2 what ideas underlie imagination. Types and processes of imagination

Presentation is psychological process reflection of an object, reproduced in consciousness in sensory images and in the absence of the object itself, from memory. The difference between ideas and sensations and perceptions:

• 1. the idea, being a sensory image, is not reflected directly by consciousness, but is reproduced from sensory memory;
• 2. it is more mobile, changeable and more closely connected with thinking, differing from it;
• 3. representation is an intermediate link between sensory and rational knowledge, i.e. between perception and thinking.

Even closer to thinking is imagination, without which the existence of thinking itself seems problematic. A representation is an image of memory. Imagination is an image of memory + fantasy + properties of abstraction and elements of generalization (the influence of thinking). In other words, imagination is the transformation of ideas and the formation of images based on them, the implementation of which leads to the creation of new material and spiritual values.

Imagination, more than any other form of sensory knowledge, is capable of abstracting in fantasy from any signs of an object or endowing it with properties alien to it. This ability connects imagination with thinking. The fact that psychologists do not always confidently attribute it to sensory cognition is due to its intermediate position between sensory and rational cognition.

In the educational literature, they most often distinguish following types imagination: active, passive, productive and reproductive.

Active imagination is a deliberate volitional effort in the formation of an image, which can become a source of creative materialization of an idea (for example, the creation of new architectural projects). Active imagination, as we see, is associated with productive and creative imagination.

Passive imagination only unintentionally recreates a previously perceived image, or is based on groundless fantasies, daydreams, dreams (for example, Oblomov’s dreams).

Reproductive imagination poses the task of (intentionally) reproducing an image as it was perceived in the past, or recreating an image according to a description, drawing, diagrams (for example, without traveling abroad, a person can, based on literary sources, imagine a complex holistic image of France with one or another share errors).

In the typology of imagination, functions are partly the basis. Let's highlight some of them:

• 1) the function of creative formation of sensory-visual images;
• 2) intentional regulation of emotional states in order to reduce mental stress;
• 3) intentional regulation of cognitive processes. Images created by the imagination can help in choosing the desired direction of cognition;
• 4) formation internal plan actions in the imagination are the basis for real actions (for example, making a sketch).

Imagination techniques:

agglutination - “gluing together” different images that are not combined in life (for example, mermaid = woman + fish; accordion = piano + button accordion);

hyperbolization (minituarization) - exaggeration or understatement of an object (for example, giant construction sites, a microcalculator);

sharpening - emphasizing any features (for example, friendly cartoons);

schematization - constructing an image in which its features are combined into groups, diagrams (for example, creating an ornament);

typification - embodiment in an image of an essential, recurring thing (for example, a portrait of a hero of our time).

Other tests on the subject Psychology

NOU MURMANSK HUMANITIES INSTITUTE

PSYCHOLOGY FACULTY

EXTRAMURAL

TEST

IN GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY

TOPIC: PRESENTATION. IMAGINATION.

Completed by: STUDENT

2 COURSES, FTA PSYCHOLOGY

CORRESPONDENCE BRANCH

BORODKINA I.N.

Checked by: TEACHER

SEMENOVA M.A.

Murmansk 2009

Introduction

The concept of representation, mechanisms for the emergence of representations

Main characteristics of views

View Functions

Classification and types of representations

View Operations

The concept of imagination, mechanisms of the imagination process

Physiological basis of imagination

The role of imagination in human life

Types of imagination

Operations of the imagination

Imagination and creativity

Conclusion

Literature

Introduction

We receive primary information about the world around us through sensation and perception. The excitement that arises in our senses does not disappear without a trace at the very moment when the effect of stimuli on them ceases. After this, so-called sequential images appear and persist for some time. However, the role of these images for a person’s mental life is relatively small. Much more important is the fact that even after a long time after we have perceived an object, the image of this object can again be accidentally or intentionally evoked by us. This phenomenon is called representation.

