Who invented the Trojan? Trojan Horse: did it really exist?

About the great and bloody war and how thirty fighters decided the outcome of the battle that happened in 1193 BC. we learned thanks to Homer's poem "Iliad". This is a story about the naivety of defenders and the cunning of attackers.

Myth of Troy

The Trojan prince Paris fell in love with the beautiful Helen, the wife of the Spartan king Menelaus. He managed to persuade the beauty to escape and, taking advantage of the absence of Menelaus, the loving couple sailed to Troy. The insulted Menelaus, together with his brother Agamemnon, gathered a huge army and hurried after the fugitives.

lasted ten years bloody war between the Spartans and Trojans. Great warriors met in battle, their names went down in history forever - Achilles, Hector, Patroclus, etc.

The strong walls of the city were impregnable to the Greeks. Then Odysseus, king of Ithaca, came up with one trick - to build a huge statue of a horse, hollow inside, into which the soldiers would climb. But how to force the Trojans to drag the statue through the impregnable walls of the city? And the cunning Greek foresaw this.

Fall of Troy

In the morning, the Trojans discovered a huge statue of a horse near the city walls with an inscription that said that this horse was built in honor of the goddess Athena and as long as it stood, the Greeks would not attack the Trojans. The Greeks themselves removed their camp and sent the ships home. The Trojans were able to convince the Trojans of this by Odysseus’s cousin Sinon, who allegedly went over to their side. However, the controversy surrounding the horse did not subside; Cassandra stated that there were warriors in the statue of the horse, but they did not believe her. The priest Laoocon threw a spear at the statue, exclaiming “Fear the Danaans who bring gifts.” However, later, according to legend, he and his two sons were strangled by sea serpents, which became a sign for the Trojans to drag the statue into the city.

Residents of the city threw a feast in honor of the end of the war, and numerous guards also succumbed to the celebration. Therefore, the Greeks who got out of the statue were freely able to open the city gates and let in the army of their compatriots. Helen was returned to her husband, and the city was burned to the ground.

Was there a horse?

Historians still argue about the existence of the Trojan Horse and the location of Troy.

In his book “Description of Greece,” the Roman scholar and traveler Pausanias, who lived around the 2nd century AD, writes that the Horse existed, but it was not a statue, but a battering ram, captured from the Greeks by the Trojans. The Trojans took him to the city so that the Greeks would not destroy the city walls, but the townspeople, in the confusion, did not notice the hidden soldiers.

There is also another version. At that distant time, it was said about the rowers in the hold of a ship that it was hard for them, like in the belly of a horse. It is possible that Homer called the ship in which Odysseus’s soldiers were hiding “horse”.

According to Homer's descriptions, the Trojan Horse was about 3 meters wide and 7.6 meters high. Built as described today, the model weighed approximately two tons and could accommodate no more than twenty men of average build.

In order to drag this structure it would take forty people and preparatory work It would have taken several days, so the warriors hiding in the horse would have had a hard time.

In 2011, the National Geographic TV channel made a film about the guesses of scientists, new research in the field of studying the Trojan War, in which historians and archaeologists will try to figure out where Troy was? Did the Trojan Horse exist? And finally, did the Beautiful Helen exist?

National Geographic Channel's Troy Movie

Troy in the cinema

There are many productions about the Trojan War. The most recent film adaptation is the film "Troy", shot in 2004 by American director Wolfang Petersen. The heroes of the Iliad will once again meet in mortal combat, and ancient events will sparkle with new colors. But the fact that this film adaptation is the last does not mean that the others are significantly worse. For example, in the film “Helen of Troy” the scene with the horse is also very impressive.

Scene from the film “Helen of Troy” (video)

Regardless of whether Homer's Iliad is fact or fiction, the poem is beautiful and instructive. It gave food to filmmakers around the world and food for thought to many military strategists. So, during the Second World War soviet soldiers have used similar tactics many times.

Wooden horse of the Greeks. - Cassandra's prediction about the Trojan horse. - Laocoon strikes Trojan horse spear. - Sinon convinces to bring the Trojan horse to Ilion. - Death of Priam. - Death of Astyanax, son of Hector and Andromache. - Menelaus forgives Helen. - Trojan captives Hecuba and Cassandra. - Sacrifice of Polyxena at the grave of Achilles.

