Entrance§39. Vital capacity of the lungs
lesson on generalizing knowledge in 8th grade on the topic: “Breathing”Krotova E.E. - biology teacher at Secondary School No. 2, Aktobe
Lesson topic:
Goals and objectives:
Consolidate and repeat, test your knowledge of the respiratory system, its structure and functions.
Continue to develop the ability to work with tables, tests and diagrams.
Equipment: Tables, tests.
I. Warm-up.
1.What is the name of the science that studies the structure of the body, its organs, tissues, cells.
(Anatomy)
2. What is the name of the science that studies the functions of the whole organism, individual cells, organs and their systems.
(Physiology).
3. What is the name of the science about the general laws of mental processes and the individual and personal properties of a particular person.
(Psychology).
4. List the inorganic substances that make up the cell. (water, salts).
5. List the organic substances that make up the cell.
(proteins, fats, carbohydrates).
6. List the cell organelles.
(nucleus, ribosomes, cell center, mitochondria)
7. What organ systems do you know?
(Digestive, circulatory, respiratory, excretory, endocrine, nervous).
8.What organs does the circulatory system consist of?
(Heart, blood vessels).
9. What organs does the respiratory system consist of?
(Nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs).
II Competition: “Structure of the Respiratory Organs”
Label the respiratory organs in the figure indicated by numbers.
III competition. "What is this?"
1 team member tears off a petal from a daisy on which the term is written. The participant must answer what this term means.
TERMS: sneezing, cough, vital capacity of the lungs, pleura, pleural cavity, glottis, respiratory center, pulmonary vesicles, diffusion.
IV competition: Captains competition.
1. What is the mechanism of inhalation and exhalation? What role do the ribs, intercostal muscles, and diaphragm play in this?
2. How and why does gas exchange occur in the lungs?
3. How and why does gas exchange occur in tissues?
V competition. Homework.
1. From the history of tobacco smoking.
2. About the spread of smoking in Russia and the first measures to combat the bad habit.
3. The fight against smoking in our country and foreign countries.
Option 1.
1From the list of organs of the respiratory system (1-10), select the correct complete answers to the questions
(I-XII) and encrypt them:
1. Mucous membrane 6. Epiglottis
2. Pulmonary vesicles 7. Larynx
3. Lungs 8. Cartilaginous half-rings
4. Bronchi 9. Pleura
5. Trachea 10. Nasal cavity
I. -Does not let food into the larynx.
II.- Do not allow the trachea to narrow.
III.- Cleans the inhaled air from dust and germs and warms it.
IV.- Surface layer airways.
V. - Initial part of the airway.
VI.- Lines the outer surface of the lungs.
VII. -Covers the wall of the chest cavity from the inside.
VIII. -Inside contains vocal cords.
IX.- The longest part of the airway.
X.- The path of inspired air after the larynx to the pulmonary capillaries (sequentially).
XI. - Site of gas exchange between the lungs and blood.
XII. - Place of gas diffusion.
ANSWER:
I-6; II-8; III-10; IV-1;V-10; VI-9; VII-9; VIII-7; IX-5; X-5,4,3,2; XI-2; XII-2.
Option 2.
From the list of vessels, tissues, processes (1-10), select the correct complete answers to questions (I-XII) and encrypt them:
1. Hemoglobin. 6. Intercellular fluid
2. Oxygen. 7. Pulmonary capillaries.
3. Carbon dioxide. 8. Capillaries in tissues.
4. Diffusion. 9. Red blood cells.
5. Tissue cells. 10. Leukocytes.
I.- What comes out of the blood into the lungs?
II.- What penetrates from the lungs into the blood?
III. -What comes from the tissues into the blood?
IV.- What penetrates from the blood into the tissues?
V. - Pigment in the blood.
VI. - Site of oxidation organic matter.
VII. - Oxygen consumers.
VIII. - A physical phenomenon is the cause of gas exchange in the lungs.
IX.- Cells are carriers of oxygen.
