The most common elements in the cells of living organisms. Biology

Grade 10. Testing knowledge in the section “Cell”.

Test " Chemical composition cells." Option 1.

I. The most common elements in the cells of living organisms are:

a) N, O, H, S; b) C, H, N, O; c) S, Fe, O, C; d) O, S, H, Fe

2. Nitrogen as an element is included in:

A) only proteins and nucleic acids;

b) nucleic acids, proteins and ATP;

c) only proteins;

G) proteins, nucleic acids and lipids;

3. Hydrogen as an element is included in:

A) only water and some proteins

b) only water, carbohydrates and lipids

V) everyone organic compounds cells

G) only water, carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids.

4. At what level of organization is there no difference between the organic and inorganic world?

a) atomic, b) molecular, c) cellular. 5. There is more water in the cells of: a) an embryo, b) a young person, c) an old person.

6. Water is the basis of life:

A) it can be in three states (liquid, solid, gaseous);

b) is a solvent that ensures both the influx of substances into the cell and the removal of metabolic products from it;

V) cools the surface during evaporation.

7. Substances that are highly soluble in water are called: a) hydrophilic, b) hydrophobic, c) amphiphilic.

8. Hydrophobic compounds of the cell include:

A) lipids and amino acids;

b) lipids;

V) lipids and mineral salts;

G) amino acids and mineral salts.

a) starch; b) glycogen; c) glucose; d) maltose.

a) starch; b) deoxyribose; c) ribose; d) glucose.

II. The main functions of fats in the cell:

A) storage and structural;

b) structural and energetic;

V) energy and storage;

G) structural and protective.

12. Proteins are biopolymers with monomers, which are: a) nucleotides; b) amino acids; c) nitrogenous bases. 13. Amino acids differ:

a) amino group, b) carboxyl group; c) radical.

12. Protein molecules include:

A) only amino acids

b) amino acids and sometimes metal ions

V) amino acids and sometimes lipid molecules

G) amino acids and sometimes carbohydrate molecules

13. The structure of a protein molecule, which is determined by the sequence of amino acid residues: a) primary; b) secondary; c) tertiary; d) quaternary. 13. The secondary structure of a protein is associated with:

A) helicalization of the polypeptide chain

b) spatial configuration of the polypeptide chain

V) number and sequence of amino acid residues

G) spatial configuration of the spiralized polypeptide chain A 14. 14. The secondary structure of the protein is supported by bonds:

A) only peptide;

b) only hydrogen;

V) disulfide and hydrogen;

G) hydrogen and peptide;

15. Least durable structural protein is:

A) primary and secondary

b) secondary and ternary

V) tertiary and quaternary

G) quaternary and secondary

16. The catalase protein performs function in the cell;

a) contractile;

b) transport;

c) structural;

d) Catholic.

17. When the protein is incompletely denatured, the structure that is destroyed first is: a) primary;

b) secondary;

V) tertiary only;

18. The monomers of DNA molecules are:

a) nucleosides;

b) nucleotides;

c) amino acids;

19 DNA nucleotides consist of:

A) only nitrogenous bases;

b) sugars;

d) phosphoric acid residues, sugars and nitrogenous bases.

20. The composition of DNA nucleotides differs from each other in content:

a) only sugars;

b) only nitrogenous bases;

V) sugars and nitrogenous bases;

G) sugars, nitrogenous bases and phosphoric acid residues.

21. DNA nucleotides contain nitrogenous bases:

A) cytosine, uracil, adenine, thymine;

b) thymine, cytosine, guanine, adenine;

V) thymine, uracil, adenine, guanine;

G) uracil, cytosine, adenine, thymine.

22. RNA nucleotides consist of:

1) only nitrogenous bases;

2) only nitrogenous bases and residues sugars;

3) only nitrogenous bases and phosphoric acid residues;

4) phosphoric acid residues, sugars and nitrogenous bases.

23. Molecules, the oxidation of which releases a lot of energy: a) polysaccharides; b) fats; c) proteins; d) monosaccharides.

Proteins are complex organic substances.....

They consist of monomers -......

Amino acids are located in a protein molecule in a certain sequence, which determines its... structure.«

home biological function proteins in the cell

Substances that are reaction products of the combination of glycerol and liquid fatty acids -....

Monomer of a starch molecule -.....

