Man-made emergencies, causes of their occurrence and possible consequences. III

A man-made emergency is a situation in a certain territory that has arisen as a result of an accident, a catastrophe that may result or has resulted in human casualties, damage to human health or the environment, significant material losses and disruption of people’s living conditions.

An accident is a dangerous man-made incident that creates a threat to the life and health of people at an object, a certain territory or water area and leads to the destruction of buildings, structures, equipment and vehicles, disruption of the production or transport process, as well as damage to the natural environment.

An industrial disaster is a major industrial accident that resulted in casualties, damage to human health, or destruction and destruction of objects, material assets in a significant amount, and also led to serious damage to the natural environment.

According to the classification adopted by the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations, man-made emergencies are divided into: fires, explosions, explosion threats; building collapses; transport; with the release of chemically hazardous substances; with the release of radioactive substances; with the release of chemical warfare agents; on electrical power systems; on municipal energy systems; at wastewater treatment plants; hydrodynamic.

Currently, the danger of the technosphere to the population and the environment is determined by the presence in industry and energy of a large number of radiation-hazardous, chemically hazardous, fire- and explosive-hazardous industries and technologies.

There are a large number of economic facilities, industrial accidents at which can lead to man-made emergencies. Such objects include radiation hazardous, chemically hazardous, explosion and fire hazardous objects, gas and oil pipelines, transport, hydraulic structures, and public utility facilities.

Man-made emergencies include:

• emergency situations involving the release of radioactive substances arising as a result of an accident at a radiation hazardous facility (a radiation hazardous facility is an object where radioactive substances are stored, processed or transported, in the event of an accident at which people may be exposed to ionizing radiation or radioactive contamination of the environment);
• emergency situations with the release of chemically hazardous substances arising as a result of an accident at a chemically hazardous facility (a chemically hazardous facility is an enterprise or organization that stores, processes, uses or transports hazardous chemicals and, in the event of an accident, loss of life or chemical contamination may occur environment);
• fires, explosions, bomb threats. Possible most often at fire and explosion hazardous facilities (a fire and explosion hazardous facility is an enterprise in the course of whose activities flammable flammable liquids, solid combustible substances and materials that can burn when interacting with water, air oxygen and with each other in quantities sufficient, in the event of fire, to create a threat to human life and health, as well as a threat to environmental safety in the area adjacent to the facility).

There are over 8 thousand fire and explosion hazardous objects in the country. Most often, accidents with explosions and fires occur at enterprises in the chemical, petrochemical and oil refining industries. Accidents at such enterprises lead to serious consequences: destruction of industrial and residential buildings, injury to production personnel and the population, significant material losses;

• hydrodynamic emergencies arising during an accident at hydrodynamically hazardous objects 1. Hydraulic structures are usually located within or above large populated areas. Hydraulic structures are high-risk objects;
• transport emergencies arising from transport accidents. Depending on the type of transport in which the accident occurred, a distinction is made between railway, road, aviation and sea accidents. Transport is a source of danger not only for its passengers, but also for the population living in the areas of transport highways, since they transport a large amount of flammable, chemical, radioactive, explosive and other substances that pose a threat to human life and health in the event of an accident. Such substances account for 12% of the total volume of cargo transportation.

1 Hydrodynamically dangerous object is a hydraulic structure, the destruction of which may result in a hydrodynamic accident with breakthrough waves and flooding of large areas. A serious danger to the population, the technosphere and the natural environment is posed by accidents of such hydraulic structures as dams, hydroelectric power station buildings, spillways, drainage and water outlet structures, tunnels, canals, pumping stations, ship lifts, etc.

conclusions

1. With the development of the technosphere, man-made disasters have invaded human life - emergency situations of a man-made nature (accidents and catastrophes at economic facilities).
2. An analysis of man-made hazards and the causes of their occurrence indicates that they arise in the process of human economic activity, and the main reason for their occurrence is due to the human factor, i.e., for the most part they are man-made.
3. An analysis of man-made hazards and their causes, carried out by specialists from the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations, allows us to conclude that the main causes of accidents and industrial disasters are due to the growing complexity of production using both new technologies that require high concentrations of energy and substances hazardous to human life, which have a significant impact on the natural environment; decreased reliability of production equipment, vehicles, imperfection and obsolescence of production technologies; the human factor, expressed in violations of production technologies, labor discipline, and a low level of professional training.

Questions

1. What major transport disasters resulting in human casualties have occurred on the territory of the Russian Federation in recent years?
2. What factors determine the danger of the technosphere for the population and the environment?
3. How will accidents in the technosphere affect human life safety?
4. How, in your opinion, can the negative impact of the human factor on safety in transport situations be reduced?

Tasks

1. Find examples of man-made emergencies that have occurred in the region where you live in reference books, the media, and the Internet.
2. Make a list of the main measures that were taken to protect the population during a single man-made emergency in your region.

Humanity will never forget the accident on the Deepwater Horizon oil platform. An explosion and fire occurred on April 20, 2010, 80 kilometers off the coast of Louisiana, at the Macondo oilfield. The oil spill was the largest in US history and virtually destroyed the Gulf of Mexico. We remembered the largest man-made and environmental disasters in the world, some of which are almost worse than the Deepwater Horizon tragedy.

Could the accident have been avoided? Man-made disasters often occur as a consequence of natural disasters, but also because of worn-out equipment, greed, negligence, inattention... The memory of them serves as an important lesson for humanity, because natural disasters can harm people, but not the planet, but man-made ones pose a threat to absolutely the entire surrounding world.

15. Explosion at a fertilizer plant in the city of West - 15 victims

On April 17, 2013, an explosion occurred at a fertilizer plant in West, Texas. The explosion occurred at 19:50 local time and completely destroyed the plant, which belonged to the local company Adair Grain Inc. The explosion destroyed a school and a nursing home located near the plant. About 75 buildings in the city of West were seriously damaged. The explosion killed 15 people and injured about 200 people. Initially, there was a fire at the plant, and the explosion occurred while firefighters were trying to control the fire. At least 11 firefighters were killed.

Witnesses said the explosion was so strong that it was heard about 70 km from the plant, and the US Geological Survey recorded ground vibrations of magnitude 2.1. “It was like an atomic bomb explosion,” said eyewitnesses. Residents in several areas near West were evacuated due to a leak of ammonia used in the production of fertilizers, and authorities warned everyone about the leak of toxic substances. A no-fly zone was introduced over West at an altitude of up to 1 km. The city resembled a war zone...

In May 2013, a criminal case was opened into the explosion. The investigation found that the company stored the chemicals that caused the explosion in violation of safety requirements. The US Chemical Safety Board found that the company failed to take adequate measures to prevent the fire and explosion. In addition, at that time there were no rules that would prohibit the storage of ammonium nitrate near populated areas.

14. Flooding of Boston with molasses - 21 victims

The molasses flood in Boston occurred on January 15, 1919, after a giant molasses tank exploded in Boston's North End, sending a wave of sugar-containing liquid sweeping through the city's streets at high speed. 21 people died, about 150 were hospitalized. The disaster occurred at the Purity Distilling Company during Prohibition (fermented molasses was widely used to produce ethanol at the time). On the eve of the introduction of a complete ban, the owners tried to make as much rum as possible...