X. -Decomposition product of organic substances.
XI. - Oxygen pathway after red blood cell separation (sequentially).
XII. - Place of formation of carbon dioxide in the body.
ANSWER:
I-3; II-2; III-3; IV-2; V-1; VI-5; VII-5; VIII-4; IX –9; X-3; XI-8,6,5;XII-5.
Option 3.
From the list (1-7) select and encrypt the correct and complete answers to the questions
(I-XVI).
1. Inhale
2. Exhale.
3. Vital capacity.
4. Pleural fissure.
5. Contraction of respiratory muscles.
6. Relaxation of respiratory muscles
7. Pleura.
I. - Thin film on the surface of the lungs.
II. - Provides ventilation to the lungs.
III. - Consequence of contraction of the diaphragm muscles.
IV. - Consequence of relaxation of the diaphragm muscles.
V. -Consequence of lowering the ribs.
VI. - Consequence of raising the ribs.
VII. -Measured by a spirometer.
VIII.- Cause of enlargement of the chest cavity.
IX. - Cause of reduction of the chest cavity
X. -Cause of increased pressure in the lungs.
XI. - Cause of decreased pressure in the lungs.
XII. - Consequence of increased pressure in the lungs.
XIII. - Consequence of decreased pressure in the lungs.
XIV.- Indicator physical development person
XV. - The space between the pleurae.
XVI.- Decreases in smokers.
ANSWER:
I –7; II-1,2; III-1; IV-2; V-2;VI-1;VII-3; VIII-5; IX-6; X-6; XI-5; XII-2; XIII-1; XIV-3; XV-4; XVI-3.
VII competition: Chainword “Breath”.
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Lesson summary. Grading
Lesson topic: "Breathing"
TASKS:
repeat, consolidate, expand students’ knowledge on this topic;
develop figurative memory, logical thinking, student speech;
develop the ability to work in groups, taking into account the personal interests of students.
EQUIPMENT: cards with the names of teams, cards with numbers 1, 2, 3 for working with the oral test, table “Respiratory Organs”, layout of the larynx, tables with encrypted words. presentation-game
LEADING DIDACTICAL OBJECTIVE:
1. Repetition.
2. Practicing and consolidating skills.
3. Development of the ability to work consistently in a team.
LESSON FORM: Group.
LESSON PLAN:
1. Introduction to the rules of conducting a lesson.
2. Reproductive work of groups.
3. Summing up.
PROGRESS OF THE LESSON
The class is divided by drawing lots into four teams, which during the lesson must work on several different tasks and receive stars for correct answers (actions). For a correct, complete answer the team receives one star, for an incomplete answer - half a star. If the answering team did not give a complete (correct) answer, then any of the teams can supplement (answer). Depending on the amount of information provided to the question, the complementing (answering) team receives half a star or a whole one. The more teams collect stars, the higher the final mark will be. Team members who score fewer stars have the right to increase the final grade by one point for the most active student.
TASK No. 1.
Define the term used to name the command:
ALVIOLA
SPIROMETER
SURFACTANT
EPIGLOTTIS
TASK No. 2.
Work at the board with a table (layout) on the following questions:
Features of the structure and function of the nasal cavity.
Features of the structure and function of the larynx.
Features of the structure and function of the trachea.
Features of the structure and function of the lungs.
TASK No. 3.
Use cards 1, 2, 3 to indicate the correct answer to the oral test.
A) The vital capacity of the lungs in women is equal to:
1. 3500ml.
2. 2700ml
3. 2000ml
B) Sound producing organ
1. Larynx
2. Nasopharynx
3. Trachea
C) From the outside, the lungs are covered with pleura:
1. Pulmonary
2. Parietal
3. Alveolar
D) Larynx in the form
1. Square
2. Circle.
3. Triangle
D) Tidal volume is equal to:
1. 500 ml.
2. 1000ml.
3. 1500 ml.
