Renaissance architecture presentation. Architecture of the Italian Renaissance presentation for a lesson on the Moscow Art and Culture (grade 10) on the topic

Lesson objectives:

• Introduce Renaissance architecture;
• Consider the features of early Renaissance architecture; high Renaissance and late Renaissance;
• Broaden your horizons, develop skills in analyzing works of art;
• To foster national self-awareness and self-identification, respect for the culture of other peoples of the planet, for international cultural heritage.

Lesson assignment.

What significance does the architecture of the Italian Renaissance have for World civilization and culture?

The name of the style was given by the artist, a researcher of Italian art, who wrote the book “The Lives of the Most Famous Painters, Sculptors and Architects” (1568) by Giordano Vasari.

Vasari wrote: “It can definitely be said that the ancients did not reach such a height in their buildings and did not dare to take such risks that would make them compete with the sky itself, as the Florentine dome seems to really compete with it, for it is so high that the mountains surrounding Florence seem to be its equal. And indeed, one might think that the sky itself envies him, for it constantly and often strikes him with lightning all day long.”

Founder of Italian Renaissance architecture

The architect and sculptor Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446) is considered the founding father of Renaissance architecture. He began his career as the winner (together with Ghiberti) of a competition to decorate the doors of the Florence Baptistery.

Periods in Italian Renaissance architecture

There are several stages in the development of the Renaissance in Italian architecture: early - 15th century, mature - 16th century and late.

Palladio in Vicenza. D. Arkin

Architect Vignola. Villa of Pope Julius III

Early Renaissance in Italy

The architecture becomes more strict and correctly proportioned. Ornament is used little; architecture is expected to be monumental, representative, and, in some of the most significant buildings, majestic. The late period was a further development of the previous one, but new features also appeared in it - the desire for decorativeness, beauty and some complexity of architectural forms. A certain contradiction arises between the desire for official, academic rigor of architecture and the desire for picturesqueness. The latter trend was later fully developed in Baroque architecture.

Early Renaissance architecture

The greatest growth of Renaissance architecture occurred in the 15th century. Then, antiquity began to actively and widely be introduced into the construction of buildings, and this time is usually called the era of the early renaissance (early renaissance).

The principles of construction have changed, and even at the planning stage of buildings, work was carried out differently. If in the Middle Ages buildings were clearly adapted to the landscape and neighboring buildings, then during the early Renaissance, architects planned strictly rectangular buildings with precise observance of symmetry. Functionality no longer had a dominant role, but the antique character, on the contrary, acquired paramount importance. Public real estate was built with many decorative elements, and private houses were built, as a rule, on two floors with an obligatory courtyard.

In the design of this dome, Brunelleschi embodied new construction ideas that would have been difficult to implement without specially designed mechanisms. A unique creation of an engineering genius - built without reinforcement, a two-layer octagonal dome, covered with dark red tiles, bound with strong white ribs and topped with an elegant white marble skylight, has become a symbol of Florence.

Its diameter is 42 meters, its height is 91 m from the floor of the cathedral, the lantern is 16 m high. The dome weighs about nine thousand tons without the heavy marble lantern.

The Church of San Lorenzo was consecrated by St. Ambrosius in 393. In 1060 it was rebuilt in the Romanesque style. In 1423 it was rebuilt by Brunelleschi in the early Renaissance style. The architectural composition is based on squares: four large ones form the choirs, crosshairs and wings of the transept; four more are combined into a central nave; the remaining squares, making up 1/4 of the large ones, form the side naves and chapels adjacent to the transept (the original design did not include rectangular chapels on the outside of the side naves). However, you can notice some deviations from this plan. So, for example, the length of the wings of the transept is slightly greater than their width, and the length of the central nave is not 4, but 4.5 times greater than its width" X. V. Janson.

Church of San Lorenzo

Pazzi Chapel, Florence

rectangular in plan with a loggia on the facade and a square altar in plan. Above the central square there is an umbrella dome, and the side parts are covered with a cylindrical vault. The loggia of the main facade is limited by a portico on six Corinthian columns. The gallery's vault is covered with a large amount of finely molded ornamentation, characteristic of the style of the early Italian Renaissance.

Interior of the Pazzi Chapel

Brunelleschi used his favorite combination of straight and rounded lines, which gives the system of divisions such softness. The dome windows, medallions with arches and windows, and windows above the archivolts of the arches also have a round shape. The piers are not overloaded with decorations; they are much lighter than the frames (pilasters), and there is free space between them and the frame. This gives rise to that feeling of lightness and special transparency that evokes the interior of the Pazzi Chapel.