Wooden horse of the Greeks

The Greeks fulfilled all the predictions about Troy that the soothsayers demanded of them, but in order to enter Troy and take possession of it, they, and mainly Odysseus, came up with the following trick. The sculptor Epeus built a huge wooden horse with help; the armed Odysseus was hidden in it with the bravest of the Greek warriors.

In ancient mythology and the subsequent history of European culture, this wooden horse of the sculptor Epeus received the name Trojan horse. The expression itself Trojan horse has become a common noun in European languages ​​and means something that contains a hidden threat under its attractive appearance.

Rationalizing myth interpreters ancient Greece believed that under the image wooden horses The wooden sea ships that took Troy were reinterpreted allegorically, and later mythology made them into one horse.

The Greeks leave this horse in the middle of the camp, and for show they board ships and sail away. The delighted Trojans leave their city. Seeing a huge wooden horse, some of the Trojans begin to demand that it be brought to Troy and dedicated to the gods in gratitude for deliverance from the Greeks, while others oppose this, especially Cassandra, the daughter of Priam.

Cassandra's prediction about the Trojan horse

Cassandra was the most beautiful of the daughters of the last king of Troy. God Apollo, who sought an alliance with Cassandra, gave her the gift of prediction, but Cassandra did not agree to be his wife. The gods cannot take back their gifts, and the angry Apollo decided that although Cassandra would foretell the truth in her predictions, no one would believe Cassandra’s predictions.

In vain does Cassandra persuade the Trojans, in vain does she predict to them the following in tears: “You fools, what blindness has taken possession of you if you want to introduce this work of cunning and deception into the walls of your city! Don’t you see that your enemies are hidden in it!” (Homer).

Laocoon hits the Trojan horse with a spear

The Trojans do not believe Cassandra, despite the fact that Laocoon, Trojan priest of Apollo, shared the same opinion with Cassandra about the wooden horse of the Greeks.

Laocoon even plunges his spear into the side of the Trojan horse: inside the wooden belly the weapons of the enemies hidden there ring, but the blindness of the Trojans is so great that they do not pay attention to it.

According to the Roman poet Virgil, Laocoon, hearing the sound of Greek weapons behind the horse's wooden flanks, said:

Quidquid id est, timeo Danaos et dona ferentes -
“Whatever it is, I am afraid of the Danaans [i.e. Greeks], even when they bring gifts.”

These sayings of Laocoon in the transmission of Virgil became Latin winged words.

When Laocoon then sacrificed to the god Poseidon on the seashore with his two sons, two snakes emerge from the depths of the sea. They wrap themselves around the sons of Laocoon; The unfortunate people in fear call their father for help. Laocoön hurries to his sons, but snakes also wrap themselves around him, as if in iron rings. Beside himself with pain and horror, Laocoon calls out to the gods; they remain deaf to his pleas. Having strangled Laocoon and his sons, the snakes hide in the temple of Pallas Athena under her altar.

Horror seized the Trojans. They see the death of Laocoon. It seems to the Trojans that Laocoon is being punished for daring to pierce the sacred horse with a spear, and the people demand that the wooden horse be immediately taken to the temple of Pallas Athena in Troy.

The tragic death of Laocoon and his sons served as a plot for one of greatest works antique sculpture. The famous sculptural group “Laocoon and his sons strangled by the snakes of the goddess Athena” was found in Rome in 1506 and is now in the Vatican.

The Roman writer Pliny the Elder says that it was sculpted by three Rhodian sculptors - Agesander, Polydorus and Athenodorus; the time of their life is unknown, but there is reason to assume that this work dates back to the era of prosperity of the Rhodes school, that is, to 250-200 BC.

Sinon convinces to bring the Trojan horse to Ilion

The next trick of the Greeks further confirmed the Trojans’ decision to introduce a wooden horse into the city.

A Greek named Sinon from Argos wounded himself and covered his entire face with scratches. Drenched in blood, Sinon threw himself at the feet of King Priam, complaining about the cruelty of the Greeks and asking for protection.

Priam received him with joy, rewarded him with gifts and asked him about the Trojan horse. Sinon replied that the Greeks would die as soon as the wooden horse entered the city of Troy.

Then the Trojans, no longer doubting and hoping for the patronage of Pallas Athena, harness themselves and bring the Trojan horse into the city, preceded by singers and musicians.

At night, a detachment of Greeks, introduced into the city in this way, dismounts from the Trojan horse and opens the gates of Troy to their comrades.

