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Respiratory system. human respiratory system

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Knowledge of the anatomy and physiology of any organ is useful for both the average person and the doctor. For an ordinary person, knowledge of the structure of the larynx (larynx - translated into Latin), in addition to the pharynx, helps to understand how the voice appears, why it changes during puberty.

Anatomy helps to understand what happens when a person coughs or a foreign body enters the respiratory tract.

Few people know that there is a nasal part of the pharynx, oral and laryngeal parts of the pharynx.

The laryngeal part of the pharynx, starts from the entrance to the larynx to the entrance to the esophagus. On the anterior wall of the laryngeal part of the pharynx is the entrance to the larynx.

The anatomy of the pharynx consists only of the muscular component, arteries, veins and nerves. For a doctor, the anatomy of the pharynx and other structures that are included in the concept of "throat" helps in the treatment of various ENT diseases, during surgical interventions.

Knowledge of the anatomy of the pharynx and other structures allows not to disturb the blood and venous vessels, nerves during tracheotomy or other operations. After all, if the innervation of an organ is disrupted, then it will no longer be able to perform its functions.

Where is the larynx located?

The larynx is located in the anterior region of the neck. Relative to the spine, it is at the level of 4-7 vertebrae of the neck. On the front side, it is covered with sublingual muscles.

It is important to know! The thyroid gland is adjacent to the organ from the sides, and the laryngeal part of the pharynx, which passes into the esophagus, is behind.

When a person swallows, the epiglottis is displaced by the supra- and hyoid muscles. The structure of the larynx of a man differs from that of a woman (it is much larger in men).

The basis of the body is cartilage, which are attached by ligaments and muscles.

Knowing where the larynx is located helps to correctly perform a conicotomy, cricoconicotomy, and tracheotomy.

These medical manipulations are aimed at resuming the respiratory function of a person when a foreign body enters.

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In this case, a person cannot cough up a foreign body and begins to suffocate, asphyxia occurs, which leads to loss of consciousness and death.

Organ functions

There are several functions of the larynx: protective and vocal. The protective function is to warm and moisten the air that passes from the lower pharynx into the trachea. In addition, the air is cleaned of dust and gaseous impurities are neutralized.

Larynx prevents foreign particles from entering the trachea by contracting the epiglottis. When a foreign body enters, a spasm of the glottis occurs and a cough is caused, sometimes a gag reflex is observed.

This is due to the fact that the reaction to coughing and vomiting (the respiratory and vomiting centers are very close to each other) are located in the brain column.

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The vocal function is carried out by the release of air from the lungs to the outside, which leads to the vibration of the vocal cords and the appearance of a certain sound. Sound is formed through the passage of resonant cavities.

The first resonant cavity includes the space under the epiglottis, the Morganian ventricles, the oral part of the pharynx, the nasal part of the pharynx, the mouth and nose. To the second - the lungs and bronchi.

Regarding the mutation of the voice that occurs in the puberty period, we can say the following: the larynx becomes more powerful, the ligaments increase, the voice changes. This phenomenon is more typical for boys, lasts from several months to one year.

To prevent food from entering the larynx, the epiglottis closes the entrance to it when swallowing, be it saliva or food. This all happens reflexively (unconditioned reflex), if innervation is disturbed, saliva may enter the larynx, which causes coughing.

Anatomy

According to the anatomical structure, the larynx looks like a complex mosaic of cartilage and ligaments, but together it is an important organ with which a person can speak.

There are two types of cartilage:

unpaired: thyroid, also include the cricoid and epiglottic cartilages; paired: arytenoid, horn-shaped, wedge-shaped will also be included here.

The thyroid cartilage anatomically resembles the appearance of a shield. Consists of the upper thyroid notch, it is perfectly felt if touched through the skin (the so-called indentation of the larynx).

The thyroid cartilage has an opening through which the laryngeal artery passes. Where there is thyroid cartilage, the thyroid gland is located anatomically.

The cricoid cartilage looks like a ring, consists of a plate and an arc. The epiglottic cartilage (epiglottis) is located behind and below the root of the tongue.

The arytenoid cartilage is a paired cartilage. Cartilage anatomy includes a base with an articular surface and an apex. In the upper part there is a mound, and in the lower part there is a scallop, below which there is an oblong fossa where the vocal muscle is attached.

In addition, the muscular, vocal processes are distinguished, the vocal cord and the muscle of the same name are attached to the latter. The cartilages of the larynx are connected by ligaments and joints. Distinguish: thyroid-hyoid membrane, median, lateral thyroid-hyoid ligaments.

The thyroid cartilage is connected to the epiglottis by the cricoid joint and ligament. The joint has a cricothyroid articular capsule, which, when attached, forms the carob-cricoid ligament. As a result, the thyroid cartilage can move up and down. Because of these actions, the vocal cords are stretched.

On the side of the cricothyroid ligament there is a fibrous-elastic membrane. The connection of the cricoid and arytenoid cartilage occurs through the cricoarytenoid joint, the articular capsule and the cricoarytenoid ligament.

The structure of the human larynx also includes muscles:

muscles that determine the motor function of the larynx; muscles that involve individual cartilages of the larynx.

The second group of muscles helps to change the position of the epiglottis during swallowing and breathing.

