September 2012 officially called as Elisabeth Tower (Big Ben)
The national symbol of England (the red rose)
What is the official date of birth of Queen Elizabeth II? (6 June)
What was the job of Princess Diana before she married Prince Charles? (baby-sitter)
A famous English football player. He played for ‘Manchester United’, ‘Real Madrid’ and so on. (David Beckham)
One of the most beautiful and famous bridges across the Thames designed by Horace Jones (Towers bridge)
A gothic church designed by Sr. Christopher Wren. Here are the tombs of monarchs and famous people of the UK (Westminster Abbey)
A British rock group which was very popular in 1970. It became famous due to the songs “We will rock you” and “We are the champions” (Queen)
A British writer which is known as an author of the novels about Harry Potter (Joanne Rowling)
A Scottish writer and a doctor, the author of the genius detective Sherlock Holmes(Arthur Conan Doyle)
The capital city of England and of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (London)
A British actor, script writer, composer and director. He starred in black-and-white silent comedies. His ‘visit card’ was a blower hat and a walking stick (‘Charlie’ Chaplin)
The official residence of British prime ministers (10 Downing Street)
The first lady in politics who became a Prime-Minister of Great Britain. She was called as ‘The Iron Lady’(Margaret Thatcher)
The wife of Duke of Cambridge William, the mother of George (Catherine Elizabeth Middleton)
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is one of the most significant states in Europe. Heir to the largest empire that has ever existed, it is the center of centuries-old cultural traditions. Great Britain is the place where many famous writers, artists and musicians were born and worked. Throughout its history, it has influenced culture around the world and modern stage development has not become less significant.
Multi-layering
British culture is often mistakenly associated with English culture. However, the latter is only part of the whole, albeit a rather impressive one. The state unites England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. The peoples that make up them differ in both origin and traditions, and therefore the history of British culture is a constant interaction and penetration of national characteristics into each other. In addition, the colonial past left a noticeable imprint on it. Traces of the influence of the peoples and territories that were subjugated are clearly felt in the culture of the state today. The reverse is also true: Great Britain had a significant impact on the development and formation of language, some areas of art, as well as public institutions in Canada, Australia, South Africa, the USA, New Zealand and Ireland.
Foundation
In ancient times, Celtic tribes lived on the territory of modern Great Britain. At the beginning of our era, the Romans came to the islands, followed by the Anglo-Saxon invasion. All these peoples laid the foundation for the modern culture of the state and ensured its original multi-layered nature. The descendants of the Celts are considered to be the Scots and the inhabitants of Wales, and the Anglo-Saxons are the English. The Normans and Vikings also had a great influence on the emerging cultural traditions.
Familiar everywhere
British culture and language are inextricably linked. As in any state that unites several nationalities, you can hear different speech here. The official language is English. Perhaps everyone knows about its prevalence in the world. International negotiations are conducted in English and tourists communicate. It is studied all over the world as a second language. This near ubiquity is a result of the past influence of the British Empire.
Scottish and two Welsh and Gaelic languages are also actively used in the UK. The first is well recognized in Europe, the others more often remain within the borders of the state. Scottish and Gaelic - national languages Scotland. Welsh has been used in Wales for a long time.
Architecture
The culture of Great Britain is largely reflected in the buildings of ancient cities. Many tourists plan a trip to the United Kingdom precisely with the aim of admiring the architecture and experiencing the special atmosphere inherent in the northern countries.
Interesting are both the ancient buildings of England and buildings from the time of the Roman conquest, preserved in Scotland, as well as the modern architecture of cities. The UK accommodates a whole palette of styles. Here, walking along the streets, you can explore examples of classicism, Romanesque, Gothic and Anglo-Saxon styles. Famous architectural monuments of Great Britain:
It should be noted that you should not try to cover such an abundance of architectural monuments in one trip - the impressions will be blurry. Great Britain is worth returning to more than once.
The majesty of nature
The United Kingdom is not just a place of man-made masterpieces. Here big number The sights were created by nature itself, and the cultural and historical life of the state is inextricably linked with them. The famous White Cliffs of Dover have been welcoming travelers arriving from the continent by sea since ancient times. Sung in many works, they gave England a second name. The name "Albion" comes from the Latin word meaning "white".
No less famous is Beachy Head, which rises one hundred and sixty meters above the sea. Unfortunately, this beautiful chalk rock has a bad reputation: it has the third highest suicide rate in the world.
Literature
British culture is also a significant contribution to world poetry and prose. The works of English, Scottish and Irish authors have been translated into many languages and are, without exaggeration, found in all libraries.