A five-carbon sugar that is part of the DNA molecule -.....

1. What does the similarity in the structure of cells of organisms of all kingdoms of living nature indicate?

2. Why do proteins come first in terms of their importance in the cell? H. What underlies the ability of a DNA molecule to self-duplicate?

Test "Chemical composition of the cell." Option 2.

1. The most common elements in living cells are:

A) C, O, H, N; b) O, S, H, Fe; c) H, Fe, N, S; d) N, O, S, N.

2. Carbon as an element is included in:«

A) only proteins and carbohydrates;

b) only carbohydrates and lipids;

V) all organic and inorganic compounds cells;

G) all organic compounds of the cell.

3. Functions of water in a cell:

A) storage and transmission of hereditary information;

b) braking chemical reactions;

c) solvent;

G) energy function.

4. Monosaccharide carbohydrates include:

a) maltose; b) lactose; c) starch; d) glucose.

5. Carbohydrate polysaccharides include:

a) cellulose4 b) ribose; c) fructose; d) glucose.

6. The DNA molecule contains the following residues: a) ribose; b) maltose; c) deoxyribose; d) sucrose.

7. The reaction products of the interaction of glycerol and higher fatty acids are: a) only fats; b) only oils; c) fats and oils; d) fats, oils and phospholipids.

8. Fats and oils have the following properties in relation to water:

A) always hydrophilic;

b) more often hydrophobic, less often hydrophilic;

V) always hydrophobic;

G) less often hydrophilic.

9. Proteins are:

a) monomers; b) biopolymers; c) monosaccharides; d) polysaccharides.

10. IN aqueous solutions amino acids exhibit the following properties:

a) acids; b) grounds; c) acids and bases; d) in some cases acids, in others bases.

11. The primary structure of a protein is determined by:

A) only by the number of amino acid residues;

b) types of amino acid residues;

V) only the sequence of amino acid residues;

G) number and sequence of amino acid residues.

12. The primary structure of a protein is supported by bonds:

A) only hydrogen;

b) disulfide and peptide;

V) peptide and hydrophobic;

G) only peptide ones.

13. Enzymes perform the following functions:

A) are the main source of energy;

b) accelerate biochemical reactions;

V) transport oxygen;

G) participate in a chemical reaction, turning into other substances.

14. The biological activity of a protein is determined by its structure:

A) primary only;

b) secondary only;

V) always quaternary;

G) quaternary, sometimes tertiary.

15. Molecules that are most easily broken down in the cell to release energy: a) fiber; b) proteins; c) nucleic acids; d) monosaccharides.

16. Monomers of nucleic acid molecules are:

A) only nucleotides;

b) only nitrogenous bases;

V) nitrogenous bases and phosphoric acids;

G) nucleotides and polynucleotides.

17. The nucleotides of a DNA molecule contain nitrogenous bases:

A) thymine, adenine, uracil, guanine;

b) adenine, uracil, thymine, cytosine;

V) adenine, guanine, uracil, cytosine;

G) cytosine, guanine, adenine, thymine.

18. Contains more carbohydrates:

A) in plant cells;

b) in animal cells;

V) the same amount in both.

19. The nucleotides of the RNA molecule contain nitrogenous bases:

A) adenine, guanine, uracil, cytosine

b) adenine, thymine, uracil, cytosine

V) cytosine, guanine, adenine, thymine

G) thymine, uracil, adenine, guanine

20. Fats are soluble:

a) in water; b) in alcohol; c) in gasoline.

21. A molecule of a substance consisting of nucleotides and having the form of a single-stranded thread:

a) RNA; b) ATP; c) DNA; d) ADP.

22. The largest molecules among nucleic acids are: a) DNA; b) tRNA; c) mRNA; 4) rRNA.

23. K salts are important for the body because:

A) are part of hemoglobin;

b) are catalysts for biochemical reactions;

V) participate in the conduction of nerve impulses.

Fill in the missing words into the text.

A water molecule that carries a positive charge at one end and a negative charge at the other is called.......

Proteins speed up chemical reactions in the cell, performing.... a function, promote the movement of substances, performing.... a function.

Part of an amino acid molecule that determines its unique properties -

The process of a protein molecule losing its natural structure under the influence of various factors environment......

The main biological function of monosaccharides in the cell is……

Free-response questions.

1. What amino acids are called essential and how many are there?

2, What is the principle of complementarity?

