Key performance indicators of science. On key performance indicators of scientific activity

One of the main tasks of senior managers of the organizational-production system (OPS) is the timely detection of market dangers and opportunities, conducting research, choosing options for action in accordance with real circumstances and criteria. If a problem is detected, or at reporting intervals (once a quarter, a year), studies of control systems are carried out. The purpose of the study is determined by the practical problem facing the OPS. The purpose is what the research is for.

The purpose of the research will be called the ideal result of this research in the future: detection of a problem in the activity; diagnosing the causes of this problem; revision (elimination of deficiencies), modification of the object or process manager system. In order to evaluate the result obtained in the research and correlate it with the costs incurred during the research process, the scientific and practical effectiveness of the research is distinguished.

Concept scientific effectiveness of research more related to basic research. The scientific effectiveness of research is determined by the increase in knowledge in a particular area that has occurred as a result of the research. It can be expressed in the number of patents obtained as a result of research, copyright certificates of publications, citation ratings, etc.

To characterize applied research, the concept is more often used practical effectiveness of the research. The scientific effectiveness of the research turns into practical in the process of implementation scientific knowledge, obtained during research. The implementation of research results is an important element of the development of society, OPS. In a market economy, the main driver of applied research is a practical problem and the need to solve it at a level that ensures competitiveness,

Research is effective if it achieves its goals within a certain time, while the consumption of resources and risks do not exceed the planned volumes. In each case of control systems research, it is necessary first of all to formulate the problem and goals. The process of formulating goals is heuristic in nature. The quality of the problem and purpose statements can determine the success or failure of a study. The purpose of the study of control systems is those specific results that are expected to be obtained under certain conditions, an object, a subject, a period of time, and the consumption of resources.

When formulating the purpose of a study, it is important to remember that the purpose always lies outside the research itself. It is also necessary that the goal satisfies a number of general and study-specific requirements. In particular, the following general requirements for goals need to be taken into account:

• they must be unambiguously formulated and understandable to performers;
• must be measurable and have deadlines;
• must motivate the performer’s actions in the direction necessary to achieve it;
• the goals of research and individual performers must be compatible;
• the goal must be formalizable.

Most often, the goals of systems research are the need to:

• increasing the efficiency of target functioning (labor productivity, income, profit, etc.);
• reducing the consumption of resources (raw materials, materials, electricity, etc.) per unit of manufactured products, including reducing defects and waste;
• increasing safety by eliminating sources, ensuring risk control (property, financial, environmental pollution of the external environment) in the process of economic activity, etc.

In local studies, narrower goals can be set. For example, reduce accounting costs, increase the effect of using management accounting data in the activities of the enterprise; increase staff motivation in the department; eliminate the causes or reduce the amplitude and frequency of undesirable fluctuations in individual parameters of financial and economic activity, etc.

Often a number of organizations are involved in research. This requires the correct division (decomposition) of a single goal into subgoals of the organizations participating in the study. For this purpose, a graph is built - a tree of goals.

A graph is a figure consisting of points, called vertices, and segments connecting them, called edges. Graphs can be connected and disconnected, oriented and undirected, and may or may not contain cycles (loops). The choice of one or another graph structure is determined by the essence of the relationships between the elements that it must express,

A tree graph is a connected directed graph that does not contain loops. Each pair of its vertices is connected by a single edge. When designing research, it is useful to build a tree graph of problems and/or goals.

A research goals tree is a tree graph that expresses the relationship between the vertices, which are subgoals (particular goals) to be achieved in the process of research of various subjects, enterprises or on various stages research towards achieving the goal of the entire study. The goal of the entire study is the initial vertex of the goal graph tree.

A tree of goals, the vertices of which are ranked, that is, expressed by quantitative estimates of their importance, is widely used to quantify the priority of various areas of research. Building a goal tree requires additional research. Each of these problems can be solved using the method of expert assessments.

Goals become a management tool when they:

• 1) defined or formulated;
• 2) known to personnel;
• 3) accepted by employees for execution.

When formulating goals, it is necessary to take into account restrictions on the object, the subject of the study, the resources allocated for these studies (including office space, the possibility of power supply, sewerage, etc.), and the time to obtain the result.

The time to obtain the result is especially important. The result of the research must be obtained and practically used before the moment when the process under study goes into an uncontrolled state or ceases to exist. Research that satisfies this condition is called research on real-time control systems. This is especially important when managing security. However, this is not always technically possible with a highly dynamic object. Economically, such studies may be prohibitively expensive.

Formalization of goals takes place when forming a criterion for assessing the effectiveness of the system. The complexity of systems, as well as differences in research objectives, have given rise to different definitions of the criterion. When assessing the effectiveness of a study, the criterion is defined as a quantitative reflection of the degree to which the system achieves its goals.