Anatomy of blood supply: the larynx is supplied with blood by the superior and inferior laryngeal arteries. The innervation of the larynx is carried out by the nerves of the same name. Anatomy of the lymphatic drainage: lymph is diverted from the larynx to the anterior and lateral cervical lymph nodes. The innervation of the larynx is carried out by the nerves of the same name.

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The throat is a human organ that belongs to the upper respiratory tract.

Functions

The throat helps move air to the respiratory system and food through the digestive system. Also in one of the parts of the throat are the vocal cords and the protective system (prevents food from getting past its path).

Anatomical structure of the throat and pharynx

The throat contains a large number of nerves, the most important blood vessels and muscles. There are two parts of the throat - the pharynx and the larynx. Their trachea continues. The functions between the parts of the throat are divided as follows:

The pharynx moves food into the digestive system and air into the respiratory system. The vocal cords work thanks to the larynx.

Pharynx

Another name for the pharynx is the pharynx. It starts at the back of the mouth and continues down the neck. The shape of the pharynx is an inverted cone.

The wider part is located at the base of the skull for strength. The narrow lower part connects to the larynx. The outer part of the pharynx continues the outer part of the mouth - it has quite a lot of glands that produce mucus and help moisten the throat during speech or eating.

The pharynx has three parts - the nasopharynx, the oropharynx and the swallowing section.

Nasopharynx

Uppermost part of the throat. She has a soft palate that limits her and, when swallowing, protects her nose from food entering it. On the upper wall of the nasopharynx there are adenoids - an accumulation of tissue on the back wall of the organ. The Eustachian tube connects the nasopharynx with the throat and middle ear. The nasopharynx is not as mobile as the oropharynx.

Oropharynx

Middle part of the throat. Located behind the oral cavity. The main thing that this organ is responsible for is the delivery of air to the respiratory organs. Human speech is possible due to contractions of the muscles of the mouth. Even in the oral cavity is the tongue, which promotes the movement of food into the digestive system. The most important organs of the oropharynx are the tonsils, they are most often involved in various diseases of the throat.

Swallowing department

The lowest part of the pharynx with a speaking name. It has a complex of nerve plexuses that allow you to maintain synchronous operation of the pharynx. Thanks to this, air enters the lungs, and food enters the esophagus, and everything happens at the same time.

Larynx

The larynx is located in the body as follows:

Opposite the cervical vertebrae (4-6 vertebrae). Behind - directly the laryngeal part of the pharynx. In front - the larynx is formed due to the group of hyoid muscles. Above is the hyoid bone. Laterally - the larynx adjoins its lateral parts to the thyroid gland.

The larynx has a skeleton. The skeleton has unpaired and paired cartilages. Cartilage is connected by joints, ligaments and muscles.

Unpaired: cricoid, epiglottis, thyroid.

Paired: horn-shaped, arytenoid, wedge-shaped.

The muscles of the larynx, in turn, are also divided into three groups:

Four muscles narrow the glottis: thyroid-arytenoid, cricoarytenoid, oblique arytenoid and transverse muscles. Only one muscle expands the glottis - the posterior cricoarytenoid. She is a couple. The vocal cords are tensed by two muscles: the vocal and cricothyroid muscles.

The larynx has an entrance.

Behind this entrance are the arytenoid cartilages. They consist of horn-shaped tubercles that are located on the side of the mucous membrane. Front - epiglottis. On the sides - scoop-epiglottic folds. They consist of wedge-shaped tubercles.

The larynx is divided into three parts:

The vestibule - stretches from the vestibular folds to the epiglottis, the folds are formed by the mucous membrane, and between these folds is the vestibular fissure. The interventricular section is the narrowest. Stretches from the lower vocal folds to the upper ligaments of the vestibule. Its very narrow part is called the glottis, and it is created by the intercartilaginous and membranous tissues. Subvoice area. Based on the name, it is clear what is located below the glottis. The trachea expands and begins.

The larynx has three membranes:

The mucous membrane - unlike the vocal cords (they are from a flat non-keratinizing epithelium) consists of a multinucleated prismatic epithelium. Fibrocartilaginous sheath - consists of elastic and hyaline cartilages, which are surrounded by fibrous connective tissue, and provides the entire structure of the larynx. Connective tissue - the connecting part of the larynx and other formations of the neck.

The larynx is responsible for three functions:

Protective - in the mucous membrane there is a ciliated epithelium, and there are many glands in it. And if the food got past, then the nerve endings carry out a reflex - a cough, which brings the food back from the larynx into the mouth. Respiratory - associated with the previous function. The glottis can contract and expand, thereby directing air currents. Voice-forming - speech, voice. The characteristics of the voice depend on the individual anatomical structure. and the state of the vocal cords.

In the picture the structure of the larynx

Diseases, pathologies and injuries

There are the following problems:

Laryngospasm Inadequate hydration of the vocal cords Tonsillitis Angina laryngitis Edema larynx Pharyngitis stenosis of larynx Paratonzillit Faringomikoz abscess retropharyngeal scleroma Abscess parafaringealny Damaged throat Hypertrophic palatine tonsils Hypertrophic adenoids Injury mucosal burns mucous cancer throat Bruising fracture cartilage injury compounds larynx and trachea Choking Tuberculosis laryngeal diphtheria Intoxication acid Intoxication alkali Phlegmon

Associated problems that cause a sore throat:

Smoking Inhalation of smoke Inhalation of dusty air ARI Whooping cough Scarlet fever Influenza

To determine the exact cause of pain and irritation in the throat and to prescribe the appropriate treatment, consult a doctor immediately.

