Electronic educational resource "Eastern states in early modern times." Electronic educational resource "Eastern states in early modern times" Questions to the end of the paragraph

Questions at the beginning of a paragraph

Question. What forms of political power existed in the countries of the East in the Middle Ages? What features of economic life were characteristic of traditional Eastern societies? What values ​​did the ancient Indian religion Buddhism preach?

In the countries of the East, there was predominantly a despotic form of government.

Economic life was characterized primarily by the fact that these were agrarian societies in which the main owner of the land was the state. The peasants experienced very strong tax oppression.

The values ​​of Buddhism: the cessation of suffering and the achievement of awakening, spiritual liberation in which life is seen “as it is,” departure from worldly life

Questions in a paragraph

Question. What do you think about the architecture of China in the 15th century? different from European architecture of this era? Why?

Chinese architecture differs from European architecture primarily in the stability of its traditions. All the basic constructive and decorative techniques developed in ancient times and were preserved with minor changes. And in European architecture there has always been a search for new forms, materials, and construction technologies. The layout of Chinese buildings and cities is connected with the principle of Feng Shui, the ancient teaching of the harmonious organization of space. The main building material in China was wood, and in Europe stone buildings are becoming increasingly common, especially in cities. The main distinctive element of Chinese architecture is curved roofs. This is due to construction technology - rafters were never made for roofs, but a post-beam system was used

Questions at the end of the paragraph

Question 1. What forms of land ownership existed in the countries of the East?

forms of land ownership: State, communal and private. In China and India, state ownership of land absolutely predominated. The state gave land for use to noble people for military service and to peasants, for which they had to pay taxes.

In Japan by the 17th century. The main land fund was owned by the princes, but the central government, wanting to strengthen its position, pursued a policy of confiscation and redistribution of land holdings.

Question 2. Compare the position of cities in the West and in the East in the 16th–18th centuries.

Cities in the East did not achieve the independence that cities in Western Europe had. Unlike Europe, the townspeople were under the constant control of the state. In China, every city resident was registered in a special book, assigned to his own street and block, and was required to go to the city office twice a month for inspection. Reporting on neighbors was encouraged.

In the East of the XVI-XVII centuries. – a time of rapid urban development. Crafts and trade were well developed in the cities.

Question 3. How did states in the East regulate the lives of their subjects?

States regulated the lives of their subjects through a rigid class system. The state established the rules of life for all classes and strictly monitored their compliance. The state regulated economic life. The government set prices for the most important goods; a state monopoly was established for some branches of craft and trade. Since the state was the main owner of the land, when distributing land for use, it established the conditions for this use, thereby regulating the life of people living on state lands.

Question 4. Tell us about one of the Eastern religions of your choice.

Buddhism is a religious doctrine that has become a world religion. The founder of this religion that arose in India is considered to be Prince Siddhartha Gautama (623-544 BC). He was called Buddha, that is, “enlightened by supreme knowledge.” According to legend, the prince, having learned about the suffering of the people, fled from the palace and became a hermit. According to his teaching, a person’s entire life is a continuous path of suffering, the cause of which is unsatisfied earthly desires. After death, suffering does not stop, since the soul does not die, but is reborn again and again. If a person led an unrighteous life, then in his new birth he may find himself a member of a lower caste or an animal despised by all. If he embarked on the path of salvation indicated by the Buddha and managed to suppress earthly passions in himself, then a “favorable rebirth” awaits him (the soul will be reborn as a representative of the highest caste). The ideal of a person is to become “enlightened”, freed from worldly life, receive complete spiritual liberation, and approach the Buddha. Then comes complete bliss, the cessation of rebirths and the immortality of the soul.

How to achieve the ideal? Buddha taught: “Train your eyes so as not to be tempted by seductive things, curb your ears, tongue, body, curb your speech, curb your mind, curb everything.” Buddhism taught leaving worldly life, the ideal was to become a monk and live in a monastery, suppressing earthly desires.

