EntranceWhen to use which and who. Terms of Use WHO, WHICH, WHOSE,THAT
29.07.2014
We often use these words to mean something in English. But not everyone knows when to use them correctly.
Therefore, today, friends, we bring to your attention this short article about the use of which and that + examples.
So that's it.
Uses of which and that
Both which And that can function as relative pronouns.
That can be used to refer to both objects and persons. In its turn which not used to identify individuals.
- The girl that I saw at the party was a spy.
- I’ve never seen the documentary which is now on TV.
In a non-defining position, which can define either a single word or the entire meaning of the main sentence.
- We love spending our holidays in my grandparents’ house, which is in the countryside.
- He was trying to seem nice with her, which was a surprise to everyone.
In the defining position you can use both and that And which.
- I asked Joe to give me the book that my sister lent him last week.
- I asked Joe to give me the book which my sister lent him last week.
Features of using that
However, only that(or null pronoun) must be used with:
1. Indefinite pronouns or constructions with an indefinite pronoun.
- Mindy spoiled all the apples that were in the basket.
- I wish I could find the CD that has the soundtracks from the movie.
2. Superlative adjectives or phrases with superlative adjectives.
- This is the best birthday that I’ve ever had.
- You must remember that now the most important thing for her is the rest.
3. Ordinal numbers (or phrases with them)
- The first that I would do there is trying on all the dresses.
- The second episode that we made about the sea was a failure.
4. Phrases with the only…/thing…
- The only music that I really like is rock and roll.
- The thing that I like in Amy is honesty.
5. If there is a preposition before a pronoun, then we only use which.
- This is the town in that/which Adam was born.
- Do you remember the cafe opposite which we stayed in Paris?
In conclusion, I would like to remind you that you can still use the pronoun to refer to persons who.
That's all. Learn English with pleasure!
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Relative pronouns
So, what kind of pronouns are called relative? These are the pronouns that introduce definitive subordinate clauses and into Russian are usually translated by words which, -th, -oe, -s. They always refer to a specific, defined word (usually a noun, object pronoun) in the main clause. This group includes, among others, who, which, whose, whose, and that.
PronounWHO
Let's look at each of these pronouns in more detail.
The peculiarity of the pronoun who (which, whose) is that it is used only in relation to persons and performs the function of the subject in a subordinate clause:
E.g.I see a boywho is drawing.
I see boy which draws.(Fig. 3)
The girlwho gave me the book has gone.
Girl,which gave me the book and left.
There was somebodywho wanted you.
There was someone hereWho I was looking for you.
I know (don't know)who did it.
I know (I don't know)Who did this.
Rice. 1. Illustration for example ()
PronounWHOSE
The pronoun whose (which, whose, whose) is very similar in appearance to who. This pronoun is used in relation to persons.
E. g. That’ sthe man whose carhasbeenstolen.
That's the man, the car whom stolen.
Do you know the man whose house we saw yesterday?
Do you know the person, house whom did we see yesterday?
Do you know whose book it is?
You know, whose this is a book?
I wonder whose house that is.
Interesting, whose this is home. (Fig. 4)
Rice. 2. Illustration for example ()
PronounWHICH
Now we will look at the pronoun which (which, which, what). Unlike the previous pronouns, which is used in relation to inanimate objects and animals. In addition, it is considered bookish and in a conversational style is usually replaced by the pronoun that.
E.g.He ordered coffee which(that) was promptly brought.
He ordered coffee, which They brought it right away.(Fig. 5)
I'm looking for jeans, which(that) are less expensive.
I'm looking for jeans which would be cheaper (less expensive).
Rice. 3. Illustration for example ()
I don't know which book to choose.
I don't know, which one choose a book.
Tell me which way we'll do it.
Tell me, what way (manner) we will do this.
Sometimes in colloquial speech which (that) may be omitted.
The pen which(that) you took is mine.
Pen, which you took it - mine.
He returned the book ( which, that) he had borrowed.
He returned the book which took.
This is the picture ( which, that) I bought yesterday.
This is a picture, which I bought it yesterday.
PronounTHAT
And finally, we are left with the pronoun that (which, whose). As a definition, a pronoun that often replaces pronouns whoAndwhich in ordinary colloquial speech. Can be used in relation to persons, but is more often used in relation to inanimate objects:
E.g. They could not find anybody that(who) knew the town.
They couldn't find anyone Who I wish I knew the city.