Educational. Formation in students:

New anatomical and physiological concepts of the structure and functions of the respiratory system.

To continue to develop in students general biological concepts about the relationship between the structure of the respiratory organs and the functions performed.

To develop the ability of students to plan educational activities;

Working with the text of the textbook and additional literature, be able to make comparisons, analysis, generalizations with conclusions;

For the development of monologue speech of students, apply problematic questions.

Development of communication skills;

Expanding the horizons of schoolchildren and the formation of interest in the subject.

Didactic cards for updating basic knowledge, consolidation and primary control.

Basic concepts and terms: breathing, external breathing, internal breathing, airways, lungs.

“For the complete coherence of souls, the coherence of breath is needed, for what is breath, if not the rhythm of the soul?”

Greeting students, preparing for the lesson jobs.

II. Actualization of basic knowledge and motivation of educational activities

In order to update the basic knowledge, we check the studied material.

1. Individual work.

2. Paperwork on task cards. Self-test by key (work on errors).

3. Discussion of oral answers.

III. Learning new material

Guys, listen carefully to the poem and say: “What organ system will we begin to study today in the lesson?”

Sleepy babble is barely audible:

The rustle of the curtains is barely audible:

The rustle on the left is barely audible:

The whisper from above is barely audible.

Students answer: respiratory system.

Teacher: Quite right, today in the lesson we will begin to study the topic: “The meaning of the respiratory system and respiratory organs”

The saying “We need it like air!” expresses the body's special need for air. Even the ancient Greek philosopher Anaximenes observed the breathing of animals and humans. He considered air to be the condition and root cause of life. Great doctor Ancient Greece Hippocrates called the air "the pasture of life."

Without air, a person dies in a few minutes. Some people can hold their breath for 3-4 minutes, sometimes a little longer.

Problematic question: Why can a person not eat food for several weeks, not drink water for more than five days, but cannot live without air even for 6 minutes?

Prolonged oxygen starvation will inevitably lead to death.

The body does not have a supply of oxygen for breathing, so it must be evenly supplied through the respiratory system.

The respiratory organs are the air gates to the body. They are in contact with the external environment all their lives, although they are internal organs.

Breathing is a property and sign of all living organisms.

So what is breathing?

Students write the wording under the dictation of the teacher in a notebook.

Respiration is a set of physiological processes that ensure the entry of oxygen into the body and the release of carbon dioxide to the outside (external respiration), as well as the use of oxygen by cells for oxidation organic matter with the release of energy used in the process of life (internal respiration).

Problematic question: Are the circulatory and respiratory systems interconnected?

Working with the text, students find that both systems carry out the exchange of gases between the organism and the environment.

The respiratory organs provide gas exchange between the outside air and the air of the lungs (pulmonary respiration).

The organs of the circulatory system deliver oxygen from the air to the tissues and carry away gaseous decay products (tissue respiration).

Before proceeding specifically to the study of the respiratory organs, the teacher gives a task.

Using an anatomy textbook and reference literature, complete the diagram: “The evolution of the respiratory system”

Lancelet-
Fish -
Amphibians
Reptiles -
Birds -
Mammals -

The teacher draws attention to the development of the respiratory system from simple to complex, as well as to different ways of supplying body tissues with oxygen: skin, tracheal, gill and pulmonary breathing.

Teacher: What is the structure of the human respiratory system?

The respiratory system consists of airways and lungs (Presentation).

To study the features of the structure and functions of the respiratory system - work with a textbook.

As you study, fill in the table: “Organs of the respiratory system and their functions” and highlight:

After the discussion of the work, the general conclusions of the lesson are summarized:

1. Respiration is the process of providing the cells of the body with oxygen, as a result of the ongoing biochemical reactions, the energy necessary to maintain the vital activity of the body is released. Carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere.

2. There are different ways of supplying body tissues with oxygen: skin, tracheal, gill and pulmonary respiration.

3. The respiratory system consists of airways and lungs.

4. The structure of each respiratory organ is closely related to the functions it performs. (see Attachment).

IV. Consolidation of the studied material

From the list of organs of the respiratory system (1-10), select the correct complete answers to questions (I-XII) and code them:

I. Does not let food into the larynx

II. Prevent trachea from constricting

III. Purifies the inhaled air from dust and germs and warms

IV. Superficial layer of the airways

V. Initial part of the airway

VI. Lines the outer surface of the lungs

VII. Covers the wall of the chest cavity from the inside

IX. The longest part of the airway

X. The path of inhaled air after the larynx to the pulmonary capillaries (successively)

XI. Site of gas exchange between lungs and blood

XII. Place of diffusion of gases

Answers: I-6, II-8, III-10, IV-1, V-10, VI-9, VII-9, VIII-7, IX-5, X-5,4,3,2XI-2, XII-2.

v. Homework. Paragraph 23, work out the table in your notebook.

Bibliography.