Apparently, due to metal fatigue in an overflowing tank with 8700 m³ of molasses, the sheets of metal connected by rivets came apart. The ground shook and a wave of molasses up to 2 meters high poured into the streets. The pressure of the wave was so great that it moved the freight train off the tracks. Nearby buildings were flooded to a height of one meter and some collapsed. People, horses, and dogs got stuck in the sticky wave and died from suffocation.

A Red Cross mobile hospital was deployed in the disaster zone, a US Navy unit entered the city - the rescue operation lasted a week. The molasses was removed using sand, which absorbed the viscous mass. Although the factory owners blamed the anarchists for the explosion, the townspeople extracted payments from them totaling $600,000 (approximately $8.5 million today). According to Bostonians, even now on hot days a cloying smell of caramel emanates from old houses...

13. Explosion at the Phillips chemical plant in 1989 - 23 victims

The explosion at the Phillips Petroleum Company chemical plant occurred on October 23, 1989, in Pasadena, Texas. Due to an oversight by employees, a large leak of flammable gas occurred, and a powerful explosion occurred, equivalent to two and a half tons of dynamite. A tank containing 20,000 gallons of isobutane gas exploded and the chain reaction caused 4 more explosions.
During scheduled maintenance, the air ducts on the valves were accidentally closed. Thus, the control room displayed that the valve was open, while it appeared to be closed. This led to the formation of a cloud of steam, which exploded at the slightest spark. The initial explosion registered a magnitude of 3.5 on the Richter scale and debris from the explosion was found within a 6 mile radius of the explosion.

Many of the fire hydrants failed, and the water pressure in the remaining hydrants dropped significantly. It took firefighters more than ten hours to bring the situation under control and completely extinguish the flames. 23 people were killed and another 314 were injured.

12. Fire at a pyrotechnics factory in Enschede in 2000 - 23 victims

On May 13, 2000, as a result of a fire at the S.F. pyrotechnics factory. Fireworks in the Dutch city of Enshede, an explosion occurred, killing 23 people, including four firefighters. The fire started in the central building and spread to two full containers of fireworks illegally stored outside the building. Several subsequent explosions occurred with the largest explosion felt as far away as 19 miles.

During the fire, a significant part of the Rombek district was burned and destroyed - 15 streets were burned, 1,500 houses were damaged, and 400 houses were destroyed. In addition to the deaths of 23 people, 947 people were injured and 1,250 people were left homeless. Fire crews arrived from Germany to help fight the fire.

When S.F. Fireworks built a pyrotechnics factory in 1977, it was located far from the city. As the city grew, new low-cost housing surrounded the warehouses, causing terrible destruction, injury and death. Most local residents had no idea that they lived in such close proximity to a pyrotechnics warehouse.

11. Explosion at a chemical plant in Flixborough - 64 victims

An explosion occurred in Flixborough, England on June 1, 1974, killing 28 people. The accident happened at the Nipro plant, which produced ammonium. The disaster caused a whopping £36 million in property damage. British industry had never known such a catastrophe. The chemical plant at Flixborough virtually ceased to exist.
A chemical plant near the village of Flixborough specialized in the production of caprolactam, the starting product for synthetic fiber.

The accident happened like this: the bypass pipeline connecting reactors 4 and 6 ruptured, and steam began to escape from the outlets. A cloud of cyclohexane vapor containing several tens of tons of substance was formed. The source of the cloud's ignition was probably a torch from a hydrogen installation. Due to the accident at the plant, an explosive mass of heated vapors was released into the air, the slightest spark was enough to ignite them. 45 minutes after the accident, when the mushroom cloud reached the hydrogen plant, a powerful explosion occurred. The explosion in its destructive force was equivalent to the explosion of 45 tons of TNT, detonated at a height of 45 m.

About 2,000 buildings outside the plant were damaged. In the village of Amcotts, located on the other side of the River Trent, 73 of the 77 houses were badly damaged. In Flixborough, located 1200 m from the center of the explosion, 72 of 79 houses were destroyed. The explosion and subsequent fire killed 64 people, 75 people inside and outside the enterprise received injuries of varying severity.

Plant engineers, under pressure from the owners of the Nipro company, often deviated from the established technological regulations and ignored safety requirements. The sad experience of this disaster showed that in chemical plants it is necessary to have a fast-acting automatic fire extinguishing system that allows fires of solid chemicals to be eliminated within 3 seconds.

10. Hot steel spill - 35 victims

On April 18, 2007, 32 people were killed and 6 injured when a ladle containing molten steel fell at the Qinghe Special Steel Corporation plant in China. Thirty tons of liquid steel, heated to 1500 degrees Celsius, fell from an overhead conveyor. Liquid steel burst through the doors and windows into the adjacent room where the workers on duty shift were located.

Perhaps the most horrific fact discovered during the study of this disaster is that it could have been prevented. The immediate cause of the accident was the unlawful use of substandard equipment. The investigation concluded that there were a number of deficiencies and safety violations that contributed to the accident.

When emergency services reached the scene of the disaster, they were stopped by the heat of molten steel and were unable to reach the victims for a long time. After the steel began to cool, they discovered 32 victims. Surprisingly, 6 people miraculously survived the accident and were taken to the hospital with severe burns.

9. Oil train crash in Lac-Mégantic - 47 victims

An explosion of an oil train occurred on the evening of July 6, 2013 in the town of Lac-Mégantic in Quebec, Canada. The train, owned by The Montreal, Maine and Atlantic Railway and carrying 74 tanks of crude oil, derailed. As a result, several tanks caught fire and exploded. 42 people are known to have died, and another 5 people are listed as missing. As a result of the fire that engulfed the city, approximately half of the buildings in the city center were destroyed.

In October 2012, epoxy materials were used during engine repairs on the GE C30-7 #5017 diesel locomotive to quickly complete the repairs. During subsequent operation, these materials deteriorated, and the locomotive began to smoke heavily. Leaking fuel and lubricants accumulated in the turbocharger housing, which led to a fire on the night of the crash.

The train was driven by driver Tom Harding. At 23:00 the train stopped at Nantes station, on the main track. Tom contacted the dispatcher and reported problems with the diesel engine, strong black exhaust; the solution to the problem with the diesel locomotive was postponed until the morning, and the driver went to spend the night at a hotel. A train with a running diesel locomotive and dangerous cargo was left overnight at an unmanned station. At 11:50 p.m., 911 received a report of a fire on the lead locomotive. The compressor did not work in it, and the pressure in the brake line decreased. At 00:56 the pressure dropped to such a level that the hand brakes could not hold the cars and the out of control train went downhill towards Lac-Mégantic. At 00:14, the train derailed at a speed of 105 km/h and ended up in the city center. The cars derailed, explosions followed and burning oil spilled along the railway.
People in a nearby cafe, feeling the tremors of the earth, decided that an earthquake had started and hid under tables, as a result they did not have time to escape from the fire... This train accident became one of the deadliest in Canada.

8. Accident at the Sayano-Shushenskaya hydroelectric power station - at least 75 victims

The accident at the Sayano-Shushenskaya hydroelectric power station is an industrial man-made disaster that occurred on August 17, 2009 - a “black day” for the Russian hydropower industry. As a result of the accident, 75 people died, the equipment and premises of the station were seriously damaged, and electricity production was suspended. The consequences of the accident affected the ecological situation of the water area adjacent to the hydroelectric power station, as well as the social and economic spheres of the region.