Medici Palace. Architect Michelozzi. Built for Cosimo de' Medici il Vecchio between 1444 and 1464.

On the facades of the Palazzo Medici - stern and restrained, “chained” by the relief of large rusticated stones gradually decreasing from floor to floor - a motif characteristic of the Florentine early Renaissance - orders are used only in the form of small columns separating paired windows (the theme of double windows moved into Renaissance architecture from Roman-Gothic architecture).

High Renaissance architecture

At the beginning of the 16th century, antiquity in architecture acquired the character of absolute dominance, receiving the name - High Renaissance. Now, without exception, customers did not want to see even a drop of the Middle Ages in their homes. The streets of Italy began to be full of not just luxurious mansions, but palaces with extensive plantings. It should be noted that the Renaissance gardens known in history appeared precisely during this period.

Religious and public buildings also no longer smack of the spirit of the past. The temples of the new buildings seem to have risen from the times of Roman paganism. Among the architectural monuments of this period one can find monumental buildings with the obligatory presence of a dome.

St. Peter's Basilica in Rome

In plan, the cathedral, designed by Bramante, was supposed to be a square with a Greek equal-armed cross superimposed on it. In the center a huge dome was planned, with a diameter equal to the dome of the Pantheon.

Palazzo Farnese, Rome

Palazzo Farnese is a three-story building, divided in the decoration of the facade into three tiers-floors, has a smooth wall surface, lined with small plinth bricks. Rustication was used only in the corners and in the frame of the central gate arch.

High Renaissance architecture in Northern Italy

The two-storey, extended structure, in the first floor of which there are retail premises behind the gallery, and in the second - the library itself, is decorated with order arcades.

Library of St. Mark, Venice

Late Renaissance architecture

The final stage of the reign of the Renaissance occurred in the second half of the 16th - early 17th centuries. In the twilight of its existence, Renaissance architecture became more complex and elegant. This can be seen in the facades and decoration of late Renaissance buildings. The general concept of the projects has remained the same. Just as in previous periods, architects adhered to their persistent principles of symmetry. But this approach probably became boring, and in construction there was a fashion for sophistication and richness of various kinds of decoration.

The functionality and practicality of such elements was absent; columns, half-columns and the main element of the late Renaissance - sculptures - were added to buildings with or without reason.

Late Renaissance

Completion of St. Peter's Basilica

Michelangelo appreciated Bramante's idea; he reduced the total building area, significantly simplified the structure of the plan, abandoned the corner towers and secondary domed spaces, strengthened the walls and domed pylons.

Capitol Square, Rome

The palace is a two-story building with an open loggia on the first floor. Both floors are united by a high order.

Medici Chapel in the Church of San Lorenzo

The upper part of the tombstones is processed in the form of two symmetrically located volutes, on which figures reclining in tense poses, symbolizing Morning, Day, Evening and Night; for the first time, life-size figures were placed in tombstones; it was these statues that aroused special admiration of the master’s contemporaries.

Laurentian Library, Florence

It consists of a vestibule with a staircase and a hall for storing and reading manuscripts.

Slide presentation

Slide text: Proto-Renaissance The Proto-Renaissance is closely connected with the Middle Ages, with Romanesque, Gothic traditions; this period was the preparation for the Renaissance. This period is divided into two sub-periods: before the death of Giotto di Bondone and after (1337). The most important discoveries, the brightest masters live and work in the first period. The second segment is associated with the plague epidemic that struck Italy. All discoveries were made on an intuitive level. At the end of the 13th century, the main temple building was erected in Florence - the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore, the author was Arnolfo di Cambio, then the work was continued by Giotto, who designed the campanile of the Florence Cathedral. Benozzo Gozzoli depicted the adoration of the Magi as a solemn procession of the Medici courtiers

Slide text: Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore, author: Arnolfo di Cambio

Slide text: The earliest art of the proto-Renaissance appeared in sculpture (Niccolò and Giovanni Pisano, Arnolfo di Cambio, Andrea Pisano). Painting is represented by two art schools: Florence (Cimabue, Giotto) and Siena (Duccio, Simone Martini). Giotto became the central figure of painting. Renaissance artists considered him a reformer of painting. Giotto outlined the path along which its development took place: filling religious forms with secular content, a gradual transition from flat images to three-dimensional and relief ones, an increase in realism, introduced the plastic volume of figures into painting, and depicted the interior in painting.

