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Periphrasis, examples from literature and colloquial speech. The meaning of the word periphrase in the dictionary of literary terms Periphrase examples from fiction

περίφρασις - “descriptive expression”, “allegory”: περί - “around”, “around” and φράσις - “statement”) - in the stylistics and poetics of tropes, descriptively expressing one concept with the help of several.

Periphrasis is an indirect mention of an object by not naming it, but describing it (for example, “night star” = “moon”).

In periphrases, the names of objects and people are replaced by indications of their characteristics, for example, “who writes these lines” instead of “I” in the author’s speech, “fall into sleep” instead of “fall asleep,” “king of beasts” instead of “lion,” “one-armed bandit” instead of "slot machine", "Stagirite" instead of Aristotle. There are logical periphrases (“the author of “Dead Souls”) and figurative periphrases (“the sun of Russian poetry”).

A special case of periphrasis is euphemism - a descriptive expression of “low” or “forbidden” concepts (“unclean” instead of “devil”, “get by with a handkerchief” instead of “blow your nose”).

Periphrasis is a rehash - a type of parody in which the subject of ridicule is not the form of the work being parodied, but the new content put into it. Examples: “Sleep, my beautiful baby...” (M. Yu. Lermontov. Cossack lullaby song) and “Sleep, shot, harmless for now!..” (N. A. Nekrasov).

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Synonyms:

See what “Periphrase” is in other dictionaries:

- (Greek Περιφρασις, description) a stylistic term denoting a descriptive expression of an object according to any of its properties or characteristics. For example: “King of beasts” instead of lion; "pea coat" instead of detective; "Stagirite" instead of Aristotle in place... ... Literary encyclopedia

Periphrase- PERIPHRASE (Greek Περιφρασις, description) is a stylistic term denoting a descriptive expression of an object according to any of its properties or characteristics. For example: “King of beasts” instead of lion; "pea coat" instead of detective; "Stagirite" instead of... ... Dictionary of literary terms

PERIPHRASE, a, m. and PERIPHRASE, s, g. (specialist.). An expression that conveys descriptively the meaning of another expression or word, e.g. instead of in the author's speech. Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

Female, Greek roundabout speech; replacement of direct short speech, even one word, in lengthy phrases, for example. avoiding any word; bluntly. Paraphrase what, whom, speak according to what was said, someone else’s, but in other words and more broadly. Paraphrasing... Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary

Noun, number of synonyms: 7 allusion (24) paraphrase (7) periphrasis (4) ... Synonym dictionary

- (perijrasiV; circumlocutio) a rhetorical figure consisting in the fact that an indirect reference to a well-known phenomenon serves as a replacement for its direct name. In the form of a euphemism, P. plays a significant role in the life and development of language. We call it paraphrases... ... Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron

paraphrase- paraphrase, w. and less often paraphrases, m... Dictionary of difficulties of pronunciation and stress in modern Russian language

PERIPHRASE(A) [gr. periphrasis roundabout speech] philol. descriptive, indirect expression of meaning (for example, “Northern Palmyra” v. “St. Petersburg”, “your humble servant” v. “I”). Dictionary of foreign words. Komlev N.G., 2006. PERIPHRASE see PARAPHRASE.... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

paraphrase- PERIPHRASE a, m. PERIPHRASE s, g. périphrase f., gr. periphrasis peri about + phrasis retelling, descriptive expression. Artistic trope, consisting in replacing the one-word name of an object or phenomenon with a description of the essential,... ... Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language

paraphrase- y, w. and periphery/z, a, m., lit. A descriptive expression that replaces a direct name and contains characteristics of an object that is not directly named. Examples of paraphrases: the king of beasts (instead of a lion), the heavenly lamp (instead of the moon), fell asleep (instead of ... ... Popular dictionary of the Russian language

Books

Russian State Exam. Writing tasks 39-40. Students book, Khotuntseva E.A. Author of the manual: Elena Khotuntseva, Honorary Worker General Education RF, Deputy Director for foreign languages GBOU Lyceum 1535 (Moscow), co-author of the educational complex English language. New Matrix...