At the time of the accident, the hydroelectric power station carried a load of 4100 MW, out of 10 hydraulic units, 9 were in operation. At 8:13 local time on August 17, the destruction of hydraulic unit No. 2 occurred with significant volumes of water flowing through the hydraulic unit shaft under high pressure. Power plant personnel who were in the turbine room heard a loud bang and saw the release of a powerful column of water.
Streams of water quickly flooded the machine room and the rooms below it. All hydraulic units of the hydroelectric power station were flooded, while short circuits occurred on the operating hydraulic units (their flashes are clearly visible on the amateur video of the disaster), which put them out of action.

The lack of obviousness of the causes of the accident (according to Russian Energy Minister Shmatko, “this is the largest and most incomprehensible hydropower accident that has ever happened in the world”) gave rise to a number of versions that were not confirmed (from terrorism to water hammer). The most likely cause of the accident is fatigue failure of the studs that occurred during the operation of hydraulic unit No. 2 with a temporary impeller and an unacceptable level of vibration in 1981-83.

7. Piper Alpha explosion - 167 victims

On July 6, 1988, an oil production platform in the North Sea called Piper Alpha was destroyed by an explosion. The Piper Alpha platform, installed in 1976, was the largest structure on the Piper site, owned by the Scottish company Occidental Petroleum. The platform was located 200 km north-east of Aberdeen and served as the control center for oil production at the site. The platform contained a helipad and a residential module for 200 oil workers working in shifts. On July 6, an unexpected explosion occurred on the Piper Alpha. The fire that engulfed the platform did not even give the staff the opportunity to send an SOS signal.

As a result of a gas leak and subsequent explosion, 167 people out of 226 on the platform at that moment were killed, only 59 survived. It took 3 weeks to extinguish the fire, with high winds (80 mph) and 70-foot waves. The final cause of the explosion could not be established. According to the most popular version, there was a gas leak on the platform, as a result of which a small spark was enough to start the fire. The Piper Alpha accident led to significant criticism and subsequent review of safety standards for oil production in the North Sea.

6. Fire in Tianjin Binhai - 170 victims

On the night of August 12, 2015, two explosions broke out at a container storage area in the port of Tianjin. At 22:50 local time, reports began to arrive about a fire at the warehouses of the Ruihai company located in the port of Tianjin, which transports hazardous chemicals. As investigators later found out, it was caused by spontaneous combustion of nitrocellulose that had dried and heated in the summer sun. Within 30 seconds of the first explosion, a second explosion occurred - a container containing ammonium nitrate. The local seismological service estimated the power of the first explosion at 3 tons of TNT equivalent, the second at 21 tons. Firefighters who arrived at the scene were unable to stop the spread of the fire for a long time. The fires raged for several days and 8 more explosions occurred. The explosions created a huge crater.

The explosions killed 173 people, injured 797, and left 8 people missing. . Thousands of Toyota, Renault, Volkswagen, Kia and Hyundai vehicles were damaged. 7,533 containers, 12,428 vehicles and 304 buildings were destroyed or damaged. In addition to death and destruction, the damage amounted to $9 billion. It turned out that three apartment buildings were built within a one-kilometer radius of the chemical warehouse, which is prohibited by Chinese law. Authorities have charged 11 officials from the city of Tianjin in connection with the explosion. They are accused of negligence and abuse of power.

5. Val di Stave, dam failure - 268 victims

In northern Italy, above the village of Stave, the Val di Stave dam collapsed on July 19, 1985. The accident destroyed 8 bridges, 63 buildings, and killed 268 people. Following the disaster, an investigation found that there had been poor maintenance and little operational safety margins.

In the upper of the two dams, rainfall had caused the drainage pipe to become less effective and become clogged. Water continued to flow into the reservoir and the pressure in the damaged pipe increased, also causing pressure on the shore rock. The water began to penetrate the soil, liquefy into the mud and weaken the banks until finally erosion occurred. In just 30 seconds, water and mud flows from the upper dam broke through and poured into the lower dam.

4. The collapse of a waste heap in Namibia - 300 victims

By 1990, Nambia, a mining community in southeastern Ecuador, had a reputation for being "environmentally hostile." The local mountains were pitted by miners, riddled with holes from mining, the air humid and filled with chemicals, toxic gases from the mine and a huge waste heap.

On May 9, 1993, most of the coal slag mountain at the end of the valley collapsed, killing about 300 people in a landslide. 10,000 people lived in the village in an area of ​​about 1 square mile. Most of the town's houses were built right at the entrance to the mine tunnel. Experts have long warned that the mountain has become almost hollow. They said that further coal mining would lead to landslides, and after several days of heavy rains the soil softened and the worst predictions came true.

3. Texas explosion - 581 victims

A man-made disaster occurred on April 16, 1947 in the port of Texas City, USA. A fire on board the French ship Grandcamp led to the detonation of about 2,100 tons of ammonium nitrate (ammonium nitrate), which led to a chain reaction in the form of fires and explosions on nearby ships and oil storage facilities.

The tragedy killed at least 581 people (including all but one of the Texas City Fire Department), injured more than 5,000, and sent 1,784 to hospitals. The port and a large part of the city were completely destroyed, many businesses were razed to the ground or burned down. More than 1,100 vehicles were damaged and 362 freight cars were mangled, with property damage estimated at $100 million. These events sparked the first class action lawsuit against the US government.

The court found the Federal Government guilty of criminal negligence committed by government agencies and their representatives involved in the production, packaging and labeling of ammonium nitrate, aggravated by gross errors in its transportation, storage, loading and fire safety measures. 1,394 compensations totaling approximately $17 million were paid.

2. Bhopal disaster - up to 160,000 victims

This is one of the worst man-made disasters that occurred in the Indian city of Bhopal. As a result of an accident at a chemical plant owned by the American chemical company Union Carbide, which produces pesticides, a toxic substance, methyl isocyanate, was released. It was stored at the factory in three partially buried tanks, each of which could hold about 60,000 liters of liquid.
The cause of the tragedy was the emergency release of methyl isocyanate vapor, which in the factory tank heated above the boiling point, which led to an increase in pressure and rupture of the emergency valve. As a result, on December 3, 1984, about 42 tons of toxic fumes were released into the atmosphere. A cloud of methyl isocyanate covered nearby slums and the railway station, located 2 km away.

The Bhopal disaster is the largest in terms of casualties in modern history, causing the immediate death of at least 18 thousand people, of which 3 thousand died directly on the day of the accident, and 15 thousand in subsequent years. According to other sources, the total number of victims is estimated at 150-600 thousand people. The large number of victims is explained by the high population density, late informing residents about the accident, lack of medical personnel, as well as unfavorable weather conditions - a cloud of heavy vapors was carried by the wind.

Union Carbide, which was responsible for the tragedy, paid victims $470 million in an out-of-court settlement in 1987 in exchange for a waiver of claims. In 2010, an Indian court found seven former Indian executives of Union Carbide guilty of negligence causing death. Those convicted were sentenced to two years in prison and a fine of 100 thousand rupees (approximately $2,100).