In research management, as a rule, it is more convenient to consider the criterion for selecting a preferred solution from a number of alternative ones. In accordance with the predicted efficiency, the following can be distinguished: Options for researching control systems:

• 1) ineffective, not allowing to solve the problem;
• 2) rational, i.e., allowing to solve the problem;
• 3) optimal solution option - an option that allows, in a sense defined by the criterion, to solve the research problem in the best possible way or to construct the best system research. If there can be many ineffective and rational decisions, then optimal solution one. When conducting a study of a complex control system, due to its versatility, the criterion, as a rule, is a vector. Moreover, the problem of optimizing a complex system is a multicriteria problem.

Criterion includes efficiency (effect) parameters as components.

Parameters Research effectiveness refers to the relative values ​​of the most important parameters of the system and (or) research, as well as the ratios of such parameters that allow us to assess the quality of the solution to the problem and the achievement of the goals set for the system. For example, efficiency parameters will be estimates of the ratio of the same parameter (let it be fuel consumption) before and after the implementation of the research results. They reflect the degree of progress as a result of research and (or) the efficiency of resource expenditure, in particular money, in the research process. They allow you to choose the preferred options for changes in the object or the research process itself.

As parameters of the research effect we will call absolute values changes in the most important parameters, for example, the amount of fuel saved in liters, tons, rubles, etc.

One of the well-known approaches to the synthesis of a study evaluation criterion is that one of the effect parameters is maximized or minimized, and restrictions are imposed on the rest.

The choice of criterion option formalizes the goals of the customer (or performer) of the research. In this case, the basis is the practical severity of the problem and limitations on resources, risks, and time for conducting research. The practical and scientific effectiveness of control systems research is inextricably linked with the completeness, reliability and accuracy of the results obtained.

Completeness of research results is the ratio of the number of studied control situations, system functions, its contours, elements and the depth of their study in the research process to the number of situations, functions, etc. that were not subjected to such verification in the research process.

Accuracy of research results- these are possible ranges (from minimum to maximum values) of finding real perimeters in comparison with estimates obtained during the study.

Reliability of research results is the statistical reliability of the results obtained. The unreliability of the results determines the possibility of the appearance of results that go beyond the limits obtained during the research process and the assessment of accuracy.

The completeness, accuracy and reliability of research results must be taken into account when using these results in practice, as well as when assessing the effectiveness of research.

Research management and its timely and sufficient funding are the most important problems in the practical activities of senior leaders of educational organizations.

Research management, in addition to the goal setting and marketing discussed above (selection of research methods and techniques), includes research management.

Research management consists of planning, organizing, motivating and controlling research. Given the existence of certain specifics of research management, general approaches to these components largely correspond to generally accepted ones.

The main provisions of the material presented

• The doctrine of management functions is based on a process approach to management. Within the framework of this approach, management is considered as a process that includes a continuous series of interrelated management actions, i.e. functions.
• The basis systematic approach constitutes management technology, i.e. techniques, methods and procedures for implementing the management process.
• In the most general view The management function is a separate, homogeneous type of activity aimed at achieving the goals of the organization.
• In the most general form, planning can be characterized as a process that includes the development of the main directions of activity and development of the organization, determining the need for resources and funds necessary to implement these directions, as well as the choice of methods and methods for implementing the planned activities.
• A plan is a document reflecting a system of interrelated decisions aimed at achieving the desired result. It contains such stages as: goals and objectives; ways and means of their implementation; resources necessary to complete assigned tasks; proportions, i.e. maintaining proportionality between individual elements of production; organization of plan implementation and control.
• Technical and economic planning involves the development of a holistic system of indicators for the development of technology and the economy of an enterprise in their unity and interdependence both in place and in time of action.
• Operational and production planning is a consequence of technical and economic planning and represents its subsequent development and completion.
• Tactical planning consists of justifying the tasks and means necessary to achieve pre-established or traditional goals (for example, to gain leadership in the product market).
• Strategic planning includes the selection and justification of means, objectives and goals to achieve specified or current results for the enterprise.
• Reactive planning is based on an analysis of previous experience and the history of production development and most often relies on old organizational forms and established traditions. Such planning considers production problems separately, rather than as a corresponding system, and therefore does not take into account the interaction of the whole and its individual parts.
• Inactive planning focuses on the existing situation of the enterprise and does not provide for either returning to the previous state or moving forward. Its main goals are survival and production stability.
• Proactive planning is aimed at implementing continuous changes in various fields activities of enterprises (firms). In their quest for better, preactivists rely on all the achievements of science and technology, widely use experiment and forecasting, but make little use of accumulated experience.
• Interactive planning is about designing the desired future and finding ways to build it. Therefore, such planning focuses on improving performance over time, its goal is to maximize one's ability to learn and adapt or develop.
• As a management function, organization is a type of management activity through which the management system is adapted to carry out the tasks formulated at the planning stage.
• Organizing research into management systems requires taking into account a number of system characteristics, which include: the need for research; object and subject of research; research resources; research effectiveness; research results.
• Diagnostics of control systems is the process of establishing and studying the signs characterizing the state of the control system in order to predict possible deviations and prevent violations of the normal mode of their operation. Diagnostics is a kind of self-regulation mechanism in the system, ensuring feedback in the control loop.
• The main goal of diagnostics is to orient the management process towards achieving all the goals facing the enterprise.
• Strategic diagnostics is responsible for the validity of strategic plans and is focused on external and internal environment systems.
• Operational diagnostics is responsible for achieving short-term goals and is focused on the economic efficiency and profitability of the system.
• The concept of scientific research effectiveness is more related to basic research. The scientific effectiveness of research is determined by the increase in knowledge in a particular area that has occurred as a result of the research. It can be expressed in the number of patents obtained as a result of research, copyright certificates of publications, citation ratings, etc.
• To characterize applied research, the concept of practical research effectiveness is more often used. The scientific effectiveness of research turns into practical effectiveness in the process of implementing scientific knowledge obtained through research.