Did you see the letter that had come today?
Have you seen the letter which did it come today?(Fig. 6)
The news that(which) he brought upset us all.
News, which he brought it, upset us all.
Rice. 4. Illustration for example ()
In colloquial speech pronouns that(as well as which), introducing attributive clauses, are usually omitted altogether:
E.g. It is the end of the letter (that, which) she sent me.
This is the end of the letter which she sent it to me.
The woman (that) I love most of all is my mother.
Woman, which I love most of all - my mother.
Addition in English
As in Russian, in English there are direct (always without a preposition) and indirect (without a preposition and with a preposition - prepositional) objects.
Transitive verbs (which express an action that passes to a person or object) require after themselves a direct object denoting a person or object and answering the question what? or who?
For example, He gave a book.
He gave the book. (Fig. 5)
Rice. 5. Illustration for example ()
The direct object itself is used without a preposition, but many verbs form stable combinations with prepositions that express a single concept ( for example: look for - search, listen to - listen, take off - shoot, pick up - lift, etc.). In this case, the preposition (adverb) forms a single whole with the verb, and the direct object that follows it is (as expected) without a preposition.
For exampleI'm looking for the book.
I'm looking for a book.
As for indirect additions, they provide various additional information that answers different questions: to whom?, with whom?, for whom?, about what? etc.
A non-prepositional indirect object occurs in a sentence when some of the transitive verbs, in addition to the direct object, also have a second - indirect object, answering the question to whom? and denoting the person to whom the action is addressed. An indirect object placed before a direct object is used without a preposition.
For example,Hegave the boy abook.
He gave the boy a book.(Fig. 6)
Rice. 6. Illustration for example ()
A prepositional indirect object is an indirect object that comes after a direct object. It is used with a preposition and answers various questions: about whom?, about what?, with whom?, with what?, for whom? etc.
For example, He gave a book for my father.
He gave the book to my father.
ENDorFINISH
The words end and finish have fairly similar meanings, but there are a number of differences. Let's look at them.
When we are talking about approaching the completion of some action, the construction finish + addition (“to complete something”) is used.
E.g. You should try to finish all the work before 6 p.m.
You should try complete all work until 6 p.m.
I have already finishedreading that book.
I have already finishedreading that book.
If we use the construction “end + addition”, we get the meaning “to stop, stop something.” The meaning will be similar to the verb “to stop”:
E.g. We must end this war!
We have to stop this war!
They decided to end their relationships.
They decided end your relationship. (Fig. 7)
Rice. 7. Illustration for example ()
When talking about the “physical/material” end of something (rather than a temporary end), it is better to use “end”:
E.g. This street ends a mile away from here.
This street ends one mile from here.
In all other cases, as a rule, there is either no difference between these words or it is not significant. Eg:
Whattimedoyour classes end / finish ?
At what time your classes are ending?
After nouns qualified by superlative adjectives, ordinal numbers, and all, only only the pronoun is used that(but not which):
E.g. This is the second book that I read last summer.
This is the second book I read last summer.(Fig. 8)
I"ve read all the books that you gave me.
I've read all the books which you gave it to me.
This is the best dictionary that I have ever seen.
This is the best dictionary which I've ever seen.
The only thing that I can do is to take his advice.
The only thing, What What I can do is listen to his advice.
Rice. 8. Illustration for example ()
Limericks
English limericks are poems that are one of the components of English humor and culture.
A limerick is a short, funny poem consisting of five lines. In addition, a distinctive feature of the limerick is its special, uniform poetic form. Usually begins with the words “There was a...”.
Here are some interesting limericks.
There was an Old Man of Peru,
Who dreamed he was eating his shoe.
He wakes up in the night
In a terrible fright
And found it was perfectly true!
One day I saw an eccentric
In a dream that he eats his shoe
He instantly woke up
And I was convinced
That this is really true.
There was an Old Man, who when little,
Fell casually into a kettle;
But growing too stout
He could never get out
So he passed all his life in that kettle.
One clumsy kid
Fell into the pot, you tomboy.
He wanted to get out quickly
But I got so fat
That the little guy remained there.
Self-test tasks
And now let’s do some exercises to understand the use of who, which, whose and that better.
Now let's do some exercises to better understand the use of the pronouns who, which, whose, that.
Look at the sentences and fill the gaps with the necessary relative pronoun - who, whose, which.