1. Banqiao Dam tragedy - 171,000 dead

The designers of the dam cannot even be blamed for this disaster; it was designed for severe floods, but this was completely unprecedented. In August 1975, the Banqiao Dam burst during a typhoon in western China, killing about 171,000 people. The dam was built in the 1950s to generate electricity and prevent flooding. Engineers designed it with a safety margin of a thousand years.

But on those fateful days in early August 1975, Typhoon Nina immediately produced more than 40 inches of rain, exceeding the area's annual rainfall total in just one day. After several days of even more heavy rain, the dam gave way and was washed away on August 8th.

The dam failure caused a wave 33 feet high, 7 miles wide, traveling at 30 mph. In total, more than 60 dams and additional reservoirs were destroyed due to the failure of the Banqiao Dam. The flood destroyed 5,960,000 buildings, killed 26,000 people immediately and another 145,000 died later as a result of famine and epidemics due to the natural disaster.

Currently, any type of transport poses a potential threat to human health and life. Technological progress, along with comfort and speed of movement, has also brought a significant degree of threat. Depending on the type of transport accident, it is possible to receive multiple injuries and burns that are dangerous to human life.

Transport accident is a vehicle accident resulting in death or severe bodily injury to victims, destruction and damage to transport facilities and equipment, or damage to the environment.

Transport disaster This is a major accident with significant loss of life. Transport accidents are divided according to the type of transport on which they occurred and (or) the damaging factor of dangerous goods.

Road traffic accident (RTA) is a transport accident that occurs during road traffic involving a vehicle and results in the death of people or serious bodily injury, damage to vehicles, roads, structures, cargo or other material damage.

Emergencies caused by transport incidents, causes, possible consequences and actions of the population in the event of a threat or occurrence of an emergency

The modern period is characterized by the development of transport and as a result of movement, more than 50% of accidents and disasters occur on various types of transport. The safest type of transport for passengers is a city bus, and the most dangerous are cars and motorcycles. Therefore, as a result of road traffic accidents, a large number of citizens die and are injured, many become disabled.

The most common types of accidents are vehicle collisions or rollovers, collisions with pedestrians, and collisions with obstacles.

The main causes of road accidents are:

Low professional level of individual drivers,

Driving while intoxicated;

Violation of traffic rules;

Vehicle malfunctions;

Poor condition of the road surface;

Adverse weather conditions;

Influence on the mental and physiological state of drivers, pedestrians, dangerous and harmful factors.

Security measures

When getting into a car and driving, it is advisable for a passenger to sit in the middle of the rear seat, or at least in the back seat, if you are in the front seat, be sure to fasten your seat belt; while driving, do not distract the driver and constantly monitor road traffic; it is dangerous to sit on the seat sideways in the direction of travel; sudden braking can cause injury; it is dangerous to get into a car with a drunk driver; Do not allow children to kneel and look out the rear window; braking may cause a head impact.

In the event of an accident, the driver of a passenger car is obliged to: avoid a head-on collision with a car without exposing his side to another car; it is advisable not to collide with another car in the place where it has a gas tank; in the event of a collision, to soften the force of the impact, it is advisable to crash with the right or left edge of the hood; in the event of an inevitable frontal collision, rest your hands on the steering wheel, your left foot on the left wheel housing, your right foot on the brake pedal; If a car catches fire, immediately evacuate passengers to a safe distance.

In case of a car accident, the passenger must: tense his muscles and not relax until he comes to a complete stop; in the event of a frontal collision, if you are sitting in the back, rest your hands and feet on the front seat, press your head to your hands; if you are sitting in the front, lean against the front panel, but not against the glass; if the car rolls over, press into the seat and hold on to it with your hands, remembering that the main thing is to protect your head from injury; do not try to leave the car while driving in a frontal collision; if the car is in water, wait for the interior to fill with water, do not panic, inhale the remaining air and get out;

Actions of a passenger on a bus, trolleybus, tram in case of an accident: at the moment of impact, while sitting on the seat, rest your feet and hands on the front seat, and if you are standing, grab the handrail, in case of a fall, do not hit your head; maintain muscle tension until the vehicle stops completely; after an accident or catastrophe, urgently leave the vehicle without creating panic, through an emergency window, emergency exit, through a window or through the upper ventilation hatches; if a fire occurs in the cabin, use a handkerchief or other piece of fabric to protect your respiratory system; If possible, use a fire extinguisher or sand; In the event of a short circuit or flash in the interior of a tram or trolleybus, leave the vehicle when it is stopped and the electrical circuit is disconnected.

If a bus with passengers is in water, remain in place until the cabin is filled with water, without creating panic among passengers; remember that the main danger is not the water, but other passengers. Get out through the window, upper ventilation hatches until the bus interior is filled with water, breathe deeper and more often to saturate the body with oxygen.

When traveling on public transport, a passenger must: remember that the middle of the cabin is the safest place; in case of sudden braking, it is better to sit with your back forward; hold the back of the front seat with your hands when sitting facing forward; it is safer to sit on the starboard side than on the port side; if you are standing, then place the support points so that their projection on the floor forms a triangle of a larger area; When braking hard, pay attention to where you will fall and who will fall on you.

Major incidents on railway transport– train wrecks, railway accidents and disasters.

Train Wreck is a collision of a passenger or freight train, which results in the death or injury of people, destruction of a locomotive or cars.

Train accident– an accident on the railway, resulting in damage to one or more units of railway rolling stock to the point of major repairs and (or) the death of one or more people, causing bodily harm to the victims.

Train accident– a railway accident, usually causing casualties.

The main causes of accidents and crashes: malfunction of the track, rolling stock and technical controls; errors by workers responsible for train safety; violation of the rules for crossing railway tracks by road transport; the wrongness of the actions of the railway workers.

Disasters, train derailments and accidents include: derailment of rolling stock, collisions, collisions with obstacles at crossings, fires and explosions on rolling stock, and collisions between trains.

The consequences of accidents and disasters at stations and stages are: explosions of dangerous goods, leading to the destruction of tracks, rolling stock, and structures; spill or release of aggressive or toxic substances into the atmosphere; fires of rolling stock, station buildings and other structures; damage to railway workers and passengers by fire, explosions, toxic liquids and gases; destruction of transported goods.

Depending on the number of victims, there are 5 categories of railway accidents and disasters:

Security measures

When using railway transport services, you must: be located in the middle of the train; Do not place heavy and bulky items on the upper shelves of the carriage; leave passages clear at night; do not forget the location of personal belongings (documents, money, valuables); There should be no foreign objects (bottles, food) on the table.

In the event of a train crash or emergency braking: grab the handrails and rest your feet on something; it is necessary to remember that after the first blow there may be others, continue to hold on; after the shocks stop, leave the carriage, otherwise a fire may occur; if there is no fire, try to provide first aid to the victims, reassure the passengers without causing panic; when the doors are blocked by a crowd of people, use windows - emergency exits, as well as through the window of any compartment, but due to its strength, injury is possible if broken; when leaving the carriage, take documents, money and necessary clothing; Help other passengers also get out by breaking the windows of the cars from the outside.

In the event of a fire in a carriage, a passenger must: If smoke or fire appears, immediately use a scarf or any cloth soaked in liquid to protect the respiratory system; a long stay in a compartment is dangerous, because the temperature in a confined space rises quickly and it is possible to burn your lungs with one breath and lose consciousness from the dangerous toxic gas released during combustion; get out of the car through the vestibule when it is filled with people, use the emergency exit; strictly follow the conductor's instructions; leaving the car, get involved in rescue operations, observing safety measures (danger of step voltage due to broken wires, passing of oncoming trains, spilled fuel, etc.).