Dragomilov A.G., Mash R.D. Biology Man. 8th grade. - M. Ventana-Graf, 2005.
Murtazin G.M. Active forms and methods of teaching biology. M. "Enlightenment" 1989.

How is the larynx arranged?

The throat and larynx are important components of the body with a huge range of functions and a very complex structure. It is thanks to the throat and lungs that people breathe, the oral cavity is used for eating food, and also performs a communicative function. After all, we owe the ability to make articulate sounds to the mouth and tongue, and communication through speech is the main form of human communication.

The anatomy of the throat is quite complex and interesting to study, not only for the purpose general development. Knowledge of the structure of the throat helps to understand how to carry out its hygiene, why it is necessary to protect the throat, how to prevent the occurrence of diseases and effectively treat diseases if they occur.

The throat consists of the pharynx and larynx. The pharynx (pharynx) is responsible for getting air through the respiratory tract into the lungs and for moving food from the mouth into the esophagus. The larynx (larynx) regulates the functioning of the vocal cords, provides the production of speech and other sounds.

The throat is located in the region of the 4th and 6th cervical vertebrae and in appearance resembles a cone tapering to the bottom. The throat starts from the hyoid bone and, going down, the transition to the trachea. The upper part of this channel provides its strength, and the lower part is connected to the larynx. The throat and pharynx merge into the oral cavity. On the sides are large vessels, behind - the pharynx. In the human throat is the epiglottis, cartilage, vocal cords.

The larynx is surrounded by nine hyaline cartilages, united by joints, that is, movable joints. The largest of the cartilages is the thyroid. It is formed from two parts visually resembling square plates. Their connection forms an Adam's apple, located on the front side of the larynx. The Adam's apple is the largest cartilage of the larynx. The quadrangular plates of cartilage in men are combined almost at an angle of 90 degrees, which is why the Adam's apple clearly protrudes on the neck. In women, the Adam's apple is palpable, but it is more difficult to distinguish it on the surface of the neck, since the plates are aligned at an angle of more than 90 degrees. From the outer side of each plate, both in men and women, two small cartilages depart. They have an articular plate that connects to the cricoid cartilage.

The cricoid cartilage is shaped like a ring due to the arches on the sides and front. Its task is to provide a mobile connection with the thyroid and arytenoid cartilage.

The arytenoid cartilage, which performs a speech function, consists of hyaline cartilage and elastic processes to which the vocal cords are attached. The epiglottic cartilage, located at the root of the tongue and visually similar to a leaf, also joins them.

The epiglottis, together with the epiglottic cartilage, performs a very important function - it separates the respiratory and digestive tracts. At the moment of direct swallowing of food, the “gate” to the larynx closes, so that food does not penetrate into the lungs and vocal cords.

The voice is also formed thanks to cartilage. Some of them provide tension to the ligaments of the throat, which affects the timbre of the voice. Others, arytenoid, pyramid-shaped, allow movement of the vocal cords and regulate the size of the glottis. Its increase or decrease is reflected in the volume of the voice. This system is limited to vocal folds.

The difference in the structure of the throat of an adult and a child is insignificant and consists only in the fact that babies have smaller cavities. Therefore, throat diseases in babies, accompanied by severe swelling, threaten to block the access of air to the respiratory tract.

In women and children, the vocal cords are shorter than in men. In infants, the larynx is wide, but short, and is three vertebrae higher. The timbre of the voice depends on the length of the larynx. In adolescence, the formation of the larynx is completed, and the voice of the boys changes significantly.

The human pharynx consists of several parts. Let's consider each of them in more detail.

The nasopharynx is located behind the nasal cavity and is connected to it with the help of holes - choana. Below the nasopharynx passes into the middle pharynx, on the sides of which are the auditory tubes. Its inner part consists of a mucous membrane, completely covered with nerve endings, mucus-producing glands and capillaries. The main functions of the nasopharynx are warming the air inhaled into the lungs, moistening it, filtering microbes and dust. Also, it is thanks to the nasopharynx that we can recognize and feel odors.

The oral part is the middle fragment of the throat, consisting of the uvula and tonsils, limited by the hyoid bone and the palate. Connects to the mouth with the help of the tongue, ensures the movement of food through the digestive tract.

Tonsils perform a protective and hematopoietic function. The pharynx also contains palatine tonsils, called tonsils or lymphoid accumulations. The tonsils produce immunoglobulin, a substance that can resist infections. The main function of the entire oropharynx is to deliver air to the bronchi and lungs.

The lower part of the pharynx is connected to the larynx and passes into the esophagus. It provides swallowing movements and breathing, is controlled by the lower part of the brain.

Summarizing the above, the throat and larynx perform:

Protective function - the nasopharynx warms the air when inhaled, cleans it of microbes and dust, and the tonsils produce immunoglobulin to protect against microbes and viruses.
The voice-forming function - the cartilages control the movement of the vocal cords, while changing the distance between the cords regulates the volume of the voice, and the force of their tension - the timbre. The shorter the vocal cords, the higher the pitch of the voice.
Respiratory function - air enters first into the nasopharynx, then into the pharynx, larynx and trachea. Villi on the surface of the epithelium of the pharynx prevent foreign bodies from entering the respiratory tract. And the very structure of the nasopharynx helps to avoid asphyxia and laryngospasms.