Buddhism called on believers to constantly improve themselves, pointing out that the path to salvation is in the hands of the person himself, regardless of his social status. Any believer, having taken the path indicated by the Buddha, can become righteous and achieve bliss.

Assignments for the paragraph

Question 1. Write a story of your choice: “An Eastern city through the eyes of a European traveler” or “A village community in the East.”

Village community in the East

The main occupation of the population in a traditional society is agriculture. In China, areas of intensive agriculture developed, in which the vast majority of the population was employed. All land suitable for agriculture was cultivated. In swampy areas, the Chinese lowered bamboo rafts filled with earth into the water, creating floating vegetable gardens. The peasant community was divided into groups of 10 households, headed by tens. Both the headman and the tens were responsible for collecting taxes and performing duties. There was a principle of mutual responsibility: if one of the village residents violated the established order, the community was responsible for this offense. Peasant labor was very hard, people worked from dawn to dusk, bore exorbitant taxes, and were always in debt. But it was on peasant labor that the power of the state rested.

Question 2. Think about why Buddhism has become a world religion.

Buddhism became a world religion because its basic idea of ​​suffering and deliverance from suffering resonated with the oppressed sections of the population, of which there was an absolute majority. If anyone can become enlightened and receive spiritual liberation, then all people are equal.

Buddhism called on believers to constantly improve themselves, pointing out that the path to salvation is in the hands of the person himself, regardless of his social status.

The path to salvation proposed by Buddhism, accessible to any person regardless of his social status, became one of the reasons for the spread of Buddhism and its transformation into a world religion.

Question 3. Draw a conclusion: what are the main features characteristic of traditional societies of the East in the 16th–18th centuries?

Common features characteristic of traditional societies of Eastern countries:

The supreme owner of the lands was the state;

The main occupation of the population in a traditional society is agriculture;

The peasants lived in the closed world of the rural community; communal farming was maintained in the village;

Rigid class system;

Tolerance.

Today in the lesson we will really begin to study the countries of the East: India, China and Japan. Why are these societies called traditional?

Features of a traditional society

The state is the owner of the land

Main occupation: agriculture

Class system

Preservation of the village community

State control over the life of society

Preservation of traditions and religious institutions

However, despite all these common features, all these states have differences. Now, each group will become familiar with the peculiarities of land ownership in these countries. Group 1 – China, 2 – India, 3 – Japan.

The right of supreme power to land belongs to the state

The state makes sure that the nobility does not turn into large owners.

The state provides vast lands for the use of a noble person, and for this he pays taxes and maintains an army.

A plot of land can be used for no more than 10 years, after which it is transferred to another owner.

Lands were never inherited.

The peasants could not leave their farms; their lives flowed in hard work and poverty

Government decrees prescribed peasants what to eat and how to dress.

If a peasant left the village, the entire community had to pay taxes for him and cultivate the land for him.

The custom of “infanticide” (usually girls) in order to get rid of extra mouths has become widespread in the country.

All lands were divided into two parts: state and people's (private)

State lands are given to peasants who cultivate the land and pay taxes

The state annually issues decrees prohibiting the sale of land

Land must belong to the state

So what general characteristics do we see? – 1. The state is the owner of the land 2. The main occupation is agriculture

All peasants lived in a rural community

Communal peasants were free by law

They couldn’t leave the community because... outside its borders they became powerless. The community was responsible for collecting taxes from peasants to the state

The community resolved issues of self-government based on traditions and religion

3. The village community was preserved

4. Class division of society.

To better understand the events of subsequent years, it is necessary to know about the worldview of the inhabitants of the East. It was formed under the influence of three religions - Confucianism, Buddhism and Shintoism. Let's consider their main provisions.

Confucianism formed in China, and was a mandatory teaching for all its inhabitants. It had a significant impact on the behavior and formation of the worldview of the Chinese.

Confucius taught: " The state is a big family, and the family is a small state" It is necessary to honor your parents and elders, the same respect must be shown to the emperor, since he is the head of a large family-state.