1. Do you know ___ cup of tea it is? → whose
2. She is looking at the aquarium ___ we bought last week. → which
3. I don’t know the girl ___ is speaking with my brother. → who
4. Where is the pie ___ our mother made yesterday? → which
5. Do you know ___ dog is in our garden? → whose
6. We know ___ broke your vase. → who
7. I don’t see the boy ___ won the competition. → who
8. Have you found the dog ___ bit you? → which
9. I wonder ___ car it is. → whose
10. The apple ___ I bought is worm-eaten. → which
Bibliography
- Afanasyeva O. V. Series “New English course for Russian schools.” 5th grade. - M: Bustard, 2008.
- Fomina I. N., Fomina L. V. English in algorithms. - Dnepropetrovsk, 2007.
- Dubrovin M.I. Illustrated guide to English grammar. - M: “Nachala-Press”, 1992.
- Pakhotin A. Everything about modal verbs and the subjunctive mood in English. - M: Karev Publisher, 2005.
- Educational Internet resources - English language ().
- Rapidsteps.com ().
- CorrectEnglish.ru ().
Homework
Insert the pronouns who, whose or which.
1. He didn’t know ___ sheet of paper it was. 2. We are talking about the book ___ we bought yesterday. 3. I don’t know the man ___ is looking at me. 4. Where is the pizza ___ she cooked yesterday? 5. Do you know ___ cat it is? 6. I know ___ broke your smartphone. 7. We are discussing the boy ___ won the competition. 8. Do you see the elephant ___ has a big red bow? 9. He wonders ___ house it is. 10. The apple-pie ___ I bought is in the refrigerator.
Divide the pronouns who, which, whose, that into two columns depending on whether they are used with animate and inanimate objects. Come up with one example to support your choice.
The essence of any communication is the exchange of information. If you want to know something specific from your interlocutor, then you need to ask an informational question. In order for the interlocutor to understand exactly what information you want to receive from him, the correct question word plays an important role. In an information question, the question word should come first.
All question words, with the exception of How, begin with the letters Wh, so information questions are often called Wh-Questions. Question words can be one word, two words, or a whole phrase. Some words (what, how) form a series of interrogative combinations, which we will also pay attention to.
Many people find it difficult to remember all the question words at once, because at first glance they seem very similar. In addition, most of the question words have nuances in use that simply cannot be ignored.
I decided to introduce you to question words gradually, in doses, because I know from myself how difficult it is to quickly perceive a large amount of information. In my explanations, I will not limit myself to the translation of the question word and examples of questions with it, but will try to tell you as much as possible. Today we will look at the words who, whom and whose.
Who? - Who? (Who? To whom? By whom?)
This word is only used in questions about a person. When we ask a question with the word who , we want to get the person's name in response, or information about who that person is:
Who is it? - Who is this?
Who will help you? - Who will help you?
Who did you invite to the party? -Who did you invite to the party?
Who did they travel with? -Who did they travel with?
Questions with who can be of two types: questions to the subject and questions to the object. Depending on what exactly we want to ask, the structure of the question will change:
Who called you? - Who called you?
(question to the subject)
Who did you call? - Who did you call?
(question for addition)
I explained the difference between these questions in great detail in the article. If you find it difficult to understand the difference between these types of questions, I highly recommend that you read and understand.
Whom - Whom? By whom? To whom?
The interrogative word whom is very similar to who, even translated the same way, but is not used as often as who. If who can ask questions to the subject (Who?), then questions with whom imply a question only about the object: Whom? To whom? Rarely seen in modern colloquial speech, this word is more typical of the formal style:
Whom did you meet yesterday? -Who did you meet yesterday?
Whom is she calling? -Who is she calling?
Whom is often used in questions with verbs that require the preposition to, for, with, and others after them. For example: give, speak, talk, buy, send and many others. Therefore, questions with whom at the beginning can have a preposition at the end:
Who(m) did you talk to? - Who did you talk to?
Who(m) did he buy it for? - Who/for whom did he buy it?
Who(m) did you send the letter to? - Who did you send the letter to?
In all the examples above, you can replace who with whom. But if you have a very formal tone, then the preposition can come at the beginning of the sentence, before whom:
To whom did you talk to? - Who did you talk to?
With whom will you meet? -Who will you meet?
Whose? - Whose?