H. For what reason? chemical elements Are they divided into macro-, micro-, ultra-microelements?

5th grade.

OPTION 1

Part 1.

1. Science that studies domestic and wild animals

1) microbiology; 2) zoology; 3) mycology; 4) botany.

2. The main components of cells:

1) membrane, mitochondria, plastids; 2) core, shell, plastids; 3) membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus; 4) cytoplasm, nucleus, cell wall.

3. Physiology studies:

1) the structure of tissues and organs of living organisms; 2) vital activity of living organisms; 3) structure and processes occurring in plants; 4) behavior and vital activity of insects.

4. Science studies the habitat, structure, and vital functions of insects:

1) theriology; 2) ichthyology; 3) mycology; 4) entomology.

5. Study the structure of mushrooms:

1) ornithology; 2) histology; 3) bryology; 4) mycology.

6. Active movement is characteristic:

1) seeds; 2) for plants; 3) most animals; 4) rocks.

7. The cellular structure is:

1) all living organisms; 2) plants; 3) animals; 4) only plants and mushrooms.

8. Nutrition is:

1) release of unnecessary substances; 2) obtaining the necessary substances from environment; 3) oxygen intake into the body; 4) processing of substances in the body.

9. The most common elements in the cells of living organisms are:

1) oxygen, hydrogen, calcium, phosphorus; 2) oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen; 3) carbon, phosphorus, hydrogen, oxygen; 4) nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur.

10. Nucleic acids perform:

1) energy function; 2) the function of storing and transmitting hereditary information; 3) construction function, 4) support function.

Part B.

IN 1. When completing tasks B1, choose three correct answers out of six. Write down the resulting numbers in ascending order.

1) When observing, the researcher does not introduce changes or any conditions into nature, only purposefully examines the object.

2) Nucleic acids perform a protective function in the body.

3) Proteins, like carbohydrates, are the main sources of energy.

4) Carbohydrates function as a carrier of hereditary information.

5) Oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen are the most common elements in living nature.

6) All living organisms have a similar chemical composition.

AT 2. When completing tasks B2, complete the sentences. Write down only the missing word in your answers.

1) Organelles that perform the function of digestion are called...

2) Nucleic acids are contained...

3) An organelle whose main function is cellular respiration is called...

4) ... performs the function of storing and transmitting hereditary information.

5) The process of nutrients entering the body is called...

Test No. 1 on the topic “Living Organism”

5th grade.

OPTION 2

Part 1. When completing tasks in Part A, from the four proposed, choose one correct one.

1. The science that studies meadow and forest plants is called:

1) microbiology; 2) botany; 3) mycology; 4) zoology.

2. Anatomy studies:

1) structure, behavior and vital activity of insects; 2) the structure of tissues and organs of living organisms; 3) birds; 4) the structure of plants.

3. Science studies the habitat, structure, and vital functions of fish:

1) mycology; 2) ichthyology; 3) entomology, 4) bryology;

4. Studies the structure of cells:

1) cytology; 2) zoology; 3) bacteriology; 4) histology.

5. Plants are able to create their own nutrients using:

1) water energy; 2) solar energy; 3) nutrients from other organisms; 4) energy of chemical reactions.

6. For mushrooms, as for animals, it is typical:

1) the presence of a hard cell membrane; 2) type of nutrition in which a living organism uses ready-made organic substances; 3) active movement; 4) unlimited growth

7. Organisms consist of:

1) minerals, water and salts; 2) mineral and organic substances; 3) proteins, fats, carbohydrates and nucleic acids; 4) from organic substances, proteins, fats.

8. The main components of cells:

1) membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus; 2) membrane, mitochondria, nucleus; 3) cytoplasm, nucleus, cell wall; 4) core, shell, plastids

9. Irritability is typical:

1) only for animals; 2) for all living organisms; 3) for animals and mushrooms; 4) only for plants;

10. Eat ready-made nutrients:

1) only animals; 2) mushrooms and animals; 3) plants; 4) plants and mushrooms.

Part B.

IN 1 . When completing tasks B1, choose three correct answers out of six. Write down the resulting numbers in ascending order.

Choose the numbers of the correct statements.

1) Oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen are elements characteristic only of living organisms.

2) Mineral salts and water are classified as organic matter cells.

3) Water is a good cell solvent.