England gave the world Shakespeare. And although scientists have different opinions about his personality, his contribution to literature is invaluable. At various times, John Milton, Thomas More, Daniel Defoe, Samuel Richardson, Jane Austen, Lewis Carroll, the Bronte sisters, H.G. Wells, John Tolkien, Somerset Maugham and many others were born here. Scotland is the birthplace of Arthur Conan Doyle and Walter Scott, Robert Louis Stevenson and Robert Burns. Just listing these names demonstrates the greatness of Britain's contribution to world literature. Many genres originated here, and some stories have captured the minds of millions of people around the world (the legend of King Arthur, the works of Shakespeare, the worlds of Tolkien).
Music
The culture and traditions of Great Britain are unthinkable without “musical accompaniment”. A variety of destinations are popular in the state. On the streets you can hear rock, jazz and heavy metal, as well as the national music of England, Ireland, Wales and Scotland. The classical movement developed in Great Britain thanks to composers such as William Byrd, Henry Purcell, Edward Elgar, Gustav Holst, Arthur Sullivan, Ralph Vaughan Williams and Benjamin Britten.
Great Britain is the homeland of the famous Fab Four. The Beatles had a huge impact on pop music around the world. They are still the best-selling band of all time. The idols of many music lovers different countries appeared here: Queen, Elton John, Led Zeppelin, Pink Floyd, The Rolling Stones and so on.
Visual art
The culture of Great Britain also includes numerous art galleries, in which a significant place is devoted to the works of authors who were born and worked here. Their names and works are an integral part of European art. John Constable, Samuel Palmer, William Blake are representatives of the romantic movement in painting. No less famous is the landscape painter, as well as portrait painters and Lucian Freud. In the past, masters of various genres worked in England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland. All of them are presented at the Royal Academy of Arts in London.
National characteristics
Great Britain's natural and cultural monuments are not the only thing it is famous for. The inhabitants of the country are credited with special qualities that create True, in most cases, when characterizing the mentality, they mean the British, although they extend it to all citizens of Great Britain. The Scots, Irish and Welsh are not in every way similar to each other or to the main nation of the state.
So, the British are very polite people who do not tolerate familiarity and discussion of personal topics during, for example, lunch. They are a little prim and strive to always follow traditions. Residents of England are often described in literature as elegant, sensitive to style, preferring the classics and somewhat conservative. However, such a portrait is rather conventional and corresponds more to a certain collective image than to a specific person.
Great Britain: the country's culture, features of its art and national character- attracts many researchers. A lot of scientific works have been written about England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales and works of art. However, none of them compare to the experience of visiting the United Kingdom. The charm of ancient streets and quiet suburbs, the speed and lights of business centers, the beauty of nature and the secrets of ancient ruins - all this is worth returning to the UK again and again.
student of 6 "A" class Fayzulaeva Rinata
Research work on the English language ""London is the capital of Great Britain, the sights of London.""
Download:
Preview:
https://accounts.google.com
Slide captions:
Research work on the English language: ""London is the capital of Great Britain, the sights of London."" student of 6 "A" class Rinata Fayzulaeva Supervisor: English teacher Nadbitova V.N. MBOU "Zenzelinskaya secondary school" Limansky district of the Astrakhan region 2012-2013 academic year
London is the capital of theUnited Kingdom GB and NI Over eight million people live in London. It is one of the largest cities in Europe. It stands on the Thames river. Millions of tourists visit this city every year. I want to tell you about London! London has three big parts: the City, the West End and the East End
The map of London The West End of London has many historic places and places of interest. The East End is the poorest district in London with piers, warehouses and slums The city of London is a big business, commercial, financial and trade center
The Coat of Arms of London
london buses Buses in London are of different colors: the red buses go in London. the green ones usually go from London to the country. Buses in London are double - deckers People don"t stand in London buses. In the center of London buses don"t move very fast. It"s cheaper to go by bus. I"d like to go by red double - decker bus
Attractions of London!!! Big Ben The Tower of London Westminster Abbey Trafalgar Square Hyde park The Houses of Parliament Madame Tussaud's Museum The Buckingham Palace The British Museum St. Paul's Cathedral The Tower Bridge
Big Ben Big Ben is the biggest clock bell in Britain. It weighs 13.5 tons. The clock tower is 318 feet high. People go 374 steps to reach the top People called Big Ben after Sir Benjamin Hall. He was a big man. First it was a joke. But now we know the clock by that name.