E) Vaccinations are given against
1. Smoking
2. Flu
3. Tuberculosis
G) Gas, practically unchanged in quantity in the inhaled and inhaled air:
1. O2
2. CO2
3.N
H) The amount of air remaining after maximum exhalation
1. Tidal volume
2. Reserve volume
3. Residual volume
I) The nasal cavity is equipped
1. Eyelashes
2. Vessels
3. Bundles
K) Alveoli are:
1. Pulmonary vesicles
2. Pulmonary sacs
3. Pulmonary capsules
TASK No. 4.
In the envelopes for each team there are cards with words; you need to choose 5 words specific to this issue.
1. NASAL CAVITY (cilia, mucus, warming, nostrils, cavity).
2. GAS EXCHANGE IN THE LUNGS AND TISSUE (cell, inhalation, F.E.L., tidal volume of the alveoli).
3. LUNGS (surfactant, 100 m2, 2 lobes, chest, pleural cavity).
4. TUBERCULOSIS (lungs, vaccination, bacteria, cough, airborne droplets).
TASK No. 5.
In the “Encrypted Words” tables, find five words on this topic.
RESPIRATORY DISEASES (FLU, tuberculosis, laryngitis, smoking, bronchitis)
LARRYNX (FUNNELE, sound production, epiglottis, ligaments, cleft)
TRACHEA (LUMEN, esophagus, semirings, ligaments, muscles)
BREATHING (AIR, gas exchange, lungs, diaphragm, exhalation)
TASK No. 6.
2*2. Two teams work. The first pair of teams is on task No. 5, the second is on a blitz survey for the number of correct answers, and only one team receives a star for this task (then the teams change).
1. Trachea length 9-11cm
2. Sound-producing organ larynx
3. The first respiratory organ is the nasal cavity.
4. Pleura covering the lungs
5. Amount of air with a tidal volume of 500 ml
6. The vital capacity of the lungs in men is 3500 ml
7. The air contained in the alveoli is alveolar
8. The type of breathing in which we inhale and exhale externally
9. The number of alveoli in one lung is 350 million
10. Between the vocal cords there is a glottis
1. The trachea has cartilaginous half-rings
2. Binds mucus and dust in the nasal cavity
3. Respiration, in which cells use internal O2
4. The amount of air in the reserve volume is 1500 ml
5 For men - 3500, for women - 2700 ml VC
6. The epiglottis controls the entrance to the larynx
7. The esophagus passes between the semi-rings of the trachea
8. The function of cilia in the nasal cavity is cleansing.
9. Structural units of the lungs alveoli
10. The membrane separating the chest cavity from the abdominal diaphragm
TASKS No.
Solve the puzzle
LARYNX
GAS EXCHANGE
SURFACTANT
NASOPHARYNX
GAZELLE, 2 O, FISH, CHANGE,
MOUNTAIN, TAKHTA, DOE
SMOKE, UFA, OKA, TANK, T
SOCK, GLOBE, DUCK
TASK No. 8
Presentation is a game.
Answer the questions orally:
1. A person can live without food for 30 days or more, and without O2 - no more than 10-20 minutes. Why?
2. The lungs do not have muscles, but when breathing they expand and contract. Why does this happen?
3. Why is exhalation important in people’s lives?
4. Why do people in the Arctic and Antarctic, despite the cold, suffer little from colds?
TEST
On the topic "Respiratory system".
I OPTION.
A) in the pleural cavity there is negative pressure, below atmospheric
B) when inhaling, the volume of the chest increases and the diaphragm rises
C) when you exhale, the volume of the alveoli increases
D) abdominal muscles take part in increased inhalation
D) the centers of inhalation and exhalation are located in the medulla oblongata
Compare the judgments:
1. does not allow food to enter the larynx
2. prevents the trachea from narrowing
3. cleans the air of dust and germs
4. all lungs are covered
6. site of gas exchange between the lungs and blood
a - bronchi
b - trachea
c - alveoli
g - epiglottis
d - cartilaginous half rings
e - pleura
and - mucous membrane
h - nasal cavity
Determine the path of air during inhalation:
Terminological dictation:
breathing, larynx, alveoli, gas exchange of the lungs, epiglottis.