In the cold season in countries with a temperate climate, it is very easy to get sick with a cold or sore throat. To avoid throat diseases and viral diseases, you should:

Clear your throat with gargles. For rinsing, you need to use warm water, gradually reducing its temperature. Instead of water, you can use a decoction of medicinal plants - calendula or sage, pine cones, eucalyptus.
Change your toothbrush once a month and after an illness, so as not to be re-infected with microbes left on the brush, visit the dentist.
Constantly strengthen the immune system with a varied and nutritious diet, drink not too hot tea with lemon or fruit drink from wild berries and fruits. For prophylactic purposes, you can use a decoction and rosehip syrup, propolis, garlic.
If possible, limit contact with sick people, use gauze bandages.
Avoid hypothermia, getting your feet wet in cold weather.
Periodically ventilate the room, carry out wet cleaning.
At the first symptoms of a sore throat, protect it from the cold, take antiviral drugs. The ideal medicine for the throat is honey - a natural antiseptic. Honey should be consumed not only during illness, but also for prevention every day.
Seek medical attention promptly. Only after consulting a doctor and on his recommendation, you can take antibiotics. Any course of treatment with a favorable course of the disease is better to complete in order to avoid complications.

Do not forget that the throat and larynx must be carefully protected, since their diseases, especially in an acute form, are fraught with serious consequences. If it was not possible to avoid the disease, it is worth visiting a doctor, because self-medication and the uncontrolled use of folk recipes can undermine your health.

The complex structure of the throat is due to the many interacting and complementary elements that perform important functions for the human body. Knowledge in the field of anatomy of the throat will help to understand the work of the respiratory and digestive systems, to carry out the prevention of throat diseases and to choose an effective treatment for the diseases that have arisen.

The throat is a human organ that belongs to the upper respiratory tract.

The pharynx moves food into the digestive system and air into the respiratory system.
The vocal cords work thanks to the larynx.

Another name for the pharynx is the pharynx. It starts at the back of the mouth and continues down the neck. The shape of the pharynx is an inverted cone.

The pharynx has three parts - the nasopharynx, the oropharynx and the swallowing section.

The larynx is located in the body as follows:

Opposite the cervical vertebrae (4-6 vertebrae).
Behind - directly the laryngeal part of the pharynx.
In front - the larynx is formed due to the group of hyoid muscles.
Above is the hyoid bone.
Laterally - the larynx adjoins its lateral parts to the thyroid gland.

The larynx has a skeleton. The skeleton has unpaired and paired cartilages. Cartilage is connected by joints, ligaments and muscles.

Unpaired: cricoid, epiglottis, thyroid.

Paired: horn-shaped, arytenoid, wedge-shaped.

The muscles of the larynx, in turn, are also divided into three groups:

Four muscles narrow the glottis: thyroid-arytenoid, cricoarytenoid, oblique arytenoid and transverse muscles.
Only one muscle expands the glottis - the posterior cricoarytenoid. She is a couple.
The vocal cords are tensed by two muscles: the vocal and cricothyroid muscles.

The larynx has an entrance.

Behind this entrance are the arytenoid cartilages. They consist of horn-shaped tubercles that are located on the side of the mucous membrane.
Front - epiglottis.
On the sides - scoop-epiglottic folds. They consist of wedge-shaped tubercles.

The larynx is divided into three parts:

The vestibule - stretches from the vestibular folds to the epiglottis, the folds are formed by the mucous membrane, and between these folds is the vestibular fissure.
The interventricular section is the narrowest. Stretches from the lower vocal folds to the upper ligaments of the vestibule. Its very narrow part is called the glottis, and it is created by the intercartilaginous and membranous tissues.
Subvoice area. Based on the name, it is clear what is located below the glottis. The trachea expands and begins.

The larynx has three membranes:

The mucous membrane - unlike the vocal cords (they are from a flat non-keratinizing epithelium) consists of a multinucleated prismatic epithelium.
Fibrocartilaginous sheath - consists of elastic and hyaline cartilages, which are surrounded by fibrous connective tissue, and provides the entire structure of the larynx.
Connective tissue - the connecting part of the larynx and other formations of the neck.

The larynx is responsible for three functions:

Protective - in the mucous membrane there is a ciliated epithelium, and there are many glands in it. And if the food got past, then the nerve endings carry out a reflex - a cough, which brings the food back from the larynx into the mouth.
Respiratory - associated with the previous function. The glottis can contract and expand, thereby directing air currents.
Voice-forming - speech, voice. The characteristics of the voice depend on the individual anatomical structure. and the state of the vocal cords.

In the picture the structure of the larynx

There are the following problems:

laryngospasm
Insufficient hydration of the vocal cords
Tonsillitis
Angina
Laryngitis
Laryngeal edema
Pharyngitis
Stenosis of the larynx
Paratonsillitis
Pharyngomycosis
Abscess, retropharyngeal
Scleroma
Abscess parapharyngeal
Damaged throat
Hypertrophied palatine tonsils
Hypertrophied adenoids
Mucosal injuries
Mucosal burns
throat cancer
cartilage fracture
Injury to the junction of the larynx and trachea
Suffocation
Tuberculosis of the larynx
Diphtheria
acid intoxication
alkali intoxication
Phlegmon

Associated problems that cause a sore throat:

To determine the exact cause of pain and irritation in the throat and to prescribe the appropriate treatment, consult a doctor immediately.