The Tower of London! The Tower of London - a fortress, built on the north bank of the River Thames. It "s the historic center of London. One of the oldest historic building of Great Britain, has long served as the residence of British monarchs. The Tower was built in the eleventh century
Beefeaters of Tower Beefeaters, the guards of the Tower, wearing traditional medieval uniform. They appeared in the 15th century under Henry 8th,and were responsible for the royal buffet Currently,38 beefeters of Tower greet guests, drive trips, take photo with tourists and feed the ravens
Westminster Abbey It is the gothic cathedral in London. Place the coronation of British monarchs.
Trafalgar Square This square is famous for the tall monument in the center of it. The monument, which is called Nelson's Column, was built to commemorate the Battle of Trafalgar and to honor Admiral Nelson. Nelson is a British hero. When he was 21 he became a captain. In the Trafalgar battle the British fleet destroyed French and Spanish ships and won. Nelson became famous in this battle.
St. Paul's Cathedral St. Paul's Cathedral - London cathedral dedicated to St. Paul. Cathedral is considered one of the most prominent and famous London landmarks. The first cathedral was built on the same place in the year 604, but was destroyed by fire after 70 years.
The Houses of Parliament
Preview:
To use presentation previews, create an account for yourself ( account) Google and log in: https://accounts.google.com
Slide captions:
The Hyde Park The Hyde Park - is the royal park. I would like to walk on this beautiful park.
I "d like to see wax figures by own eyes!
The British Museum mind
MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENTAL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION"MIDDLE SCHOOL OF GENERAL EDUCATION
them. Yu.K. KARAKETOVA A. ELTAKACH"
Research
Subject:
"Sights of Great Britain"
Completed by: 5th grade student
Dzhanibekova Diana
Scientific adviser:
BidzhievaZaremaHuseevna
Table of contents:
Introduction…………………………………………………………….……. 4
Introduction to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland……………………………………………………..….. 5
Short story and culture of Great Britain………………..5
Natural and historical and cultural attractions..6
Short description, the emergence of the main attractions of London………………………………………….7
Conclusion……………………………………………………. 10
List of used literature………………………… 11
GreatBritain?
Is Britain really that great?
Endlessly sowing the seeds of hate,
Growing its people to thrive on the state.
Has Britain lost its shine?
The Government playing this pantomime,
Taking away whats yours and mine.
Glory gone and lost for good,
Empty ground where industry stood,
We tried to save it, no-one could.
Society gone to rack and ruin,
Banks going bust, people suing,
Action planned, trouble brewing.
Family life desolate,
Teenagers and kids desperate to mate,
What a mess we do create.
The bad parts do not dismiss,
Take a look and answer me this,
Is Britain great? Or issomethingamiss?
Claire Abbott
Introduction
Goal of the work:
study and short review UK attractions.
Tasks:
Describe the sights of Great Britain;
Using historical literature, study the history of the emergence of British landmarks.
Explore the culture and brief history of Great Britain.
For several centuries, Great Britain dominated almost all oceans Globe. Due to this, the English language became widespread. English is spoken not only in the UK, but also in Australia, New Zealand, Canada and many islands. The number of people studying it around the world has exceeded the five hundred million mark. I am also learning this language, so I am interested in describing the homeland of the language and its attractions. This was the reason for choosing my topic scientific research. I would like to describe in more detail the history, culture and the most unusually beautiful places in the countries of the language I am studying. But the limited amount of work does not allow me to do this fully. And yet, it is necessary to say a few words about the history of England and its famous culture, since the sights of the country that I am going to tell you about today are directly related to its culture and history.
The attractions of Great Britain are very diverse. The main center and capital of this great country is London. There are about 30 museums and more than 80 theaters. Among them are the British Museum, the Children's Toy Museum, the Natural History Museum, the National Gallery, and the Wax Museum. Among the huge number of monuments, Westminster Abbey and St. Paul's Cathedral are especially famous. The most important attraction of Great Britain is the famous Tower Castle, which has absorbed the history of the entire state. The West End area is famous for the storefronts of Piccadilly and Soho. Buckingham Palace and Westminster are located here. The main square of the country is Trafalgar Square, from here all distances in the state are measured.
2. Introduction to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland consists of four countries: England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.
The population is 56 million people.
There are four main nationalities living there: English, Welsh, Irish and Scots.
The area of Great Britain is 94249 sq. kilometers.
The capital of Britain, London, is also one of the main industrial centers.
English is considered the main language.
Great Britain is a parliamentary monarchy. There is no constitution here; its legislation is based on centuries-old constitutional customs and precedents. Formally, the country is ruled by a monarch (since 1952 - Queen Elizabeth II). But in fact the highest legislative body is parliament, which includes the queen, the House of Commons and the House of Lords
3. Brief history and culture of Great Britain
Great Britain is a highly developed industrial country, one of the top five most developed countries in the world.