Slide text: Secular centers of science and art began to emerge in cities, the activities of which were outside the control of the church. The new worldview turned to antiquity, seeing in it an example of humanistic, non-ascetic relations. The invention of printing in the mid-15th century played a huge role in the spread of ancient heritage and new views throughout Europe. The Renaissance arose in Italy, where its first signs were noticeable back in the 13th and 14th centuries (in the activities of the Pisano, Giotto, Orcagna families, etc.), but it was firmly established only in the 20s of the 15th century. In France, Germany and other countries this movement began much later. By the end of the 15th century it reached its peak. In the 16th century, a crisis of Renaissance ideas was brewing, resulting in the emergence of Mannerism and Baroque.

Slide text: Periods of the Italian Renaissance Proto-Renaissance (2nd half of the 13th century - 14th century) Early Renaissance (1410/1425 of the 15th century - end of the 15th century) High Renaissance (late 15th - first 20 years of the 16th century) Late Renaissance (mid-16th century) - 90s of the 16th century) Northern Renaissance - 16th century

Slide text: General characteristics The new cultural paradigm arose as a result of fundamental changes in social relations in Europe. The growth of city-republics led to an increase in the influence of classes that did not participate in feudal relations: artisans and craftsmen, merchants, bankers. The hierarchical system of values ​​created by the medieval, largely church culture, and its ascetic, humble spirit were alien to all of them. This led to the emergence of humanism - a socio-philosophical movement that considered a person, his personality, his freedom, his active, creative activity as the highest value and criterion for evaluating public institutions.

Slide text: Renaissance Renaissance

Slide text: Renaissance, or Renaissance, is an era in the cultural history of Europe, which replaced the culture of the Middle Ages and preceded the culture of modern times. The approximate chronological framework of the era is the beginning of the 14th - the last quarter of the 16th centuries and in some cases - the first decades of the 17th century (for example, in England and, especially, in Spain). A distinctive feature of the Renaissance is the secular nature of culture and its anthropocentrism (that is, interest, first of all, in man and his activities). Interest in ancient culture appears, its “revival,” as it were, occurs - and this is how the term appeared.

Slide text: The Counter-Reformation triumphed in Southern Europe, which looked warily at any free-thinking, including the glorification of the human body and the resurrection of the ideals of antiquity as the cornerstones of Renaissance ideology. Worldview contradictions and a general feeling of crisis resulted in Florence in the “nervous” art of contrived colors and broken lines - mannerism. Mannerism reached Parma, where Correggio worked, only after the artist’s death in 1534. The artistic traditions of Venice had their own logic of development; until the end of the 1570s. Titian and Palladio worked there, whose work had little in common with the crisis in the art of Florence and Rome

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Slide text: Late Renaissance The Late Renaissance in Italy covers the period from the 1530s to the 1590s-1620s. Some researchers also consider the 1630s to be part of the Late Renaissance, but this position is controversial among art critics and historians. The art and culture of this time are so diverse in their manifestations that it is possible to reduce them to one denominator only with a large degree of convention. For example, the Encyclopedia Britannica writes that "The Renaissance as a coherent historical period ended with the fall of Rome in 1527."

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Slide text: Antiquity is now studied more thoroughly, reproduced with greater rigor and consistency; calm and dignity replace the playful beauty that was the aspiration of the previous period; memories of the medieval completely disappear, and a completely classical imprint falls on all creations of art. But imitation of the ancients does not drown out their independence in artists, and they, with great resourcefulness and vividness of imagination, freely rework and apply to their work what they consider appropriate to borrow for themselves from ancient Greco-Roman art.

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Slide text: “Vatican Pieta” by Michelangelo (1499): in the traditional religious plot, simple human feelings are brought to the fore - maternal love and sorrow

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Slide text: High Renaissance The third period of the Renaissance - the time of the most magnificent development of its style - is usually called the “High Renaissance”. It extends in Italy from approximately 1500 to 1527. At this time, the center of influence of Italian art from Florence moved to Rome, thanks to the accession to the papal throne of Julius II - an ambitious, courageous and enterprising man, who attracted the best artists of Italy to his court, occupied them with numerous and important works and gave others an example of love for art . Under this Pope and under his immediate successors, Rome becomes, as it were, the new Athens of the time of Pericles: many monumental buildings are built there, magnificent sculptural works are created, frescoes and paintings are painted, which are still considered the pearls of painting; at the same time, all three branches of art harmoniously go hand in hand, helping one another and mutually influencing each other.