A popular video on the structure and functions of the larynx:

The larynx is a flexible segment of the respiratory tract, consisting of dense tissues and connecting the pharynx with the trachea in the neck. It plays an important role in the respiratory process - passing air to the lower respiratory tract, preventing food, liquid and other foreign bodies from entering the trachea. The larynx is also the "voice box" of the body, as the vocal folds are located here, which produce the sounds of speech and singing.

The larynx is represented as a short tube, covered with a special epithelium, formed by nine cartilages and several ligaments, articulations for holding the cartilages together. It is located along the midline of the body opposite the 4th-6th cervical vertebrae, located under the skin and muscles in the anterior region of the neck. The upper part of the larynx is bordered by the hyoid bone and the nasopharynx. The structure of the larynx is directly related to its direct functions.

The main functions of the larynx follow from the structural features: sound-forming, protective, respiratory.

The larynx generates sound, its tonality is determined. The volume also depends on the strength of the air flow coming out of the lungs.

The function of the muscles and certain ligaments of the larynx is aimed at creating the original sound with a specific frequency and tone. The sound from the source changes, depending on the position of the tongue, lips, pharynx. A change in the sound of the voice occurs as a person grows up, changes in the structure of the larynx, development of ligaments or special training.

Considering the functions of the larynx, it is worth noting that its most important role is protective - preventing the penetration of foreign objects into the lungs, pushing out foreign bodies with the help of coughing and other reflexive actions. Cough is initiated by deep inhalation through the vocal folds, followed by larynx elevation and tight closure of the glottis. Forced exhalation under pressure opens the vocal cords and a strong air current pushes the irritating object out of the windpipe.

During swallowing, the backward movement of the tongue causes the epiglottis to prevent the opening of the pharynx to prevent material from passing through the laryngeal entrance, as the object will go directly into the lungs. Stimulation of the larynx in the process of swallowing a foreign object causes a strong cough reflex, which throws the foreign object out.

Based on the structure of the larynx, it can be argued that the respiratory function is closely related to the protective function - laryngeal muscle, cartilage formations regulate the intensity of the air flow, its temperature before it is fed into the lower respiratory tract. When food enters the vestibular region, with the help of compressed air, the muscles of the larynx, contracting, push out foreign objects.

The structure of the human larynx, first of all, includes a kind of frame, consisting of six main cartilages - three paired and three unpaired, supporting the constant shape of the larynx.

Paired cartilages

The arytenoids are the most important because they regulate the position and tension of the vocal cords. These triangular pieces, predominantly of hyaline cartilage, are located on the border of the lamellar part of the cricoid cartilage.
Horn-shaped - cone-shaped parts of elastic cartilage located at the top of each arytenoid formation.
Cuneiform - formed by elastic cartilage tissue, located in front of the horn-shaped cartilage.

Throat muscles

All the muscles that regulate the functioning of the larynx are divided into 2 categories:

Internal are responsible for changing the length, degree of tension, shape and spatial distribution of the vocal cords, changing the orientation of the muscles, regulating the process of sound formation.

Traditionally, the muscles are divided according to the following pattern: three main auditory laryngeal adductors, one abductor, and the tensile vocal cord muscle.

The activity of adductors is directly opposite to abductors - they narrow the sound gap. This function is carried out by three types of muscles - two paired, one unpaired.

External laryngeal muscles (sternothyroid, thyroid-hyoid and thyroid), acting together, ensure the movement of the pharynx during the swallowing process, the formation of sounds, breathing.

The external structure of the laryngeal tube resembles an hourglass - both edges are wider, gradually narrowing closer to the middle. The middle section of the larynx - the glottis - is the upper vestibule of the lower vocal cords. Accordingly, the supraglottic space is located above the laryngeal lumen, and the area below it is the subglottic space.

The area of sound folds near the place where the thyroid plates converge into an angle is called a commissure. On the opposite side, the ligaments are attached to the tubercles of the arytenoid cartilages, making up the scoop-like space.

Above the vocal lumen are the vestibules, between them are the slit-like ventricles. They occupy a place between the vestibule and the sound fissure, stretching to the aryepiglottic folds. In some cases, they reach the middle part of the thyroid-hyoid membrane.

The vestibule is limited by folds in the lower part, surrounded on both sides by the ribs of the plates of the thyroid cartilage. In front of the vestibule is the epiglottis and the upper angle of the thyroid cartilage.

The cone-shaped subglottic space of the larynx, which is located under the vocal cleft, is connected to the trachea. In young children given area filled with soft connective tissue - the area is most at risk of developing inflammatory processes, edema.

The larynx is attached to the hyoid bone and the upper border of the thyroid cartilage by a special membrane and paired ligaments stretched between its large processes. Thus, it is practically in limbo. The epiglottis is attached to the hyoid bone.

The arc of the cricoid with the marginal area of the thyroid is connected by a ligament formed from elastic fibers, which provides exceptional strength.

The vocal cord is attached to the angle of the thyroid cartilage on one side, and to the arytenoid on the other. It consists of yellowish-white elastic tissues arranged in parallel one to one. Its medial edge is not attached and has a slightly pointed end. A little higher, parallel vocal cord, the vestibule is placed.