Complete the sentence:
A) The smallest bronchi end in microscopic air-filled pulmonary vesicles - ...
B) The component of air necessary for breathing is ...
C) Large paired cone-shaped organs that exchange gases between inhaled air and blood - ...
Additional rating:
How does pulmonary tuberculosis manifest? What is this disease expressed in?
What is the difference between biological and clinical death?
TEST
On the topic "Respiratory system"
II OPTION.
Choose the correct judgments:
A) air enters the larynx from the nasal cavity
B) the lungs are covered with pleura
C) when exhaling – the volume of the chest decreases
D) bronchi end in alveoli
E) gas exchange occurs in the trachea
Compare the judgments:
1. cartilaginous half rings
2. heating the air
3. network of branching tubules
4. expansion of the chest cavity
5. nasal cavity covered
6. The thyroid cartilage is located
a - bronchi
b - trachea
c - exhale
g - larynx
d - inhale
e - pleura
g - mucous membrane
h – nasal cavity
Determine the path of air when exhaling:
A – lungs – bronchi – trachea – larynx – nasal cavity
B – nasal cavity – trachea – larynx – bronchi – lungs
B – nasal cavity – larynx – trachea – bronchi – lungs
G – nasal cavity – larynx – bronchi – trachea – lungs
Terminological dictation:
nasopharynx, bronchi, breathing, trachea, pleura.
Complete the sentence:
A) The largest cartilage of the larynx is...
B) Cartilaginous half-rings connected by ligaments - ...
B) Respiration rate – ...
Additional rating:
How does lung cancer manifest? What is this disease expressed in?
What is vital capacity? What does this indicator mean?
Answers to test work on the topic "Respiratory system".
I option
A, B, D, D
1 – g
2 – d
3 – h
4 – e
5 – b
6 – in
The larynx is a tube consisting of cartilage and performs the function of voice production.
Alveoli – vesicles located at the ends of bronchioles and performing the function of gas exchange.
Gas exchange of the lungs - processoxygen supply into the lungs.
The epiglottis is the cartilage of the larynx that protects the airways from food.
A – alveoli
B – oxygen
B – lungs
1) Tuberculosis is a disease of the respiratory system, the causative agent of which is Koch’s bacillus. It can enter the body through the respiratory tract, along with food,when the patient talks, coughs and sneezes. Symptoms of pulmonary tuberculosis are prolonged With , sometimes with appearing at later stages,weakness, night sweats and significant weight loss.Prevention of tuberculosis treatment - fluorography.
Death is the cessation of the vital functions of the entire organism, from the cessation of breathing to cardiac arrest, but as long as the brain is working, it is possible to return all other organs to normal functioning. This process, when everything is reversible, is called clinical death. It lasts several minutes. Biological death is associated with the death of the entire organism, including the cessation of brain activity. And this process is irreversible.
II option
B, V, G.
1 – b
2 – h
3 – a
4 – d
5 – f
6 – g
Nasopharynx – a small cavity that smoothly passes into the oral part of the pharynx.
Bronchi are a network of branching tubes of small diameter.
Respiration is the process of exchanging gases between the cells of the body and the environment.
The trachea - cartilaginous half-rings connected by ligaments, promotes self-cleaning of the lungs, thanks to the ciliated epithelium.
Pleura is the membrane that covers the lungs.
A – thyroid
B – trachea
B – vital capacity of the lungs (VC)
1) Cancer is a new formation of bronchial epithelial tissue that grows and develops into a tumor. It is expressed in exhaustion of the body and its further death. Symptoms of lung cancer include smoking and human papillomavirus. A method for diagnosing cancer in the early stages is fluorography.
2) Vital vital capacity is an indicator of a person’s respiration, this is the volume of the maximum amount of air that can bebe taken tolungsafter maximumexhale. This indicator depends on the gender, age, height, and level of training of the person. If a person’s vital capacity is small - the air penetrates deeply, but only remains in the airways, this indicates poorly developed respiratory muscles. With high vital capacity, ventilation of the lungs is carried out with deeper breathing.