περίφρασις - “descriptive expression”, “allegory”: περί - “around”, “around” and φράσις - “statement”) - an indirect, descriptive designation of an object based on highlighting any of its qualities, attributes, features, for example, “ blue planet" instead of "Earth", " one-armed bandit" instead of "slot machine", etc.

Classifications of paraphrases

Although some researchers consider periphrasis as a type of trope, not everyone agrees with this position. According to I. B. Golub, only figurative periphrases that are metaphorical in nature should be classified as tropes, while non-figurative periphrases (other authors call them “logical”), in which the direct meaning of the words that form them are preserved, are not tropes. For example, from two paraphrases denoting A.S. Pushkin - “ the sun of Russian poetry" and "a second "Eugene Onegin"- only the first one is figurative.

The indicated division is close to the division of periphrases by method of education into metaphorical and metonymic. The criterion for separation is the use of one or more words that make up the periphrasis in a figurative meaning. Comparing two established periphrases - “ office rat"(official) and " sea worker"(fisherman) - one can see that only the first of them is metaphorical, since the word “rat” is used in a figurative sense, while in the second both nouns are used in their basic meaning.

By frequency of use periphrases can be divided into individual-authored and general linguistic ones, firmly entered into the lexicon, such, for example, as “ weaker sex», « our little brothers», « people in white coats», « land of the rising sun», « Third Rome" In a number of cases, it is possible to trace the literary roots of general linguistic periphrases. Thus, thanks to A.S. Pushkin, such periphrases as “ copper horseman ik" (monument to Peter I on Senate Square), " admiralty needle"(spire of the Admiralty building in St. Petersburg), " semi-powerful ruler"(A.D. Menshikov), etc.

By the presence or absence of the paraphrased word in the text periphrases are divided into dependent and independent. So, in the lines of A. S. Pushkin “Meanwhile, the moon, the queen of the night, floats in the azure skies” is a paraphrase “ queen of the night” is explained by the basic word “moon”. Often a dependent paraphrase requires mandatory disclosure: the title of the article “ Moscow director responded to criticism addressed to him” does not give an understanding of who exactly is being discussed - this requires deciphering the paraphrase in the text. Independent paraphrases that do not have such explanations require intellectual effort and a certain outlook from the reader or listener. For example, the periphrase used in G. R. Derzhavin’s poem “My idol” art of Praxiteles"can be correctly understood only if the reader knows that Praxiteles was an ancient Greek sculptor, which means the author means sculpture, the art of sculpting.

Using paraphrases

Periphrases in literary speech serve as a means of artistic expression. They were most common in the 18th - early XIX centuries, when simple words were considered unpoetic. Thus, M. V. Lomonosov uses numerous periphrases in his poems: “ beautiful luminary" (Sun), " rattling Peruns"(lightning), " namesake Grandfather and Grandfather k" (Ivan III and Ivan IV), etc. In the poem "Before the Saint's Tomb" A. S. Pushkin never mentions the name of M. I. Kutuzov, but describes him in a detailed periphrasis:

He sleeps under them this ruler,
This idol of the northern squads,
The venerable guardian of the sovereign country,
Suppressor of all her enemies,
This rest of the glorious flock
Catherine's Eagles.

A. S. Pushkin. "Before the Saint's Tomb." 1831

In affective speech (oratory, colloquial), periphrasis serves to enhance the impact of the statement on the addressee: “enough is enough.” wag your tongue! (instead of “chatter”), “look what they claim lying scribblers"(journalists).

In both artistic and business speech, periphrases help avoid repetition. For example, in the text of a scientific review: “I. Ivanov’s work leaves a good impression. Young scientist managed to show... Author of the work claims...”

Since periphrases, as a rule, concentrate on any one feature, they may contain an assessment of the designated object. Thus, in a journal article about animals, the word lion can be replaced by a neutral paraphrase (“ representative of the cat family"), negative (" ruthless African predator") or positive (" ruler of the savannah», « king of beasts», « majestic animal"). Thus, periphrases can carry both ameliorative (praising, positive-evaluative) and pejorative (negative-evaluative) functions. This property of periphrases is actively used in journalism and socio-political speech.