In the areas of contact of the thyroid and arytenoid cartilage with the cricoid, there are special joints:

the cricoid cartilage and the lower horns of the thyroid cartilage are connected by a paired combined joint with a transverse axis - that is, the thyroid cartilage moves back and forth, stretching and loosening the ligaments.
cricoid and arytenoid form paired connections, the axis is in a vertical position, around which the arytenoid cartilage rotates. There is an alternate approach and distance of the arytenoid cartilaginous formations.

tests

Test "Voice device" (11 questions)

Cutie

4 out of 11 I'm 3rd grade =(

raisa

5 correct answers out of 11

7 correct answers out of 11

Your level of knowledge on the topic is 63.64%

Sasha Grukhov

Yes, I'm not very smart in medicine

fazail

Your level of knowledge on the topic is 45.45%

Shark

7 correct answers out of 11

Your level of knowledge on the topic

10 correct answers out of 11

Your level of knowledge on the topic is 90.91%

seville

9 correct answers out of 11

Your level of knowledge on the topic is 81.82%

Victoria

11 correct answers out of 11

VICTORIA SAVINTSEVA

9 correct answers out of 11. Your level of knowledge on the topic is 81.82%

Alexander

SONIA

I have 90 correct out of 11

Kirill

Dimon

2 correct answers out of 11

Your level of knowledge on the topic is 18.18%, well, I just didn’t understand anything here, but biology was 5 points

Biology Grade 8

1.Does food pass into the larynx?

2. Do not allow the trachea to narrow?

3. Cleans the inhaled air from dust and microbes, warms it?

4. The surface layer of the airways?

5. The initial part of the airway?

6. Lines the outer surface of the lungs?

7. Covers the wall of the chest cavity from the inside?

10. The path of inhaled air after the larynx to the pulmonary capillaries (successively)

11. Place of gas exchange between lungs and blood?

Food gets stuck in the throat - what to do, reasons

The unhindered entry of food from the oral cavity into the esophagus is the basis of a proper food processing cycle. Its pieces can get stuck in the throat when swallowing in the event of a serious pathology - dysphagia.

This name means a phenomenon that accompanies various diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory organs, and the cardiovascular system. There are also a number of other problems with the passage of food, resembling dysphagia.

Causes of a lump in the throat

Often a person who comes to an appointment with a gastroenterologist complains of a feeling of accumulation of food debris in the throat. An unpleasant symptom may not go away for a long time, preventing the normal intake of food and drinks. As a result, the patient is forced to refuse food. There are several factors that provoke this serious problem:

Nervous tension

The lumen of the esophagus in a stressful situation is narrowed due to edema. During a period of emotional outburst, pressure rises sharply, which provokes tissue expansion. An attempt to “seize” an unpleasant incident or quarrel leads to the fact that a person chews food poorly, which subsequently gets stuck in the throat in the form of a lump. The feeling of a foreign body in the esophagus disappears when relaxation occurs, the pressure normalizes, and the mucosa returns to normal.

Thyroid problems

Inflammation of this organ, as well as neoplasms of a different nature, lead to compression of the esophagus.

The passage of food is difficult due to the sharply reduced lumen. The patient needs to be examined by an endocrinologist in order to identify the pathology in time and begin treatment.

Corks from food

On the tonsils of each person there are gaps - empty cavities that can be filled with food if the process of their self-purification is disturbed. In a favorable environment, bacteria begin to multiply, provoking inflammation. Tonsils increase in size. The patient complains of pain and sensation of a lump in the throat.

When diagnosing the above causes of discomfort while eating, you can get rid of the problems by being observed by the appropriate specialists. The most common factor leading to unpleasant symptoms in the larynx is tonsillitis, the treatment of which is complex.

Signs of dysphagia

There is another phenomenon in which food gets stuck in the throat. It is accompanied by several characteristic symptoms:

The patient complains of pain in the chest area immediately after eating.
The patient begins to feel that a foreign body is stuck in the esophagus below the larynx.
Food is delayed after swallowing on a certain part of the path from the pharynx to the stomach.
A profuse eructation is observed, which the patient cannot restrain.
After eating, the patient is often tormented by heartburn, caused by pieces of food thrown back into the esophagus along with gastric juice.
Attacks of an unproductive cough begin, which are sometimes confused with colds or allergies.

In addition to esophageal dysphagia, oropharyngeal dysphagia is distinguished, in which a person cannot completely swallow chewed food and is forced to hold it in his mouth. This disease is dangerous in that it can lead to blockage of the respiratory tract with food debris, which, in turn, will cause an attack of suffocation.

For the treatment and prevention of the common cold, tonsillitis, acute respiratory viral infections and influenza in children and adults, Elena Malysheva recommends the effective drug Immunity from Russian scientists. Due to its unique, and most importantly 100% natural composition, the drug is extremely effective in the treatment of tonsillitis, colds and strengthening immunity.

The main causes of dysphagia

This disease of the digestive system, which has pronounced signs, the main of which is a lump in the throat, occurs against the background of certain problems with the functioning of other organs.

