EntranceThe first universities in Western Europe presentation. Medieval schools and universities
Literature Azimov A. Guide to Science. From Egyptian pyramids to space stations. M., Afanasyev Yu.N., Voronkov Yu.S., Kuvshinov S.V. History of science and technology: Lecture notes. M., Besov L.N. History of science and technology from ancient times to the end of the 20th century: Textbook. Kharkov, Virginsky V.S., Khoteenkov V.F. Essays on the history of science and technology from ancient times to the mid-15th century. M., Zaitsev G.N., Fedyukin V.K., Atroshenko S.A. History of engineering and technology. St. Petersburg, Dobiash-Rozhdestvenskaya O.A. Culture of the Western European Middle Ages. M., Kefeli I.F. History of science and technology. St. Petersburg, Kirilin V.A. Pages of the history of science and technology. M., Le Goff J. Civilization of the medieval West. M., Polikarpov V.S. History of science and technology: textbook. Rostov-on-Don, Solomatin V.A. History of science. M., Sheipak A.A. History of science and technology. Materials and technologies: Textbook. Part 1. M., Shukhardin S.V. History of science and technology: Textbook. Part 1. M., Khinkis V.A. The Life and Death of Roger Bacon. M., 1971.
1. Education. The first universities in Europe In the early Middle Ages, there were three types of schools: Monastic: internal schools for boys preparing to become monks; external schools for lay boys. Cathedral or cathedral - at episcopal residences: for the training of future clergy: for the laity. Parish houses, which were maintained by priests.
Internal monastery schools In internal schools education was the most extensive. First of all, the Latin language was studied. First, reading, counting and church singing were studied, then grammar with elements of other liberal sciences. For the capable few, individual lessons in theology were conducted. Antique authors were widely used. The alphabet, individual words and phrases of the creed, prayers and liturgy were taken from the Greek language.
Universities Since the 11th century. In Europe, higher schools arose, which were later called universities (from the Latin Universilas - a collection). This name comes from the fact that the first universities were communities that united teachers and students (students called the university “alma mater” - affectionate mother).
Colleges The popes endowed doctors with benefices - income from church property; they also built dormitories for poor students, “colleges”; Later, doctors began to give lectures at these boards, and thus new educational institutions - colleges - appeared.
Faculties At the University of Bologna there were four faculties, one of them, “artistic”, was considered preparatory (they studied the “seven liberal arts”). Only a few students withstood all the tests and continued their studies at senior faculties - law, medicine and theology. Lawyers and doctors studied for 5 years, and theologians – 15.
Sorbonne If we consider a university to be a single corporation of students and professors in various disciplines, then it would be more correct to consider the University of Paris, founded in 1208, as the first. In 1257, the theologian Robert de Sorbon founded a theological college in Paris for children from poor families. In 1554, the college received the name Sorbonne and gradually merged with the theological faculty of the University of Paris. In the 17th century, the name Sorbonne extended to the entire University of Paris.
Oxford The exact date of foundation of the University of Oxford is unknown. Education at Oxford dates back to 1117. In the mid-13th century, colleges (University College, Balliol College, Merton College) were created by private benefactors to operate as independent student communities (there are now 38 colleges in the university). Since the 14th century, Oxford has been using a unique tutoring system in teaching - each student is under personal guardianship by a specialist in the chosen specialty.
Cambridge Cambridge was founded in 1209 when a group of Oxford students migrated to the town on the River Cam to escape hostile townspeople. Initially, the university existed in the form of groups of houses-“colleges”, in which students lived and attended lectures by scientists (now the university has 31 colleges). The universities of Cambridge and Oxford are often collectively referred to as "Oxbridge". These universities have a long history of rivalry with each other.
2. Confrontation of science and theology Structure of medieval scientific knowledge: 1) physical-cosmological direction (based on Aristotle’s doctrine of motion); 2) the doctrine of light (light as a substance, “God is light”); 3) the doctrine of living things (the science of the soul); 4) a complex of astrologer-medical knowledge, the study of minerals and alchemy.
Scholasticism Medieval scholasticism is a systematic medieval philosophy, which is a synthesis of Christian (Catholic) theology and Aristotelian logic. The earliest philosopher of scholastic times is John Scotus Eriugena, who lived in the 9th century and set out his philosophy mainly in the essay “On the Division of Nature.”
