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States General in France. When was the first convocation of the States General in France by the king?

1) in France, the body of class representation (clergy, nobility, third estate) under the king, created by Philip IV the Fair in 1302. Since the 14th century. main function the approval of new taxes and cash subsidies for government needs begins; 2) in the Netherlands since 1463, the highest class-representative institution.

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STATES GENERAL

French ?tats g?n?raux, Goll. Staten-General) - supreme body class representation (clergy, nobility and cities) in the feud. France and the Netherlands. The emergence of G. sh. was associated with the growth of cities and internal market, with complication social contradictions and exacerbation of class. struggle, which required the strengthening of the feud. state - creation of the so-called. class monarchy. To organize collection will be added. extortion, representatives of the mountains began to be invited to extended meetings of the royal (ducal) council, along with the feudal lords. top This is how G. sh. gradually took shape. - consult. a body convened in emergency circumstances to strengthen the royal (ducal) authority and to resolve finances. questions. In France, G. sh. is considered to be the first. 1302 (mentioned in the chronicles in connection with the conflict between Philip IV and Pope Boniface VIII), although they differed little from similar meetings of the 13th century. The term "G. sh." appeared later, and their status was never determined. Until sep. 15th century G. sh. were convened frequently (at the initiative of the king), separately for Languedoille (north) and Languedoc (south). Prelates, knights, and sometimes mountains. magistrates received personal invitations, but in cities elections were practiced (from among the members of the patriciate). Cities allies of queens. authorities in its struggle with large feudal lords played a prominent role in the G. sh., which during this period were a reliable support for the king and contributed to the strengthening of the feud. monarchy and centralization of the country. The importance of G. sh. has especially increased. during Hundred Years' War 1337-1453, when they became a real force and sometimes claimed active participation in governing the country. In 1355-58, under state conditions. weakness, defeat at Poitiers (1356) and people. uprisings (Parisian uprising 1357-58, Jacquerie, 1358), G. sh. Langedoil, which was dominated by representatives of the townspeople in the chapter. with Paris, met almost continuously. The apogee of the power of the French. G. sh. there was a period of the Parisian uprising led by E. Marcel, when G. sh. achieved approval of the Great March Ordinance, collected taxes, spent finances and controlled the entire state. apparatus. However, in general, the lack of unity between the cities and their irreconcilable enmity with the nobility made the attempts of the French fruitless. G. sh. to gain rights similar to those of the English. parliament. After 1359 G. sh. were convened less frequently and were often replaced by meetings of notables. IN last time on the initiative of the king, they were convened in 1468. At 16 - beginning. 17th centuries initiative to convene the G. sh. belonged to the fief. nobility who were in opposition to absolute power king. The period of decline of the G. Sh. began, predetermined by the transition from class monarchy to absolute, when the G. Sh. only hindered progressive development countries. For 76 years (1484-1560) they were not convened at all. Having been reborn in the peculiar conditions of the religious wars (they met in 1560, 1576, 1588, 1593), they did not play even then. roles. G. sh. of this period differed from previous G. sh. and in form. Deputies were elected from all classes. Thanks to the system of multi-degree