Questions and tasks for self-control

• 1. What is the essence of the process approach to management?
• 2. Define control technology.
• 3. What is the control function?
• 4. List the main objectives of planning research into control systems.
• 5. What is the difference between technical-economic and operational-production planning?
• 6. Why is a goal tree constructed?
• 7. List the main stages of planning.
• 8. What is the essence of organizing the process of researching control systems?
• 9. What characteristics are taken into account in the process of organizing the study of control systems?
• 10. List the main forms of organizing research into management systems.
• 11. Define control system diagnostics.
• 12. What is the main purpose of diagnosis?
• 13. Swipe comparative analysis strategic and operational diagnostics of management systems.
• 14. What is the essence of diagnosing the financial and economic condition of an organization?
• 15. What is the purpose of organizational diagnostics?
• 16. Reveal the essence of the concept of “scientific effectiveness of research into control systems.”
• 17. How is the applied effectiveness of control systems research determined?
• 18. What is the difference between criteria and parameters for the effectiveness of management systems research?
• 19. How is the completeness and accuracy of the research results expressed?
• 20. How can you assess the reliability of the results obtained from a study of control systems?

In accordance with the “Standard Methodology for Assessing the Performance of Scientific Organizations,” the main criteria for assessing the effectiveness of research are the following indicators: compliance with the level of the world’s best analogues, publication activity, the presence of intellectual property objects and their legal protection, the level of commercialization of developments.

The economic efficiency of research work is determined by the ratio of the actual annual economic effect from the implementation of the results of research and development work to the costs of obtaining it. The amount of economic efficiency of research work for the accounting year is determined by the difference in the reduced costs of the basic and new options, taking into account the volumes and timing of implementation of the work into production according to well-known formulas of reduced costs.

The most difficult thing is to assess the economic efficiency of research work related to current practice through a number of links, the results of which do not find immediate and direct application in production. Such research work includes the discovery of new phenomena and principles that have important future implications for practice. These works can provide qualitative changes in production, enormous in scale, but only in a more or less distant future. They do not have as clear a practical perspective as everyday, ongoing research work that pursues a specific practical goal.

The development and application of methods for assessing the economic efficiency of research and development work is one of the most important levers for accelerating scientific and technological progress, concentrating scientific potential in the most important areas of national economic development and dispersing material, financial and human resources.

Economic efficiency scientific research determined at different stages:

– when planning research work, when the estimated economic effect is calculated, the magnitude of which can be used to judge the feasibility of the research work (calculated efficiency);

– after completion of the research work, taking into account the results of the research and implementation of the prototype, calculations of the expected economic effect are clarified;

– after implementation of research results into production. Here the actual economic effect is calculated, which is confirmed by enterprises using the results of research work.

Calculations of economic efficiency are carried out on those research projects that are aimed at creating new technological processes, machines and materials, increasing the level of organization of the economy and on those studies in the field natural sciences, which can be used to improve material production.

The following are accepted as a basis for comparison (standard): at the development stage – highest level technology implemented, designed or at the stage of completed scientific research in the country and abroad; upon implementation - the technical level that will be achieved by the time this research work is implemented in production.

The effect of scientific research and development manifests itself only as a result of its interaction with other factors of economic growth - capital investments, labor, education, organization of information services and networks, etc. And before the potential effect of scientific research and development becomes practice in production, a whole chain of costs and activities must be implemented.

The effectiveness of the implementation of scientific products is one of the main indicators of feasibility practical application obtained research results, including and on a commercial basis, as well as the need and level of its replication.

The economic efficiency of scientific research in general is understood as a reduction in the costs of social and human labor for the production of products in the industry where completed research and development work (R&D) is being implemented. Main types of scientific research effectiveness:

1) economic efficiency - growth of national income, increase in labor productivity, product quality, reduction in costs for scientific research;

2) strengthening the country’s defense capability;

3) socio-economic efficiency - elimination of hard labor, improvement of sanitary and hygienic working conditions, cleaning environment etc;

4) prestige national science.