1. Card No. 1
Which Do you know the human respiratory organs? You have lists of organs on your desks. Underline those that, in your opinion, can be attributed to the respiratory organs.
Nasal cavity - stomach
Heart-nasopharynx
Larynx - tongue
Brain - trachea
Bronchi-ribs
Diaphragm - lungs
2. Card No. 2
Respiratory organs
Airways Lungs
Upper Lower
Table
| Name of organs | Functions performed |
| 1. | |
| 3. | |
| 4. | |
| 5. | |
| 6. | |
^ 4. Terminological dictionary
Airways- These are the organs through which air enters the lungs.
Larynx(lat. larynx) is an organ that connects the pharynx to the trachea and contains the vocal apparatus. It is located at the level of 4-6 cervical vertebrae and is connected by ligaments to the hyoid bone. Above, the larynx is connected to the pharyngeal cavity, below - to the trachea.
Epiglottis - elastic cartilage of the larynx. It has the appearance of a thin sheet-plate. Located immediately behind the root of the tongue. Covered with mucous membrane.
Trachea- windpipe, a direct continuation of the larynx. It looks like a tube 11-13 cm long, consisting of 16-20 cartilaginous half-rings connected by dense fibrous connective tissue. The trachea is lined with mucous membrane.
Bronchi- branches of the respiratory throat in humans. The division of the trachea into two main bronchi occurs at the level of the IV-V thoracic vertebrae. The right main bronchus is thicker, shorter, and more vertical than the left.
Alveolus- the end part of the breathing apparatus in the lung, shaped like a bubble. Alveoli participate in the act of respiration, carrying out gas exchange with the pulmonary capillaries.
Pleura is a smooth shell. The outer layer of the pleura lines the walls of the chest cavity, the inner layer covers the lung and its anatomical structures (vessels, bronchi and nerves). Pleural cavity - a slit-like space between the outer and inner layers of the pleura surrounding each lung.
Examination of the patency of the nasal passages.
An experiment to clarify the role of the epiglottis.
Study "How sounds are formed."
Physical exercise.
Card No. 3(at mark “3”) Label the respiratory organs indicated by numbers.
Knowledge Test(at the “4” mark)
Does not allow food to enter the larynx.
The trachea is not allowed to narrow.
Cleans the inhaled air from dust and germs and warms it.
The superficial layer of the airways.
Lines the outer surface of the lungs.
The main respiratory organ in humans.
Contains vocal cords inside.
The longest part of the airway.
The path of inhaled air from the larynx to the bronchi.
Code for answers.
A) mucous membrane E) epiglottis
B) lungs G) larynx
B) bronchi H) cartilaginous semirings
D) trachea I) pleura
D) nasal cavity
10. Crossword(at the “5” mark)
Crossword puzzle on the topic “Respiratory system”
Horizontal:
1. Children's infectious disease;
4. Lymphatic formations of the pharynx;
8. Infectious lung disease;
9. Airways leading to the lungs;
11. X-ray examination of the lungs;
12. Part of the upper respiratory tract connecting the nasal cavity with the pharynx;
13. Lung disease, more common in smokers.
Vertical:
2. Disease of the pharyngeal tonsils;
3. Inflammation of the maxillary sinuses;
5. The organ connecting the larynx with the main bronchi;
6. Pulmonary vesicle;
7. Pulmonary or parietal membrane;
10. Upper respiratory tract intersecting with the digestive organs
Respiration is the process by which the cells of the body are supplied with oxygen, this stimulates exchange reactions necessary for the absorption of nutrients. Cells convert oxygen into carbon dioxide ( carbon dioxide) and return it to the blood to remove it from the body. This gas exchange (oxygen is inhaled, carbon dioxide is exhaled) is the main, vital function of the respiratory system, in addition, certain parts of it perform the function.
Respiratory system make up the nose, pharynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs.
The nose is a structure of bone and cartilage covered by muscle tissue and skin. The inner surface of the nose, lined with mucous membrane, is connected to the nasopharynx by two canals of the nostrils. The air inhaled through the nose is warmed, humidified and filtered as it passes through three conchae - the exits of the bone, covered with a mucous membrane, which consists of cells that can trap dust and microbes.