Distinctive features of scholasticism Compilation of “Sums” - systematization of knowledge on a particular issue. A thorough study of the question posed with a scrupulous consideration of all possible cases and the refutation of unorthodox views. High citation culture.
Thomas Aquinas () Philosophy is in the service of theology and is as much lower in importance than the limited human mind is lower than divine wisdom. 5 proofs of the existence of God: 1) Proof through motion 2) Proof through the productive cause 3) Proof through necessity 4) Proof from the degrees of being 5) Proof through the final cause
Realists and Nominalists Realists are philosophers who considered universals (genera and species) to be real outside of specific things. Eriugena Anselm of Canterbury Thomas Aquinas Nominalists are philosophers who believed that outside of concrete things, universals exist only in words that name things of a certain kind. John Roscellinus Pierre Abelard Duns Scotus William of Ockham
3. Development of extra-university “science” – alchemy and astrology Alchemy in Europe from the moment of its inception was in a semi-underground position; in 1317, Pope John XXII anathematized alchemy. However, European rulers, both secular and ecclesiastical, having outlawed alchemy, at the same time patronized it, counting on the benefits that would come from finding a way to obtain gold.
Tasks of European alchemists 1. Preparation of the Elixir or Philosopher's Stone; 2. Creation of a homunculus; 3. Preparation of alkahest - a universal solvent; 4. Paligenesis, or restoration of plants from ashes; 5. Preparation of the world spirit - a magical substance, one of the properties of which is the ability to dissolve gold. 6. Extraction of quintessence (the fifth element, ether, the subtlest substance). 7. Preparation of liquid gold, the most perfect remedy for healing.
Albert the Great () The first famous European alchemist was the Dominican monk Albert von Bolstedt, better known as Albert the Great. Author of The Book of Alchemy. For the first time he isolated arsenic in its pure form. He expressed the opinion that metals consist of mercury, sulfur, arsenic and ammonia.
Albert the Great's advice to alchemists 1. Let the alchemist be modest and silent; May he not reveal the secret of his experiments to anyone. 2. Let him live away from people, in his own house, where two or three rooms should be reserved for his experiments. 3. Let him determine with all care the time and hours of his work. 4. May he be patient, diligent and persistent. 5. May he perform, in accordance with the rules of art, grinding, sublimation (sublimation), fixation, calcination, dissolution, distillation (distillation) and fixation. 6. May he not use vessels other than glass or glazed clay, in order to avoid the effects of acids 7. May he be rich enough to pay the expenses that his experiments will require. 8. May he avoid all close relations with princes and nobles. For at first they will rush him in his work, but in case of failure he will face the most severe torture, while his reward for success will be prison.
Bonaventure () In 1270, the Italian alchemist Bonaventure, selecting liquid mixtures to obtain a universal solvent, merged concentrated hydrochloric and nitric acids together and tested the effect of this mixture on gold powder. Gold disappeared before his eyes... The mixture was called “royal vodka” for its ability to dissolve the “king of metals” - gold.
Arnaldo de Villanova () Attributed miraculous healing properties (“panacea”) to the philosopher’s stone. He described the chemicals used as medicines and provided a detailed list of poisons and antidotes known at that time. He described a method for obtaining and distilling alcohol isolated from grape wine, which he called “water of life” (aqua vitae). In medical practice, along with medicines, he used amulets, and considered gold to be a universal medicine.
Astrology Features of European astrology: 1) Western astrology uses the tropical zodiac (consists of 12 equal sectors; the point of the vernal equinox is chosen as the starting point for these sectors). 2) More attention is paid to the Sun than to the Moon. 3) Tends to involve mathematical and astronomical methods.
4. Roger Bacon (XIII century) - the herald of a new science Roger Bacon () was educated at Oxford and Paris universities (Master of Arts, 1241; Doctor of Philosophy, 1247). In 1278, for his sharp attacks on the ignorance and depravity of the clergy, he was accused of heresy and placed in prison.