Science is the most effective area of ​​investment. In world practice, it is generally accepted that the profit from investment in it is 100-200% and is much higher than the profit of any industry. According to foreign economists, for one dollar of spending on science, the profit per year is 4-7 dollars or more. In our country, the effectiveness of science is also high. For 1 UAH spent on research and development, the profit is 3-8 UAH.

Every year science costs society more and more. Huge sums are spent on it. Therefore, a second problem arises in the economics of science - the systematic reduction of national economic costs for research with an increasing effect from their implementation. In this regard, the effectiveness of scientific research also means conducting research as economically as possible.

It is well known what great importance Nowadays, attention is given to the issues of accelerated development of science and scientific and technical progress. This is done for deep strategic reasons, which boil down to the objective fact that science and the system of its applications have become a real productive force, the most powerful factor effective development social production.

There are two radically different ways of doing business in the economy: the extensive path of development and the intensive one. The path of extensive development is the expansion of factory space, an increase in the number of machines, etc. The intensive path assumes that each factory from each working machine, agricultural enterprise from each hectare of sown area receives more and more products. This is ensured by the use of new scientific and technical capabilities: new means of labor, new technologies, new knowledge. Intensive factors include the growth of people’s qualifications and the entire set of organizational, scientific and technical solutions that modern production is equipped with.

Today, approximately every hryvnia invested in science, scientific and technological progress and the development of innovations (new equipment, new technologies) in production produces four times greater effect than the same hryvnia invested in extensive factors.

This is a very significant circumstance. It follows from it that our economic policy will continue to be aimed at solving problems of further development in all spheres of social production primarily through intensive factors. In this case, a special role is assigned to science, and the same requirement applies to science itself. Let us refer to typical figures. Over the past 40-50 years, the amount of new knowledge has increased approximately two to three times, at the same time, the volume of information (publications, various documentation) has increased eight to ten times, and the amount of funds allocated to science has increased by more than 100 times . These numbers make you think. After all, the increase in resources spent on science is not an end in itself. Consequently, scientific policy needs to be changed, it is necessary to decisively increase the efficiency of scientific institutions.

There is one more important circumstance. In this case, we are not interested in the increase in new knowledge itself, but in the increase in the effect in production. We must analyze whether everything is normal with the proportions between acquiring knowledge and its application in production. Needed ahead of time at a fast pace increase investments in activities to assimilate the results of scientific and technical progress into production.

There is a certain theoretical model, built for considerations of the fullest use of new knowledge, new scientific data. According to this model, if allocations to an area basic research taken as one, then the corresponding indicators will be: for applied research - 4, for development - 16, for the development of innovations in production - 250. This model was built by Academician V.M. Glushkov based on the fact that everything reasonable (from new ideas, information, opportunities) obtained in the field of fundamental research will be used. For this purpose, the existing capacities of applied sciences will be sufficient. Then the possibilities of practical application will be realized in the form of new technologies, new designs, etc., by those who design and conduct developments. And they, in turn, will have enough capacity to accept all this and put it fully into action. Finally, it is necessary to have enough capital investments and free capacity intended for the development of innovations in production in order to master and implement all objectively necessary innovations.

If the total costs for fundamental and applied research, as well as for experimental development, are taken as one, then the ratio between investments in the production of new knowledge and investments in the development of this knowledge by the national economy will be 1:12. But in reality the ratio is 1:7. This indicates that in national economy there is often no free capacity, and there is not enough room for maneuver (in the USA this ratio is 1:11).

IN modern science every fourth is a manager. This is a valid fact. For example, in Ukraine there are 150 thousand. scientific works 40 thousand managers (directors, deputies, heads of departments, laboratories, departments, groups, etc.). So it turns out that every fourth person employed in science is a manager. There are more leaders in science than physicists, chemists, mathematicians, etc., taken separately. But mathematicians, physicists, chemists and others are trained by universities (and the professional level of their knowledge is, as a rule, very high). They were not trained to manage scientific activities. They learn this themselves and in the most unproductive way - from their mistakes. Solving this issue can also increase the efficiency of scientific research.

It is known that the time between investment in science and the return from science to the economy is measured in our country by nine years. This is quite a long time. Each year of reduction of this period means a gain of 5 billion UAH. Just a year faster - and we get 5 billion UAH. at no additional cost. In the future, this gain will be even greater.

One of the ways to increase the efficiency of scientific research is the use of so-called secondary or intermediate results, which are often not used at all or are used late and insufficiently fully.

For example, space programs. How are they justified economically? Of course, as a result of their development, radio communications were improved, the possibility of long-distance transmission of television programs became possible, the accuracy of weather prediction was increased, great scientific fundamental results were obtained in understanding the world, etc. All this has or will have economic significance.

The efficiency of research work is directly affected by the efficiency of scientific publications, especially periodicals. An analysis of the length of time articles remain in the editorial offices of domestic journals has shown that they are delayed twice as long as in similar foreign publications. To reduce these deadlines, it seems advisable to experimentally test in several journals new order publications: print only abstracts of articles up to 4-5 pages in length, and publish full texts using bulk printing in the form of reprints and send them at the request of interested individuals and organizations.