Accidents and disasters in air transport

In civil aviation, cases of complete or partial destruction of an aircraft with passengers on board are called aviation accidents.

Plane crash– a dangerous incident on an aircraft, in flight or during the evacuation process, leading to the death or disappearance of people, bodily harm to victims, destruction or damage to the ship and material assets transported on it.

The main causes of air accidents can be grouped into the following groups: human factor - 50-60%, equipment failure - 15-30%, environmental influences - 10-20%, others - 5-10%. More than half of aircraft accidents occur at airfields and surrounding areas.

Security measures

After boarding the plane, the passenger must: wear outerwear to protect him from burns in case of fire; is in shoes - it will save you from all kinds of fragments; remove a tie, scarf, glasses, hairpins and other sharp objects; fasten your seat belt, check the location of the oxygen mask.

In case of decompression (thin air in the cabin): whistling, pain, noise and ringing in the ears, warming and tingling of the skin, deafening roar - immediately put on an oxygen mask and move less, if possible help other people put them on.

When accidents during takeoff and landing The plane crew manages to notify passengers about the accident. Before an accident, the passenger must: take a fixed position (bend over, clasp your hands tightly under your knees, tilt your head as much as possible, or rest your hands on the front seat, put your head on your hands, and rest your feet on the floor).

At the moment of impact, tense as much as possible. After the plane stops, you must leave through the nearest exit route.

At emergency exit from the plane you should: open the emergency hatch, use the rescue rope, throwing it out, observing the exit rules (first legs, then head); remove high-heeled shoes and synthetic stockings; stretch the fabric gutter, sit on the threshold of the inflatable ladder and go down; Do not hold onto the side edged cord - burns are possible.

At fire in the aircraft cabin: to protect the skin from burns and the respiratory system from toxic gases, use outerwear; movement is possible towards the exit when the aircraft is completely stopped; if there is a large amount of smoke, move on all fours (hunched over), the main danger is smoke, not fire; if there is a crowd at the exit, look for other exits; if there is fire and smoke outside, do not open emergency hatches in this place; When leaving the cabin, discard your carry-on luggage; fight panic and apathy, because... If you lose precious time, it could cost you your life. The plane must be abandoned in 5 minutes and removed from it at a distance of 1.5 km, before the fuel explodes.

Accidents and disasters in water and pipeline transport

Accidents in water transport are classified:

-- shipwreck- loss of the vessel or its complete destruction;

-- accident– damage to the ship or its stranding for at least 40 hours (passenger – 12 hours);

-- accident– a dangerous incident on a river vessel, leading to the release of hazardous chemical, biological, radioactive substances, ionizing radiation, an oil spill.

Pipeline accident is an accident on the pipeline route associated with the release or outflow under pressure of dangerous chemical or fire-explosive substances, leading to the occurrence of a man-made emergency.

Depending on the type of product being transported, accidents on main pipelines can pose one or another danger - from possible loss of life to harm to the economy and environmental disasters.

Damaging factors of fire are: open fire and sparks; increased temperature of the air and surrounding objects; toxic combustion products; reduced oxygen concentration; destruction or damage to buildings, structures, installations, the possibility of explosion.

Damaging factors of the explosion: shock wave; flame and fire; destruction of equipment, building structures, communications; formation during an explosion and leakage from damaged devices of harmful substances, their content in the air in quantities exceeding the maximum permissible; fragmentation field.

In case of fires and explosions, a person receives burns of varying severity, trauma, injury, poisoning by combustion products, and electric shock.

Accidents and disasters in the metro (underground transport)

Transport accidents and disasters can also occur in the metro, which can lead to serious consequences - fires, explosions and lead to the death of people.

Sources of fire or explosion are: electrical discharges, thermal manifestations of chemical reactions, sparks from impact and friction.

Security measures

Safety measures taken by passengers in the event of emergencies in the metro are similar to safety measures in railway transport.

To ensure the lives of passengers, the metro needs to intensify work to improve safety measures:

Use of fans in case of smoke;

Video filming and video recording (color, saving the image for three days, examining the person’s face);

Car system safety;

Use of metal detectors and hazardous liquid detectors;

Arch detectors for detecting explosives and narcotic substances;

Providing a system for searchers;

Special X-ray units and scanners;

Inspection systems that help identify explosives or weapons hidden under clothing;

To prevent emergencies, use print media;

Technical means of security;

Intercoms that allow you to contact station employees or the police if necessary;

Inform passengers about ways to survive in this situation.

Accidents at chemically hazardous facilities

Chemical accidents– this is a violation of technological processes in production, damage to pipelines, tanks, storage facilities, vehicles, leading to the release of emergency chemical hazardous substances (HAS) into the atmosphere in quantities that pose a danger to the life and health of people, the functioning of the biosphere.

Large reserves of hazardous chemicals, mainly choir, ammonia, phosgene, hydrocyanic acid, sulfur dioxide and other substances, are located in chemical, pulp and paper and processing plants, mineral fertilizer plants, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, as well as cold storage plants, confectionery factories, etc. Danger A chemical accident for people and animals is a disruption of the normal functioning of the body and the possibility of long-term genetic consequences, and under certain circumstances, a fatal outcome when chemical substances enter the body through the respiratory system, skin, mucous membranes, wounds and with food.

Security measures

When the signal alerts the population about an accident, “Attention everyone!” (the sound of sirens and intermittent beeps of enterprises), it is necessary to follow the procedure for receiving it, the rules for sealing the premises, protecting food and water. Make and store in an accessible place cotton-gauze bandages for yourself and family members, as well as a memo on what the public should do in the event of an accident at a chemically hazardous facility. If possible, purchase gas masks with boxes that protect against the corresponding types of hazardous chemicals.

At the signal “Attention everyone!” Turn on the radio and television for reliable information about the accident and recommended actions. Close the windows, turn off electrical appliances and gas. Put on rubber boots, a raincoat, take documents, the necessary warm clothes, a three-day supply of non-perishable food, notify your neighbors and quickly, but without panic, leave the area of ​​possible infection perpendicular to the direction of the wind, at a distance of at least 1.5 km from your previous place of stay.

To protect your respiratory organs, use a gas mask, and if you don’t have one, use a cotton-gauze bandage or improvised fabric items soaked in water, a 2-5% solution of baking soda (protection against chlorine), a 2% solution of citric or acetic acid “ protection against ammonia." If you cannot leave the contaminated area, tightly close windows, doors, vents and chimneys. Seal any gaps in them with paper or tape.

Do not take shelter on the first floors of buildings, in basements and semi-basements. In case of accidents on railways and highways associated with the transportation of hazardous chemicals, a danger zone is established within a radius of 200 meters from the accident site. Approaching or entering this area is strictly prohibited.

If you suspect exposure to hazardous chemicals, avoid any physical activity, drink plenty of fluids (milk, tea) and consult a doctor immediately. Entry into buildings is permitted only after a control check of the contents of hazardous substances in them. If you are directly exposed to hazardous substances, take a shower as soon as possible. Wash contaminated clothing, and if it is impossible to wash it, throw it away. Carry out a thorough wet cleaning of the room. Refrain from drinking tap (well) water, fruits and vegetables from the garden, or meat from livestock and poultry slaughtered after an accident until an official determination of their safety.