Great Britain heads the Commonwealth of Nations, is a member of NATO, the EU, the G8, and has nuclear weapons. Is one of the most developed countries peace.
British culture
The British are committed to long-established traditions and habits. This affects many aspects of the population's life. They still strive to live separately, in a separate house. Even some apartment buildings are built so that each apartment has its own entrance. Older residences are often long, two-story brick structures with many doors painted different colors because they belong to different owners. This is why the UK is sometimes called “two-story”.
In the past, houses were heated by a fireplace - coal or gas. However, central heating is now becoming more common, so that residents of London and other large cities begin to suffer less from the famous English smog.
Since the times of feudalism, many medieval castles belonging to large landowners have survived in Great Britain. They look very beautiful, surrounded by vast ancient parks. The inside of many castles is decorated with sculptures, paintings, and antique furniture. IN last years Many castles have turned into museums: visitors are allowed into them for a fee.
The British are big sports fans. Many sports games or terms are of English origin, such as football, which is considered to have originated in Great Britain; and now it is the most popular sports game here.
Sports games such as tennis, basketball, and field hockey are also popular in the UK. Cricket, which, like football, originated in England, is also considered the national sports game of the British.
The British are big theater lovers. There are more than a thousand of them in London, and the evening rhythm of London largely depends on them. After 6 o'clock, people heading to the theater first go to the restaurant and have a light dinner. After the performance, they go back to the restaurants to “eat” the art that they just happily devoured.
4. Natural and historical and cultural attractions of Britain
Great Britain is very rich in natural attractions. In Northern Ireland, this is the "Giant's Causeway" - a rock formation on the northern coast, consisting of several thousand multifaceted basalt columns up to 6 meters in height. According to legend, this structure was built by giants as part of the road from Ireland to Scotland.
London is famous for its many parks and gardens that supply the city with clean air: St. James's Park, Hyde Park with its Speakers' Corner, Regent's Park with its magnificent zoo, Wood Green, Kensington Gardens, Kew Gardens with its greenhouse and aquarium and the Butterfly House, where tropical butterflies fly all year round. Trafalgar Square, in the center of which stands a monument to Nelson, who won the victory at Trafalgar.
The Cotswolds - a huge limestone escarpment 18 miles north-east of Bristol, is a stunningly beautiful place, the Lake District ("Lake District") in Lancashire - the greenest and most pleasant corner of England, with abundant green valleys, low but steep mountains, picturesque lakes and medieval villages. The Isles of Scilly, 28 miles southwest of Land's End, are 140 rocky islets in the heart of the warm Gulf Stream. The temperate climate allows plants and trees to grow here that do not grow anywhere else in England.
The green hills of Shropshire form one of the most beautiful, peaceful and characterful areas of England.
UK national parks cover approximately 7% of the country. They do not have any special animals or exotic plants, but areas such as Dartmoor, Exmoor, the Lake District, the Peak District, the Yorkshire Dales, North York, the New Forest, the Broads and Northumberland attract thousands of tourists every year. The uniqueness of British national parks is that these are not “wilderness” areas, but areas quite close to large cities in which any activity aimed at restoring nature is permitted, so most national parks are more like huge city parks or botanical gardens. Many of them are private properties with all the ensuing consequences.
The country also has several resort areas: Bath, Cheltenham and Weston-super-Mere - seaside recreational areas with excellent mineral springs, which were used by the Romans.
5. Brief description and origin of the main attractions of London
Westminster Abbey - Collegiate Church of St Peter, Westminster in (), west of . It was built intermittently from to , but retains its Gothic appearance. Traditional site and burials. Along with the nearby church, the abbey is considered one of the.
Palace of Westminster (
PalaceofWestminster,
WestminsterPalace) - a building on the shore in the area where the meetings are held. Connects to the street. Architectural style - .
Initially, before, it served as the capital residence of the English kings. After the fire, the palace was rebuilt according to the design and. What has survived from the medieval palace is the Westminster Reception Hall (1097), where they held meetings, and (built to store the treasury).
The palace has 1200 rooms, 100 staircases and 5 kilometers of corridors. Of the palace towers, the most famous is the clock tower - a symbol of Great Britain. higher by two meters, its height is 98.45 m (323). In 1987, the palace and nearby (1486-1523) were included in the.
Big Ben (
BigBen) - the name of the largest of the six bells in, often this name is attributed to the clock and the Clock Tower as a whole. At the time of casting, Big Ben was the largest and heaviest (13.7 tons) bell. B lost the championship to the bell (17 tons).