The Greeks surround the palace of the elderly Priam on all sides, who, seeing that crowds of Greeks are breaking into the palace, seeks refuge with his whole family at the foot of the altar of Zeus.

Death of Priam

Achilles' son Neoptolemus, or Pyrrhus, pursues the children of Priam, and the last son dies at the feet of his father.

Priam grabs the dart and with a trembling hand throws it at his son’s killer, but Neoptolemus rushes at Priam and kills him with his sword.

“This is how Priam ended his life, this is how this powerful ruler of Asia, the king of so many nations, perished among the burning Troy. Priam is now nothing more than a bloody torso, a body without a name” (Virgil).

There are many ancient images of the death of Priam and his children.

Death of Astyanax, son of Hector and Andromache

While Priam, struck by the cruel Neoptolemus, dies, Andromache, Hector’s widow, foreseeing the fate of her son Astyanax, tries to hide him. Astyanax clings to his mother Andromache in fear, but she tells him: “You are crying, my son! Do you really understand what awaits you? Why are your little arms wrapped around my neck so tightly, why do you grab my clothes so tightly? Hector will not appear from the ground, armed with his formidable spear, to save you; neither his family, nor the former Phrygian power - nothing will save you. Now you will be thrown from a high cliff by an inexorable enemy, and I will hear your last breath” (Euripides).

The bloodthirsty Neoptolemus is already looking for Hector’s son everywhere. Andromache, washing Neoptolemus’s feet with tears, begs him to grant life to her son, but the stern warrior does not listen to her. Neoptolemus grabs Hector and Andromache's child and throws Astyanax off the cliff.

The group of sculptor Bartolini perfectly conveys the horror of this mythological scene.

Paris dies, pierced by the arrow of Hercules fired by Philoctetes.

Menelaus forgives Helen

Elena, the culprit of all these troubles, seeks salvation at the foot of the altar. Menelaus overtakes her there. Menelaus finally wants to take revenge for the insult inflicted on him, but, struck again by the beauty of Helen, he drops the sword with which he was going to punish the culprit. Menelaus forgets and forgives everything and takes Helen with him.

Trojan captives Hecuba and Cassandra

Many works of art have survived depicting the fall of Troy and the sad fate of Priam.

In the Naples Museum there is a beautiful antique vase on which the most important episodes of the destruction of Troy are presented.

Having taken Troy, the Greeks divided the spoils among themselves and took captives with them to sell them in a foreign country. Apparently, the fate of these unfortunate Trojans, who so bravely defended their hometown and were doomed to live in hard and shameful slavery in their old age, greatly occupied the imagination of ancient artists, because there are beautiful statues in almost all museums, known as “Prisoners”. They are all dressed in Trojan clothes, the expression on their faces is sad and submissive, they all seem to be dreaming and sad about their lost fatherland.

The fate of the Trojan women was the saddest.

The elderly Hecuba, the widow of Priam, went to Odysseus. Mourning the death of her children, Hecuba thinks with horror about her lonely old age and about the terrible hardships and labors that await her, the former queen, in slavery. Hecuba says: “Mortals, let my fate serve you as a lesson: do not call even the happiest mortal happy until his death” (Euripides).

The prophetess Cassandra, daughter of Priam, predicts her union with Agamemnon. Cassandra triumphs in advance, knowing that she will descend into the kingdom of shadows only when she sees the death of the house of Atrides, the descendants of Atreus, who destroyed her family (Euripides). But no one believes Cassandra’s predictions, and Agamemnon takes her away as his captive.

Sacrifice of Polyxena on the tomb of Achilles

Having finally quenched their thirst for revenge, the Greeks set off on their way back. They barely had time to weigh anchor when a storm broke out and the shadow of the formidable Achilles appeared; she began to reproach her comrades for leaving the hero’s grave without making any sacrifice to Achilles.

Achilles was supposed, in the event of peace with Troy, to marry Polyxena, one of the daughters of Priam. The soothsayers, asked what kind of sacrifice Achilles required for himself, answered that he wanted Polyxena to follow him into the kingdom of shadows and become his wife there.

Despite Hecuba's pleas and pleas, Polyxena was sacrificed at Achilles' grave.

Many ancient engraved stones depict Neoptolemus stabbing Polyxena to death with a sword on the tomb of Achilles.

The ancient Greek sculptor Polykleitos sculpted a beautiful statue of Polyxena, which enjoyed great fame in antiquity.