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Slide text: Benozzo Gozzoli depicted the adoration of the Magi as a solemn procession of the Medici courtiers

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Slide text: While art in Italy was already decisively following the path of imitation of classical antiquity, in other countries it long adhered to the traditions of the Gothic style. North of the Alps, and also in Spain, the Renaissance does not begin until the end of the 15th century, and its early period lasts until approximately the middle of the next century.

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Slide text: The Creation of Adam, bas-relief of Giotto's Campanile The Kiss of Judas

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Slide text: Early Renaissance The period of the so-called “Early Renaissance” covers the period from 1420 to 1500 in Italy. During these eighty years, art has not yet completely abandoned the traditions of the recent past, but has tried to mix into them elements borrowed from classical antiquity. Only later, and only little by little, under the influence of increasingly changing conditions of life and culture, do artists completely abandon medieval foundations and boldly use examples of ancient art, both in the general concept of their works and in their details.

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Slide text: Art of the Renaissance Renaissance painting is characterized by the artist's professional gaze turning to nature, to the laws of anatomy, life perspective, the action of light and other identical natural phenomena. Renaissance artists, painting pictures of traditional religious themes, began to use new artistic techniques: constructing a three-dimensional composition, using the landscape as a plot element in the background. This allowed them to make the images more realistic and animated, which showed a sharp difference between their work and the previous iconographic tradition, replete with conventions in the image.

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Slide text: “The School of Athens” - the most famous fresco by Raphael (1509-10)

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Slide text: Literature of the Renaissance The true founder of the Renaissance in literature is considered to be the Italian poet Dante Alighieri (1265-1321), who truly revealed the essence of the people of that time in his work called “Comedy,” which would later be called the “Divine Comedy.” The literature of the Renaissance was based on two traditions: folk poetry and “book” ancient literature, so it often combined the rational principle with poetic fiction, and comic genres gained great popularity. This was manifested in the most significant literary monuments of the era: Boccaccio's Decameron, Cervantes' Don Quixote, and Francois Rabelais' Gargantua and Pantagruel.

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Slide text: Philosophy of the Renaissance Nicholas of Cusa Leonardo Bruni Marsilio Ficino Nicholas Copernicus Pico della Mirandola Lorenzo Valla Manetti Pietro Pomponazzi Jean Bodin Michel Montaigne Thomas More Erasmus of Rotterdam Martin Luther Tommaso Campanella Giordano Bruno Nicolo Machiavelli In the 15th century (1459) the Platonic Academy was revived in Florence Careggi. Renaissance philosophers

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Slide text: Astronomical instruments in Holbein’s painting “The Ambassadors” (1533)

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Slide text: Science of the Renaissance The development of knowledge in the XIV-XVI centuries significantly influenced people's ideas about the world and man's place in it. The great geographical discoveries and the heliocentric system of the world of Nicolaus Copernicus changed ideas about the size of the Earth and its place in the Universe, and the works of Paracelsus and Vesalius, in which for the first time since antiquity attempts were made to study the structure of man and the processes occurring in him, laid the foundation for scientific medicine and anatomy .

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Slide text: “Love Struggle in a Dream” (1499) - one of the highest achievements of Renaissance printing

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Slide text: Crisis of the Renaissance: the Venetian Tintoretto in 1594 depicted the Last Supper as an underground gathering in disturbing twilight reflections

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Slide text: Northern Renaissance The Italian Renaissance had little influence on other countries until 1450. After 1500 the style spread across the continent, but many late Gothic influences persisted even into the Baroque era. The Renaissance period in the Netherlands, Germany and France is usually identified as a separate style movement, which has some differences with the Renaissance in Italy, and is called the “Northern Renaissance”. The most noticeable stylistic differences are in painting: unlike Italy, the traditions and skills of Gothic art were preserved in painting for a long time, less attention was paid to the study of ancient heritage and knowledge of human anatomy. Outstanding representatives are Albrecht Durer, Hans Holbein the Younger, Lucas Cranach the Elder, Pieter Bruegel the Elder. Some works of late Gothic masters, such as Jan van Eyck and Hans Memling, are also imbued with the pre-Renaissance spirit.