At the base of each of the four watch dials is the Latin inscription “Domine Salvam facReginamnostramVictoriaprimam"("God save our queen"). Along the perimeter of the tower, to the right and left of the clock, there is another phrase in - "Laus Deo" ("Glory to God" or "Praise the Lord") In Big Ben there was a prison to which They imprisoned parliamentarians who were too angry. The last prisoner here was a women's rights activist. Now her monument stands next to the parliament.
Tower Bridge
(
Tower
Bridge
)
- in the center above the river, not far from London. It is sometimes confused with the one located upstream. Opened in . It is also one of the symbols of London and Britain.
London Bridge ( London Bridge ) - a bridge in , connecting the London districts and those separated by the river.
Buckingham Palace (
Buckingham
Palace
)-
Residence of the royal family in London since the time of Queen Victoria.
The palace was built for the Duke of Buckingham at the beginning of the 18th century, and was subsequently sold to the royal family in 1761 and, by order of George IV, rebuilt. Queen Victoria, after her ascension to the throne, decided to turn the palace into a royal residence, which it still is.
University of Oxford (or simply Oxford)
– the second oldest university in Europe (the oldest is considered to be the university in Bologna, Italy). It is impossible to name the exact date of the founding of the university, but it is reliably known that teaching was carried out here back in the 11th century. Oxford has more than 100 libraries, 40 of which are part of the Bodleian Library system - one of the oldest in Europe and one of the largest in the UK and the world. The university owns several museums, incl. Ashmolean Museum, Natural History Museum, Pitt Rivers Museum and History of Science Museum.
London Eye attraction
(
EDF
Energy
London
Eye
)
The view of the river and the city from the “capsule” of this tallest Ferris wheel in Europe is the best in the capital.
Situated on the south bank of the Thames, next to Westminster Bridge, almost opposite Parliament and Big Ben, the London Eye was built in 2000 and immediately became one of the most popular attractions in London. This Ferris wheel reaches 135 meters in height, making it the tallest panoramic platform in London. Each of the 32 capsules accommodates 25 people and makes a full revolution in about half an hour.
Piccadilly Circus
).In the center of the square, called Piccadilly Circus, there is a fountain with a bronze figure of a winged archer, who is mistaken for the Greek god of love Eros. In fact, the fountain and statue are a monument to the 19th century philanthropist Lord Shaftesbury and represent Christian charity. 
6. Conclusion
Thus, having examined and analyzed the history and culture of Great Britain, I studied the main attractions of this country. This was the main condition and initial task, since during my research it was revealed that most of the attractions for which England is famous are directly related to the history of the country.
Having started exploring the sights of Great Britain, I learned a lot of interesting things about the country itself.
Britain has many historical monuments and royal palaces. And also some of the best museums in the world can be found literally at every turn. Visiting the house where Shakespeare was born, climbing onto the roof of a Gothic cathedral and finding out what dark secrets the Tower of London hides is my dream for the future.
List of used literature:
DJeremy Black. St. Petersburg: Peter, 2008., Moscow.2009
Internet site "Wikipedia"
Municipal educational institution
Secondary school with in-depth study
individual items No. 49, Belgorod
Toponymic map of England
Research
Completed by a student
10 g class MOU Secondary School No. 49
Belgorod
Kadygrov Maxim Igorevich
Scientific adviser -
Municipal educational institution secondary school No. 49
Belgorod, 2011
England is one of the countries that make up Great Britain. We know from history that this fertile country with endless agricultural lands, despite its unpredictable climate, has always been a very attractive place for thousands of people. The Romans, Saxons, Vikings and Normans conquered England and, of course, influenced its culture, architecture, and way of life.
Rudyard Kipling, the famous English writer, said: “Saxons, Normans, Danes - that’s all of us.”
Nowadays England is rich, beautiful and mysterious country with big beautiful cities. And each city has its own name, its own history. What can city names tell us? How has language changed over the centuries? Who influenced the formation of modern English? Can we look into the history of England by learning more about the origins and changes in the names that people gave to the places where they settled? As E. M. Pospelov said in his book “To the Tourist about Geographical Names,” scientists have long paid attention to the durability of names, many of which live for millennia. Nations die out, languages disappear, but names continue to live, although they do not remain unchanged: over time, their sound, spelling, and sometimes semantic meaning change. And new generations use names, often without knowing either the language in which they were once given or their meaning.
Nowadays, geographical names are the subject of study of a special science - toponymy.
As Wikipedia puts it, “British place names are rich, complex and difficult. Moreover, it is completely inaccurate and does not always lend itself to the logic of experience. Many British names have been changed over the years as they were conquered by different groups of people speaking different languages with similar sounding words but different meanings. In some cases, city names are taken from extinct languages and do not have an exact known meaning. There are so many combinations of two separate languages from different periods of existence.”