Philosophy of R. Bacon Science and religion do not contradict each other, the goal of philosophy is to be able to substantiate faith. Truth is a child of time, so each new generation must correct the mistakes made by previous generations. Above all speculative knowledge and arts is the ability to carry out experiments. Only mathematics, as a science, is the most reliable and undoubted. With its help, you can check the data of all other sciences. The goal of all sciences is to increase human power over nature (“Knowledge is power”).
Sciences, their subject and benefits Philosophy Clarifies the relationships between special sciences and gives starting points for them based on the results of special sciences Mathematics Study nature. Study numbers and quantities. Mechanics With its help in the future flying machines, carriages moving without horses, ships sailing without oars and sails will be created. Optics Studies light and its propagation; R. Bacon himself invented glasses, predicted the principle of the telescope and microscope Astronomy Studies the natural forces of stars Science of gravity Studies the elements, since the main role in them is played by the difference between light and heavy Alchemy Studies inanimate formations and all sorts of elementary combinations of them; you can learn how to transform some elements into others Biology (agriculture) Studies organic objects, i.e. plants and animals Medicine Studies the human body, its health and illnesses Astrology Shows practical consequences from various sciences; allows you to know the past, present and future based on astronomical observations Magic Allows you to create a vital elixir, etc.
Discoveries of R. Bacon Invented gunpowder (a mechanical mixture of potassium nitrate, coal and sulfur). Invented glasses (advised people with poor vision to apply a convex lens to their eyes). He laid the foundations for the discovery of the New World, writing that “with a fair wind, the sea between the western tip of Spain and the shores of India can be crossed in just a few days.” Discovered spherical aberration (rays reflected by spherical mirrors are not collected at one point). He explained the appearance of a rainbow by refraction in raindrops.
For the 20th century, as a rule,
university is a collection
all sciences as opposed to
special higher education
establishments. In the Middle Ages
the term "universitas" did not mean
universality of learning, and
any organized union
any corporation. These
associations, thus
included people with common
interests and independent
legal status.
The university had a number of rights and privileges:
the right to study not only the seven liberal arts, but also law (civil and
canonical), theology, medicine. In medieval universities there were
As a rule, there are four faculties: junior - preparatory, also known as the faculty of seven
liberal arts, artistic, artistic, philosophical; senior medical, legal, theological.
the right to receive a portion of beneficial church income for education.
the right of a degree holder from one school to teach at any other university without
additional exams.
the right to make its own laws, statutes and regulations regulating wages
teachers, teaching techniques and methods, disciplinary norms, order
conducting exams, etc.
In the total mass of medieval
Universities stand out like this
called "maternal". These are the universities of Bologna, Paris,
Oxford and Salamanca. According to
some researchers, this
were a kind of torchbearers and
other universities only
imitated them. Especially
imitated Parisian
university, which even
nicknamed "Sinai" in the Middle Ages
learning."
Thus, the expression "mother universities" has two meanings:
These were the first universities
for new educational institutions after their proclamation
universities automatically transferred the maternal rights won and
privilege.
According to some researchers, "the earliest university of the medieval
Europe" was Salerno. It developed on the basis of the ancient Salerno
medical school. traditionally the first European university
The University of Bologna is considered to have arisen on the basis of the Bologna legal
schools. University of Bologna
in northern Italy - between Venice, Florence and
Genoa opened the first western
University - Bologna, which is still successfully operating
por.
Students unite in an association (universitas
scholarium) and pay and choose themselves
professors. This is how the structure of the university is formed
Bologna students were divided into two parts:
ultramontanes (foreigners – “who came from beyond the mountains
(Alps)") and the Citramontans (Italians), and namely
the students' association elected leaders
university, rector's office The Rectorate, in turn,
the professors obeyed.
Professors were elected by students
certain time, received a fee and gave
obligation nowhere except in Bologna
teach. Being dependent on
university and being free only in
supervising students' activities, they could
earn authority and influence exclusively
their personal qualities and pedagogical
talents.
The university was a “living” organization, responsive to the needs of society in
represented by students who were responsible for their own learning, since
paid for it. University of Paris
The University of Paris is one of
oldest higher education institutions
Europe: it arose later than Bologna
university. Throughout the 12th century
a corporation was formed in Paris
teachers and students, within
which receives priority attention
devoted to the study of grammar,
rhetoric, dialectics, arithmetic,
geometry, astronomy and music.