elections, mountains continued to predominate among the deputies of the Third Estate. tops. Not only basic the mass of the population was not represented, but the nascent bourgeoisie had almost no access to the State Highway, since usually the majority of the deputies of the third estate were bureaucrats. Deputies received instructions (Cahiers) from voters. During the operation of the G. sh. each estate had one vote (regardless of the number of deputies), and due to the discord between the estates of the G. sh. were powerless. Since 1614, the convocation of the G. sh. stopped for 175 years. G. sh., gathered on May 5, 1789, on the eve of the bourgeoisie. revolutions were convened by the king as a council. class body and mainly according to the old procedure. But on June 17, 1789, deputies of the third estate (part of the deputies of the privileged estates later joined the Crimea) proclaimed themselves National. meeting (from July 9 - Constituent Assembly), which turned into the highest representative. and legislator. revolutionary organ France (before the convening of the Legislative Assembly in October 1791). Subsequently named G. sh. accept some will introduce. meetings that meet on current issues of our time and express the wider society. opinion (G.S. French Renaissance, June 1945, G.S. Assembly for Disarmament, May 1963). Source: Mayer Ch. J., Des ?tats g?n?raux et autres assembl?es nationales, P., 1788-89. Lit.: Picot G., Histoire des ?tats g?n?raux, 2 ?d., t. 1-5, P., 1888; Verlaque R.. Les ?tats g?n?raux et le droit d´imposer, Th?se, 1943; Thierry O., Experience in the history of the origins and successes of the third estate, in his book: Izbr. soch., M., 1937; Alzon K., French Estates General 1614-1615. and their meaning, in the collection: Middle Ages, 1961, c. 19. A. A. Lozinsky. Lviv. In the Netherlands G. sh. were first convened by the Duke of Burgundy, Philip the Good, in 1463 in Bruges. Deputies on G. Highway elected by provincial states. In the Netherlands, where the same degree of centralization was not achieved as in France. G. sh. continued to express the interests of the department. provinces; The influence of Brabant was especially great. G. sh. The Netherlands, throughout its existence, firmly retained the right to vote taxes. Their influence especially increased after the death of Charles the Bold (1477); G. presented very broad powers. w. "The Great Privilege" (1477). G. sh. continued to play major role and under the Habsburgs. In the 16th century they became the center of the bourgeois-noble opposition to Spain. absolutism. During the Dutch bourgeois revolutions of the 16th century G. sh. of the whole country were convened in 1576; however, the dominant Conservative noble elements and Orangemen took a position in them, as a result of which G. sh. pursued a policy of seeking an agreement with Spain and suppressing democracies. movements (conclusion of the “Pacification of Ghent” 1576, “Eternal Edict”, etc.). With the northern department provinces and the formation of the republic. United Provinces G. sh. became the highest permanent legislative body of the republic; location of G. sh. became The Hague. Each province had in G. sh. one vote (the “general lands” had no representation in the State Highway). In 1795, after the conquest of the republic by the French, G. sh. were liquidated. Since 1814 G. sh. called the Parliament of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Source: Resolution der Staten-Generaal van 1576 tot 1609, door N. Japikse, dl 1-10, s´Gravenhage, 1916-30; Actes des ?tats g?n?raux des anciens Pays-B?s, pt. 1, par J. Cuvelier, Brux., 1948; Gachard L. P., Actes des ?tats-g?n?raux des anciens Pays-B?s, Brux., 1866. Lit.: Gachard L. P., Des anciennes assembl?es nationales de la Belgique, Brux., 1838; Roullet Ed., Histoire politique nationale, t. 2, Louvain, 1892; Rirenne H., Histoire de Belgique, v. 2-5, Brux., 1948-49. A. N. Chistozvonov. Moscow.