It is known that the growth rate of the instrumental equipment of modern science should be approximately 2.5-3 times higher than the growth rate of the number of workers in this field. In the country as a whole, this indicator is not yet high enough, and in some scientific organizations it is noticeably less than one, which leads to an actual decrease in the efficiency of intellectual resources of science.

Modern scientific instruments wear out so quickly that, as a rule, they become hopelessly obsolete within 4-5 years. At the current pace of scientific and technological progress, the so-called careful (several hours a week) operation of the device looks absurd.

It is rational to purchase fewer devices, but the most advanced ones, and load them as much as possible without fear of wear and tear, and after 2-3 years of intensive use, replace them with new, more modern ones.

The Ministry of Industry, updating its products approximately every five or more years, produces only 10-13% of them at the level of world indicators. Among the reasons for this phenomenon, an important place is occupied by the dispersion and weakness of the scientific potential of the relevant enterprises, making them unprepared to perceive something essentially new, and even more so to develop it with the help of their scientists and engineers.

In modern science, the issue of issues is personnel. A whole galaxy of outstanding scientists came out of factory science, including, for example, metallurgist academician I.P. Bardin and a significant part of the creators of modern modern technology.

Many factory research teams have turned into genuine scientific schools. Yes, carried out for last years at one of the largest factories in the city of Zaporozhye, a wide research program made it possible not only to transform an entire branch of production, but also to raise about 30 candidates and 5 doctors of science from among the factory specialists. The scientific schools of specialists from the Kyiv Arsenal plant and the Kharkov Turbine Plant enjoy great recognition.

At the same time, it should be recognized that, in general, the industrial sector of science is still very poorly provided with highly qualified researchers. For every hundred central factory laboratories there is only one candidate of science. Most factory scientific departments, comparable in scale of work to conventional research institutes, have several times fewer doctors and candidates of science.

The problem of targeted training of personnel for the industrial sector of science deserves special attention.

To assess the effectiveness of research, different criteria are used that characterize the degree of their effectiveness.

Fundamental research begins to pay off investment only after a significant period after the start of development. Their results are usually widely used in various industries, sometimes in those where they were not expected at all. Therefore, it is sometimes difficult to plan the results of such studies.

Fundamental theoretical research difficult to evaluate using quantitative criteria of effectiveness. Usually, only qualitative criteria can be established: the possibility of widespread application of research results in various sectors of the country's national economy; the novelty of phenomena, which gives a great impetus to the fundamental development of the most current research; significant contribution to the country's defense capability; priority of domestic science; industry where applied research can be started; wide international recognition of the work; fundamental monographs on the topic and their citation by scientists from different countries.

The effectiveness of applied research is much easier to assess. In this case, various quantitative criteria are used.

The effectiveness of any research can be judged only after its completion and implementation, i.e., when it begins to produce benefits for the national economy. The time factor is of great importance. Therefore, the development time for application themes should be as short as possible. The best option is when the duration of their development is up to three years. For most applied research, the probability of obtaining an effect in the national economy currently exceeds 80%.

How to evaluate the effectiveness of research by a team (department, department, laboratory, etc.) and one researcher?

The effectiveness of a scientist’s work is assessed by various criteria: publication, economic, novelty of developments, citation of works, etc.

The publication criterion characterizes general activities- the total number of printed works, their total volume in printed sheets, the number of monographs, textbooks, teaching aids. This criterion does not always objectively characterize the effectiveness of a researcher. There may be cases where the payoff from fewer print jobs is significantly greater than from a larger number of smaller print jobs. Economic evaluation of the work of an individual scientist is rarely used. More often, an indicator of the labor productivity of a scientist is used as an economic criterion (output in thousand UAH of the estimated cost of research work). The criterion for the novelty of research work is the number of copyright certificates and patents. The criterion for citing a scientist’s work is the number of references to his published works. This is a secondary criterion.

The effectiveness of a research group or organization is assessed by several criteria: the average annual output of research work, the number of topics introduced, the economic efficiency of the implementation of research and development work, the overall economic effect, the number of copyright certificates and patents received, the number of licenses sold or foreign exchange earnings.

The average annual output of research and development work is determined by the formula

where C o is the total estimated cost of research and development work, thousand UAH;

P - the average number of employees of the main and auxiliary personnel of the department, department, laboratory, research institute.

Usually R is calculated for the year, since it is only possible to establish estimated research costs for a month or quarter. The average annual output of research and development work per employee ranges from 3 to 7 thousand UAH.

Implementation criterion K in completed topics are established at the end of the calendar year by summing up completed works tk. The implementation of the topic is assessed by the degree of completion of the thematic plan.

Relative criterion for the implementation of completed topics

Where T - total number of topics being developed. Economic efficiency criterion

Where E, 3 - respectively, the effect of introducing the topic and the costs of its implementation and implementation, thousand UAH.