If you need to ask a question about who owns something, you will need the question word whose. Most often whose is used with a noun. If the question is about an object (whose object?), and from the communication situation it is clear what exactly the question is about (for example, you point to an object), then the noun may be omitted:
Whose (book) is this? - Whose book is this?
Whose (pencils) are those? - Whose pencils are they?
If you are asking about people, then the noun after whose cannot be removed:
Whose brother is he? -Whose brother is he?
Whose children are they? - Whose children are these?
The noun about which the question is being asked can also go to the end of the sentence. Then the auxiliary verb comes directly after the question word whose:
Whose is this book? - Whose book is this?
Whose are those pencils? - Whose pencils are they?
Whose are these children? - Whose children are these?
Since the owners of something are usually people, in response we expect to hear the person’s name in the possessive case, or a possessive pronoun. We discussed in detail how to answer questions with whose in the articles and.
Whose can also be used with prepositions. The preposition can appear at the very beginning of the question (more formal option) or at the end (less formal option):
With whose plan do you agree? -Whose plan do you agree with?
In whose house did you stay? - In whose house did you stay?
And one last point. You can confuse the question word whose with the form who's, because they sound exactly the same. Who's is from who is or who has, so there is no auxiliary verb after it (it is shortened), and after whos e there is a regular, unabridged auxiliary verb:
Who's this? - Who is this?
Who's got a pen? -Who has a pen?
Who's done that? - Who did it?
Whose is this? - Whose is this?
In the next article on questions, I will tell you about question words. And the next article will be devoted to the question words where, when, how. If you have any questions, write to us and leave comments.
When learning English, you cannot ignore the important topic of relative pronouns. Their use in the context of subordinate clauses has a number of interesting nuances that will be useful for you to know.
What are relative pronouns?
In English, there are the following relative pronouns: who, that, which, whom, whose, and whoever/whomever. Basically, relative pronouns are needed to introduce subordinate clauses.
Typically, this type of subordinate clause refers to the word, phrase, or sense of the main clause that serves as the antecedent (the noun or its equivalent to which the subsequent pronoun refers).
In the following examples, the relative pronouns whom and that affect the subject, which is the antecedent:
The neighbor, whom I saw this morning, crashed his car. — Neighbour, whom I saw this morning, I crashed my car.
The cake that Jane cooked was nice and tasty. — Cake, which Jane baked it, it was beautiful and delicious.
The use of one or another relative pronoun directly depends on the type of subordinate clause. There are two types of subordinate clauses: restrictive (clarifying the meaning) and distributive (supplementing new information). In both cases, the relative pronoun can be a subject, an object, or a possessive pronoun (whose).
Relative pronouns in restrictive clauses
Relative pronouns introducing a restrictive clause are not separated by a comma from the main clause. In this case, the subordinate clause conveys important information about the antecedent in the main clause.
This information plays a key role in correctly understanding the meaning of the main sentence, so it cannot be omitted. Simply put, without a restrictive clause, the main sentence simply loses its meaning.
I was nicely surprised to meet guys who also arrived to support their favorite team. — I was pleasantly surprised to meet the guys, which They also came to support their favorite team.
It will be the party that everyone will remember. - It's going to be a party which will be remembered by everyone.
Relative pronouns as objects that define a person or thing can be omitted. However, formal English requires the use of a relative pronoun.
If the relative pronoun is the object of a preposition, which should be used instead of that, for example: in which, about which, for which. Let's look at examples:
Official English:Dr. Smith was the person to whom I expressed my deep esteem and whose reputation was known to everyone. — Dr. Smith was a man to whom I expressed my deepest respect and whose reputation was known to everyone.
Unofficial English:Dr. Smith was the person I expressed my deep esteem to and whose reputation was known to everyone.
Official English: There was a wonderful landscape at the exhibition that Jane adored. — There was a wonderful landscape at the exhibition, which Jane delighted.
Unofficial English: There was a wonderful landscape at the exhibition Jane adored.
Official English: Tom achieved the cave about which he had heard so many tales. — Tom reached the cave, about which heard so many legends.
Unofficial English: Tom achieved the cave he had heard so many tales about.
The relative pronoun whom is used quite rarely and is usually replaced by who, and in colloquial speech it is completely omitted:
Official version: The man to whom you said hello in the morning is my uncle. - Human, which you said hello in the morning - my uncle.
Conversational option: The man you said hello to in the morning is my uncle. (The man who you said hello to in the morning is my uncle.)