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Slide text: Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446) - the founder of Renaissance architecture, developed the theory of perspective and the order system, returned many elements of ancient architecture to construction practice, created for the first time in many centuries the dome (of the Florence Cathedral), which still dominates the panorama of Florence. Church of the Holy Spirit in Florence

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Slide text: Leon Battista Alberti (1402-1472) - the largest theorist of Renaissance architecture, the creator of its holistic concept, rethought the motifs of early Christian basilicas from the time of Constantine, in the Palazzo Rucellai he created a new type of urban residence with a facade treated with rustication and dissected by several tiers of pilasters. Santa Maria Novella

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Slide text: Architecture of the Renaissance The main thing that characterizes this era is the return in architecture to the principles and forms of ancient, mainly Roman art. Particular importance in this direction is given to symmetry, proportion, geometry and the order of its component parts, as clearly evidenced by surviving examples of Roman architecture. The complex proportions of medieval buildings are replaced by an orderly arrangement of columns, pilasters and lintels; asymmetrical outlines are replaced by a semicircle of an arch, a hemisphere of a dome, niches, and aedicules. Five masters made the greatest contribution to the development of Renaissance architecture.

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Slide text: Lute - one of the most popular musical instruments of the Renaissance

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Slide text: Donato Bramante (1444-1514) - pioneer of High Renaissance architecture, master of centric compositions with perfectly adjusted proportions; the graphic restraint of the Quattrocento architects is replaced by tectonic logic, plasticity of details, integrity and clarity of design (Tempietto). Tempietto

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Slide text: Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564) - the main architect of the Late Renaissance, who led the grandiose construction work in the papal capital; In his buildings, the plastic principle is expressed in dynamic contrasts of seemingly floating masses, in majestic tectonics, foreshadowing Baroque art (St. Peter's Cathedral, Laurenziana Staircase). David

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Slide text: Andrea Palladio (1508-1580) - the founder of the first phase of classicism, known as Palladianism; taking into account specific conditions, he endlessly varied various combinations of order elements; a supporter of open and flexible order architecture, which serves as a harmonious continuation of the environment, natural or urban (Palladian villas); worked in the Venetian Republic. Villa Rotunda

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Slide text: Music of the Renaissance Various genres of secular musical art appear - frottola and villanelle in Italy, villancico in Spain, ballad in England, madrigal, which originated in Italy (L. Marenzio, J. Arkadelt, Gesualdo da Venosa), but became widespread , French polyphonic song (C. Janequin, C. Lejeune). Secular humanistic aspirations also penetrate into religious music - among the French-Flemish masters (Josquin Depres, Orlando di Lasso), in the art of composers of the Venetian school (A. and G. Gabrieli).

Santa Maria del Fiore (1436)
Renaissance
The Renaissance or Renaissance is a time of cultural
dawn, the period that replaced the Middle Ages, and gave way
place for a new time.
Originating at the beginning of the 15th century and existing until the beginning
XVII century, the Renaissance gave the world many brilliant
works of painting, architecture, sculpture, literature and
music.
The artist Giorgio Vasari was the first to give the concept of increased
interest in everything ancient only in the 16th century, and the general
the understanding of the Renaissance came to society even later. So
Engels defined this time as “the great progressive
coup." And indeed, the revival was facilitated
a time of economic development, rapid urban growth, and
cultural renewal.
Thanks to this, ideas were born in creative minds
humanism, the dominant role of man, his creative
abilities, intelligence, beauty and greatness of will.

Italy - the mother of the Renaissance
The Italian Renaissance is most interesting, because it is there
the first trends in style arose. The entire development of the revival in
Italy can be divided into three stages.
Early architecture
Renaissance
High architecture
Renaissance
Palazzo Ducale
Uffizi Palace
Late architecture
Renaissance
Plazzo Barberini

General characteristics of Renaissance architecture
Arcade courtyard
Renaissance palace,
drawing
The plan of Renaissance buildings is mainly rectangular in shape, differing
symmetry and proportion based on modulus. In temples the module is often
width of the nave span.
The nave is part of the interior in the form of an elongated room. From one or both longitudinal
On the sides the nave is bounded by a number of columns or pillars separating it from the neighboring naves.
The facade (outer, front side of the building) in Renaissance architecture is symmetrical
relative to the vertical axis. Church facades are usually measured by pilasters,
arches and entablature (beam span or wall completion),
topped with a pediment. Pediment - completion of the facade of a building, limited by two
roof slopes on the sides and a cornice at the base. Pediments are usually triangular, but
there are other forms
Residential buildings of the Renaissance often had a cornice (a protruding element of the interior
and external decoration of buildings, premises, furniture. In architecture, a cornice separates a plane
roof from the vertical plane of the wall or divides the plane of the wall along the selected
horizontal lines), on each floor the location of windows and related parts
repeats, the main door is marked - with a balcony or surrounded by rustication. Rust, rustication,
rustic - relief masonry or wall cladding with rough-hewn or convex stones
front surface (so-called rustics). Animating the plane of the wall with a game
chiaroscuro, rustication creates the impression of power and massiveness of the building.