Radiation accident– this is a violation of the safety rules for the operation of a nuclear power plant, equipment or device, in which there is a release of radioactive products or ionizing radiation beyond the limits of their safe operation provided for by the design, leading to irradiation of the population and environmental pollution.

The main damaging factors of accidents are radiation exposure and radioactive contamination. Accidents may be accompanied by explosions and fires. Radiation effects on humans include disruption of the vital functions of various organs (mainly the hematopoietic organs, nervous system, gastrointestinal tract) and the development of radiation sickness under the influence of ionizing radiation.

Radioactive contamination is caused by exposure to alpha, beta and gamma ionizing radiation and is caused by the release during an accident of unreacted elements and fission products of a nuclear reaction (radioactive waste, dust, fragments of a nuclear product), as well as the formation of various radioactive materials and objects (soil) as a result their irradiation.

In the event of a radiation accident, through methods and means of alerting the population, create reserves of the necessary means intended for use (sealing materials, iodine preparations, food, water, etc.).

If you are notified of a radiation accident while outside, immediately protect your respiratory organs with a scarf or scarf and hurry to take shelter indoors. Once in the shelter, remove outer clothing and shoes, place them in a plastic bag and shower. Close windows and doors. Turn on your TV and radio for more information about the accident and instructions from local authorities. Seal ventilation openings, cracks on windows, doors and do not go near them unless necessary. Stock up on water in sealed containers. Wrap opened food in plastic wrap and place in the refrigerator or cabinet. To protect your respiratory organs, use a respirator, a cotton-gauze bandage or improvised fabric products moistened with water to increase their filtering properties.

When receiving instructions through the media, carry out iodine prophylaxis by taking one tablet (0.125 g) of potassium iodide for 7 days, and for children under 2 years old - 0.04 g tablet. In the absence of potassium iodide, use an iodide solution: 3-5 drops of a 5% iodine solution per glass of water, for children under 2 years old - one to two drops.

The procedure for the population in radioactively contaminated areas. To prevent or reduce the impact of radioactive substances on the body, it is recommended: leave the room only if necessary and for a short time, using a respirator, raincoat, rubber boots and gloves; in open areas, do not undress, do not sit on the ground and do not smoke, avoid swimming in open water and picking wild berries and mushrooms; Periodically moisten the area near the house, and carry out a thorough wet cleaning of the premises daily using detergents; Before entering the room, wash your shoes, shake out and clean your outer clothing with a damp brush; Wash your hands thoroughly before eating and rinse your mouth with a 0.5% solution of baking soda. Compliance with these requirements will help avoid radiation sickness.

Action of the population during evacuation

When preparing for evacuation, prepare personal protective equipment, including available items (capes, film raincoats, rubber boots, gloves), put clothes and shoes for the season, a one-day supply of food, underwear, documents, money and other necessary items in a suitcase or backpack. things. Wrap your suitcase or backpack in plastic wrap.

When leaving the apartment during evacuation, turn off all electrical and gas appliances, take quickly perishable food into the garbage bin, and attach a notice on the door “There is no one in apartment No. __.” When boarding a vehicle or forming a column on foot, register with a representative of the evacuation commission. When you arrive in a safe area, take a shower and change your underwear and shoes to non-contaminated ones.

Hydrodynamic accident is an emergency event associated with the failure (destruction) of a hydraulic structure or part of it and the uncontrolled movement of large masses of water, causing destruction and flooding of vast areas. The main potentially dangerous hydraulic structures include dams, water intake and drainage structures (sluices).

Destruction (breakthrough) of hydraulic structures occurs as a result of natural forces (earthquakes, hurricanes, dam washouts) or human influence (strikes with nuclear or conventional weapons on hydraulic structures, large natural dams, acts of sabotage), as well as due to design defects or errors design.

The consequences of hydrodynamic accidents are: damage and destruction of hydraulic systems and short-term or long-term cessation of their functions; defeat of people and destruction of structures by a breakthrough wave formed as a result of the destruction of a hydraulic structure, having a height of 2 to 12 m and a speed of movement from 3 to 25 km/h (for mountainous areas - up to 100 km/h); catastrophic flooding of vast areas with a layer of water from 0.5 to 10 m or more.

If there is a threat of a hydrodynamic accident (waterworks), it is necessary to exit (travel) from the danger zone in the prescribed manner to a designated safe area or to elevated areas. Take with you documents, valuables, essentials and food supplies for 2-3 days. Some of the property that needs to be preserved from flooding, but cannot be taken with you, should be moved to the attic, upper floors of the building, or trees. Before leaving home, turn off the electricity and gas, and tightly close windows, doors, ventilation and other openings.

In case of sudden flooding, to escape from the impact of a breakthrough wave, urgently take the nearest elevated place, climb a large tree or the top floor of a stable building. If you are in the water when a breakout wave approaches, dive into the depths at the base of the wave.

Once in the water, swim or use improvised means to get out to a dry place, preferably to a road or dam, along which you can get to a non-flooded area. If a house is flooded, turn off its power supply and signal that there are people in the house (apartment) by hanging a flag made of bright fabric from the window during the day and a lantern at night.

To receive information, use a self-powered radio. Move your most valuable possessions to the upper floors and attics. Organize the accounting of food and drinking water, their protection from the effects of standing water and their economical use.

When preparing for a possible evacuation by water, take documents, essential items, clothes and shoes with water-repellent properties, and available life-saving equipment (inflatable mattresses, pillows). Do not attempt to evacuate on your own. This is only possible if there is visibility of a non-flooded area, the threat of worsening the situation, the need to receive medical care, the consumption of food and the lack of prospects for receiving outside help.

After a hydrodynamic accident, before entering the building, make sure that there is no significant damage to the floors or walls. Ventilate the building to remove accumulated gases. Do not use open flame sources until the room is fully ventilated and the gas supply system is checked to ensure proper operation. Check the serviceability of electrical wiring, gas supply pipes, water supply and sewerage. They are allowed to be used only after the conclusion of specialists about their serviceability and suitability for work. Dry the room by opening all doors and windows. Remove dirt from the floor and walls, pump out water from basements. Do not eat food that has been in contact with water.

Despite the fact that tens of thousands of materials and publications have been written about compliance with traffic rules, the number of accidents around the world is constantly increasing. Most of them end, fortunately, without a threat to the life and health of traffic participants, although they are always accompanied by material damage. But some became famous due to the large number of victims and victims at the same time.

Every year, many states introduce prohibitions, restrictions and innovations that relate to compliance. However, terrible and shocking accidents occur with enviable regularity. The fatal accidents listed below in this ranking serve as a clear example of how important it is to remain attentive while driving, not to drink alcohol, and to regularly check the technical condition of your vehicle. Each of the accidents listed in the rating can be properly assessed as severe in its consequences.

UAE: Dangerous highway Dubai - Abu Dhabi

It is considered the busiest road in the richest Muslim country, which is visited annually by millions of tourists from different parts of the globe. However, this is not the only destabilizing factor - in the morning hours fog often falls here, which significantly impedes visibility. It's no surprise that one of the biggest car accidents took place here.