4) Carbohydrates perform only a supporting function.

5) Fats serve as a reserve source of energy.

6) Similarity of chemical composition and cellular structure plants and animals speak of unity organic world.

AT 2 . When completing tasks B2, complete the sentences. Write down only the missing word in your answers.

1) Plant cells, in addition to the membrane, are also surrounded by a thick and durable...

2) The core performs the function...

3) The burning of wood is classified as... phenomena.

4) ...perform a protective function in the body. They fight foreign microorganisms.

5) The internal contents of a cell are called...

Protein molecules are

The catalase protein performs a function in the cell;

Class

1. The most common elements in the cells of living organisms are:

2. Nitrogen as an element is included in:

3. Hydrogen as an element is included in:

4. At what level of organization is there no difference between the organic and inorganic world?

5.More water is contained in cells:

6. Water is the basis of life:

7. Substances that are highly soluble in water are called:

8. Hydrophobic compounds of the cell include:

9. Monosaccharide carbohydrates include:

10. Carbohydrates and polysaccharides include:

11. The main functions of fats in the cell:

12. Proteins are biopolymers with monomers, which are:

13. Amino acids differ:

14. The composition of protein molecules includes:

15. The structure of a protein molecule, which is determined by the sequence of amino acid residues:

16. The secondary structure of a protein is associated with:

17. There is a certain connection between the first and second concepts in the task.. Find this word Cell: chloroplast = plant: _______________

18. The least strong structural proteins are:

20. When a protein is incompletely denatured, the structure is destroyed first:

21. Monomers of DNA molecules are:

22. DNA nucleotides consist of:

23. The composition of DNA nucleotides differs from each other in content:

24. DNA nucleotides contain nitrogenous bases:

25. RNA nucleotides consist of:

26. Molecules, the oxidation of which releases a lot of energy:

27. The most common elements in the cells of living organisms are:

28. Carbon as an element is included in:

29. Functions of water in a cell:

30. Monosaccharide carbohydrates include:

31. Carbohydrates and polysaccharides include:

32. The DNA molecule contains residues:

33. The products of the reaction between glycerol and higher fatty acids are:

34. Fats and oils have the following properties in relation to water:

35. Proteins are:

36. In aqueous solutions, amino acids exhibit the following properties:

37. The primary structure of a protein is determined by:

38. The primary structure of a protein is supported by bonds:

39. Enzymes perform the following functions:

40. The biological activity of a protein is determined by its structure:

41. Molecules that are most easily broken down in a cell to release energy:

42. Monomers of nucleic acid molecules are:

43. The nucleotides of a DNA molecule contain nitrogenous bases:

44. Contains more carbohydrates:

45. The nucleotides of an RNA molecule contain nitrogenous bases:

46. ​​Fats are soluble:

47. A molecule of a substance consisting of nucleotides and having the form of a single-stranded thread:

48. The largest molecules among nucleic acids are:

49. K salts are important for the body because:

50. The science that studies the functioning of organisms is usually called:

51. The ability for a chemoautotrophic mode of nutrition is characteristic of:

52. Substances that serve as universal biological energy accumulators in the cell:

53. In a DNA molecule, the number of nucleotides containing cytosine is 15% of the total number. What is the percentage of nucleotides containing adenine in this molecule?

54. The amino acid residue of a protein is encoded:

55. The sequence of nucleotides in one of the complementary DNA chains is AGA. What is the corresponding nucleotide sequence in the other chain?:

56. Fungal cells, like animal cells, lack:

57. Cell organelles responsible for its movement:

58. The following have their own DNA:

59. From the proposed answers, choose one of the provisions of the cell theory:

61. ATP is considered the main source of energy in cells, since:

62. Metabolism occurs in every living cell and is:

63. What is the main source of energy that ensures the circulation of substances in ecosystems?

Test "Chemical composition of the cell." Option 1.
I. Choose the correct answer:
I. Most common in the cells of living organisms
the elements are:
a) N, O, H, S; b) C, H, N, O; c) S, Fe, O, C; d) O, S, H, Fe
2. Hydrogen as an element is included in:
a) only water and some proteins
b) only water, carbohydrates and lipids
c) all organic compounds of the cell
d) only water, carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids.
3. At what level of the organization is there no difference?
between the organic and inorganic world?
a) atomic, b) molecular, c) cellular.
4. Water is the basis of life because:
a) it can be in three states (liquid,
solid, gaseous);
b) is a solvent that provides both an influx
substances into the cell and removal of metabolic products from it;
c) cools the surface during evaporation.
5. Substances that are highly soluble in water are called:
a) hydrophilic, b) hydrophobic, c) amphiphilic.
6. Hydrophobic compounds of the cell include:
a) lipids and amino acids; b) lipids;
c) lipids and mineral salts;
d) amino acids and mineral salts.
7. Monosaccharide carbohydrates include:
a) starch; b) glycogen; c) glucose; d) cellulose.
8. Carbohydrates and polysaccharides include:
a) starch; b) deoxyribose; c) ribose; d) glucose.
9. The main functions of fats in the cell:
a) storage and structural; b) structural and
energy;
c) energy and storage; d) structural and protective.
10. Proteins are biopolymers with monomers, which are:
a) nucleotides; b) amino acids; c) nitrogenous bases.
11. Amino acids differ:
a) amino group, b) carboxyl group; c) radical.
12. Protein molecules include:
a) only amino acids b) amino acids and sometimes ions
metals
c) amino acids and sometimes lipid molecules
d) amino acids and sometimes carbohydrate molecules
13. The structure of a protein molecule, which is determined by
sequence of amino acid residues:
a) primary; b) secondary; c) tertiary; d) quaternary.
14.The secondary structure of a protein is supported by bonds:
a) only peptide; b) only hydrogen;
c) disulfide and hydrogen; d) hydrogen and
peptide;
15. When the protein is incompletely denatured, it is destroyed first.
structure: a) primary; b) secondary; c) only tertiary;
d) quaternary, sometimes tertiary.
II. Complete the sentences:
1. Substances that are reaction products of a compound
glycerol and liquid fatty acids....
2.Monomer of starch molecule.....
3. The main biological function of monosaccharides in the cell
……

Test "Chemical composition of the cell." Option 2.
I. Choose the correct answer:
1. Most abundant in living cells
in organisms the elements are:
a) C, O, H, N; b) O, S, H, Fe; c) H, Fe, N, S; d) N, O, S, N.
2. Carbon as an element is included in:
a) only proteins and carbohydrates; b) only carbohydrates and lipids;
c) all organic and inorganic compounds of the cell;
d) all organic compounds of the cell.
3. Functions of water in a cell:
a) storage and transmission of hereditary information;
b) inhibition of chemical reactions; c) solvent;
d) energy function.
4. Monosaccharide carbohydrates include:
a) cellulose; b) glycogen; c) starch; d) glucose.
5. Carbohydrates and polysaccharides include:
a) cellulose b) ribose; c) fructose; d) glucose.
6. Fats and oils have the following properties in relation to water:
a) always hydrophilic;
b) more often hydrophobic, less often hydrophilic;
c) always hydrophobic; d) less often hydrophilic.
7. Proteins are:
a) monomers; b) biopolymers; c) monosaccharides;
d) polysaccharides.
8. In aqueous solutions, amino acids exhibit the following properties:
a) acids; b) grounds; c) acids and bases;
d) in some cases acids, in others bases.
9. The primary structure of a protein is determined by:
a) only the number of amino acid residues;
b) types of amino acid residues;
c) only the sequence of amino acid residues;
d) the number and sequence of amino acid residues.
10. The primary structure of a protein is supported by bonds:
a) only hydrogen; b) disulfide and peptide;
c) peptide and hydrophobic; d) only peptide ones.
11. Molecules that are most easily broken down into
cell with the release of energy: a) fiber; b) proteins;
c) nucleic acids; d) monosaccharides.
12. Fats are soluble:
a) in water; b) in alcohol; c) in gasoline.
13. K salts are important for the body because:
a) are part of hemoglobin;
b) are catalysts for biochemical reactions;
c) participate in the conduction of nerve impulses.
14. The building function of carbohydrates is that they
a) form cellulose cell walls in plants
b) are biopolymers
c) able to dissolve in water
d) serve as a reserve substance for the animal cell
15. Lipids play an important role in the life of a cell, since they
a) are enzymes b) dissolve in water
c) serve as a source of energy
d) maintain a constant environment in the cell.
II.Complete the sentences:
1.Water molecules carrying positive at one end
charge, and on the other a negative charge is called.......