Early Renaissance architecture
Santa Maria del Fiore
Medici Palace
Palazzo Pitti
Italian architectural
monuments of the Early Renaissance
are mainly in
Florence: technically simple
solution and elegant dome of the cathedral
Santa Maria del Fiore (1436) and
Palazzo Pitti, designed by Filippo
Brunelleschi; Riccardi palaces,
built by MichelozzoMichelozzi; Strozi palaces
Benedetto da Maiano and S. Cronaca;
palaces of Gondi (Giuliano da San Gallo), palaces of Ruccellai of Leon
Battista Alberti.

High Renaissance architecture
Villa Farnesina
With the accession of Julius II to the papal throne in 1503, the center
Italian art moved from Florence to Rome.
Under him and his immediate successors, a
many monumental buildings, works of art.
It is completely based on classical principles.
The main monuments of Italian architecture of this
time are secular buildings. They differ
harmony, grandeur of proportions, elegance of details,
decoration and ornament.
In temple construction there is a desire for scale and
majesty. The domes are supported by 4 massive pillars.
The most famous representative of this period was Donato
Bramante (1444-1514), who followed in the construction of buildings
classical principles.
His followers were Baldassare Peruzzi, Raphael
Santi, Antonio da Sangallo.

High Renaissance Architecture
Church of the Madonna da Carignano
Spinola Palace
Main
representatives
architecture of this
time were Vignola,
painter and biographer
artists Vasari - them
Uffizi Palace built
in Florence, Andrea
Palladio, Genoese
Galeazzo Alessi, who
built the Church of the Madonna
yes Carignano, palace
Spinola and Sauli's Palace
Genoa

Late Renaissance Architecture
Palazzo del Te Giulio Romano
There is more in Late Renaissance architecture
experiments with forms, complication appears
details, refraction of architectural lines, complex
ornamentation. From this trend subsequently developed
Baroque style and then Rococo style.
The founder of the movement of mannerism in
architecture is considered Michelangelo, who freely
interpreted the principles and forms of ancient art.
Michelangelo created the Medici tomb at the church
San Lorenzo in Florence, dome of St. Peter's Basilica,
development project for the Capitoline Hill in Rome. He
is considered the author of the “giant order” - the pilaster,
which extends from the base to the entablature of the facade.
Another example of this style in architecture is
Palazzo del Te Giulio Romano in Mantua, with its
huge loggias, rusticated walls,
park grottoes and extensive frescoes.

Prominent Representatives
Medici tomb
Filippo Brunelleschi - the architect who gave birth to the main idea
Renaissance architecture. Among the author's main works
Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore, Orphanage and
Pazzi Chapel.
Donato Bramante is an unsurpassed master of his craft,
founder of the main principles of architecture of the era
Renaissance. One of Donato's most popular buildings
Bramante is St. Peter's Basilica in Rome.
Giulio Romano is a prominent representative of the late
Renaissance, an architect who introduced decoration and
elegance into the severity and classics of the Renaissance. Interesting
an example of the author's activity would be the Duke's Villa
Mantua.
Michelangelo - founder of the Northern Renaissance,
created in the free embodiment of common elements
antiquity. The author's portfolio includes such creations as a dome
St. Peter's Basilica, Medici tomb and
Capitoline Hill in Rome.

Results of the development of the Renaissance
It was in Italy in the 15th and 16th centuries. was developed on
based on the living development of the experience of ancient architecture
an unusually flexible system of architectural tools
expressiveness and created many of the basic types
both residential and public buildings that received
widespread use in the 17th and 18th centuries. and determined
the appearance of a European city before the beginning of the 20th century.
Finally, it was in Italy during the Renaissance that
the beginning of modern history and theory
architecture and urban planning science.