ZAUMNIK.RU, Egor A. Polikarpov - scientific editing, scientific proofreading, design, selection of illustrations, additions, explanations, translations from ancient Greek and Latin; all rights reserved.

The reason for the Trojan War was a dispute between three goddesses: Hera, Athena and Aphrodite, to whom the daughter of the Night Eris threw an apple with the inscription “To the Most Beautiful”. Of the three, Paris chose Aphrodite, who became his patroness. But then Paris sailed by ship to Greece, stayed in Sparta in the house of Menelaus and, taking advantage of his absence, stole his beautiful wife Helen and took him with him to Troy. With the support of his brother Agamemnon, Menelaus gathered a large army, which set off to conquer Troy and liberate Helen.

For ten years the Greeks waged military operations against the Trojans and could not conquer the besieged city. Then the cunning Odysseus proposed to take him by deception: to build a huge wooden horse, which could accommodate the strongest and bravest warriors. Leave him in front of the gates of Troy, and the entire army sail away on ships away from the shore. Let the Trojans think that the siege has been lifted and the Greeks have left forever, and this wooden horse is like a gift from them. When the Trojans bring the horse into the city, the soldiers will get out of it at night, kill the guards, open the city gates, and the Greek troops who arrive at night will enter the city.

Not everyone supported Odysseus's plan. Many leaders doubted that the Trojans were so naive that they would believe in the selfless “gift” of the Greeks. But since there were no other plans, we decided to try it. Famous artist Epeus drew a sketch of a war horse, and the warriors began to build it in larger sizes. The horse turned out to be gigantic. The best warriors entered. The entrance hole was quietly sealed. After this, the Greeks turned their camp and went to the ships. The Trojans watching them from the walls were perplexed. Did they really lift the siege, why did they leave the horse then?

The Trojans opened the gates and saw that the Greeks had indeed abandoned their camp. Their ships disappeared from the horizon. They looked at the giant horse with interest, trying to understand for what purpose the Greeks made it. They started arguing. Some offered to bring him into the city, others, among them the priest Laocoon, were convinced that this was a military trick of the Greeks and the horse should be burned. Laocoon even threw a spear at the horse, and there was a sound reminiscent of the clanking of weapons.

But the Trojans, delighted at the lifting of the siege, no longer listened to him. Their attention was attracted by two snakes floating on the sea. They crawled ashore next to Laocoon and his two sons, who were about to make a sacrifice, and suddenly wrapped themselves around them. All the Trojans fled in fear. Laocoon could not cope with the snakes; they bit him and strangled him. Laocoön and his children became exhausted and fell lifeless. And the snakes, having completed their work, crawled into the sea.

The Trojans believed that Laocoon had angered the goddess Athena with his suspicion, and she sent snakes to kill him. They boldly rode their horse into the city and closed the gates.

Late at night, the Greeks got out of the horse's interior, opened the gates and let in the Greek army, which was already standing under the walls of the city. And houses immediately burst into flames, entire streets were on fire. The Greeks spared no one. The awakened Trojans tried to resist. But it was already too late. The Greeks captured the palace and killed King Priam. Menelaus managed to find his wife Helen. He took her hand and led her to the ship. The Greeks left the city in the fire of conflagrations. Troy practically ceased to exist.

Even after long battles, the Greeks could not take possession of the city. Then Odysseus decided to act by cunning. He advised the Greeks to build such a huge wooden horse that the most powerful warriors could hide in it. And when the Trojans bring the horse into the city, the heroes will come out at night and open the gates of the city. Odysseus assured that this was the only way to take Troy. The prophetic Kalkhant, to whom Zeus sent a sign, also convinced the Greeks to resort to cunning.

The famous artist Epeus and his student, with the help of the goddess Athena, built a huge wooden horse. It included armed warriors. Aeneas closed the hole through which the heroes entered so tightly that it was impossible to even think that there was someone on the horse. Then the Greeks burned all the buildings in their camp, boarded a ship and sailed to the open sea.

From the high walls of Troy, the besieged saw extraordinary movement in the Greek camp. Suddenly they noticed that thick clouds of smoke were rising from the Greek camp. Rejoicing, the Trojans left the city and went to the camp, which was really abandoned, with buildings still burning out in some places. They were sure that the siege had finally ended, all troubles had passed, and they could now indulge in peaceful labor.