The emergence of the Estates General was associated with the growth of cities, the aggravation of social contradictions and class struggle, which necessitated the strengthening of the feudal state.

The predecessors of the States General were extended meetings of the royal council (with the involvement of the city leaders), as well as provincial assemblies of the estates (which laid the foundation for the provincial states). First Estates General were convened in 1302, during the conflict between Philip IV and Pope Boniface VIII.

The Estates General was an advisory body convened at the initiative of the royal power at critical moments to assist the government. Their main function was tax quotas. Each estate - the nobility, the clergy, the third estate - sat in the Estates General separately from the others and had one vote (regardless of the number of representatives). The third estate was represented by the elite of the townspeople.

The importance of the Estates General increased during the Hundred Years' War - when royalty I especially needed money. During the period of popular uprisings of the 14th century (Paris Uprising - Jacquerie), the Estates General claimed an active participation in governing the country (similar demands were expressed by the Estates General of 1357 in the “Great March Ordinance”). However, the lack of unity between the cities and their irreconcilable enmity with the nobility made the attempts of the French Estates General fruitless to achieve the rights that the English parliament managed to win.

At the end of the 14th century, the Estates General were convened less and less often and were often replaced by meetings of notables. From the end of the 15th century, the institution of the Estates General fell into decline due to the beginning of the development of absolutism; during the -1560s they were not convened at all (a certain revival of their activities was observed during the period of the Religious Wars - the Estates General were convened in , , , and 1593).

See also

Literature

  • Khachaturyan N.A. The emergence of the States General in France. - M., 1976.

Links

  • // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: In 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional ones). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.

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Estates General in France (fr. États Généraux) - the highest class-representative institution in the years 1302-1789.

The emergence of the Estates General was associated with the growth of cities, the aggravation of social contradictions and class struggle, which necessitated the strengthening of the feudal state.

The predecessors of the States General were extended meetings of the royal council (with the involvement of the city leaders), as well as provincial assemblies of the estates (which laid the foundation for the provincial states). The first Estates General was convened in 1302, during the conflict between Philip IV and Pope Boniface VIII.

The Estates General was an advisory body convened at the initiative of the royal power at critical moments to assist the government. Their main function was tax quotas. Each estate - the nobility, the clergy, the third estate - sat in the Estates General separately from the others and had one vote (regardless of the number of representatives). The third estate was represented by the elite of the townspeople.

The importance of the Estates General increased during the Hundred Years' War 1337-1453, when the royal power was especially in need of money. During the period of popular uprisings of the 14th century (the Parisian uprising of 1357-1358, the Jacquerie of 1358), the Estates General claimed an active participation in governing the country (similar demands were expressed by the Estates General of 1357 in the “Great March Ordinance”). However, the lack of unity between the cities and their irreconcilable enmity with the nobility made the attempts of the French Estates General fruitless to achieve the rights that the English parliament managed to win.

At the end of the 14th century, the Estates General were convened less and less often and were often replaced by meetings of notables. From the end of the 15th century, the institution of the Estates General fell into decline due to the beginning of the development of absolutism; during 1484-1560 they were not convened at all (a certain revival of their activities was observed during the period of the Religious Wars - the Estates General were convened in 1560, 1576, 1588, and 1593 years).

From 1614 to 1789, the Estates General never met again. Only on May 5, 1789, in conditions of an acute political crisis on the eve of the Great french revolution the king convened the Estates General. On June 17, 1789, the deputies of the third estate declared themselves the National Assembly, on July 9, the National Assembly proclaimed itself Constituent Assembly, which became the highest representative and legislative body of revolutionary France.

In the 20th century, the name Estates General hosted some representative meetings that considered current political issues and expressed broad public opinion(eg Assembly of the States General for Disarmament, May 1963).

The Estates General in France is the highest class representative institution in the years 1302–1789.

The emergence of the Estates General was associated with the growth of cities, the aggravation of social contradictions and class struggle, which necessitated the strengthening of the feudal state. The estate-representative monarchy was established at a certain stage of centralization of the country, when the autonomous rights of feudal lords, the Catholic Church, and city corporations were not completely overcome. Solving important national problems and taking on a number of new government functions, the royal power gradually broke down political structure, characteristic of the seigneurial monarchy. But in implementing her policy, she faced powerful opposition from the feudal oligarchy, whose resistance she could not overcome only by her own means. Therefore, the king's political power largely stemmed from the support he received from the feudal classes.

Since the emergence of the Estates General took place during the period of the struggle of royal power to centralize the state and overcome the resistance of the federal nobility, it was by the beginning of the 14th century that the alliance built on a political compromise, and therefore not always strong, of the king and representatives of different classes, including the third estate, was finally formed. The political expression of this union, in which each party had its own specific interests, became special estate-representative institutions - the Estates General and the Provincial States.

The creation of the Estates General in France marked the beginning of a change in the form of the state in France - its transformation into an estate-representative monarchy.

The reasons for the convening of the Estates General by King Philip IV the Fair in 1302 were the unsuccessful war in Flanders; serious economic difficulties, as well as a dispute between the king and the Pope. However, these events were the occasion, another reason was the creation of a national estate-representative institution and the manifestation of an objective pattern in the development of the monarchical state in France.