The economic effect of implementation - the main indicator of the effectiveness of scientific research - depends on the cost of implementation, the volume of implementation, the timing of mastering new technology and many other factors.

The effect of implementation is calculated for the entire period, starting from the time of topic development until the return is received. Typically, this period of applied research lasts several years. However, at the end of it you can get the full national economic effect.

The level of novelty of applied research and development of the team is characterized by the criterion TO & , i.e., the number of completed works for which copyright certificates and patents were obtained. Criterion K l characterizes the absolute number of certificates and patents. Relative indicators are more objective, for example the number of certificates and patents attributed to a certain number of employees R of this team (R= 100, 1000) or among the topics developed by the team, which are subject to registration with certificates and patents.

If the research institute team has completed developments and sold them abroad, then the effectiveness of these developments is assessed by a relative indicator

The economic effect of the implementation of scientific research is determined using the well-known methodology from the course “Transport Economics”. There are three types of economic effect: preliminary, expected and actual.

The preliminary economic effect is established when substantiating the topic of scientific research and including it in the work plan. It is calculated using approximate, aggregated indicators, taking into account the projected volume of implementation of research results in a group of enterprises in this industry.

The expected economic effect is calculated during the research process. It is conventionally attributed (predicted) to a certain period (year) of the introduction of products into production. Expected savings are a more accurate economic measure than ex ante savings, although in some cases they are also a guide since the implementation volume can only be estimated. The expected effect is calculated not only for one year, but also for a longer period (integral result). Approximately, this period is up to 10 years from the start of implementation for new materials and up to 5 years for structures, devices, and technological processes.

The actual economic effect is determined after the implementation of scientific developments in production, but not earlier than a year later. It is calculated based on the actual costs of scientific research and implementation, taking into account the specific cost indicators of the given industry (enterprise) where scientific developments have been introduced. Actual savings are almost always somewhat lower than expected: the expected savings are determined tentatively by research institutes (sometimes overestimated), the actual savings are determined by the enterprises where implementation is carried out.

The most reliable criterion for the economic efficiency of scientific research is the actual savings from implementation.

Scientific research, especially of an applied nature, is carried out with the aim of developing new technologies, equipment, organizing production and labor and, on this basis, obtaining a reduction in material and labor costs, improving the quality of products and services, and increasing the profits of entrepreneurs.

Transition of the economy to market relations creates a social need for the latest scientific achievements, since they mainly ensure increased labor productivity and an increase in the volume of competitive products.

Manufacturers are beginning to understand that in the new socio-economic conditions only those enterprises that create Better conditions for the development of science and quickly master its achievements in industrial practice. Therefore, the concept of “implementation of scientific research” is gradually filled with new meaning. It is classified according to two criteria: the form of material implementation and the working function of the implemented object.

Implementation– is the transfer to production or use of scientific products that provide a technical, economic or social effect. This process consists of stages: research and production implementation and mass production.

The first is due to the fact that no matter how carefully the recommendations of scientific research work are worked out, they cannot take into account various, including random, factors that operate in the actual production conditions in general and at a specific enterprise in particular. This applies to the same extent to new materials and technological processes. The implementation stage requires large financial costs; it is very labor-intensive in the production of research samples, which often require modification and processing.

Based on the results of research production testing, the technical and economic efficiency of the introduced samples is assessed. At the same time, special attention is paid to the operational indicators of their quality, reliability, durability, cost, manufacturability and operation, the need to re-equip production plants and the possibility of mass production. The test results are documented in a document.

After the completion of the first stage, the second stage begins - mass production.

The state implementation system includes three levels: state, industry, and production organizations.

On state level Legislative acts are being developed to use the results of research and protect the rights of creators of new equipment, technology, and materials, registration of discoveries and inventions is carried out both in the country and abroad, and the issue of renewing licenses and patents is being resolved.

Industry ministries and departments play the role of planning and controlling bodies for the work of industry research institutes, laboratories, implementation organizations and departments at enterprises.

There are scientific and production associations and educational, research and production complexes based on program-target method organizing and planning research according to the scheme: problems – goals – programs – resources – final result.

To speed up the practical use of research results, developers enter into agreements with organizations and enterprises business contracts for their implementation, provide designer's supervision, and participation of developers in design and technological refinement.

According to some foreign researchers, out of a hundred fundamental developments, one tenth of the work ends with a clearly positive result, half of the research work, and no more than 20% of the applied and design work. Nevertheless, investments (innovations) in science are approximately three times more effective than investments in simple reproduction.

There are economic, scientific-technical, defense and social effects from the implementation of research work.

Economic characterized by savings in living and embodied labor expressed in cost terms in social production, which are obtained from the implementation of research results, compared with the costs of research.

Under scientific and technical The effect is understood as the expansion of knowledge about the environment: the identification of new facts, connections, patterns, the discovery of laws, the development of new materials, equipment, technologies that contribute to the further development of science and technology.

Defense the effect is the creation of new technical, technological and organizational systems that increase the security of the state.