Suddenly the Trojans stopped in amazement when they saw a wooden horse. They looked at it and were at a loss as to what this amazing structure was. Some of them advised throwing the horse into the sea, others - taking it to the city and placing it on the acropolis. An argument began. Then the priest of the god Apollo, Laocoon, appeared before the disputants. He passionately began to convince his fellow citizens to destroy the horse.

Laocoon was sure that the horse was some kind of military trick invented by Odysseus. Laocoon did not believe that the Greeks had abandoned Troy forever. He begged the Trojans to beware of the horse. Laocoon grabbed a huge spear and threw it at his horse. The statue shuddered from the blow, and the weapon inside it rattled dully. But the gods darkened the minds of the Trojans - they still decided to take the horse to the city.

Suddenly a loud scream was heard. It was the shepherds who were leading a bound prisoner who surrendered voluntarily. This captive was the Greek Sinon. The Trojans surrounded him and began to mock him. Sinon stood silently, fearfully looking at the enemies surrounding him. Finally, he spoke. He complained bitterly, shedding tears, about his evil fate. Sinon Priam and all the Trojans were touched by the tears. They began to ask the detainee who he was and why he stayed. Then Sinon told a fictitious story that Odysseus had invented for him in order to deceive the Trojans.

The Trojans believed the cunning Greek. Priam ordered his release and asked what the meaning of this wooden horse, left by the Greeks in the camp, meant. This was the only question Sinon was waiting for. Calling the gods to witness that he was telling the truth, Sinon said that the horse was left to appease the formidable Athena. The Trojans believed Sinon. He deftly played the role that Odysseus entrusted to him.

The Trojans were further convinced that Sinon was telling the truth by the terrible snakes sent by Athena. They quickly swam to the shore, twisting in the waves. The creatures crawled ashore and all the Trojans fled in horror. The snakes rushed at the two sons of Laocoon and wrapped themselves around them. Laocoon hastened to help his sons, but snakes also entwined him. With their sharp teeth they tormented the bodies of the priest and his two sons. The unfortunate man tried to tear the snake off himself and free his children, but in vain. The poison penetrated deeper into the body.

The suffering of Laocoon and his sons was terrible. Laocoon died, seeing the terrible death of his innocent children, he died because he wanted, contrary to the will of God, to save his homeland. The snakes, having completed their vile deed, crawled away and hid under the shield of the statue of Athena.

The death of Laocoon finally convinced the Trojans that they must bring the wooden horse to Troy. They dismantled part of the city wall, since the huge statue could not be transported through the gate. The horse stopped four times, hitting the wall when they dragged him through the gap, and the Greek weapons rattled menacingly from the shocks, but the townspeople did not hear this. Finally, they dragged the horse to the acropolis.

Prophetic Cassandra was horrified when she saw the horse. She foreshadowed the death of Troy, but the Trojans responded with laughter - they never believed her predictions.

The warriors sat on their horses in deep silence, sensitively listening to every sound coming from outside. They heard beautiful-haired Elena calling them by name, imitating the voice of their wives. Odysseus forcibly restrained one of the heroes, covering his mouth so that he would not answer.

Night has fallen. Troy fell into a deep sleep. Sinon's voice was heard near the wooden statue - he let the heroes know that they could now leave. Sinon also managed to build a large fire at the gates of Troy. This was a sign to the Greeks who had taken refuge behind Tenedos to hurry to the city. Carefully, trying not to make any noise with their weapons, the heroes dismounted; the first were Odysseus and Aeneas. The heroes scattered along the sleepy streets of Troy. Houses burst into flames, illuminating the dying city with a bloody glow. The rest of the Greeks also came to the aid of the heroes. A terrible battle began. The Trojans defended themselves with whatever they could.

In anger, Menelaus would have killed the beautiful Helen, but Agamemnon held him back. The goddess Aphrodite again awakened love for Helen in the chest of Menelaus, and he solemnly led her to his ship.

Of all the heroes of Troy, only Aeneas escaped, carrying his old father Anchises and his little son Ascanius out of the city in his arms. The Greeks also spared the Trojan hero Antenor. He repeatedly advised the Trojans to hand over the beautiful-haired Helen and the treasures of Menelaus stolen by Paris.

Troy was still burning for a long time. Clouds of smoke rose high into the sky. The gods mourned the death of the great city. This huge funeral pyre was visible in the distance. Pala Troy is the most powerful city in Asia. The Achaeans won, but at what a high cost!