In official business speech, periphrases can be used to avoid directly naming an object or event or to give it a neutral character: “police stopped the riots", "according to application appropriate measures have been taken».

In addition, periphrases can act as a euphemism: “ make yourself look bad"(disgrace yourself), " ease your nose"(to blow your nose) or dysphemism: " fill your belly"(to eat), " turn up your face"(refuse).

The section is very easy to use. Just enter the desired word in the field provided, and we will give you a list of its meanings. I would like to note that our site provides data from various sources - encyclopedic, explanatory, word-formation dictionaries. Here you can also see examples of the use of the word you entered.

The meaning of the word periphrase

paraphrase in the crossword dictionary

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. D.N. Ushakov

paraphrase

periphrase, m., and (more often) PERIPHRASE, periphrasis, g. (Greek periphrasis) (lit. and music). Same as paraphrase.

New explanatory dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova.

Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998

paraphrase

PERIPHRASE (periphrasis) (from the Greek periphrasis - allegory) trope, replacing the direct name with a descriptive expression that indicates the characteristics of an object not directly named: “king of beasts” - instead of “lion”.

Periphrase

periphrasis (from the Greek periphrasis ≈ descriptive expression, allegory),

in stylistics and poetics: a trope that descriptively expresses one concept using several. P. of varying complexity are possible, from the simplest (“fell asleep” instead of “fell asleep”) to the most complex, approaching metonymy, personification and other types of tropes (“... from a long mustache, powdered by that inexorable hairdresser who, without the call appears to both the beauty and the ugly, and has been forcibly powdering the entire human race for several thousand years already” - instead of “from a gray mustache”; N.V. Gogol). A special case of P. is a euphemism - a descriptive expression of “low” or “forbidden” concepts (“unclean” instead of “devil”). P. should not be confused with paraphrase.

Sometimes the term "P." a rehash is also designated - a type of parody in which the subject of ridicule is not the form of the work being parodied, but the new content put into it (cf. “Sleep, my beautiful baby...” by M. Yu. Lermontov and “Sleep, shot, harmless for now! .." N. A. Nekrasova).

M. L. Gasparov.

Wikipedia

Periphrase

Periphrase- indirect, descriptive designation of an object based on highlighting any of its qualities, attributes, features, for example, “ blue planet" instead of "Earth", " one-armed bandit" instead of "slot machine", etc.

Although some researchers consider periphrasis as a type of trope, not everyone agrees with this position. According to I. B. Golub, only figurative periphrases that are metaphorical in nature should be classified as tropes, while non-figurative periphrases, in which the direct meaning of the words forming them are preserved, are not tropes. For example, from two paraphrases denoting A.S. Pushkin - “ the sun of Russian poetry" and "a second "Eugene Onegin"- only the first one is figurative.

The indicated division is close to the division of periphrases by method of education into metaphorical and metonymic. The criterion for separation is the use of one or more words that make up the periphrasis in a figurative meaning. Comparing two established periphrases - “ office rat" And " sea worker", - you can see that only the first of them is metaphorical, since the word “rat” is used in a figurative sense, while in the second both nouns are used in their basic meaning.

By frequency of use periphrases can be divided into individual author’s and general language ones, firmly entered into the lexicon, such, for example, as “ weaker sex», « our little brothers», « people in white coats», « land of the rising sun», « Third Rome" In a number of cases, it is possible to trace the literary roots of general linguistic periphrases. Thus, thanks to A.S. Pushkin, such periphrases as “ copper horseman ik" (monument to Peter I on Senate Square), " admiralty needle» , « semi-powerful ruler" and etc.