The concept of representation, mechanisms for the emergence of representations

Representation is the mental process of reflecting objects or phenomena that are this moment are not perceived, but are recreated on the basis of our previous experience.

The basis of representation is the perception of objects that took place in the past. Several types of representations can be distinguished. Firstly, these are memory representations, that is, representations that arose on the basis of our direct perception in the past of any object or phenomenon. Secondly, these are ideas of the imagination. At first glance, this type of representation does not correspond to the definition of the concept of representation, because in the imagination we display something that we have never seen, but this is only at first glance. Representations of the imagination are formed on the basis of information received in past perceptions and its more or less creative processing. The richer the past experience, the brighter and more complete the corresponding idea can be.

Ideas do not arise on their own, but as a result of our practical activity. Moreover, ideas are of great importance not only for the processes of memory or imagination, they are extremely important for all mental processes that provide cognitive activity person. Processes of perception, thinking, writing are always associated with ideas, just like memory, which stores information and thanks to which ideas are formed.

Main characteristics of views

Representations have their own characteristics. First of all, representations are characterized by clarity . Representations are sensory-visual images of reality, and this is their closeness to images of perception. But perceptual images are a reflection of those objects of the material world that are perceived at the moment, while representations are reproduced and processed images of objects that were perceived in the past.

The next characteristic of representations is fragmentation. The representations are full of gaps, some parts and features are presented vividly, others very vaguely, and others are completely absent. For example, when we imagine someone's face, we clearly and distinctly reproduce only individual features, those on which, as a rule, we fixed our attention.

No less significant characteristic ideas is their instability and impermanence. Thus, any evoked image, be it an object or someone’s image, will disappear from the field of your consciousness, no matter how hard you try to hold it. And you will have to make another effort to evoke it again. In addition, representations are very fluid and changeable. First one and then another detail of the reproduced image comes to the foreground.

DEFINITION: Representation is the mental process of internal reproduction of past images in memory.

The results of the representation are secondary images, that is, “first signals” extracted from memory. Representations reproduce past primary images. These are images of objects that currently do not act on the receptor surface of the analyzer. Representations embody one of the types of memory (figurative memory), which determines their most important significance in the structure of mental processes. Representations are a necessary link between the first-signal mental processes - And and secondary signals And . Representations accumulate signs of various individual images. Based on these features, a “portrait of a class of objects” is built, and thereby provides the possibility of a conceptually logical display of the structure of this class.

Views allow you to see not only the “face”, but also the “back” of objects during their absence. Moreover, objects, not only once directly perceived, but also belonging to a generalized class of objects synthesized in representation.

Imagination is the mental process of creating an image of an object or situation by restructuring existing ideas.

Currently, there is a widespread belief that imagination is a combination of not only figurative, but also abstract content.

Unlike ideas, images of the imagination do not always correspond to reality; they contain elements of fantasy and fiction. If the imagination draws pictures to consciousness that have nothing or little correspondence in reality, then it is called fantasies. If the imagination is directed to the future, it is called dream.

Types of imagination

Functions of imagination:

1. Figurative representation of reality.
2. Regulation of emotional states.
3. Voluntary regulation cognitive processes and human conditions.
4. Formation of an internal action plan.

Ways to create images of the imagination

Agglutination– creating images by combining any qualities, properties, parts.

Accenting- highlighting any part, detail of the whole.

Typing- the most difficult technique. The artist depicts a specific episode that absorbs a lot of similar ones and thus is, as it were, their representative. A literary image is also formed, in which the typical features of many people of a given circle, a certain era are concentrated.

Views are among secondary images, which, unlike primary ones (sensation and perception), arise in consciousness in the absence of direct stimuli, which brings them closer to images of memory, imagination and visual-figurative thinking.

Usually under presentation understand the mental process of reflecting objects and phenomena of the surrounding reality in the form of generalized visual images, and by imagination- a mental process consisting in the creation of new images by processing the material of perceptions and ideas obtained in previous experience.

