EntranceZhigimont III Vase of the King of Poland, c. Prince of Lithuania, King of the Swedes, Goths, Wends
Sigismund III Vase
Polish King Sigismund III was born in 1566 in Sweden. His mother was the sister of the last Polish king of the Jagiellonian family, Sigismund II, and the wife of the Swedish king Johan III. Since Sigismund II had no children, his nephew could lay claim to the Polish throne. In 1587, after the death of Stefan Batory, he was elected king of Poland. In 1592, after the death of his father, he received the opportunity to take the Swedish throne. But his uncle Charles was ahead of him, who turned the Protestants against him and in 1599 finally deprived him of the right to be the Swedish king. Diplomatic documents contain information that in 1598 Sigismund III put forward his candidacy for the Russian throne. Therefore, his relationship with Tsar Boris was very strained.
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authorSigismund III Vase
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authorZhygimont Vase (1566–1632)
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The Polish king Sigismund III Vasa is known in our country mainly for the military intervention he carried out at the beginning of the 17th century, which became an integral part of the period that went down in history as the Time of Troubles. Meanwhile, his “track record” includes many other adventures, one of which is an attempt to put on two crowns at the same time - Polish and Swedish. However, first things first.
The King Born in Captivity
Sigismund III was born on June 20, 1566 in Gripshold Castle, located on an island in one of the most picturesque lakes in Sweden, Mälaren. However, his mother Katerina Yagolenko, the daughter of the Polish king Sigismund I, ended up there not in search of bright impressions, but was forced to accompany her husband Johan, who was sent there in prison by his brother, the Swedish king Eric IV. He did this, according to some sources, being subject to a mental disorder from childhood that developed into schizophrenia, according to others, out of fear of competition from his closest relative.
Despite the fact that Sweden, where he spent his childhood, was a Protestant country, Sigismund III from an early age was surrounded by monks of the Jesuit Order, who raised him as a militant Catholic. This greatly strengthened his authority among the Poles, and helped in 1587, as the last representative (on the maternal side), who had ruled for many years, of the Jagiellon family, to be elected king of Poland.
Successful start to the reign
Historians note that his accession to the throne was the result of the support provided to Sigismund by his aunt Anne Jagiellonka, as well as by a prominent politician of that era and the richest tycoon, Jan Zamoyski. The Poles themselves, having chosen the heir to the Swedish throne (on the paternal side) as king, hoped to settle long-standing political disputes with this country.
The first step he took in the rank of monarch was successful. On the battlefield, Sigismund III defeated the army of another contender for the Polish throne, the Austrian Archduke Maximilian, and thereby got rid of encroachments on the crown. But then the newly-made ruler made unforgivable mistakes.
Annoying mistakes and miscalculations
First of all, he embarked on all sorts of political intrigues, which did not always pursue the interests of his fellow citizens, and he did it so clumsily that they soon became public. In addition, after becoming king, he completely forgot all his election promises, which, however, often happens these days.
As a result of such actions, King Sigismund III at the very beginning of his reign caused discontent among the people, and, worst of all, spoiled relations with his powerful patron Jan Zamoyski, who left him and gave his place to the Jesuits. In general, the king’s reckless actions led to their investigation by the religious council - the Inquisition Diet, which inevitably led to a weakening of power.
Temporary luck
Meanwhile, the main thing that the Polish king Sigismund III strove for in his domestic policy was the comprehensive strengthening of Catholicism, as well as the fight against other faiths that were penetrating into the country - Protestantism and Orthodoxy.
It was this policy, to a certain extent, that supported his shaky authority among the people. It was also strengthened by the successful suppression of two uprisings that broke out in the South-West of Russia in response to the strengthening of Polish rule - in 1551 under the leadership of Kosinsky and in 1596 - Nalivaiko.
Limitation of royal power
One of the most important events in the internal life of Poland during the reign of Sigismund III was the creation of a gentry confederation against him, which was a kind of legal uprising, and was the result of the king’s attempts to establish absolutism in the country. It went down in history under the name “Zebrzydowski’s Rokosh”.
This term is based on a word borrowed from the Hungarian language and denoting the legalized action of the anti-monarchist opposition, as well as the name of the main political opponent of the king - Nicholas Zebrzydowski, who led the gentry. As a result of their struggle, a law was adopted, according to which the most important state decisions began to be made by a majority vote of the members of the Sejm.
The Crown Found and Lost
In 1592, Sigismund III Vasa married. His chosen one was the daughter of Archduke Charles of Austria, Anna, who three years later gave birth to a son, the future King of Poland Vladislav. Then another important event happened in his life. After the death of his father, a former prisoner of Gripshold Castle, who then replaced his schizophrenic brother on the Swedish throne, the position of the monarch was vacant, and according to the law of succession to the throne, Sigismund III had all the rights to it.
It is known that long before this he had harbored dreams of the Swedish crown, but having received it in 1594, he became convinced that sitting on two thrones at the same time, although tempting, was very troublesome. Torn between Stockholm and Warsaw, where he moved the Polish capital from Krakow, Sigismund chose this city as his permanent residence, installing his uncle Charles as the Swedish governor.