Social the effect is manifested in changing the content, nature and conditions of work, increasing the level and quality of life of the people, their general educational and professional level, in the development of culture, science, health and labor protection, safety regulations, improvement environmental conditions and so on.

For applied sciences, as a rule, the determining effect is the economic effect, which is determined by the reduction in the total costs of production in the industry where the completed scientific research is being implemented.

Depending on the stages of work execution The following types of economic effect are distinguished:

· previous– at the stage of feasibility study of the feasibility of the study. It is calculated in general terms for a certain volume of implementation;

· expected– at the stage of scientific research. It is calculated based on forecasting the time of implementation of the results obtained into production for the period of use of the results obtained (up to 10 years from the start of their implementation);

· actual– after the implementation of scientific results into production and has a specific result. Its calculation is based on the actual costs of research and implementation, taking into account the economic indicators of the industry where these scientific developments will be implemented.

The potential economic effect is determined by general indicators on the possible volume of implementation. It serves as information and justification for the feasibility of widespread implementation of the results in production.

The expected economic effect is calculated when choosing the prospects of a research topic using mathematical and expert methods.

Mathematical method is based on the use of a system of indicators that determine the prospects of the study. In applied topics, the expected economic effect is calculated using the formula:

Where V– volume of production after implementation of the topic results;

C – cost of a unit of production, UAH;

R n – probability of scientific success in developing the topic;

R c – probability of implementation of scientific development;

T– duration of production implementation in years;

Zn, Zd, Zr – costs, respectively, for scientific research, for research and industrial development, annual costs for production, UAH.

Prospects indicator scientific topic can also be determined by the formula

, (4.2)

Where E o – total expected economic effect, UAH;

R p – probability of risk.

Quantities R n , R V , R p are set on the basis of forecasting.

Fundamental research begins to have an effect only after a certain period after the start of work. Their result can be used in various sectors of social production, even in those where the effect was not expected. Therefore, fundamental research is assessed on the basis of qualitative indicators:

· the possibility of widespread use of research results in various sectors of social production;

· novelty of phenomena, which promotes fundamentally relevant research;

· contribution to the security and defense capability of the country;

· environmental conservation;

· priority of domestic science and its international recognition.

When conducting scientific research, the economic effect is calculated in the following areas:

· creation of new technologies, means of production, a set of machines for branches of social production;

· improving the level of organization, management and production;

· study of social problems.

The time factor is of great importance in determining the effect of scientific research - from its beginning to the use of the results in production.

To assess the effectiveness of scientific research it is necessary scorecard which includes:

· representativeness(representativeness) – the number of indicators should be sufficient to describe scientific activity, and each of them should most fully reflect the work in this direction;

· additivity– indicators must be consistent with each other and mutually independent;

· unambiguity– indicators should be expressed in such a way as to avoid double interpretation and reduce the likelihood of errors;

· comparability– indicators should provide the possibility of their objective comparison over time and with indicators of other scientific departments;

· controllability– indicators must be calculated based on statistical data that are subject to control.

The effectiveness of research work, a team (research institute, design bureau, department, department of a university) can be assessed:

§ the number of introduced scientific topics;

§ the number of licenses sold and the amount of revenue from them;

§ labor productivity, determined from the ratio of the cost of research for the year to the average number of employees of the main and auxiliary personnel.

One of the indicators for assessing the effectiveness of scientific works and authors, especially in the West, is their citation rate, i.e. the number of references to these works and their authors in the works of other researchers. In our country, this indicator is used very rarely, but in the future it should become one of the main ones, since it characterizes the result obtained, even if it is negative.

A great contribution to scientific research should and can be made by scientific and pedagogical workers of universities of III and IV accreditation levels, which currently house more than two-thirds of the country’s total scientific personnel. Carrying out research work at the expense of state budget or commercial contract funding, they are not only able to successfully solve major scientific problems, but also use them in educational process, attract senior students to this work, instilling interest and developing abilities for scientific research, preparing their shift.

The effectiveness of scientific research largely depends on vocational training scientific workers and their optimal placement according to the topics of their research work. Therefore, re-certification of scientific workers should be periodically carried out in order to establish the degree of compliance with the actual level professional qualities requirements arising from the position held. For this purpose, a special commission is created, which works according to clearly developed criteria for assessing the work of those being certified.

At the same time, despite criticism, even today not a single scientific discussion can proceed without the participation of Marx, regardless of whether one argues with him or agrees with his arguments.

QUESTION 10. Features of labor in trade. Employee productivity and efficiency

CHAPTER 1. PRACTICAL ETHICS AND PRACTICAL PSYCHOLOGY AS A PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITY......................................................... ...................

Scientific effectiveness of the study determined by the increase in knowledge in a particular area that has occurred as a result of research.

It can be expressed in the number of patents obtained as a result of the research, copyright certificates, publications, citation ratings, etc.

To characterize applied research, the concept is more often used practical effectiveness of the research.

