EntrancePresentation on the topic "Mercury". Mercury - planet of the solar system
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Solar system. Planets terrestrial group Mercury Venus Earth Moon Mars
Mercury
Mercury Basic data: Name - Roman god of trade Distance from the Sun - 58 million km m Diameter - 4.8 km Density - 5.4 g/cm 2 Rotation period (1 day) - 59 Earth days Period of revolution around the Sun (1 year ) – 88 Earth days Orbit – ellipse Speed – 47.3 km/s No satellites
Mercury Atmosphere and structure Temperature from -210 to +570 No change of seasons
Features and relief of Mercury
Mercury The earliest known recording of Mercury in the tables of Mul Apin (a collection of Babylonian astrological tables) was made by Assyrian astronomers around the 14th century BC. The Sumerian name UDU.IDIM.GU\U 4 .UD (“jumping planet”) is the god Ninurt, and in later records it is called “Nabu” in honor of the god of wisdom and scribal art. Titles B Ancient Greece– Hermes Ancient Rome– Mercury (Claudius Ptolemy) B Ancient China- Chen-hsing, (Morning Star) In modern Chinese, Korean, Japanese and Vietnamese cultures - “Water Star” In Indian mythology - Budha Model of the movement of Mercury proposed by Ibn al-Shatir History
First telescopic observation by Galileo Galilei early XVII century. Although he observed the phases of Venus, his telescope was not powerful enough to observe the phases of Mercury. In 1631, Pierre Gassendi made the first telescopic observation of the passage of a planet across the solar disk. The moment of passage was previously calculated by Johannes Kepler. In 1639, Giovanni Zupi discovered with a telescope that the orbital phases of Mercury were similar to those of the Moon and Venus. Observations have definitively demonstrated that Mercury orbits the Sun. History of Galileo Galilei Pierre Gassendi Mercury
Research of the US automatic interplanetary probe Mariner -10 was launched on November 3, 1973 and flew up to Mercury on March 29, 1974. Images of Mercury were transmitted by Mariner-10 during three flights with an interval of six months March 1974 September 1974 March 1975 Result: 45% of the planet's surface was explored Mercury
automatic interplanetary apparatus "MESSENGER" Start August 2004 In orbit January 2008 Result - 1231 images, including previously unobserved areas. Mercury research
On January 18, 2008, a ceremony was held in Germany to sign a contract for the production of the BepiColombo spacecraft. BepiColombo will launch in August 2013 using the Russian Soyuz-2-1B launch vehicle with the Fregat-M upper stage from the Kourou cosmodrome in French Guiana . Arrival at Mercury scheduled for August 2019 Mercury Exploration
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Slide 2
The terrestrial planets include: Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars
According to their own physical characteristics The planets of the solar system are divided into
terrestrial planets and giant planets
Slide 3
general characteristics dynamic properties of terrestrial planets
General characteristics of the terrestrial planets
The similarity of the terrestrial planets does not exclude significant
differences in weight, size and other characteristics
Slide 4
MERCURY
Slide 5
Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun.
When the Mariner 10 spacecraft transmitted the first
Close-up shots of Mercury, astronomers
They clasped their hands: in front of them was the second Moon!
Mercury is very similar to the Moon. In the history of both celestial bodies
There was a period when lava flowed to the surface in streams.
Slide 6
Mercury is located close to the Sun.
Mercury's maximum elongation is only 28 degrees.
therefore it is very difficult to observe.
The best photos of Mercury from Earth
Transit of Mercury across the solar disk
Slide 7
Comparative sizes of Mercury and other celestial bodies
In size, Mercury can be compared with large
satellites of other planets in the solar system
Slide 8
The surface of Mercury in photographs taken from close up
distances, replete with craters (photos by Mariner 10 spacecraft)
Degas Crater
Copley Crater
Surface of Mercury
Computer processing
photographs of the surface of Mercury
Slide 9
There are fewer dark formations - seas - on Mercury than on the Moon
Computer processing of photographs of the surface of Mercury from the Mariner 10 spacecraft.
The light stripe at the top means there are no photographs of this area.
Slide 10
There are many craters on the surface of Mercury
Surface area of the Northern Hemisphere
Mercury is about 500 km wide
Slide 11
The huge Caloris pool (left),
reaching a diameter of 1300 km,
has a strong resemblance to circular
seas on the Moon.
It was probably formed as a result
collision of Mercury with a large
celestial body at an early stage
geological history of Mercury.