We decided to try to find out who participated in the process of creating the names of cities in England, who made a big contribution to the development of this amazing country and the formation of its language. After all, the school curriculum, both in history and in English, does not provide detailed coverage of this topic.
We suggest that toponymic data from England can help in studying the process of formation of the English language.
The purpose of our work – creation of a historical and toponymic map of England
Tasks : 1) consider toponymy as the object of our research;
2) study materials on toponymy in magazines and
special literature;
3) compare the history of the names with historical ones
4) create a historical and toponymic map of England.
Turning to the literature on the history of England, we learned that the first Celts appeared in the British Isles around 700 BC. uh
In 43-45 AD. e. The Romans captured England. From then on, Britain, as the Romans called the land, began to emerge as a territorial and political entity. The Romanization of Britain began. And cities became the centers of Romanization first of all. Christopher Daniel writes that there were no cities as such in Britain before the Romans.
In 410, Britain officially separated from the Roman Empire. After the Romans left, England was captured by the Anglo-Saxons. As Christopher Daniel writes, “The invaders who came from overseas brought with them not only new ideas and traditions, but also their own languages. Founding new settlements or occupying old ones, they gave them their names. To this day, on the map of the country you can find a significant number of ancient Anglo-Saxon names - entirely or as a component." During this period, the name England - "land of the Angles" - appeared.
Since 793, the Vikings began to attack England. The Scandinavian invasion waxed and waned, but in 865 they conquered East Anglia
In 1066, the Normans invaded England. William the Conqueror was crowned in Westminster Abbey.
“The ancestors of the Normans were Vikings who settled in Western Europe. By the beginning of the conquest of England, they had lived in a new place for a little more than a century, but managed to adopt the French language, which soon became the language of the royal court and nobles in Britain. French, in a modified form, was used in the courts until the 16th century. Anglo-Saxon dialects formed the basis of the popular language, having absorbed the features of Cornish, Danish and classical Latin. From this hybrid, Middle English was subsequently formed." (Robin Eagles 2008)
“For the first time in history, a situation was created in which the Anglo-Saxon language of Northern Europe, Germanic in origin, was forced to coexist with a Romance language from Southern Europe, which was Norman French.” (Christopher Daniel 2008:)
For the study, we took a list of English cities from the encyclopedia - Wikipedia, and also wrote down the cities from the World Atlas.
For the study we took the following cities:
Argleton, Banbury, Bedford, Birmingham, Bolton, Brighton, Bristol, Bradford, Bletchley, Winchester, Wolvergmpton, Worcester, Guildford, Glastonbury, Dudley, Darlington, Dartford, Derby, Doncaster, Dorchester, Dover, Ipswich, York, Cambridge, Canterbury, Colchester, Lymington, Lancaster, Leicester, Liverpool, London, Lowestoft, Luton, Manchester, Maidstone, Newbury, Norwich, Northampton, Nottingham, Oxford, Plymouth, Portsmouth, Preston, Southampton, Salisbury, Tadcaster, Taunton, Watford, Whitby, Folkestone, Chester, Shepperton, Sheffield, Shrewsbury, Aylesbury.
From Christopher Daniel's book “England. History of the country" we learned that suffixes
-chester indicate Roman the origins of English cities.
Anglo-Saxon the names are:
"tan" or "tone" denoting any settlement;
"lea"(over time transformed into “li”) – clearing or clearing;
Word Vic (wic), later hiv– fair, market;
Word “ ham'– house, estate, village:
burg- castle, fortress.
Suffix – ol brought French-speaking Normans.
Suffix – bi typical for Scandinavians We found similar information in the encyclopedia (Wikipedia)
‘The Anglo-Saxons contributed elements such as - ing-, - ham-, - ton, - bury, - stead, - ford, and -ley. Scandinavian place names such as - by, thorpe, and toft are commonest in the area covered by the Danelaw, the north and east of England
Chester, - caster, - ceter, or other similar elements, indicate a Roman fort or settlement’.
That is, the Anglo-Saxons brought elements such as - ing, - ham, - ton, - bury, - stead, - ford, and –ley. Scandinavian names such as - by, Thorpe, toft. In the south and west of England, the names of the settlements originated more from the Anglo-Saxons and Celts.
Chester, - caster, -ceter, or other similar elements indicate Roman settlements.
Thus, we can select from a list of cities that received names from Romans. These are Winchester, Colchester, Chester, Manchester, Leicester, Lancaster, Dorchester, Doncaster, Worcester, Tadcaster.