One of the central ideas in Chinese culture was the following: “ To achieve equality, you need inequality" Relations in society have been built on this for many centuries.

The teaching itself was based on 5 principles:

· justice;

· performance of rituals;

· prudence;

· sincerity.

Every resident of China had to comply with them.

Widespread in India, China and Japan Buddhism. This religion also determined the basic principles of life characteristic of Eastern man. The Buddha taught that a person’s entire life is suffering, which arises from the fact that a person constantly strives to fulfill his desires. When he does not achieve this, he takes the path of suffering. To prevent this from happening, you should do the following:

· believe that the world is full of suffering;

· limit your desires and aspirations;

· speak only the truth and kind words;

· do good deeds;

· do not harm living things;

· monitor your thoughts, drive away bad ones and think about good things.

If a person constantly improves, then in his next life he will have rebirth e, and he will be able to become a representative of the highest caste.

In Japan, the national religion became Shintoism. This is an ancient religion, but Japanese rulers returned to it in the 18th century, when there was a need to strengthen the power of the emperor. According to doctrine, there is sun goddess Amaterasu. The Emperor is her direct descendant and representative. Through it, people can contact the goddess. A distinctive feature of Shintoism was the absence of a teacher who would explain its essence.

5. Preservation of traditions and religious institutions

STATE OF CHINA China is a country of mysteries and wonders with ancient history, unique traditions and refined philosophy The largest state in East Asia Ethnic composition of about 50 nationalities Ethnic composition of about 50 nationalities Third country in the world in terms of territory occupied

STATE OF JAPAN STATE OF JAPAN Japan is a “toy country” with geishas and samurai, numerous ancient traditions Country area – sq. km sq. km Country area – sq. km sq. km Japan is the land of the rising sun Japan is an island country

STATE OF INDIA STATE OF INDIA India is a country of wonders and untold riches, the birthplace of chess and arithmetic numbers. India is a country of different peoples, languages, religions, cultural traditions. The area of ​​the country is sq. km. Country area – sq. km.

1. The omnipotence of the state, characteristic of eastern traditional societies, was manifested in the fact that it was the supreme owner of the lands. 2. The state regulated economic life: it set prices for goods, a monopoly on some branches of craft and trade; increased taxes on artisans and merchants 3. The state established the rules of life for all classes and strictly monitored their compliance

The class system of the countries of the East artisans traders merchants peasants (vaishyas), servants peasants (vaishyas), servants “untouchables” peasants officials (mandarins) officials (mandarins) emperor (bogdykhan) emperor (bogdykhan) warriors - samurai peasants artisans priests (brahmans), scientists dignitaries, warriors (kshatriyas) merchants, landowners merchants, landowners China Japan India

Buddhism Buddhism originated in the 6th century BC. in India. The founder of Buddhism is Buddha, that is, the “enlightened one” or the messenger of God. Korean monks brought Buddhism to the Japanese islands. In 538, they donated statues of Buddha to the emperor in the 1st century AD. foreign merchants introduced the Chinese to Buddhism. Local monks began carving images of Buddha into the rocks

SHINTOISMSHINTOISM appeared in the Middle Ages in the 6th -7th centuries BC. and means “the path of the gods” in the Middle Ages in the 6th -7th centuries BC. and means “the path of the gods.” Shintoism appeared in the Middle Ages in the 6th -7th centuries BC. and means “the path of the gods” in the Middle Ages in the 6th -7th centuries BC. and means "the path of the gods"

It was built over 2,000 years ago to protect against invaders. It was built over 2,000 years ago to protect against invaders. It would have taken at least 6 months to walk across it. It would have taken at least 6 months to walk across it. Hundreds of thousands of peasants worked to build the wall. Hundreds of thousands of peasants worked to build the wall. hundreds of thousands of peasants worked The Great Wall of China stretched for 3500 km height - 9 m Watchtowers were located at regular intervals Watchtowers were located at regular intervals