The product (end result) of the representation is image-representation, or a secondary sensory-visual image of objects and phenomena, preserved and reproduced in consciousness without the direct impact of the objects themselves on the senses.

It is necessary to distinguish from the image-representation as a product performance as a process of deliberate and voluntary creation of an image and mental manipulation (operation) of it when solving various kinds of problems.

Representations are in a complex relationship with other mental processes.

With sensation and perception, representation is related to figurative, visual form their existence. But sensation and perception always precede representation, which cannot arise out of nowhere. The representation is precisely the result of generalization of a number of essential and sometimes unimportant features of an object.

Representations often act as standards. This circumstance brings them closer to the processes of identification. Identification presupposes the presence of at least two objects - real, perceived and reference. There is no such duality in ideas.

Representations are often called memory images, since in both cases a person’s past experience is reproduced. Both of them belong to secondary images that arise without relying on direct perception. But the representation lacks the processes of remembering and storing. In the process of remembering, a person is always aware of the connection with the past, but in addition to the past, the present and the future can be reflected in the idea.

Images of the imagination are very close to ideas. Imagination, like representation, uses material previously received by perception and stored by memory. KD Ushinsky believed that the essence of imagination lies in the combination of images and representations. But still, imagination is a more creative process that develops over time, in which it can often be traced storyline. In representation, the object is more static: it is either motionless, or a limited number of manipulative operations are performed with it. Representation acts as a mechanism for recreating imagination. But besides him there is also various shapes creative imagination, which are not reducible to representation.

The degree of control a person has over the images of his imagination varies greatly. Therefore, they distinguish, imagination arbitrary(active) and involuntary(passive). The degree of arbitrariness of images varies smoothly from one form of imagination to another. Thus, the least degree of arbitrariness of imagination is found in dreams and hallucinations, and the greatest degree is found in creativity. According to the methods of creating images, they also distinguish recreating And creative imagination.

Images-representations serve as the basis for visual-figurative thinking. In thinking processes, the emphasis is on searching and discovering something new, but in imagining processes, such a task is not set.

“The interpenetration of the visual and the generalized” in representations (B. G. Ananyev) constitutes their distinctive feature and allows us to speak of representation as an independent mental process.

Depending on the characteristics of the subject of representation, there are two main types of representations: visual, behind which there is a specific image, and abstract-logical, behind which they stand abstract concepts(A. Richardson). Each of these types can have varying degrees of brightness, clarity and controllability.

The most common is the classification of visual representations according to modality (B. G. Ananyev). It includes visual, auditory, olfactory, tactile, gustatory And organic representation. The latter are the essence of ideas about the functional states of the body, individual organs and parts of the body. Here, the type of analyzer is taken as the basis for classification.

In accordance with the two main forms of existence of matter, two types of ideas are distinguished, such as ideas about space and ideas about time. Usually, both of them are multimodal, but it is possible to highlight the reflection of spatial and temporal characteristics separately at the level of visual and kinesthetic analyzers.

Based on the temporal relevance of ideas, a classification of images into reproductive and anti cipating(anticipating) (J. Piaget). In turn, each of them can be: a) static(idea of ​​a stationary object); b) kinetic(idea about different types of movement); V) transformative(reflection known to man transformations of objects - from reflecting the final result to reflecting all stages of transformation of an object from the initial state to the final state).

IV.1.1. Characteristics of the presentation process. The process of representation is usually understood in two senses: as the creation of images and representations and as the operation of them. In both cases, representations acquire a dynamic character.

We can talk about changing perceptions in time And in space. As time passes, the presentation may become saturated with details, generalized, or, conversely, become more schematic; may become brighter and more distinct or, conversely, vague and undifferentiated. In space with image-representations, the following basic operations can be performed: mental rotation, large-scale transformations, various types of object movements, combining the components of the represented object, changes in spatial orientation, increment, grouping, splitting, etc.

A special group consists of information transcoding operations associated with changes in the dimensionality of an object. For example, when reading geographical map get an idea of ​​the terrain, and in a drawing lesson imagine and depict a three-dimensional object in the form of projections on a plane.