1. The most common elements in living organisms are:

A) C, O, S, N; b) H, C, O, N; c) O, P, S, C; d) N, P, S, O.

2. The biological significance of the main macroelements in living organisms is mainly associated with their:

A) valence; b) the ability to form more durable chemical bonds than other elements; c) prevalence in the earth's crust;

d) valence and the ability to form stronger chemical bonds than other elements.

3. Carbon as an element is included in:

A) proteins and carbohydrates b) carbohydrates and lipids

C) carbohydrates and nucleic acids d) all organic compounds of the cell

4. Nitrogen as an element is included in:

A) proteins; b) proteins and nucleic acids

C) nucleic acids, proteins and ATP d) proteins, nucleic acids and lipids

5. Hydrogen as an element is included in:

A) water, mineral salts and carbohydrates; b) water, carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids

6. Oxygen, as an element, is included in:

A) water, mineral salts and carbohydrates b) water, carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids

C) water, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids d) all inorganic and organic compounds of the cell

7. Phosphorus, as an element, is included in:

A) nucleic acids b) nucleic acids and ATP

B) nucleic acids and ATP, some mineral salts and lipids

D) nucleic acids, ATP, some mineral salts and proteins

8. Sulfur as an element is included in:

A) some proteins b) some mineral salts

C) some proteins and mineral salts d) some proteins and lipids

9. Hydrophilic compounds mainly include:

A) mineral salts b) mineral salts and some carbohydrates

C) some carbohydrates and amino acids d) mineral salts, some carbohydrates and amino acids

10. Hydrophobic compounds mainly include:

A) lipids b) mineral salts and lipids c) lipids and amino acids

d) mineral salts and amino acids

11. Water has the ability to dissolve substances because its molecules:

A) are polar b) are small in size c) contain atoms connected by ionic bonds d) form hydrogen bonds with each other

12. Potassium and sodium ions enter through cell membrane through:

13. Concentration of potassium and sodium ions in the cell:

A) identical on its outer and inner surfaces

B) different, there are more sodium ions inside the cell, and more potassium ions outside.

C) different, there are more potassium ions inside the cell, more sodium ions outside.

D) in some cases the same, in others different.

14. Biopolymers of regular structure include:

A) polysaccharides b) polysaccharides and proteins

C) polysaccharides and nucleic acids d) nucleic acids and proteins

15. Biopolymers of irregular structure include:

A) proteins b) nucleic acids c) nucleic acids and proteins

d) nucleic acids and polysaccharides

16. Monosaccharides include:

A) glucose, ribose, fructose b) galactose, maltose, sucrose

C) fructose, lactose, sucrose d) maltose, ribose, sucrose

17. Disaccharides include:

A) ribulose, galactose, fructose b) ribose, mannose, maltose

C) maltose, lactose, sucrose d) sucrose, fructose, ribulose

18. Polysaccharides include:

A) starch, ribulose, mannose b) glycogen, glucose, cellulose

C) cellulose, starch, glycogen d) starch, cellulose, mannose

19. The sucrose molecule consists of residues:

A) glucose b) glucose and fructose c) fructose and glucose d) glucose and galactose

20. The starch molecule consists of residues:

A) glucose b) fructose c) fructose and glucose d) glucose and galactose

21. The glycogen molecule consists of residues:

A) glucose b) galactose c) glucose and galactose d) galactose and fructose

22. Triglycerides ( esters glycerol and higher fatty acids) are:

A) fats b) oils c) oils and fats d) fats, oils and phospholipids

23. A phospholipid molecule has:

A) hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail b) hydrophobic head and hydrophilic tail c) hydrophilic head and tail d) hydrophobic head and tail

24. In aqueous solutions, amino acids exhibit the following properties:

a) acids b) bases
c) acids and bases d) in some cases acids, in others - bases

25. The primary structure of a protein is determined by amino acid residues:

a) number b) sequence c) number and sequence d) types

26. The primary structure of a protein is supported by bonds:

a) peptide b) hydrogen; c) disulfide;

d) hydrophobic.

27. The secondary structure of a protein is determined by:

a) spiralization of the polypeptide chain;
b) spatial configuration of the polypeptide chain;
c) the number and sequence of amino acids of the spiral chain;
d) spatial configuration of the helical chain.