This turned out to be an unfortunate mistake. The ungrateful relative, having converted from Catholicism to Protestantism, won the general favor of the Swedes, and soon advanced so far that he was declared king instead of his nephew, who had been dethroned. The latter's attempts to regain the throne by military force led to nothing and only served as the cause of new disputes with the Sejm. To top off the misfortunes that befell the Polish king at that time, his wife Anna died in 1598.
Military adventure
The history of Russia includes the invasion of the troops of Sigismund III, carried out by him in 1605, as part of a program of expansion to the east. The reason for this military adventure was the appearance of a fugitive monk of the Moscow Chudov Monastery - Grigory Otrepiev, who pretended to be the son of Ivan the Terrible - Tsarevich Dimitri.
This impostor, called False Dmitry in Russian literature, promised after his accession to transfer a significant part of the Russian lands into the possession of the Polish king. In this war, Sigismund had temporary luck, which allowed his troops to capture Moscow.
Believing that events had become irreversible, the boyars even agreed to elect his son, Prince Vladislav, to the Russian throne, but the zemstvo militia, led by K. Minin and D. Pozharsky, liberated the capital, and the Poles were expelled from Russia.
Reflecting on the role of each of the main participants in the events of those long ago years, you involuntarily ask the question: Sigismund III and False Dmitry - allies or opponents? Most likely, none of these definitions fully fits here. It must be assumed that each of them, pursuing purely personal interests in this war, considered the other only as an instrument to achieve them, and was ready to abandon him at the first opportunity.
Second marriage and sudden death
Even before the start of the war with Russia, Sigismund III remarried. This time his wife was the Archduchess Constance of Austria, the sister of his first wife, Anna, who died seven years ago. She bore him a son, who forty years later became the Polish king John Casimir.
As contemporaries testify, their union was unusually happy, and the death of Constance, which followed in 1631, became a blow for Sigismund III that he could not bear. Struck by grief, the king became seriously ill and died of a stroke on April 30, 1632, giving way to his son Vladislav on the throne.
- (1566 1632) king of Poland (1587 1632) and Sweden (1592 1604), grandson of Gustav Vasa, son of the Swedish king John III (q.v.) and Catherine Jagiellonka (q.v.), daughter of S. Stary. Born in prison in Gripsholm, where Catherine accompanied her husband,... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Ephron
Vasa (Zygmunt) (1566 1632), king of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from 1587, king of Sweden in 1592 1599, from the Vasa dynasty. Active conductor of the Counter-Reformation. One of the organizers of the intervention in Russia at the beginning of the 17th century... Encyclopedic Dictionary
- (Swedish: Sigismund Vasa, Polish: Zygmunt III Waza) (June 20, 1566, Gripsholm Castle, Sweden April 30, 1632, Warsaw), king of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from 1587, king of Sweden in 1592-1599; son of the Swedish king Johan III Vasa (see Johan III Vasa) and Catherine... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary
- (1566 1632) king of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from 1587, king of Sweden in 1592 99, from the Vasa dynasty. Active conductor of the Counter-Reformation. One of the organizers of the intervention in Russia at the beginning. 17 at...
- (15661632), king of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from 1587, king of Sweden in 159299, from the Vasa dynasty. Active conductor of the Counter-Reformation. One of the organizers of the intervention in Russia at the beginning of the 17th century... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
Sigismund III Vase- SIGISMUND III Vasa (15661632), king of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from 1587, king of Sweden in 159299, from the Vasa dynasty. Active conductor of the Counter-Reformation. One of the organizers of the intervention in Russia at the beginning. 17 at... Biographical Dictionary
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This term has other meanings, see Sigismund. Sigismund I the Old ... Wikipedia
This term has other meanings, see Sigismund. Sigismund II Augustus of Poland Zygmunt II August ... Wikipedia
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- Fury of the White Wolf, Vitakov Alexey Iolievich. 1609 The Polish king Sigismund III Augustus besieges Smolensk. From the very first days of the siege, the Poles suffered one defeat after another. Sigismund is furious! He learns that the reason for the breakdown of many...
Sigismund III Vasa (20.6.1566 - 30.4.1632), king of Poland (pr. 1587 - 1632), king of Sweden (pr. 1592 - 1599), married for the first time from 31.5.1592 to Anna of Austria (1573 - 1598), daughter of Archduke Charles of Styria - Ferdinand of Habsburg (1540 - 1590), for the second time from 12/11/1605 on her sister Constance (1588 - 1631). The second marriage led to the Rokosh civil war (1606 - 1609), part of the Polish and Lithuanian elite rebelled against Austrian influence. His rule in both Poland and Sweden led to a long war between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Sweden (1600 - 1660). Intervention in the affairs of Russia during the “Troubles” led to a new war between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Moscow, which ended after the death of Sigmund, when his son Vladislav became King of Poland, after which Vladislav himself ceased to claim the royal throne in Russia. To spread Catholicism among the Orthodox population, the Uniate Church was established at the Brest Council in 1596, which recognized the supremacy of the Pope, but continued to use Orthodox rituals. After the death of Albrecht II of Prussia in 1618, the Elector of Brandenburg became the ruler of the Duchy of Prussia. From that time on, Poland's possessions on the Baltic Sea coast turned into a corridor between two provinces of the same German state.