The formidable hordes of the commander, Agamemnon, king of kings

I looked around at the crowds of people who had survived the prey -

And he bowed his head,

Obsessed with a sad thought -

Many of them came to Troy,

Few of them will return with him...

Homer, "Iliad".

The Trojan War did not bring success to either side. It turned into a tragedy, but generated not by chance, but by the inscrutable ways of fate. The fate of Troy, the Trojans, and the Achaean heroes was predicted and inexorable. For most of its participants, the Trojan War brought death or shame, exile.

| |

Left a reply Guest

The Trojan horse is a huge wooden horse in ancient Greek mythology, the construction of which is associated with one of the final episodes of the Trojan War.

The war between the Trojans and the Danaans began because the Trojan prince Paris stole the beautiful Helen from Menelaus. Her husband, the king of Sparta, and his brother gathered the army of Achaea and went against Paris. During the war with Troy, the Achaeans, after a long and unsuccessful siege, resorted to cunning: they built a huge wooden horse, left it near the walls of Troy, and they themselves pretended to sail away from the shore of the Troas (the invention of this trick is attributed to Odysseus, the most cunning of the Danaan leaders , and the horse was made by Epeus). The horse was an offering to the goddess Athena of Ilium. On the side of the horse was written “This gift is brought to Athena the Warrior by the departing Danaans.” To build the horse, the Hellenes cut down the dogwood trees (cranei) growing in Apollo’s sacred grove, appeased Apollo with sacrifices and gave him the name Carnea (for the horse was made of maple).

The priest Laocoont, seeing this horse and knowing the tricks of the Danaans, exclaimed: “Whatever it is, be afraid of the Danaans, even those who bring gifts!” (Quidquid id est, timeo Danaos et dona ferentes!) and threw his spear at the horse. However, at that moment, 2 huge snakes crawled out of the sea and killed Laocoont and his two sons, since the god Poseidon himself wanted the destruction of Troy. The Trojans, not listening to the warnings of Laocoon and the prophetess Cassandra, dragged the horse into the city. Virgil’s hemistich “Fear the Danaans, even those who bring gifts,” often quoted in Latin (“Timeo Danaos et dona ferentes”), has become a proverb. This is where the phraseological unit “Trojan horse” arose, used to mean: a secret, insidious plan disguised as a gift.

Inside the horse sat 50 of the best warriors (according to the Little Iliad, 3000). According to Stesichorus, 100 warriors, according to others - 20, according to Tsetsu - 23, or only 9 warriors: Menelaus, Odysseus, Diomedes, Thersander, Sfenel, Acamant, Foant, Machaon and Neoptolemus. The names of all were listed by the poet Sakad of Argos. Athena gave the heroes ambrosia.

At night, the Greeks, hiding inside the horse, got out of it, killed the guards, opened the city gates, let in their comrades who had returned on ships, and thus took possession of Troy (“Odyssey” by Homer, 8, 493 et ​​seq.; “Aeneid” by Virgil, 2, 15 et seq. Sl.).

Interpretations

According to Polybius, “almost all barbarian peoples, at least most of them, kill and sacrifice a horse either at the very beginning of a war, or before a decisive battle, in order to reveal a sign of the near future in the fall of the animal.”

According to the euhemeristic interpretation, in order to drag him in, the Trojans dismantled part of the wall, and the Hellenes took the city. According to the assumptions of some historians (found already with Pausanias), the Trojan horse was actually a battering machine, used to destroy walls. According to Dareth, a horse’s head was simply sculptured on the Skeian Gate.

There was the tragedy of Jophon “The Destruction of Ilion”, the tragedy of an unknown author “The Departure”, the tragedies of Livius Andronicus and Naevius “The Trojan Horse”, as well as the poem of Nero “The Wreck of Troy”.

Dating

Troy fell 17 days before the summer solstice, on the eighth day before the end of Fargelion. According to Dionysius the Argive, it was the 12th of Fargelion, in the 18th year of the reign of Agamemnon and the 1st year of the reign of Demophon in Athens. According to the author of the “Little Iliad”, on the full moon. According to Aegius and Derkiol, the 28th day of Panema, according to Hellanicus - 12 fargelion, according to other historiographers of Athens - 28 farhelion, on the full moon, last year the reign of Menestheus, according to others - 28 scirophorion. Or in winter. According to the Parian Chronicle, Troy fell in 1209 BC. e.

With the help of a living horse, Charidemus took Troy again c. 359 BC uh..