28. The secondary structure of a protein is maintained mainly by bonds:

a) peptide b) hydrogen c) disulfide d) hydrophobic

29. The tertiary structure of a protein is determined by:

a) spiralization of the polypeptide chain
b) spatial configuration of the helical polypeptide chain

c) connection of several polypeptide chains
d) spiralization of several polypeptide chains

30. The tertiary structure of a protein is maintained mainly by bonds:

a) ionic b) hydrogen c) disulfide d) hydrophobic

31. The quaternary structure of a protein is determined by:

a) spiralization of the polypeptide chain
b) spatial configuration of the polypeptide chain
c) spiralization of several polypeptide chains
d) the connection of several polypeptide chains.

32. The following are not involved in maintaining the quaternary structure of the protein:

a) peptide b) hydrogen c) ionic d) hydrophobic.

33. The physicochemical and biological properties of a protein are completely determined by its structure:

a) primary b) secondary c) tertiary d) quaternary.

34. Fibrillar proteins include:

c) myosin, insulin, trypsin d) albumin, myosin, fibroin.

35. Globular proteins include:

a) fibrinogen, insulin, trypsin b) trypsin, actin, elastin
c) elastin, thrombin, albumin d) albumin, globulin, glucagon.

36. A protein molecule acquires natural (native) properties as a result of self-assembly of the structure
a) primary b) mostly primary, less often secondary
c) quaternary d) mostly tertiary, less often quaternary.

37. Monomers of nucleic acid molecules are:

a) nucleosides b) nucleotides c) polynucleotides d) nitrogenous bases.

38. The DNA molecule contains nitrogenous bases:

a) adenine, guanine, uracil, cytosine b) cytosine, guanine, adenine, thymine
c) thymine, uracil, thymine, cytosine d) adenine, uracil, thymine, cytosine

39.The RNA molecule contains nitrogenous bases:

a) adenine, guanine, uracil, cytosine b) cytosine, guanine, adenine, thymine c) thymine, uracil, adenine, guanine d) adenine, uracil, thymine, cytosine.

40. The composition of monomers of DNA and RNA molecules differs from each other in content:

a) sugar b) nitrogenous bases c) sugar and nitrogenous bases d) sugar, nitrogenous bases and phosphoric acid residues.

41. Purine nitrogenous bases that make up DNA include:

a) adenine and thymine b) uracil and cytosine c) adenine and guanine d) cytosine and thymine

42 Pyrimidine nitrogenous bases that make up DNA include:

a) adenine and thymine b) uracil and cytosine c) adenine and guanine d) cytosine and thymine.

43. Purine nitrogenous bases that make up RNA include: a) adenine and uracil b) adenine and guanine c) cytosine and thymine d) cytosine and uracil

44 To pyrimidines. The nitrogenous bases that make up RNA include:

a) adenine and uracil b) adenine and guanine c) cytosine and thymine d) cytosine and uracil

45.The ratio of nucleotides in DNA is constant

a) A+G/T+C b) A+T/G+C c) A+C/T+G d) A/G, T/C.

46. ​​The ratio of nucleotides in RNA is constant:

a) A+G/T+C b) A+G/U+C c) A+U/G+C d) A/G, U/C.

47. During the synthesis of DNA and RNA molecules, a polynucleotide chain is formed due to connections between: a) residues of nucleotide sugars b) residues of phosphoric acids and nucleotide sugars

c) nitrogenous bases and sugar residues of nucleotides d) nitrogenous bases and phosphoric acid residues of nucleotides.

48. The secondary structure of DNA is maintained through connections between:

a) adjacent nucleotides of one of the chains

b) phosphoric acid residues of nucleotides in two chains

d) non-complementary nitrogenous bases of nucleotides in two chains.

49. The connection of two polynucleotide chains into a DNA helix is ​​carried out by bonds:

a) ionic b) hydrogen c) hydrophobic d) electrostatic.

50. The number of bonds arising in the complementary adenine-thymine base pair of a DNA molecule is equal to: a)1 b)2 c) 3 d) 4.

51. The number of bonds arising in the complementary guanine-cytosine base pair of a DNA molecule is equal to: a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4.

52. the number of variants of complementary base pairs of DNA nucleotides is equal to:

a) 2 b) 3 c) 4 d) 5.