The most famous are 2 cases. The first is striking not in the number of victims, but in the number of participants - then about 300 vehicles simultaneously collided or were involved in the collision. There were three dead people. In the second case, 130 cars were involved, no people were killed, but about 60 people were injured. All this led to the formation of a half-kilometer traffic jam.

Deadly maneuver in Egypt

This major accident by world standards occurred in another tourist Mecca in 2012. The driver was carrying 70 people in the car and decided to overtake the truck on the highway. Having lost control (one of the reasons for this was exceeding the permissible number of passengers), he allowed the vehicle to fall into an irrigation canal.

The sad result of the road accident was 57 deaths, some of whom arrived on tourist visas from around the world. Several dozen ambulances, fire brigades and police patrols took part in the rescue operation.

Fireworks in the Middle Kingdom

Fire shows and fireworks are loved by millions of people of different ages all over the planet. Sometimes pyrotechnics can be dangerous, and on a fairly impressive scale. On the eve of the New Year, the truck had to deliver a huge number of fireworks to their destination at the same time. As a result of the onset of detonation, their premature combustion occurred, turning the car into a huge sparkling torch.

This accident became known in the world not only due to this fact - at that moment the truck was moving along a concrete bridge. As a result of strong explosions, several concrete spans collapsed, into which other cars began to fall. As a result, 5 people died and dozens were disabled.

Acid tank from sunny Florida

A dozen cars took part in this traffic incident, as well as a tanker truck transporting a dangerous chemical reagent. It is still unclear who exactly was responsible for the large-scale event, but there was a collision between cars and a tank, which caused it to overturn.

This terrible accident led to the death of 3 people, and a couple of dozen more received dangerous injuries and injuries. Tons of a chemically active substance were poured onto the road surface. For liquidation

Hundreds of thousands of dollars from local budgets were spent.

Mexican "bike ride"

An accident of enormous tragedy occurred more than 10 years ago in Mexico and became known throughout the world. The thing is that it took place during a traditional bike ride, and the culprit was only one passenger car. Dozens of athletes from different countries took part in this cycling race, which took place in the northern Mexican states. The driver, who was behind the wheel, immediately collided with a group of cyclists who were moving towards him.

As a result, there are many injured race participants. Some of them were no longer able to return to their favorite sport. Sad statistics show that every second fatal accident is related to the consumption of alcoholic beverages.

Desert Storm

This accident, large in scale and resonance, took place in the American state of California back in 1991. This time, the culprit was a sandstorm, which is considered a frequent occurrence in this area. Massive accidents began on one of the state's busiest highways at a time when visibility was virtually reduced to zero.

Due to the fact that drivers could not clearly see the road situation, they began to collide with each other. In total, more than 100 vehicles were involved in the accident. The sad results of this sandstorm include 17 dead and a dozen injured.

Fog in Tennessee and Georgia

It is known that the United States of America is perhaps the leading country in the number of annual natural disasters. Many of them automatically complicate the traffic situation, which immediately becomes an emergency instead of something familiar. Another large-scale brawl, in which dozens of cars were directly involved, took place on the highway between the neighboring states of Georgia and Tennessee. This time, quite thick fog fell on the road surface, which caused massive collisions.

Until traffic was completely blocked, about 120 cars were damaged to a greater or lesser extent. About 200 people became victims of a large-scale road incident. Most of them required medical attention.

Tragedy in Israel

Another terrible traffic accident in the news from around the world occurred in Israel. The bus driver, carrying passengers, was moving through mountainous terrain, but considered it necessary to overtake on a difficult section in terms of road conditions.

Losing control, the bus fell straight into the abyss. Despite the fact that the driver managed to survive, his actions caused the death of 24 people who were in the cabin - most of them were citizens of the Russian Federation, and in total there were 51 tourists in the cabin at that time.

Russian roots of deadly road accidents

Russian drivers were no exception - the following incident can also be considered “one of the worst” in the history of road transport. The following story took place in the northern city of Krasnoyarsk. Due to the fact that the driver of one of the city minibuses did not pay attention to the prohibiting traffic light signal, he caused a collision with a car - the car was driven by a young girl. She miraculously managed to stay alive, although the body of the metal taxi slowed down near her head.

The accident became popular in viewing around the world due to the fact that it was filmed online by outdoor cameras placed on the street. Subsequently, the video material was used in court hearings. This is a typical example of how simply ignoring traffic rules can lead to tragic consequences.

Another sad story took place in 2007, 150 kilometers from the Russian regional center of Vologda. Only 2 cars took part in the collision: one of them was an Audi, and the other was made in China. As a result of exceeding the speed limit, the Audi driver entered the oncoming lane, where a head-on collision occurred.

7 people died right on the scene, including drivers and passengers. All of them did not wait for the ambulance to arrive, which managed to hospitalize only one person with serious injuries.

How to protect yourself from fatal accidents

Not in all cases an accident is defined as “terrible” based on the number of vehicles involved. Sometimes there may be 2 or 3, but the number of victims and material damage impresses even experienced rescuers. Traffic rules were developed precisely to ensure safety for all participants, but this only works if they are impeccably observed.

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Memo

TRANSPORT DISASTER

Major airplane, road, and rail accidents and shipwrecks all have in common that they involve fast-moving vehicles carrying large numbers of people or cargo, or substances that can cause direct or indirect harm to people and the environment.

Aircraft accidents can be caused by natural, technological or human factors (mechanical failure, negligence, etc.).

Railway accidents occur when trains collide or derail, during landslides, avalanches, etc., as well as during terrorist attacks.

Car accidents are the most common and cause the most damage.

The number of shipwrecks has decreased significantly due to improvements in ship design and navigation systems. However, a shipwreck can cause serious environmental disasters, especially when

occurs with a tanker or when containers with hazardous substances fall into the water.

VEHICLE ACCIDENTS

About 75% of all accidents in road transport occur due to drivers violating traffic rules. The most dangerous types of violations continue to be speeding, ignoring road signs, driving into oncoming traffic and driving while intoxicated. Very often, bad roads (mainly slippery ones) and vehicle malfunctions (in the first place - brakes, in second place - steering, in third place - wheels and tires) lead to accidents.

The peculiarity of car accidents is that 80% of the wounded die in the first three hours due to excessive blood loss.

HOW TO ACTION IF A COLLISION IS INEVITABLE

Maintain composure - this will allow you to control the car until the last opportunity. Tighten all your muscles to the limit, do not relax until you stop completely. Do everything to avoid an oncoming blow: a ditch, a fence, a bush, even a tree is better than a car coming at you. Remember that when colliding with a stationary object, the impact of the left or right fender is worse than the impact of the entire bumper. If an impact is imminent, protect your head. If the car is moving at low speed, press your back into the seat and, straining all your muscles, rest your hands on the steering wheel. If the speed exceeds 60 km/h and you are not wearing a seat belt, press your chest against the steering column.

If you are riding in the front passenger seat, cover your head with your hands and lie on your side, prone on the seat. While sitting in the back seat, try to fall to the floor. If there is a child next to you, cover him with yourself.

HOW TO ACT AFTER AN ACCIDENT

Determine where in the car and what position you are in, whether the car is on fire and whether gasoline is leaking (especially when tipping over). If the doors are jammed, exit the car through the windows by opening them or breaking them with heavy objects. After getting out of the car, move as far away from it as possible - there may be an explosion.