However, if the relative pronoun whom comes after a preposition and is its object, it cannot be omitted:
The man for whom she was waiting so many years finally appeared. - Finally, a man appeared, whom she waited for so many years.
Relative pronouns as possessive pronouns
In English, only whose is a possessive relative pronoun. Its antecedent can be both persons and objects.
The boy whose toy engine broke yesterday was presented a new beautiful toy truck. — Boy, whose The car broke down yesterday, I got a new first-class toy truck.
The bag whose owner got off the bus was delivered to the nearest lost-property office. — Bag, owner which got off the bus and was taken to the nearest lost and found office.
Relative pronouns in extended clauses
Despite the similarity in use, relative pronouns introducing distributive clauses are separated from the main clause by a comma. Usually which is a sign of a distributive clause.
As a rule, distributive clauses do not provide valuable information about the antecedent in the main clause. This information is not key to the correct understanding of the idea of the main sentence and can be omitted without losing its meaning.
In other words, a distributive clause is a deviation that provides additional information. Let's find out in what qualities relative pronouns can be used in distributive clauses.
Relative pronouns as subjects
- The summit, which lasted for three days, resulted in signing a set of important agreements. — The result of the summit, which lasted three days, a package of important agreements was signed.
- The movie, which he admired, was going to be shown in the cinema. - Movie, which I was delighted with it and were going to show it in the cinema.
Using That or Who/Which
The relative pronoun that is used only in subordinate clauses. It can also be replaced by who (in relation to persons) or which (in relation to objects). The word that is often used in spoken English, but who and which are more common in written English. For example:
- Spoken English that wrote a lot of wonderful poems and songs in the Scots language and standard English. — Robert Burns - Scottish poet, which wrote many wonderful poems and songs in the Scottish dialect and literary English.
- Written, formal English: Robert Burns is a Scottish poet who wrote a lot of wonderful poems and songs in the Scots language and standard English.
Special rules for using relative pronouns
Who or That
Informal English allows the use of both who and that when describing people. But if we are talking about the characteristics or abilities of a person/group of people, then it is better to use the relative pronoun that (although the use of who is also allowed):
- She is the kind of woman that always looks charming. - She's one of those women which always look adorable.
If in the official style we are talking about a specific person, it is preferable to use who:
- The man who won the prize was a cook. - Man, which won a prize, was a cook.
That or Which
There are several situations in English where it is more appropriate to use that than which. After the pronouns many, few, all, little, much, every(thing) and any(thing) you should use that:
- There are many ways that may help him resolve this complex issue. “There are many ways in which he can solve this complex issue.
A noun qualified by a superlative adjective also requires the relative pronoun that:
- This is the most beautiful car that he has ever seen. “This is the most beautiful car he has ever seen.”
Which or that? What's better? And what is the difference between them?
Is it necessary to use whom instead of who? And in what cases?
Can which and who always be replaced by that? And how do you say “whose” in English?
Let's find out!
Which, who, that - sentences with "which"
Today we will talk about complex sentences with “which” and “whose”.
In Russian they look like this:
Did you watch that movie? which did we discuss?
Human, whose " The Mercedes standing next to your Honda is Mr. Owens.
As you can see, there are at least two parts to such sentences. In the first example, the division goes like this:
1) Did you watch that movie...
2) ...which we discussed?
In the second example the situation is a little more complicated: there one part is inside another:
1) The man... is Mr. Owens.
2) ...whose Mercedes is next to your Honda...
We use the words “who” and “whose” to clarify the content of the first part, build a bridge to it and provide additional information.
In English, such sentences also exist, only instead of “which” are used several words at once: who, which, that.
The problem, of course, is that these words are used in different cases. Let's consider each of them in order.
Who
Who means "which, which, which" and is only used when talking about people!
In a sentence it can refer to a character, committing action (which, which, which):
The man who brought the envelope said that it was very important.
Human, which He brought an envelope and said that it was very important.
People who don"t have any work experience can"t apply for this position.
People, which do not have work experience, cannot apply for this vacancy.
Or who may refer to someone above by whom action performed (which, which, which):
Mr. and Mrs. Dunn who you invited to your wedding said that they can"t come.
Mr and Mrs Dunn which
Gabby who
Gabby's which I asked you to help me choose wallpaper, good taste.
Sometimes, in such sentences there is also a preposition (a small word like with, to, for etc.). It cannot be thrown away: we put it at the end of the part with who.