The Estates General was an advisory body convened at the initiative of the royal power at critical moments to assist the government. Their main function was tax quotas.

The Estates General has always been a body representing the propertied strata of French society. The class composition of the Estates General included the clergy (highest - archbishops, bishops, abbots); nobility (large feudal lords; middle and small nobility - except for the first convocations); urban population(deputies from churches, conventions of monasteries and cities - 2-3 deputies each; lawyers - approximately 1/7 of the Estates General). Each estate - the clergy, the nobility, the third estate - sat in the Estates General separately from the others and had one vote (regardless of the number of representatives). The third estate was represented by the elite of the townspeople. The frequency of convening the Estates General was not established; this issue was decided by the king depending on circumstances and political considerations.

In the Estates General, each estate met and discussed issues separately. Only in 1468 and 1484 did all three classes hold their meetings together. Voting was usually organized by balyages and seneschalties, where deputies were elected. If differences were found in the positions of the estates, voting was carried out by estate. In this case, each estate had one vote and, in general, the feudal lords always had an advantage over the third estate.

The issues submitted for consideration by the Estates General and the duration of their meetings were also determined by the king. The king resorted to convening the Estates General in order to gain the support of the estates on various occasions: the fight against the Knights Templar (1308), the conclusion of a treaty with England (1359), religious wars (1560, 1576, 1588). But most often the reason for convening the Estates General was the king’s need for money, and he turned to the estates with a request for financial assistance or permission for the next tax, which could only be collected within one year.

The importance of the Estates General increased during the Hundred Years' War of 1337–1453, when the royal power was especially in need of money. During the period of popular uprisings of the 14th century (the Parisian uprising of 1357–1358, the Jacquerie of 1358), the Estates General claimed an active participation in governing the country. However, the lack of unity between the cities and their irreconcilable enmity with the nobility made the attempts of the French Estates General fruitless to achieve the rights that the English parliament managed to win.

The most acute conflict between the Estates General and royal power occurred in 1357 at the time of the uprising of the townspeople in Paris and the capture of the French King John by the British. The Estates General, in which mainly representatives of the third estate took part, put forward a reform program called the Great March Ordinance. In return for granting royal subsidies, they demanded that the collection and expenditure of funds be carried out by the Estates General themselves, which were to meet three times a year and without being convened by the king. “General reformers” were elected, who were given the power to control the activities of the royal administration, dismiss individual officials and punish them, even applying the death penalty. However, the attempt of the Estates General to secure permanent financial, supervisory and even legislative powers was unsuccessful. After the suppression of the Parisian uprising and the Jacquerie in 1358, the royal authorities rejected the demands contained in the Great March Ordinance.

From 1614 to 1789, the Estates General never met again. Only on May 5, 1789, in conditions of an acute political crisis on the eve of the Great French Revolution, the king convened the Estates General. On June 17, 1789, deputies of the third estate declared themselves the National Assembly, and on July 9, the National Assembly proclaimed itself the Constituent Assembly, which became the highest representative and legislative body of revolutionary France.

In the 20th century, the name Estates General was adopted by some representative assemblies that considered current political issues and expressed broad public opinion (for example, the Assembly of the Estates General for Disarmament, May 1963).

Edict of Fontainebleau

Under Louis XIII

During the accession of Louis XIII, the regency approved the Edict of Nantes, decreeing that it must be “inviolably observed.” Richelieu deprived the Protestant party of its political influence, but the principle of religious tolerance remained in force.

In 1629, in Alais, after the end of the wars with the Huguenots, the Edict of Nîmes (édit de grâce) was issued, repeating the articles of the Edict of Nantes. After the death of Louis XIII, a declaration was issued (July 8, 1643), in which Protestants were granted the free and unrestricted exercise of their religion and the Edict of Nantes was approved “as far as it turned out to be necessary.” Louis XIV stated in a declaration on May 21, 1652: “I wish that the Huguenots will not cease to fully use the Edict of Nantes.”