By the presence or absence of the paraphrased word in the text Periphrases are divided into dependent and independent. So, in the lines of A. S. Pushkin “Meanwhile, the moon, the queen of the night, floats in the azure skies” is a paraphrase “ queen of the night” is explained by the basic word “moon”. Often a dependent paraphrase requires mandatory disclosure: the title of the article “ Moscow director responded to criticism addressed to him” does not give an understanding of who exactly is being discussed - this requires deciphering the paraphrase in the text. Independent paraphrases that do not have such explanations require intellectual effort and a certain outlook from the reader or listener. For example, the periphrase used in G. R. Derzhavin’s poem “My idol” art of Praxiteles"can be correctly understood only if the reader knows that Praxiteles was an ancient Greek sculptor, which means the author means sculpture, the art of sculpting.

Since periphrases, as a rule, concentrate on any one feature, they may contain an assessment of the designated object. Thus, in a journal article about animals, the word lion can be replaced by a neutral paraphrase (“ representative of the cat family"), negative (" ruthless African predator") or positive (" ruler of the savannah», « king of beasts», « majestic animal"). Thus, periphrases can serve as ameliorative functions. This property of periphrases is actively used in journalism and socio-political speech.

In addition, periphrases can act as a euphemism: “ make yourself look bad» , « ease your nose"or dysphemism: " fill your belly» , « turn up your face» .

Examples of the use of the word periphrase in literature.

Hyperbole, gradation, oxymoron, paraphrase, alogism, rhetorical question, rhetorical exclamation, but above all, comparison and metaphor became the object of study here.

In some poems he dared to refuse paraphrase, tore off the collar of epithets from a trained dog and called a spade a spade.

He told the story carefully, weighing his words, using long paraphrases and, where possible, making do with hints.

And constantly shunning some word, resorting to clumsy metaphors and deliberate paraphrases, - this is probably the most striking way to emphasize it.

He smoothed out the picturesqueness of the descriptions, eliminating McPherson’s favorite epithets and comparisons, and replaced simple sentences solemn paraphrases etc.

However, Victor already at that time showed a natural desire for the musicality of verse, the flexibility of stanza, an instinctive sense of style, and therefore felt in the works of Horace and Virgil the beauties that disappeared in paraphrases some Delisle.

Jews can only mention him paraphrases and even paraphrasing these periphrases themselves.

PERIPHRASE

- (from the Greek periphrasis, peri - around, phradzo - I say) - a type of trope, a descriptive figure of speech, used instead of a word or phrase. In P., the name of an object or phenomenon, for greater expressiveness, is replaced by an indication of its most characteristic features: “Northern Venice” (St. Petersburg), “king of beasts” (lion). P. are figurative (bearing a metaphorical nature) and non-figurative (preserving the direct meaning of the words that form them, for example: “city on the Neva” - St. Petersburg). Only figurative plots belong to the tropes. In figurative plots, some key feature is highlighted, and all others are, as it were, obscured, which gives the author the opportunity to pay attention to those features of the depicted objects and phenomena that are especially important for him artistically. Non-figurative P. only rename objects, qualities, actions and perform not so much an aesthetic as a semantic function: they help the author more accurately express a thought, emphasize certain qualities of the described object or phenomenon, and avoid repetition of words (for example, instead of A.S. Pushkin - " author of "Eugene Onegin", "great Russian poet"). In the poem "The Death of a Poet" by M.Yu. Lermontov the same A.S. Pushkin is called a “slave of honor”, a “wonderful genius”, and in a well-known obituary - “the sun of Russian poetry” - these are figurative P., tropes. P. is one of the leading tropes in symbolist poetry of the early twentieth century.

Dictionary of literary terms. 2012

Kinds

In the modern style of the Russian literary language, linguists distinguish different kinds and subtypes of periphrases. In this article we will adhere to the traditional approach to the classification of tropes and name the types of these stylistic units that correspond to the established approach.

Types of paraphrases:

Figurative. This type is based on a metaphorical statement. By and large, there is no fundamental difference between this type of periphrasis and metaphor. The differences can only be found in the structure of these linguistic units. But this difference is not fundamentally important.
Brain teaser. In other words, these are synonymous expressions. They replace a broad concept with a specific one. It is important that this fundamentally new concrete concept should not be based on an abstract image.
Dismissing. This unit of stylistics is a subtype of periphrasis. It was described by the linguist Buzaji. He believes that this subtype is based on replacing a specific concept with a general one using two or more words.