Who is the man who you were talking with?
Who is that person With which did you talk?
A person who I bought this gift for was very happy.
Human, For whom I bought this gift, I was very happy.
Please note that in Russian we do the opposite: we put such words next to “which” (“with which”, “for which”, etc.)
We can supply whom, when an action is performed on someone:
Mr. and Mrs. Dunn whom
Mr and Mrs Dunn which you invited me to a wedding, but they said they couldn’t come.
Gabby whom I asked to help me with choosing wallpapers has a very good sense of taste.
Gabby's which I asked you to help me choose wallpaper, good taste.
This is grammatically correct, but is practically not used in spoken language. However whom can be found in official business texts (documents, official letters, etc.) - be prepared for this!
Which
Which means "which, which, which, which" and "which, which, which, which." This word is only used for objects and animals!
The laptop which I bought yesterday broke down.
Laptop, which I bought it yesterday, it broke.
Bring me the scissors which are on the shelf, please.
Bring me the scissors which on the shelf, please.
Cases like " With which", " To to whom", require a pretext at the end parts With which:
That
Unlike the word who, which is used only for humans, and which, used only with objects and animals, that is a universal word.
It is inserted in all cases: for people, animals, and objects. In other words, they can replace who, And which. In any unclear situation, use that.
Bring me the scissors that are on the shelf, please.
Bring me the scissors which on the shelf, please.
People that don"t have any work experience can"t apply for this job.
People, which do not have work experience, cannot apply for this vacancy.
The same as in the cases with who And which, « With which", " For which" and so on are built by adding a preposition at the end of the part with that:
This is the castle that the legendary count Dracula lived in!
This is a castle V which lived the legendary Count Dracula!
Who is the man that you were talking with?
Who is that person With which did you talk?
(!) There is only one case where that never used. These are cases where we use "which" to enter additional, optional information.
Mr. and Mrs. Dunn whom you invited to your wedding, said that they can't come.
Mr and Mrs Dunn which you invited me to a wedding, but they said they couldn’t come.
The laptop, which I bought yesterday, broke down.
Laptop, which I bought it yesterday, it broke.
We check as follows: If information, introduced With with help "which" Can throw it away without loss of meaning, then you can’t put it there that.
Mr. and Mrs. Dunn whom you invited to your wedding said that they can"t come.
Mr and Mrs Dunn whichyou invited to the wedding, They said they couldn't come.
The laptop which I bought yesterday broke down.
Laptop, which I bought it yesterday, it broke.
If you can’t throw it away, then use it. that. Let's look at the following examples and see that we can't get rid of what comes after that.
Bring me the scissors that are on the shelf, please.
Bring me the scissors whichon the shelf, please.
(The meaning is lost: we are talking about specific scissors; information about the shelf is important.)
The man that brought the envelope said that it was very important.
Human, which He brought an envelope and said that it was very important.
(The meaning is lost: the information came specifically from the one who brought the envelope and, apparently, knows about its contents.)
Whose
The question remains: how to express belonging, that is, to say “whose”? From the word who another is formed - whose("whose, whose, whose, whose"). It can also be used in complex sentences:
My sister whose opinion I respect told me to apply for a different position.
My sister, whose I respect your opinion, she told me to apply for another vacancy.
Several people whose names I won't mention don't agree with this decision.
Some people, whose I will not mention names, I do not agree with this decision.
Do you remember that scientist whose research got a Nobel Prize in biology last year?
Do you remember that scientist whose research won a Nobel Prize last year?
For objects and animals whose also used:
White cats whose eyes are blue are usually deaf.
White cats, whose blue eyes are usually deaf.
In Russia there are several cities whose population is more than one million.
There are several cities in Russia whose the population is more than one million.
I hope the information was useful and understandable. For it to finally take hold, let's do exercise.
Reinforcement tasks
Insert the correct word for ___. If any small words need to be rearranged, do so.
1. Ann Wyatt, who I went to school with ___, is now a famous businesswoman!
2. The case I told about ___ is very rare.
3. Tomorrow I will talk about the project for ___ I collected data.
4. Phones with ___ batteries prematurely failed will be repaired at service centers free of charge.
5. I mark on this map the countries ___ I visited.
6. Is there anyone here ___ capable of solving this problem?
7. I want to wear the watch ___ that Mr. President gave me.
8. Ben, ___ his grades left much to be desired, was expelled.