Sigismund III Vase Portrait by P. Rubens After 1624
Reproduction from the site http://his.1september.ru/articlef.php?ID=200203601
Read further:
Vasa Dynasty(genealogical table)
Historical figures of Poland(biographical materials)
Barch(Polish: Barcz) - confessor of the Polish king Sigismund III Vasa.
Born on June 20, 1566 at Gripsholm Castle, where his mother Katherine Jagiellonka accompanied her husband Johan, who was imprisoned by his brother Eric XIV.
As a descendant of the Jagiellons through the female line, the 21-year-old Prince Sigismund was elected king of Poland in 1587, thanks to the efforts of his aunt Anna Jagiellonka and Jan Zamoyski. By inviting the last Jagiellon and heir to the Swedish crown to the throne, the Polish side hoped to settle territorial problems with Sweden and gain disputed lands in the north of the country.
Soon after the coronation, Sigismund opposed his rival, Archduke Maximilian of Austria; the latter was defeated near Bichina and taken prisoner (1588), but was released under the treaty of 1589, according to which he renounced all claims to the Polish throne. The Poles did not like Sigismund either with his appearance or character; dislike towards him intensified even more when, having gone to Revel (1589) to meet with his father, he secretly entered into negotiations with Ernest, Duke of Austria, and under certain conditions was ready to renounce the Polish crown in his favor. The young king did not win over the powerful Zamoyski either. The first reason for the discord between them was Estonia, which Sigismund promised to annex to Poland in the treaty clauses, but did not fulfill his promise. The result of this was the Diet of Inquisition against the king (1592) and the weakening of royal power. The place of Zamoyski, who expected to rule the king, was taken by the Jesuits.
Sigismund set his main task to strengthen Catholicism in Poland, destroy Protestantism and suppress Orthodoxy; The Union of Brest took place under him. Along with these tasks, Sigismund was guided only by dynastic interests.
Weakening of the king's power
In the internal life of Poland, the reign of Sigismund marks the beginning of the era of state disintegration. The biggest events were Zebrzydowski's rokosh and the establishment of unanimity at the Sejms.
The main reason for Zebrzydowski's rebellion was Sigismund's systematic attempts to establish absolutism, which, however, were constantly rejected by the diets. Sigismund sought to limit the rights of the diets, transform previous positions into ranks dependent on the king, and organize Polish rule with the help of majorates, the possession of which would give a vote in the Senate. With all his aspirations for absolutism, Sigismund, however, himself contributed to the triumph of the principle of unanimity at the Sejms, which fundamentally undermined the possibility of reforms. When Zamoyski, at the Sejm of 1589, proposed that decisions of the Sejm be decided by a majority vote, the king himself was an opponent of this project, who put Opalinski in opposition to Zamoyski. Government anarchy, established under Sigismund, found its theoretical justification in the theory of “golden freedom”.
Fight for Sweden
In (1592) Sigismund married the daughter of Archduke Charles of Austria, granddaughter of Emperor Ferdinand I Anna, who gave birth to the future king, Vladislav, in 1596.
After the death of his father Johan III (1592), Sigismund went to Sweden and was crowned with the Swedish crown (1594), but upon returning to Poland he was forced to appoint his uncle Charles, Duke of Södermanland, as regent of Sweden, who, by supporting Protestantism, gained the favor of the people and clearly strived for the throne.
Best of the day
In 1596, Sigismund moved the capital from Krakow to Warsaw.
During his second stay in Sweden (1598), Sigismund alienated many of his supporters: he was finally removed from the throne (1599), and his uncle was declared king of Sweden at the Diet in Norrkoping in 1604, under the name of Charles IX. Sigismund did not want to give up his rights to the Swedish throne and involved Poland in 60 years of unsuccessful wars with Sweden.
After the death of his first wife Anna in 1598, Sigismund married her sister Constance in 1605, who gave birth to a son named John Casimir in 1609.
Wars with Russia
Nurturing plans for expansion to the east, Sigismund supported False Dmitry I by concluding a secret agreement with him. Upon his accession to Moscow, the impostor promised to give Poland the Chernigov-Seversk land. After the death of False Dmitry I, Sigismund in 1609 led the siege of Smolensk.
Polish troops under the command of Zolkiewski occupied Moscow in 1610. The Russian boyars decided to elect the son of Sigismund III, Prince Vladislav, to the Moscow throne. After the liberation of Moscow by the zemstvo militia in 1612, the war continued until 1618, when a truce was concluded in Deulin, according to which Smolensk, Chernigov and Seversk lands remained with Poland.