Domestic linguist Ilya Romanovich Galperin adheres to his own classification. He identifies two types of these stylistic units. In his classification, the basis is the authorship of the word or phrase.

Two types of stylistic units according to Galperin:

Original. In other words, these are stylistic units that belong to a specific author.
Traditional. These units are firmly integrated into the Russian language and their meaning is clear without context. This type can be considered a component of the phraseology of the native language.

Examples in the language:

Wikipedia offers three different classifications of periphrases. Quite a lot of information is devoted to the use of trope in speech.

At the end of the article, paraphrases that belong to famous people are listed in the form of a list.

https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Periphrase

If you follow it, you can find a lot interesting information on the topic of the article.

Examples in advertising

In the modern multi-information world, advertising is becoming an important engine. Periphrasis is often used in advertising posts and videos.

It is important that in an advertising video or on a banner the trope should be used only next to the image of the object or phenomenon in question. If this rule is not followed, then the reader (watcher) simply will not understand what is being said.

Clean, refreshing water. (Aqua Minerale)
This is a product for those for whom the car has become their home.
Soothe this boredom. (Tonic drink)
Our devices will excite you. (Technique in Eldorado)
Crazy discovery. (Japanese restaurant)
Each pine or spruce when purchasing a plot. (Sale)
EXCELLENT offer for students. (MTS services)
I'll soak the big-eared one in milk. (Nesquik)
Plaster cast hooray! (Building mixtures)
The bath of my dreams. (Hochland processed cheese)
Live well! (Pepsi)

Figurative paraphrases

They are akin to metaphors. Figurative periphrases are found very often in texts of artistic and journalistic styles. Such stylistic units give the text a special expression.

Greetings, deserted corner...
Where are you..., proud singer of Freedom?
The country of birch chintz...
Through a dream he greets the morning of the year.
I see before me the proud heads of the Caucasus.
Poet..., slave of honor.
One of the five continents, supported by cowboys.
Ukraine is the homeland of dumplings, mud huts and oxen.
Land of the rising sun.
The city of white nights, bridges and canals.
The pond was surrounded by chains of ice.
City of three revolutions.

Idioms

In Russian, an idiom is usually called an idiom, the components of which have the same meaning. Among the periphrases there are those that have become part of phraseology.

Here are examples of such expressions:

North Venice.
Flowers of life.
Foggy Albion.
Great worker.
Skillful fingers.
Take the yoke off your neck.
Red warrior.
Fascist vultures.
Fifth Ocean.
Field worker.
Refer your question.
Snail's pace.
Country of wine.
A sea of tears.
Night light.
Fall into sleep.
Hare soul.

Useful video

Conclusion

Thus, we can say that periphrasis is a unit of stylistics that gives imagery to speech. In the text it allows you to produce lexical replacement, thereby avoiding unnecessary repetitions. Periphrases enrich the speech of the speaker and writer, allowing them to express a variety of emotions and attitudes towards a particular phenomenon. With their help you can convey feelings.

If a person uses paraphrases in writing and oral speech, then this is evidence that he has an individual style.

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No./item	Example	Author
1	Titan nailed to the rock	Ancient Greek myths
2	Died..., slave of honor...
3	A thunderous goblet from the sky...	F. Tyutchev
4	She fell into eternal sleep	A. Pushkin
5	The cheat approaches the tree on tiptoe	I. Krylov
6	Morpheus will not close their eyes	A. Pushkin
7	The bee town howls and buzzes	A. Tvardovsky
8	From the gaps between the clouds a ray of sun burst out from time to time.	A. Utkin
9	The contents of the dirty iron box were shaken out near the airport walls.	A. Thorin
10	He's just a media plowman	Ch. Aitmatov
11	Despising road guards and defending the rights of pedestrians	Z. Prilepin