Renaissance Renaissance

• Renaissance (Renaissance era)
• Renaissance periods
• Renaissance figures
• Renaissance architecture
• Renaissance philosophy
• Renaissance Science
• Results of the Renaissance

Renaissance (Renaissance era)

Renaissance (Renaissance), an era of intellectual and artistic flowering that began in Italy in the 14th century, peaking in the 16th century and having a significant impact on European culture. The term "Renaissance", which meant a return to the values ​​of the ancient world (although interest in Roman classics arose in the 12th century), appeared in the 15th century and received theoretical justification in the 16th century in the works of Vasari, dedicated to the work of famous artists, sculptors and architects. At this time, an idea was formed about the harmony reigning in nature and about man as the crown of its creation.

Renaissance periods

XIII century Pre-Renaissance (Proto-Renaissance)

Early Renaissance.

First half of the 16th century The heyday of the Renaissance, or High Renaissance.

Second half of the 16th century.

Late Renaissance.

Renaissance figures

Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374) - Italian poet, head of the older generation of humanists, one of the greatest figures of the Italian Proto-Renaissance.

Francesco Petrarca

Raphael Santi (March 28, 1483, Urbino - April 6, 1520, Rome) - great Italian painter, graphic artist and

architect, representative of the Umbrian school.

Rafael Santi

Dante Alighieri (1265 - 1321) - the greatest Italian poet, thinker, theologian, one of the founders of the literary Italian language, and politician.

Dante Alighieri

Sandro Botticelli (March 1, 1445 - May 17, 1510) - great Italian painter, representative of the Florentine school of painting.

Sandro Botticelli

Renaissance architecture

The first Renaissance building is considered to be the Orphanage in Florence. It was a shelter for homeless children, and it was built in the 15th century according to the design of the outstanding Italian architect Filippo Brunelleschi. He turned to the traditions of Roman and late Gothic architecture, without trying to copy their examples. Thus, he was the first to use columns in combination with arches.

Another recognizable masterpiece of Renaissance architecture is the Florence Cathedral. It was built over several centuries under the leadership of many architects, among whom was the legendary Giotto.

Ospedale degli Innocenti

Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore

Renaissance architecture

Another famous architectural monument of the Renaissance is the main Catholic church and the largest Christian church in the world - St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican. It was built on the site where the Apostle Peter is believed to have been buried. Initially, the construction was entrusted to Donato Bramante, who owns the design of the cathedral. Construction continued by Rafael Santa, as well as Baldassare Peruzzi, Antonio da Sangallo and other Italian architects.

In England, an example of Renaissance architecture is Wollaton Hall. This Elizabethan palace was built in Nottingham in the 16th century for one of the then industrialists. The original interiors of the palace were destroyed by fire.

Saint Paul's Cathedral

Wollaton Hall

Fine art of the Renaissance

The first harbingers of Renaissance art appeared in Italy in the 14th century. The artists of this time, Pietro Cavallini (1259-1344), Simone Martini (1284-1344) and Giotto (1267-1337), when creating paintings of traditional religious themes, started from the tradition of international Gothic, but began to use new artistic techniques: constructing a three-dimensional composition, using landscape in the background, which allowed them to make the images more realistic,

lively. This sharply distinguished their work from the previous iconographic tradition,

replete with conventions in

image.

Giotto di Bondone

"Kiss of Judas"

Fine art of the Renaissance

Early Renaissance	The most famous artists of this period: Masaccio (1401-1428), Piero Della Francesco (1420-1492), Andrea Mantegna (1431-1506), Niccolo Pizzolo (1442-1453), Giovanni Bellini (1430-1516), Antonello da Messina ( 1430-1479), Sandro Botticelli (1447-1515).
High Renaissance	Sansovino (1486-1570), Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519), Raphael Santi (1483-1520), Michelangelo Buonarotti (1475-1564), Giorgione (1476-1510), Titian (1477-1576), Antonio Correggio (1489 -1534)
Late Renaissance	Parmigianino (1503 - 1540), Pontormo (1494 -1557), Agnolo Bronzino (1503 - 1572), Tintoretto (1519-1594), El Greco (1541-1614)
Northern Renaissance	Pieter Bruegel the Elder (1525 -1569), Robert Campin (1378-1444), Jan van Eyck (1385-1441), Hans Memling (1435 -1494), Rogier van der Weyden (1400-1464)

Fine art of the Renaissance

Pieter Bruegel the Elder "Tower of Babel"

Rafael Santi

"Sistine Madonna"

Renaissance philosophy

During the Renaissance, the individual acquires much greater independence; he increasingly represents not this or that union, but himself. From here grows a new self-awareness of a person and his new social position: pride and self-affirmation, awareness of one’s own strength and talent become the distinctive qualities of a person.