The most common factors that cause dysphagia are considered to be:

A benign or malignant tumor that appears anywhere in the digestive tract. In this case, the normal movement of pieces of food is disturbed, congestion is formed. Food accumulates in the esophagus, which leads to severe discomfort.
Pathological processes that occur in the respiratory system. As a result, the inflamed areas increase in size, squeezing the esophagus and reducing its lumen.
Gastroesophageal reflex disease, accompanied by heartburn, vomiting, belching and chest pain.
Burning of the esophageal mucosa when eating too spicy, hot food or accidentally swallowing a chemical preparation.
A foreign body stuck in the stomach or esophagus.
Acute allergic reactions in the body.
Aortic aneurysm or other pathology of the cardiovascular system, leading to narrowing of the esophagus.

Frequent companions of dysphagia, in addition to food getting stuck in the throat, are the appearance of bad breath and an unusual taste in the foods used.

How is dysphagia diagnosed?

Making an accurate diagnosis with complaints of chest pain after eating is possible only after a series of studies.

A general blood and urine test to determine if there are inflammatory processes in the patient's body.
Taking the contents of the esophagus for laboratory testing.
Testing the swallowing reflex, in which the patient drinks a certain amount of liquid in the presence of a doctor. Note the time and number of sips required to consume all the liquid.
Examination of the upper parts of the digestive tract using FGS. The patient is forced to swallow a tube with a camera at the end. During the procedures, the doctor gets the opportunity to examine the mucous membrane of the esophagus and stomach in detail, to identify neoplasms.
A tissue biopsy is performed when tumors are found in the digestive tract.

Ultrasound, x-rays, and magnetic resonance imaging help to further examine other internal organs that can put pressure on the esophagus or stomach when they malfunction and become inflamed. These methods are effective for detecting foreign objects that have entered the patient's body and provoke dysphagia.

What to do if food does not pass in the throat

The causes of esophageal obstruction can be different, so it is impossible to prescribe the same course of treatment in all cases.

However, a general approach to solving the problem is revealed by correcting the diet, eliminating addictions, taking medications or surgery.

On the issue of diet for dysphagia, the following restrictions are introduced:

The patient is forbidden to take food later than two hours before bedtime.
The speed of chewing food should be minimal, the volume of portions is reduced.
Only small pieces of food are put in the mouth, washed down with small sips.
The temperature of the food should be medium. It is recommended to avoid too hot food.

To avoid unpleasant symptoms in the esophagus, it is advised to wear loose clothing, avoid physical exertion for an hour after eating.

During sleep, it is necessary to ensure that the upper torso is often raised with the help of pillows or a special bed design by at least 20 cm.

Simultaneously with the correction of eating behavior, the patient is strictly forbidden to smoke, consume alcoholic beverages, spicy dishes.

The purpose of drugs depends on the specific pathology that caused dysphagia. Medicines are primarily designed to relieve inflammation, reduce the manifestation of an allergic reaction and eliminate pain.

The patient is prescribed a course of sedatives and antidepressants. They also resort to the help of means that activate the process of digestion.

When food is stuck in the larynx, accompanied by the reflux of pieces of food from the stomach back into the esophagus, drugs are prescribed that lower the concentration of acid in the stomach - Rennie, Gastal, Phosphalugel.

If a tumor becomes the cause of obstruction of the esophagus, they resort to its elimination with the help of the following measures:

Placement of the tube in the wall of the stomach with access to the outside. Food is administered in liquid form to the patient using a syringe.
Radiation and chemotherapy in the malignant nature of education. This measure helps to relieve swelling, slightly increase the lumen of the esophagus for the passage of small pieces of food.
Endoscopy, in which the removal of a small tumor is performed without an incision in the chest.
Physiotherapy, which consists in the destruction of the neoplasm with a laser or current.
Elimination of the tumor by exposing it to a chemical preparation, for example, ethyl alcohol, which kills pathological cells.

All of the above methods of surgical intervention are aimed at restoring the functions of the esophagus to receive and move food to the stomach.

The patient gets the opportunity to live a full life, get rid of pain and discomfort. However, all currently known treatments for dysphagia have drawbacks.

Surgical intervention should be entrusted only to a highly qualified specialist, since the walls of the esophagus are very easy to damage.

And some secrets.

If you or your child gets sick often and is treated with antibiotics alone, know that you are only treating the effect, not the cause.

So you just “drain” money to pharmacies and pharmaceutical companies and get sick more often.

STOP! Enough to feed someone you don't know. You just need to boost your immunity and you will forget what it is to get sick!

Respiratory system. human respiratory system

Where is the larynx located?

Organ functions

Anatomy

Functions

Anatomical structure of the throat and pharynx

Pharynx

Nasopharynx

Oropharynx

Swallowing department

Larynx

Diseases, pathologies and injuries

How is the larynx arranged?

Paired cartilages

Throat muscles

tests

Test "Voice device" (11 questions)

Cutie

raisa

Sasha Grukhov

Sasha Grukhov

fazail

Shark

seville

Victoria

VICTORIA SAVINTSEVA

Alexander

SONIA

Kirill

Dimon

Biology Grade 8

Food gets stuck in the throat - what to do, reasons

Causes of a lump in the throat

Nervous tension

Thyroid problems

Corks from food

Signs of dysphagia

The main causes of dysphagia

How is dysphagia diagnosed?

What to do if food does not pass in the throat

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