53. The distance between the sugar-phosphate backbones of two DNA chains is equal to the distance occupied by:

a) a pair of purine bases b) a pair of pyrimidine bases

c) one purine and one pyrimidine base d) two purine and two pyrimidine bases.

54. Full turn The double helix of DNA is made up of:

a) 5 nucleotide pairs b) 10 nucleotide pairs c) 15 nucleotide pairs d) 20 nucleotide pairs

55. The model of the structure of the DNA molecule was proposed by J. Watson and F. Crick in:

a) 1930 b) 1950 c) 1953 d) 1962

56. The cell contains DNA in:

a) nucleus b) nucleus and cytoplasm c) nucleus, cytoplasm and mitochondria d) nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplasts.

57. The largest molecular sizes are:

a) tRNA b) snRNA c) mRNA d) rRNA.

58. Protein biosynthesis in the cell mainly involves:

a) DNA. mRNA b) mRNA, tRNA c) tRNA, rRNA d) mRNA, rRNA

59.The ATP molecule contains:

a) adenine, deoxyribose and three phosphoric acid residues b) adenine, ribose and three phosphoric acid residues c) adenine, ribose and three phosphoric acid residues d) adenine, deoxyribose and three phosphoric acid residues.

60. In the ATP molecule, phosphoric acid residues are interconnected by bonds:

a) two hydrogen b) two electrostatic c) two high-energy...

d) three macroergic ones.

Topic: Chemical composition of the cell.

Complete the sentences by filling in the necessary terms and concepts instead of periods.

1. A water molecule that carries a positive charge at one end and a negative charge at the other is called....

2. Substances that are highly soluble in water are called....

3. Substances that are poorly soluble and not at all soluble in water are called....

4. The difference in the concentrations of K+ and Na+ ions inside and outside the cell creates… on its membrane.

5. Carbohydrates ribose, glucose. Sucrose by chemical structure refer to….

6. Carbohydrates maltose, lactose, sucrose according to their chemical structure belong to...

7. Carbohydrates starch. Glycogen and cellulose according to their chemical structure belong to….

8. The molecules of any polymer consist of many repeating units -...

9. The sucrose molecule consists of glucose residues and...

10. The monomer of starch, glycogen and cellulose molecules is...

11. The main biological function of monosaccharides in the cell is...

12. The product of the esterification reaction between glycerol and higher fatty acids is...

13. Higher fatty acids (oleic, linolenic) containing double bonds are called...

14. Higher fatty acids (palmitic, stearic), in the molecule of which there are no double bonds, are called...

15. Triglycerides containing glycerol residues and solid fatty acids are called...

16. Triglycerides containing glycerol and liquid fatty acid residues are called...

17. The main biological function of phospholipids in the cell is...

18. Monomers of protein molecules are...

19. Part of the amino acid molecule that determines its unique properties...

20. Amino acids that are not synthesized in the animal body and are obtained only in finished form with food are called...

21. A compound formed as a result of a condensation reaction of two amino acids...

22. The number and sequence of amino acid residues in a polypeptide chain...

23. Adjacent amino acid residues in a polypeptide chain are connected to each other using...

24. Amino acid residues in adjacent turns of the helix of a polypeptide chain are connected together using...

25. The first protein for which it was possible to determine its amino acid sequence was...

26. The special geometric shape characteristic of each protein is called...

27. The process of a protein molecule losing its natural structure under the influence of various factors is called...

28. The process of spontaneous restoration of the natural structure of a denatured protein is called...

29. The monomers of DNA and RNA molecules are...

30. The five-carbon sugar that is part of the DNA molecule is...

31. Nitrogen bases: adenine and guanine, which are part of nucleic acid molecules, belong to the class...

32. Nitrogen bases: cytosine, thymine, uracil, which are part of nucleic acid molecules, belong to the class...

33. A compound of a five-carbon sugar with a nitrogenous base -...

34. A compound formed as a result of a condensation reaction of two nucleotides is...

35. Two antiparallel DNA strands are connected to each other through nitrogenous bases according to the principle...

36. The secondary structure of DNA is maintained mainly by...

37. In the cell nucleus, DNA is part of...

38. The process of self-reproduction of DNA molecules, ensuring accurate copying of genetic information...

39. One of the DNA chains has the nucleotide sequence AATTGCCGGGA. The second chain complementary to it will have the sequence of nucleotides...

40. Adenyl nucleotide connected to two phosphoric acid residues is...