The year 1215 is considered to be a conventional date
foundation of the University of Paris because in
this year teachers and students were able
also get dad's support
Roman Innocent III, who
exempted them from paying taxes to the bishop and
in 1200, the French king Philip Augustus legalized the activity.
University education from the very beginning
started to be open to representatives
other peoples University of Salerno
In 1213 the Salerno school was transformed into
university. The training in Salerno lasted five
years, followed by mandatory medical
practice for one year. Training
preceded by a three-year preparatory course.
Students, as a rule, were mature people with very
high position in society: secular feudal lords,
prelates, archdeacons, and the age of students is usually not
limited.
Despite the review carried out by the church,
works of Galen, Hippocrates and Ibn Sina
learned by heart.
However, as a rule, there were no practical classes.
Students' ideas about the human structure were
only superficial. Church unquestioningly
prohibited the “shedding of blood” and the dissection of human
corpses. The very first autopsy of a deceased person in Western
Europe was produced at the University of Salerno,
only with the special permission of the emperor in 1238 -
the monarch of Frederick II allowed only one to be opened
dead body at five years old.
It is interesting to note that among the famous
There were many women professors at the school. Oxford University
This is an ancient university, pride
United Kingdom. Oxford
The university is named after the city where
honored to be located.
It can rightfully be called the oldest
English-speaking university in the world. Scientists before
they are still arguing about the exact date of it
revival. First time Oxford
the university began to be mentioned in the 12th century. Then
already opened on the basis of the university
theological, medical, humanitarian and
law faculties.
The university is a complex of colleges and academic faculties
(branches) located throughout the city. The first schools appeared on the territory
Oxford back in the 9th century. In 1167, after Henry II by decree prohibited
Englishmen to receive education in France, rapid development began
Oxford as an educational center and the seat of the most important religious and
political disputes. In the 13th century The university included: humanitarian,
law, theology and medicine faculties.
Providing theological education at the beginning, Oxford soon became the leading
educational center among representatives of the English aristocracy
Appearance
medieval
universities
The work was completed by student 6
“A” class Davydova Eva
-Target
-Hypothesis
-Prague University
-University of Paris
-University of Vienna
-Main conclusions Target
Follow the process of formation and
development of Western European
universities since their creation
until the end of the Middle Ages (until the end of the 15th
century). Hypothesis
Beginning of universities
dates back to the 12th century. Prague University Prague University
1. It is called Charles University.
2. It was founded in 1348.
3. Location Prague, Czech Republic.
4. There are 53 thousand students studying there.
5. And 7 thousand foreign students. University of Paris University of Paris
1. After the May events in 1968
was transformed in 1970 into 13
Parisian universities.
2. One of the oldest founded in the world
in the middle of the 12th century. University of Vienna University of Vienna
1. Location Vienna, Austria.
2. Founded in 1365
3. It has 91,900 students. Main conclusions
1. The history of universities begins with the era
Western European Middle Ages and
associated with the growth of medieval cities
needs of a developing urban
economy and culture.
1 slide
Culture of Western Europe in the 11th – 13th centuries. Education in the heyday of the Middle Ages
2 slide
Culture In Latin, the word has several meanings: cultivation; upbringing; education; veneration.
3 slide
Education Rarely a person in the Middle Ages could boast that he went to school as a child. At first there were only monastic and church schools. At the end of the early Middle Ages, schools appeared at large cathedrals, city councils, and large craft workshops.
4 slide
Education Henry II ordered Bishop Mainwerk to slowly clean up the first syllable in the text of the funeral mass: Pro famulis et famulabis tuis (for your male and female slaves). As the emperor expected, the bishop did not notice this, and, while serving mass, solemnly sang: Pro mulis et mulabis tuis (for your donkeys and asses).
5 slide
Education Education was paid. The Middle Ages did not know a clear division into levels of education. Usually it took two to three years to study prayers, the alphabet, and acquire writing, singing and mental arithmetic skills. It was not easy to study; almost everything had to be learned by heart.