HOW TO ACTION WHEN A CAR FALLS INTO WATER

When falling into water, the car can stay afloat for some time, enough to leave it. Get out through the open window, because... When you open the door, the car will suddenly start to sink.

When diving to the bottom with the windows and doors closed, the air in the car's interior lasts for several minutes. Turn on the headlights (to make it easier to find the car), actively ventilate your lungs (deep inhalations and exhalations allow you to fill your blood with oxygen for future use), get rid of excess clothing, grab documents and money. Get out of the car through a door or window when the car is half filled with water, otherwise you will be hindered by the flow of water entering the cabin. If necessary, break the windshield with heavy objects at hand. Squeeze your way out, holding the roof of the car with your hands, and then suddenly swim up.

HOW TO ENSURE PERSONAL SAFETY WHEN DRIVING IN PUBLIC TRANSPORT

When on public transport, if there are no free seats, try to stand in the center of the cabin, holding on to the handrail for greater stability. Pay attention to the location of emergency and emergency exits.

Electric power supply of trams and trolleybuses creates an additional threat of electric shock to a person (especially in rainy weather), so seated areas are the safest. If you find that the interior is under voltage, leave it. In case of an accident, panic and crush may occur at the exits. In this case, use the emergency exit by pulling out the special cord and pushing out the glass.

In the event of a fire in the cabin, notify the driver, open the doors (using emergency opening), emergency exits or break a window. If there is a fire extinguisher in the cabin, take measures to eliminate the fire. Protect your respiratory system from smoke with a scarf, handkerchief or other items of clothing. Get out of the cabin, bending down and not touching metal parts, as in a tram and trolleybus you may be electrocuted.

If a bus falls into water, wait until the passenger compartment is half filled with water, hold your breath and emerge through a door, emergency exit or broken window.

AIR TRANSPORT ACCIDENTS

Aircraft accidents and catastrophes are possible for many reasons. Serious consequences are caused by the destruction of individual aircraft structures, engine failure, disruption of control systems, power supply, communications, piloting, lack of fuel, and interruptions in life support for the crew and passengers.

HOW TO PROCEED WITH DECOMPRESSION

DECOMPRESSION is the rarefaction of air in the aircraft cabin when its seal is broken. Rapid decompression usually begins with a deafening roar (air is escaping). The salon fills with dust and fog. Visibility is sharply reduced. Air quickly leaves a person's lungs and cannot be retained. Ringing in the ears and pain in the intestines may occur at the same time. In this case, without waiting for a command, immediately put on an oxygen mask. Do not try to help someone before you put on a mask yourself, even if it is your child: if you do not have time to help yourself and lose consciousness, you will both find yourself without oxygen. Immediately after putting on your mask, fasten your seat belt and prepare for a sharp descent.

HOW TO ACT IN THE EVENT OF A FIRE ON AN AIRPLANE

Remember that in the event of a fire on board an aircraft, the greatest danger is smoke, not fire. Breathe only through cotton or woolen items of clothing, if possible, moistened with water. When making your way to the exit, move crouched down or on all fours, as there is less smoke at the bottom of the cabin. Protect exposed areas of the body from direct exposure to fire using existing clothing, blankets, etc. After landing and stopping the plane, immediately head to the nearest exit, as there is a high probability of an explosion. If the passage is blocked, make your way through the chairs, lowering their backs. When evacuating, get rid of your hand luggage and avoid exiting through hatches near which there is an open fire or heavy smoke.

After leaving the plane, move as far away from it as possible and lie on the ground, pressing your head with your hands - an explosion is possible.

In any situation, act without panic and decisively, this will contribute to your salvation.

HOW TO ACT DURING A HARD LANDING AND AFTER IT

Carefully adjust your seat belt before each takeoff and landing. It should be firmly secured as low as possible near your hips. Check to see if there are any heavy suitcases overhead.

Accidents on takeoff and landing are sudden, so look out for smoke, sudden descent, engine stalls, etc. Clear your pockets of sharp objects, bend over and clasp your hands tightly behind your knees (or grab your ankles). Place your head on your knees or tilt it as low as possible. Place your feet on the floor, extending them as far as possible, but not under the front seat. At the moment of impact, tense up as much as possible and prepare for significant overload. Under no circumstances leave your seat until the plane comes to a complete stop, do not cause panic.

WATER TRANSPORT ACCIDENTS

Most major accidents and disasters on ships occur under the influence of hurricanes, storms, fog, ice, as well as through the fault of people - captains, pilots and crew members. Accidents often occur due to mistakes and errors in the design and construction of ships.

Among the preliminary protective measures, the passenger can be advised to remember the way from his cabin to the lifeboats on the upper deck, since during a disaster it is very difficult to navigate, especially when there is smoke and the ship is listing.

HOW TO PROCEED WHEN DISCHARGING FROM THE SHIP

Remember that the decision to abandon the ship is made only by the captain. When disembarking the vessel, follow the instructions of the crew members and observe the following rules:

First of all, places in the boats are given to women, children, the wounded and the elderly;

Before boarding a boat or life raft, put on plenty of clothing and a life jacket on top. If possible, load the lifeboat with blankets, extra clothing, an emergency radio, drinking water and food;

If you are forced to jump from the side of a ship into the water, then preferably from a height of no more than five meters, covering your mouth and nose with one hand, holding tightly to the vest with the other;

Since heat loss in water increases with every movement, swim only to a life-saving device;

After loading onto the life-saving craft, you must sail to a safe distance from the sinking ship (at least 100 m).

HOW TO ACTION IF THERE ARE NO LIFE-SAVING EQUIPMENT

When in the water, use a whistle or raise your hand to signal.

Move as little as possible to stay warm. Heat loss in water occurs several times faster than in air, so movements even in warm water should be limited to just staying afloat. Wearing a life jacket to keep warm, tuck yourself together, wrap your arms around your chest at the sides, and lift your hips higher so that less water washes over your groin area. This method will increase the estimated survival time in cold water by almost 50%. If you are not wearing a life jacket, look for some floating object and grab onto it to make it easier to stay afloat until rescuers arrive. Rest while lying on your back.

HOW TO ACT WHEN YOU ARE ON A RESCUE BOAT

Take seasickness pills. To conserve heat, stay close to other victims on the boat and do physical exercise. Let us drink only to the sick and wounded. On the high seas, if there is no reasonable hope of reaching the shore or entering the shipping lanes, try to stay with other boats near the place where the ship was lost.

Keep your feet as dry as possible. Elevate and move your legs regularly to relieve swelling. Never drink sea water. Retain fluid in your body by cutting down on unnecessary movements. To reduce sweating during the day, moisten your clothes, and to reduce the temperature inside the raft, moisten its outer shell with water. Drink no more than 500-600 ml of water per day, divided into numerous small doses with the largest dose in the evening. Eat only emergency food supplies. Save smoke bombs until there is a real chance that they will be noticed. Do not use checkers all together in the hope of discovering yourself; entrust their use to one person.

Do not panic! Remember, the average adult can survive 3 to 10 days without drinking. With a diet of 500-600 ml of water per day, a reasonably acting adult can survive even in the tropics for at least 10 days without serious changes in the body. You can live without food for a month or more.