Next, the filtered air enters the nasopharynx, located behind the internal nasal cavity. From the nasopharynx, air and mucus flow down into the throat, in addition, it is connected by the eustachian tubes to the inner ear, which allows equalizing the pressure on both sides of the eardrum. The throat is shaped like a “chimney” and has three functions: it passes air and food, and it also houses the vocal cords. The oral, middle part of the pharynx receives food, drink and air from the mouth, and the tonsils are also located here.
The lower part of the pharynx, the hypopharynx, also allows air, liquid, and food to pass through. It is separated from the larynx by two vocal cords. The air flow, entering the gap between them, creates vibration, so we hear ourselves and those around us.
The epiglottis is an elastic cartilage located at the base of the tongue and connected by a “trunk” to the Adam’s apple. The process of this cartilage can move freely up and down. When food is swallowed, the larynx rises, causing the cartilaginous “tongue” of the epiglottis to descend, covering it with a kind of lid. This allows food to enter the esophagus rather than the respiratory tract. The larynx continues with the trachea, or otherwise the windpipe, approximately 10 cm long. The walls of the trachea are supported by incomplete cartilaginous rings, which makes it rigid and at the same time flexible; When food passes through the nearby esophagus, the trachea moves slightly, bending.
The inner surface of the trachea is also covered with a mucous lining that traps dust particles and microorganisms, which are then expelled upward and outward. The trachea branches into the left and right pleural bronchi, similar in structure to the trachea, which lead respectively to the left and right lung. The bronchi branch into smaller canals, which branch into even smaller ones, and so on, until the air tubes turn into bronchioles.
The lungs are shaped like a cone, stretching from the collarbone to the diaphragm. The surface of each lung is rounded, which allows them to fit closely to the ribs, and is a pleural membrane, one surface of which is in contact with the walls of the chest cavity, and the second faces directly to the lungs. The pleural cavity, located behind the membrane, produces a lubricating fluid that prevents friction between the two membranes. Along the axis of the lung there is an area called the hilum, where nerves, blood and lymphatic vessels and primary bronchi enter the lung.
Each lung is divided into lobes: the left into two, and the right into three, which are divided into smaller lobules (there are ten in each lung). An arteriole, a venule, a lymphatic vessel and a branch of a bronchiole lead to each pulmonary lobule. Then the bronchioles branch into respiratory bronchioles, and these into alveolar ducts, which, in turn, are divided into alveolar sacs and alveoli. It is in the alveoli that gas exchange occurs. As the respiratory channels move into the lungs, the amount of muscle and cartilage in their structure decreases, which are replaced by thin connective tissue.
Physiology of respiration.
The respiratory process is one of a person, it is controlled by the respiratory center located in the brain stem, sending nerve impulses, which are transmitted to the muscles involved in inhalation and exhalation. The diaphragm, in response to these impulses, contracts and straightens, increasing the volume of the chest cavity. As the diaphragm contracts, the external intercostal muscles also contract, expanding the rib cage outward and upward. Therefore, the walls of the lungs move behind the ribs, which leads to an increase in lung volume and a decrease in internal pressure, so air enters the windpipe.
When air reaches the alveoli, the process of gas exchange begins. The lining of the alveoli contains tiny capillaries. Gas diffusion occurs in the thin walls of capillaries and alveoli - oxygen enters the blood, which then transfers it to the tissues of the body, and carbon dioxide passes from the capillaries to the alveoli and is eliminated from the body when exhaled. It is believed that each lung contains approximately 300 thousand alveoli, the total surface of which is large enough for gas exchange to occur very quickly and efficiently.
When you exhale, it happens reverse process. First, the intercostal muscles relax and the ribs move down, then the diaphragm relaxes and the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases. The elastic fibers surrounding the alveoli and the fibers in the alveolar ducts and bronchioles contract, reducing the volume of the lungs, and then air is “pushed” out of the body.