The pool is the result of the outflow
lava from the bowels of the planet after a collision.
Smooth, rounded plains were discovered on the surface of the planet,
received the name pools due to their resemblance to the lunar “seas”.
Slide 12
Mercury makes two revolutions around the Sun in the same time, during which it manages to turn around its axis three times.
A solar day on Mercury lasts 176 Earth days.
those. exactly 2 Mercury years.
average speed Mercury's orbital movement is 47.9 km/s.
Quickly rushing along its orbit, Mercury lazily turns around its axis.
Day and night last 88 days, i.e. equal to the year of the planet.
earthly years and months
Slide 13
Mercury's rotation axis is almost perpendicular to the orbital plane.
The change of seasons on Mercury is not caused by the tilt of the axis,
and by changing the distance to the Sun.
Slide 14
Chemical composition Mercury's atmosphere
Data on the atmosphere of Mercury indicate only its strong rarefaction.
The pressure at the surface of the planet is 500 billion times less than at the surface of the Earth (this is less than in modern vacuum installations on Earth).
Mercury is located very close to the Sun and captures the solar wind with its gravity.
A helium atom captured by Mercury remains in the atmosphere for an average of 200 days.
Slide 15
Mercury has a weak magnetic field,
which was discovered spacecraft Mariner 10.
The radius of the core is 1800 km (75% of the radius of the planet).
High density and availability
magnetic field show that Mercury must have
dense metal core.
The core accounts for
80% of Mercury's mass.
Slide 16
Surface temperature in
The polar regions of Mercury, which the Sun never illuminates, can remain around -210 °C.
There may be water ice present.
Maximum temperature
surface of Mercury,
registered by sensors, + 410 °C.
Temperature changes
on the day side
due to the change of seasons,
caused by the elongation of the orbit,
reach 100 °C.
View all slides
Slide 2
Mercury is the first from the Sun, the innermost and smallest planet in the Solar System, orbiting the Sun every 88 days. Mercury's apparent magnitude ranges from −2.0 to 5.5, but it is not easily visible due to its very small angular distance from the Sun (maximum 28.3°).
Slide 3
Planet movement
physical characteristics
Surface
Atmosphere and physical fields
Research
Interesting Facts
Notes
Literature
Slide 4
Movement of the planet.
Mercury moves around the Sun in a fairly elongated elliptical orbit (eccentricity 0.205) at an average distance of 57.91 million km (0.387 AU). At perihelion, Mercury is 45.9 million km from the Sun, at aphelion - 69.7 million km. The inclination of the orbit to the ecliptic plane is 7°. Mercury spends 87.97 days on one orbital revolution. The average speed of the planet's orbit is 48 km/s. A sidereal day is equal to 58.65 Earth days, that is, 2/3 of a Mercury year. This commensurability of the periods of rotation and revolution of Mercury is a unique phenomenon for the Solar System.
Slide 5
Physical characteristics.
Mercury is the smallest terrestrial planet. Its radius is only 2439.7 ± 1.0 km.
The mass of the planet is 3.3×1023 kg.
The average density of Mercury is -5.43 g/cm³,
Acceleration free fall on Mercury it is 3.70 m/s².
The second escape velocity is 4.3 km/s.
Slide 6
Surface.
The surface of Mercury is in many ways reminiscent of the Moon - it is dotted with many craters.
The largest crater on Mercury is named after the great German composer Beethoven, its diameter is 625 km.
Slide 7
Atmosphere and physical fields.
The planet has an extremely rarefied atmosphere, the pressure of which is 5 × 1011 times less than the pressure earth's atmosphere. Under such conditions, atoms collide more often with the surface of the planet than with each other.
Mercury has a magnetic field whose strength is 300 times less than the Earth's magnetic field.
Slide 8
Research.
Mercury is the least studied terrestrial planet. Only two devices were sent to study it. The first was Mariner 10, which in 1974-1975. flew past Mercury three times; the closest approach was 320 km. As a result, several thousand images were obtained, covering approximately 45% of the planet's surface. Further research from Earth showed the possibility of the existence of water ice in polar craters.
Slide 9
Mercury is the fastest planet in the solar system; it moves in orbit around the Sun at an average speed of 47.87 km/s, which is almost 2 times the speed of Earth.