During the Renaissance, art acquires great importance, and as a result, the cult of the human creator arises. Creative activity acquires a kind of sacred (sacred) character.

Representatives of Renaissance philosophy:

• Michel Montaigne (1533-1592)
• Nicholas of Cusa (1401-1464)
• Giordano Bruno (1548-1600)
• Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374)
• Leonardo Da Vinci (1452-1519)

Renaissance Science

The scientific discoveries of the Renaissance are diverse, but one of the most important is invariably considered to be the final establishment of the heliocentric system of the world, that is, the idea of ​​the Earth as a round planet that revolves around the Sun in outer space (Nicholas Copernicus’s book “On the Rotations of the Celestial Spheres” 1543)

Medicine developed rapidly during the Renaissance. Thus, from the end of the 15th century, anatomical knowledge about the human body and organism began to actively accumulate, and at the beginning of the 16th century, the pulmonary circulation was described, which explained the mechanism of many respiratory diseases. Practical information on surgery was accumulated: for example, it turned out that dressing open wounds leads to a greater number of survivors and recoveries than cauterization, which was previously practiced.

Results of the Renaissance

The main thing that characterized this era was a return in architecture to the principles and forms of ancient, mainly Roman art, and in painting and sculpture, in addition, by the rapprochement of artists with nature, their closest penetration into the laws of anatomy, perspective, the action of light and other natural phenomena. The movement in this direction arose primarily in Italy, where its first signs were noticeable back in the 13th and 14th centuries. (in the activities of the Nizano, Giotto, Orcagni and others families), but where it was firmly established only in the 20s of the 15th century. In France, Germany and other countries this movement began much later; despite this, its properties and course of development, especially as regards architecture, were almost the same everywhere.

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Early Renaissance architecture

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Quattrocento, also quattrocento (Italian quattrocento, “four hundred”, shortened from mille quattrocento - “one thousand four hundred”) is a generally accepted designation for the era of Italian art of the 15th century, correlated with the Early Renaissance period.

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Basilica (basilica; Greek βασιλική - “house of the basileus, royal house”) is a type of rectangular building that consists of an odd number (1, 3 or 5) of naves of different heights.

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Nave is an elongated room, part of the interior (usually in basilica-type buildings), limited on one or both longitudinal sides by a number of columns or pillars separating it from neighboring naves.

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Central nave Side naves

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Filippo Brunelleschi (Italian: Filippo Brunelleschi, 1377-1446) - great Italian architect and sculptor of the Renaissance.

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Architrave (Italian architrave, from Greek ἀρχι, “arches”, over-, main and lat. trabs beam) is a straight crossbar that spans the gap above columns, pillars or window and door openings.

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Architrave

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Capital (from Latin caput - head) is the crowning part of a column or pilaster. The top of the capital extends beyond the column, providing a transition to the abacus, which is usually square in shape. Architectural order (Latin ordo - structure, order) is a type of architectural composition that uses certain elements and is subject to a certain architectural and stylistic treatment. Includes a system of proportions, prescribes the composition and shape of elements, as well as their relative position. The architectural order is the embodiment of a post-and-beam system, tectonically consisting of vertical and horizontal elements.

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Types of capitals Tuscan order Doric order Ionic order (2) Cofinthian order Composite order

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Doge's Palace

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Pilaster (also pilaster, from Latin pila “column”, “pillar”) is a vertical projection of a wall, usually having a base and a capital, and thereby conventionally representing a column.

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Santa Maria del Fiore

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Palazzo Pitti

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Pavia Certosa

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Giovanni Antonio Amadeo (Italian: GiovanniAntonioAmadeo, 1477, Pavia - 1522, Milan) Italian sculptor and architect

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Palazzo Corner Spinelli

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Pietro Lombardo (1435-1515) - Italian sculptor and architect of the early Renaissance. Born in Switzerland in the village of Karona.

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Palazzo Vendramin-Calergi

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Entablature (French entablement from table - table, board) is a beam ceiling of a span or the end of a wall, consisting of an architrave, frieze and cornice. Frieze (French frise) is a decorative composition in the form of a horizontal stripe or ribbon crowning or framing one or another part of an architectural structure. Cornice (from the Greek κορωνίς) is a protruding element of the interior and exterior decoration of buildings, premises, and furniture. The cornice separates the roof plane from the vertical plane of the wall, or divides the wall plane along selected horizontal lines.