Understanding representation as a process of operating with image-representations presupposes the presence of separate mental operations in this process. All mental operations can be divided into three groups (I. S. Yakimanskaya): 1) change in the process of imagining the position of an object (objects) or its parts (mental rotation, grouping, change in spatial orientation, mental movement of objects, etc.); 2) changes in the process of representing the structure of an object (scale transformations, changes in the representation of the dimension of objects, grouping of objects, etc.); 3) simultaneous changes in position and structure (increment, split, combination, etc.).

Operating and synthesis of images in the processes of imagination is carried out thanks to operations agglutination- combinations of qualities, properties, parts of objects that are incompatible in reality; hyperbolization- exaggeration or understatement of objects, their parts and qualities; sharpening- emphasizing any features; schematization- smoothing out differences and identifying similarities; typification- highlighting the essential in homogeneous phenomena and embodying it in any specific image.

Imagination is the mental process of creating an image of an object or situation by restructuring existing ideas. Images of the imagination do not always correspond to reality; they contain elements of fantasy and fiction. If the imagination draws pictures to the consciousness that nothing or little corresponds in reality, then it is called fantasy. If the imagination is directed to the future, it is called a dream. The process of imagination always occurs in inextricable connection with two other mental processes - memory and thinking.

Types of imagination

• Active imagination - using it, a person, through an effort of will, at will evokes corresponding images.
• Passive imagination - its images arise spontaneously, regardless of the will and desire of a person.
• Productive imagination - in it, reality is consciously constructed by a person, and not simply mechanically copied or recreated. But at the same time, she is still creatively transformed in the image.
• Reproductive imagination - the task is to reproduce reality as it is, and although there is also an element of fantasy here, such imagination is more reminiscent of perception or memory than creativity.

Functions of imagination:

1. Figurative representation of reality;
2. Regulation of emotional states;
3. Voluntary regulation of cognitive processes and human states;
4. Formation of an internal action plan.

Ways to create imagination images:

• Agglutination is the creation of images by combining any qualities, properties, parts.
• Emphasis - highlighting any part, detail of the whole.
• Typing is the most difficult technique. The artist depicts a specific episode that absorbs a lot of similar ones and thus is, as it were, their representative. A literary image is also formed, in which the typical features of many people of a given circle, a certain era are concentrated.

Imagination processes, like memory processes, can vary in the degree of voluntariness or intentionality. An extreme case of involuntary imagination is dreams, in which images are born unintentionally and in the most unexpected and bizarre combinations. The activity of the imagination, which unfolds in a half-asleep, drowsy state, for example, before falling asleep, is also involuntary at its core.

Among various types and forms of arbitrary imagination, we can distinguish recreating imagination, creative imagination and dream.

Recreating imagination manifests itself when a person needs to recreate a representation of an object that matches its description as fully as possible.

Creative imagination characterized by the fact that a person transforms ideas and creates new ones not according to an existing model, but independently outlining the contours created image and choosing the necessary materials for it.

A special form of imagination is a dream - the independent creation of new images. The main feature of a dream is that it is aimed at future activities, i.e. A dream is an imagination aimed at a desired future.

If the voluntary or active imagination is intentional, i.e. is associated with volitional manifestations of a person, then passive imagination can be intentional and unintentional. Intentional passive imagination creates images that are not associated with the will. These images are called dreams. In dreams, the connection between imagination and the needs of the individual is most clearly revealed. The predominance of dreams in a person’s mental life can lead him to a separation from reality, a withdrawal into a fictional world, which, in turn, begins to inhibit the mental and social development of this person.

Unintentional passive imagination is observed when the activity of consciousness is weakened, its disorders are in a half-asleep state, in sleep, etc. The most significant manifestation of passive imagination is hallucinations, in which a person perceives non-existent objects. When classifying types of imagination, we proceed from two main characteristics. This is the degree of manifestation of volitional efforts and the degree of activity, or awareness.