Submitting unwillingly to the Edict of Nantes, the Catholic clergy under Louis XIV tried by all means to destroy it or paralyze its significance. Religious persecution began in 1661. On October 17, 1685, Louis XIV signed an edict at Fontainebleau revoking the Edict of Nantes.

Edict of Fontainebleau- Edict of Louis XIV of October 17, 1685. on the repeal of the Edict of Nantes adopted in 1598 by Henry IV, which guaranteed freedom of religion to the Huguenots.

Submitting unwillingly to the Edict of Nantes, the Catholic clergy under Louis XIV tried by all means to destroy it or paralyze its significance. Religious persecution began in 1661. In the 9th article of the Edict of Nantes, worship was allowed in those places where it was performed in 1596 and 1597. On this basis, Catholics began to destroy Protestant churches in other places. On April 2, 1666, Louis issued a declaration in which the principle of freedom recognized by the Edict of Nantes was destroyed. Finally, on October 17, 1685, Louis XIV signed an edict at Fontainebleau revoking the Edict of Nantes. This document was drawn up by Chancellor Letellier. The king says in it that the Edict of Nantes was drawn up by his ancestor in favor of the Huguenots with the intention of annexing them to the bosom of the Catholic Church, but since the best and most numerous part of the subjects converted to Catholicism, the Edict of Nantes turns out to be superfluous.

It was ordered to destroy the last Huguenot temples and their schools. Article VII stated: “We forbid allowing anything in any way resembling a concession in favor of the Reformed religion.” The clergy showered the king with praise; Bossuet called the king the new Constantine, the new Charlemagne. Innocent XI, in a papal charter (December 13, 1685), congratulated Louis on having accomplished a great pious deed. The consequences of the repeal of the Edict of Nantes for France were sad: trade fell into decline, Protestants emigrated in hundreds of thousands - to London (more than 30 Calvinist churches immediately appeared there), to Sweden, Denmark, Russia, America, and most of all to Holland.

Estates General in France (fr.
Posted on ref.rf
États Généraux) - the highest class-representative institution in the years 1302-1789.

The emergence of the Estates General was associated with the growth of cities, the aggravation of social contradictions and class struggle, which made it extremely important to strengthen the feudal state.

The predecessors of the States General were extended meetings of the royal council (with the involvement of the city leaders), as well as provincial assemblies of the estates (which laid the foundation for the provincial states). The first Estates General was convened in 1302, during the conflict between Philip IV and Pope Boniface VIII.

The Estates General was an advisory body convened at the initiative of the royal power at critical moments to assist the government. Their main function was tax quotas. Each estate - the nobility, the clergy, the third estate - sat in the Estates General separately from the others and had one vote (regardless of the number of representatives). The third estate was represented by the elite of the townspeople.

The importance of the Estates General increased during the Hundred Years' War 1337-1453, when the royal power was especially in need of money. During the period of popular uprisings of the 14th century (the Parisian uprising of 1357-1358, the Jacquerie of 1358), the Estates General claimed an active participation in governing the country (similar demands were expressed by the Estates General of 1357 in the “Great March Ordinance”). At the same time, the lack of unity between the cities and their irreconcilable hostility with the nobility made the attempts of the French Estates General fruitless to achieve the rights that the English parliament managed to win.

At the end of the 14th century, the Estates General were convened less and less often and were often replaced by meetings of notables. From the end of the 15th century, the institution of the Estates General fell into decline due to the beginning of the development of absolutism; during 1484-1560 they were not convened at all (a certain revival of their activities was observed during the period of the Religious Wars - the Estates General were convened in 1560, 1576, 1588, and 1593 years).

From 1614 to 1789, the Estates General never met again. Only on May 5, 1789, in conditions of an acute political crisis on the eve of the Great French Revolution, the king convened the Estates General. On June 17, 1789, the deputies of the third estate declared themselves the National Assembly, on July 9, the National Assembly proclaimed itself Constituent Assembly, which became the highest representative and legislative body of revolutionary France.

In the 20th century, the name Estates General was adopted by some representative meetings that considered current political issues and expressed broad public opinion (for example, the Assembly of the Estates General for Disarmament, May 1963).