The scientific effectiveness of research turns into practical effectiveness in the process of implementing scientific knowledge obtained through research. The implementation of research results is an important element in the development of society and the organizational and production system.

In a market economy, the main driver of applied research (namely, most problems in the study of economic systems belong to this category) is a practical problem and the need to solve it at a level that ensures competitiveness.

Effective Research- this is a study that achieves its goals within a certain time, while the consumption of resources and risks do not exceed the planned volumes.

In a broader sense, the effectiveness of research is one of its characteristics, which shows how the costs of effort (or resources) to conduct it and the result (or the degree of achievement of the goal) correlate.

The effectiveness of research depends on research capacity factors.

Research potential reflects the ability to use resources and the degree to which a goal has been achieved.

Research potential factors are presented in three groups:

1) methodology;

2) resources;

3) organizational capabilities.

The methodological readiness of research potential is manifested in the presence of the purpose and mission of the research, the presence of concepts for the development of the company, research experience and the ability to use the necessary research methods and appropriate technical means.

The resource factor consists in the availability of the necessary personnel resources, economic, material and technical, information, and time resources.

The research potential of management includes the organizational capabilities of its implementation. They are manifested in the presence of organizational culture and type of organization, and the intellectual potential of management systems researchers.

The effectiveness of research depends on the principles of its design and implementation:

1) Principle of objectivity. According to this principle, in any study it is necessary to look for objective factors, connections, dependencies. This determines the success of the study. But using this principle does not mean that everything subjective must be excluded. Much in research is determined by intuition, its inexplicable influence on human behavior and the search for truth. The principle of objectivity is the principle of commensurate, comparison of factors with objective reality, this is a return to the objective, as the final result of reflection, analysis of ideas, thoughts, positions.

2) Systematic principle- this is the principle of searching and determining connections, integrity, comparing properties, finding the boundaries of the internal and external environment. This principle makes it possible to concentrate research on the main thing, evaluate connections, differentiate them into external and internal, and understand a property as a manifestation of the whole in one case and as a manifestation of a separate one in another.

3) The principle of consistency requires research using a specific, pre-developed technology. In using this principle, the answer to the question is of great importance: where to start and how to move towards the result?

4) The principle of determination means that any research must have a very specific goal. Research is not only the resolution of the problem that has arisen, but also the determination of what goal this resolution can lead to, and to what extent it contributes to the achievement of the goal. The goal determines the choice of solutions and the sequence of their development; the goal integrates activities in its most complex variants: multidimensionality, joint research, ramifications of research, complexity of the problem, etc.

5) The principle of freedom of thought determines the need to remove restrictions on the flight of thought, fantasy, imagination, ideas. The principle of thinking control suggests that thinking, like any process, should not be sporadic. It leads to research efficiency. This can be the management of the process of individual thinking or the process of group mental activity. Like any activity, research is based on the use of certain resources, the size and structure of which largely determine its effectiveness. Resources cannot be used thoughtlessly, but in an effort to obtain the desired result, one cannot thoughtlessly limit research to the necessary resources, hence the important principle of flexible resource saving. In some studies, it is very difficult to foresee and calculate quite accurately in advance how many resources will be needed to achieve the desired result. Therefore, the calculation of resources must be done with a reserve, understanding that the result of the study is not always quite predictable, sometimes it can be more significant than expected. Then, even if resources are overspent, the effectiveness of the research will still be high.

6) The principle of qualitative and quantitative certainty of research lies in the fact that, if possible, research should be carried out based on quantitative measures of parameters, indicators, but at the same time not losing the quality of the phenomena being studied, i.e. the totality of those properties that determine their essence and features.

7) The principle of providing research with facts is that research must be based on facts and select facts accordingly. This is the basis for the objectivity of the study, its success, and ultimately its effectiveness.

8) The principle of assessing labor intensity. Its essence lies in the fact that any research must be calculated according to the labor intensity of its implementation. Its organization, rational use of all resources, and, consequently, efficiency depend on this.

When assessing the effectiveness of a study performance criterion defined as a quantitative reflection of the degree to which the system achieves its goals.

In research management, it is more convenient to consider a criterion as a rule for selecting a preferred solution from a number of alternative ones.

In accordance with the predicted efficiency, the following options for solutions for the study of control systems can be distinguished:

1) ineffective, not allowing to solve the problem;

2) rational, i.e. allowing you to solve the problem;

3) optimal solution option - an option that allows you to solve the research problem in the best way, in the sense defined by the criterion, to build the best research system.

While there can be many ineffective and rational solutions, there is only one optimal solution.

Self-test questions

1. For what purpose and how is a scientific research hypothesis developed?

2. List the stages of the “research” stage

3. What is the purpose of a feasibility study?

4. List the main forms of presenting the results of scientific research.

5. List the main forms of testing the results of scientific research.

6. What is the difference between an abstract and an annotation?

7. What types of abstracts are there?

8. What is the practical effectiveness of research?

9. Criteria for scientific effectiveness of research?