6 slide
Education The stick or rod was in the eyes of the teacher the main means of forcing children to study diligently. Parents of students specifically contributed money to buy rods. The best continued to study further, beginning to master the “paths” to knowledge inherited from antiquity.
7 slide
Grammar The Seven Liberal Arts Arithmetic Geometry Astronomy Music Dialectics Rhetoric
8 slide
Slide 9
Universities In the 11th century. new schools appeared for those who wanted to devote themselves to law, medicine or theology. In the middle of the 12th century. In the Italian city of Bologna, local students united to defend their interests. A little later in Paris, teachers of several schools did the same.
10 slide
University of Bologna (1088) University of Oxford (1188) University of Padua (1222) University of Paris (1253)
11 slide
Universities The Latin word “universitas” means totality, community. A university is a community of teachers and students, organized for the purpose of giving and receiving higher education and living according to certain rules.
12 slide
University management structure The university is headed by the rector Deans headed faculties Doctors Bachelors and Masters
Slide 13
Universities Dispute between professors in the presence of students Practical classes for students of the Faculty of Medicine
Western European culture V XI – XIII centuries
Education in the heyday of the Middle Ages
Culture
In Latin the word has several meanings:
- cultivation;
- upbringing;
- education;
- veneration.
Education
- It was a rare person in the Middle Ages who could boast that he went to school as a child.
- At first there were only monastic and church schools.
- At the end of the early Middle Ages, schools appeared at:
- large cathedrals,
- city councils,
- large craft workshops.
Education
Henry II ordered to quietly clean up the bishop's
Mainwerk in the text of the funeral mass the first syllable:
Pro famulis et famulabis tuis(for your male and female servants).
As the emperor expected, the bishop did not notice this, and, while serving
mass, solemnly sang:
P ro mulis et mulabis tuis(for your donkeys and donkeys).
Education
- Education was paid.
- The Middle Ages did not know a clear division into levels of education.
- Usually it took two to three years to study prayers, the alphabet, and acquire writing, singing and mental arithmetic skills.
- It was not easy to study; almost everything had to be learned by heart.
Education
- In the eyes of the teacher, a stick or rod was the main means of forcing children to study diligently.
- Parents of students specifically contributed money to buy rods.
- The best continued to study further, beginning to master the “paths” to knowledge inherited from antiquity.
Grammar
Rhetoric
Seven
liberal arts
Dialectics
Arithmetic
Geometry
Astronomy
Music
Universities
- In the 11th century new schools appeared for those who wanted to devote themselves to law, medicine or theology.
- In the middle of the 12th century. In the Italian city of Bologna, local students united to defend their interests.
- A little later in Paris, teachers of several schools did the same.
University of Bologna (1088)
University of Paris (1253)
Oxford University (1188)
University of Padua (1222)
Universities
Latin word « universitas" - totality, community.
University– community of teachers and students,
organized for the purpose of giving and receiving higher
education and living according to certain rules.
University governance structure
The university is headed by the rector
Deans headed faculties
The doctors
Bachelors and Masters
Universities
Dispute between professors
in the presence of students
Practical classes for students
Faculty of Medicine
Poetry of the "Vagants"
Everyone is welcome, everyone is equal, joining us in brotherhood, regardless of rank, title, wealth.
Our faith is not in the psalms! We glorify the Lord that we will not leave our brother in grief and tears. Whoever is ready to take off his shirt for his neighbor, accept our fraternal call, rush to us without fear!
I dream about my beloved day and night, I prefer her to all beauties.
Every little thing is dear to me: suffix, prefix and case, inflection, particle.
The young man says: “I love you!” Full of tenderness. And for us “to love” is a verb of the first conjugation.
You can compose songs About a beautiful lady, You can speak in prose Or in poetry, But at the same time you must be in friendship with cases!
I am a nomadic student... Fate struck me like your club.
Not for vain vanity, Not for entertainment - Because of bitter poverty I abandoned my studies.
In the autumn cold, I'm tormented by fever, I'm wandering in a tattered raincoat in the prickly rain.
- Tell us about the medieval school.
- What are trivium and quadrivium?
- What do you like and don't like about schools of the Middle Ages?
- What does the word "university" mean?
- Where and when did the first universities appear?
- How did you study at universities?