Anglo-Saxons gave names to the towns of Southamp tone, Northamp tone, Maids tone, Pres. tone, Tone tone, Lou tone, Faulks tone, Shepper tone, Bolton, Brighton, Wolverhampton, Darlington, Lymington, using the suffix –tone.
Suffix – whether have the cities of Bletchley and Dudley.
Suffix – hiv– Norwich (Norwich), Ipswich.
Cities with suffix – bury Canterbury, Salisbury, Shrewsbury, Glastonbury, Banbury, Newbury, Aylesbury
Suffix – ford have the cities of Bradford, Guildford, Watford, Dartford, Oxford, Bedford.
Cities with the word ' ham'–Nottingham, Birmingham ham, Birmingham ham)
The city of Bristol received its name from Normans
The names of the cities of Derby and Whitby with a characteristic suffix - bi came from Scandinavians. The name of the city of Lowestoft also comes from the Scandinavians.
Turning to the toponymic dictionary, we found more detailed information about the toponymy of English cities and found confirmation of our choice of cities from the list.
Cities in the founding of which, judging by their names, they participated Celts- this is Winchester, Manchester, Canterbury, Dover, York.
Winchester has the original Celtic name Gwent - “place of trade, market”. It is mentioned by Ptolemy, 2nd century, as Ouenta, later as Uenta.
And only after transformation into a Roman fortification (lat. Castrum) is Uintancaestir, 730, Wintancaestir, 744 fixed.
Thus, not only the Romans, but also the Celts participated in creating the name of the city of Winchester.
Manchester Mentioned on the Roman road map as Mamucium. The name is a Latinized form of the supposed original Celtic name, meaning "breast", which is explained by the location of the village on a rounded hill, shaped like a woman's breast. Later, other English ceaster “city, fortification” (from Latin castrum, “fortification, ford, small fortress”) was added to this name: Mameceaster, 923; Mameceastra, 1086 ; Manchestra, 1330
And again, as we see, the Celts gave the original name to the city.
Canterbury Mentioned in 754 as Canwarwburg, “the fortified city of the Kentish people,” where Cant (modern Kent) is from the Celts. basics “edge, edge”, i.e. “seaside (extreme) land”, other English. ware “inhabitants, people”, burg “castle, fortress, fortified city”.
Dover (mentioned in the 4th century as Dubris. It is located at the confluence of the Dover River with the Pas de Calais and was named after its hydronym. The hydronym is based on the Celtic debram, the Welsh dwfr (Dover) - “water, river.”
York. Mentioned by Ptolemy, 2nd century, under the Celtic name Eboracon, which, after being captured by the Romans, acquired the Latin form Eboracum. The Angles, who took possession of the city in the 7th century, turned its name into Eoforwic, that is, they replaced - acum with the understandable wic “settlement, village”, and reinterpreted the basis in other English. eofor "boar". The Scandinavians, according to the norms of their language, turned the name into Iorwic, 962, later Iork, from which the English York.
Thus, by the time of its conquest by the Romans, there were already settlements with certain names on the territory of England.
For greater clarity, we decided to mark on the map with different colors the location of cities that have different roots, namely:
Blue - Celtic names
Red – Roman names
Green – Anglo-Saxon names
Orange – Scandinavian and Norman names
Those who came Romans changed the names of some of these cities in accordance with the norms of the Latin language.
Winchester became known as Uintancaestir, 730, Wintancaestir, 744 Original title Manchester Mamucium. was changed to Mameceaster, 923; Mameceastra, 1086 ; Manchestra, 1330
York's Celtic name, Eboracon, was changed to Eboracum.
Romans
Romans also gave Latin names to the cities of Leicester, Lancaster, and London.
Leicester. Mentioned in 957 as Ligeraceaster - “a village on the river Ligera (Ligra, Legra), where ceaster - OE. “city, fortification” (from the Latin castrum “fortification, fort, small fortress”). The original hydronym was either the old name of the Sor River, on which the city was located, or the name of its tributary.
That is, here we cannot say that the Celts were the founders of the city. Most likely, the city was founded by the Romans.
Lancaster Mentioned in 1086 as Loncastre - “fortification on the river. Lon" (now the river Lun) castrum lat. "fortification, fort, small fortress"
That is, the name given by the Romans has not been changed over the centuries.
London (London) - comes from the older Roman Londinium (lat.. Londinium).
The map shows that cities such as Winchester, Manchester, York are marked in two colors, because both the Celts and the Romans participated in the formation of their names.
Romans also gave Latin names to the cities of Leicester, Lancaster, and London.
Leicester. Mentioned in 957 as Ligeraceaster - “a village on the river Ligera (Ligra, Legra), where ceaster - OE. “city, fortification” (from the Latin castrum “fortification, fort, small fortress”). The original hydronym was either the old name of the Sor River, on which the city was located, or the name of its tributary. That is, here we cannot say that the Celts were the founders of the city. Most likely, the city was founded by the Romans.
On this map you can see cities marked in green, in the creation of which the Anglo-Saxons participated, cities with red circles, founded by the Romans, as well as cities marked in blue and red, i.e. Celtic names changed by the Romans
Scandinavians and Normans also contributed to the toponymy of England.
Bristol. In XII at Bricstow and Bristou; influenced by French speakers Normans the ending –ou became –ol and the 1200 document lists Bristoll.
Scandinavians made changes to the names of the cities of Cambridge, Nottingham, Derby
Cambridge (Cambridge) The name Grantabriec with the arrival of the Scandinavians, in accordance with the norms of their language, changes into Grantebrige, Cantebrige, Cambrigge and finally acquires the modern English form Cambridge – “bridge over the River Cam. Under the influence of the changed name of the city, the name of the river changed - it officially received the name Kem. Here we can trace the participation of the Romans, Anglo-Saxons, and Scandinavians in the formation and change of the name of this famous city.
Derby Originally an English village (Nothworth) - a “northern farm”. Since the 10th century, Scandal has come into use. diurby or diuraby – “village where there are deer” or “farm with a deer park” (by “farm, village”)
Before us is the final version of our research. As you can see on the map, cities generally have more than one color, indicating their location, i.e., over the centuries, the names of these cities have been changed by different peoples.
The names of some cities underwent a lot of changes until they became what we have today.
Gwent - Ouenta - Uenta-Uintancaesti - Wintancaestir - Winchester
Mamucium - Mameceaster - Mameceastra - Manchestra - Manchester
Eboracon - Eboracum - Eoforwic - Iorwic - Iork - York
Brigcstow - Bricstow - Bristou - Bristoll - Bristol
Grantacasti - Grantabriec - Grantebrige - Cantebrige- Cambrigge - Cambridge
Nothworth - diurby (diuraby) – Derby
Of the 55 cities we examined, in percentage terms, the impact on changes in city names, and, consequently, on changes in language, is presumably the following:
Celts -9%
Romans – 29%
Anglo-Saxons - 60%
Normans – 2%
Scandinavians -11%
Thus, we can conclude that a great many people speaking different languages and having different cultures actually participated in the creation of the names of cities in England and the formation of modern English. Using the example of cities such as York and Cambridge, we can very clearly see the process of creating and changing the name of the city. We can say that the toponymy of cities is a reflection of the history of the country and the history of the formation of the language. Just as complex, confusing, but very interesting is the history of England, so complex and interesting is the toponymy of its cities, the history of their origin, development, and name changes over the centuries. And the process of education and development of the English language is also interesting. After research, we can assume that modern English is a mixture of Celtic, Latin, Germanic, French. Despite the fact that the percentage contribution of the Romans is not very large, nevertheless, we can say, guided by information from history, that this nation played a huge and very positive role in the life and development of England.
Christopher Daniel in his book talks about how the historian Tacitus describes the policy of Romanization of Britain: “... young men from noble families began to be taught the liberal sciences, and those who Latin language quite recently inspired outright hostility, they eagerly took up the study of Latin eloquence.” (2008:
The Celts did not create cities; only the names of individual settlements have reached us. This is not surprising. The culture of the Celtic tribes was not yet so developed
After the Romans left, the Anglo-Saxons continued to develop the country, in turn introducing a new culture, changes in language and new names for cities. They had much more time for this than the Romans. The Scandinavians and Normans did not fundamentally influence the names of English cities; they only made minor changes to the language that were convenient for them to pronounce.
Bibliography
1. “Great Britain. A manual on regional studies" St. Petersburg, KARO, 2010.
2. Christopher Daniel “England. History of the Country" St. Petersburg MIDGARD 2008
3. “Geography in names” Publishing house “Nauka” Moscow, 1982
4. “What geographical names say: Historical and linguistic notes”, L.: Lenizdat, 1984. - 199 p.
5. Nikonov toponymic dictionary. - M.: Mysl, 1966.- 509 p.
6. “Geographical names of the world. Toponymic Dictionary", Moscow "Russian Dictionaries" 1998
7. “For tourists about geographical names”, Profizdat Publishing House, Moscow, 1988
8. Robin Eagles “History of England” M; AST: Astrel, 2008
9. “What is toponymy?” M.: Nauka, 1985
10. “Toponymy in the service of geography” Publishing house “Mysl”, 1979