Mercury is a rather difficult object to observe at high latitudes of the Earth due to the fact that it is always observed at dawn - morning or evening - against the backdrop of the twilight sky, and quite low above the horizon (especially in northern latitudes), and the period of its best visibility ( elongation) - occurs several times a year (lasting about 10 days).
FGOU SPO "Michurinsky Agrarian College"
Performed:
1st year student, 13th group
full-time department
Platonova Kristina Mikhailovna
Mercury, the planet closest to the sun
Diameter 4800 km;
The average distance from the Sun is 0.387 astronomical units (58 million km);
Circulation period 88 days;
The rotation period is 58.6 days;
- Mercury's surface appearance similar to the moon .
In the astronomical work “On Rotations” celestial spheres“Copernicus does not provide data on the observation of Mercury, which gave our ancestors reason to doubt the existence of the planet. Today Mercury is one of the most studied planets in the system.
Mercury moves around the Sun in a fairly elongated elliptical orbit (eccentricity 0.205) at an average distance of 57.91 million km (0.387 AU). Mercury spends 87.97 days on one orbital revolution. The average speed of the planet's orbit is 48 km/s.
For a long time it was believed that Mercury constantly faces the Sun with the same side, and one revolution around its axis takes the same 87.97 days. Observations of details on the surface of Mercury, carried out at the limit of resolution, did not seem to contradict this. The truth was revealed only in the mid-1960s, when radar was carried out. A sidereal day is equal to 58.65 Earth days, that is, 2/3 of a Mercury year. This is a unique phenomenon for the Solar System. In one Mercury year, Mercury manages to rotate one and a half revolutions around its axis. As a result, a solar day on Mercury lasts two Mercury years or three Mercury sidereal days.
Mercury receives 7 times more solar energy than the Earth. Surface temperature at sunny side can rise up to 400 degrees Celsius! At the same time, severe frost reigns on the shady side (-200 degrees Celsius).
Scientists suggest that the planet has an iron core, which accounts for 80% of the total mass of this celestial body. According to hypotheses, 3 billion of our earthly years ago, the period of volcanic activity ended on Mercury, after which its surface was changed only by cosmic collisions with meteorites.
The surface of Mercury is dotted with many craters. The density of craters varies in different areas. The largest crater on Mercury is named after the great German composer Beethoven, its diameter is 625 km.
On Mercury there are numerous jagged slopes stretching for hundreds of kilometers - scarps. A study of their structure showed that they were formed during compression that accompanied the cooling of the planet, as a result of which the surface of Mercury decreased by 1%. The presence of well-preserved large craters on the surface of Mercury suggests that over the past 3-4 billion years there has been no large-scale movement of sections of the crust, and there was no erosion of the surface; the latter almost completely excludes the possibility of the existence of any significant atmosphere.
One of the most noticeable features of the surface of Mercury is the Plain of Heat (“Caloris Planitia”). This crater got its name because it is located near one of the “hot longitudes”.
The planet has an extremely rarefied atmosphere, the pressure of which is 5 × 1011 times less than the pressure of the Earth’s atmosphere. It is made up of atoms - helium, sodium, oxygen, potassium, argon, hydrogen. The average lifetime of a certain atom in the atmosphere is about 200 days.
Mercury has a magnetic field whose strength is 300 times less than the Earth's magnetic field. Mercury's magnetic axis is inclined to the planet's rotation axis by 12°.
Mercury is a rather difficult object to observe at high latitudes of the Earth due to the fact that it is always observed at dawn - morning or evening - against the backdrop of the twilight sky, and quite low above the horizon, and the period of its best visibility (elongation) occurs several times per year (lasting about 10 days). Even during these periods, it is not easy to see Mercury with the naked eye. At low latitudes, Mercury is clearly visible.
There are no seasons on Mercury in the sense that we mean by this concept on earth. Presumably, this is due to the fact that the planet's rotation axis is at right angles to the orbital plane. As a result, there are areas near the poles that the sun's rays never reach. A survey carried out by the Arecibo radio telescope suggests that there are glaciers in this icy and dark zone. The glacial layer can reach 2 m and is covered with a layer of dust
The oldest evidence of observations of Mercury can be found in Sumerian cuneiform texts dating back to the third millennium BC. e. The planet is named after the god of the Roman pantheon Mercury, an analogue of the Greek Hermes and Babylonian Naboo. The ancient Greeks of Hesiod's time called Mercury "Στίλβων" (Stilbo, the Shining One). Until the 5th century BC. e. The Greeks believed that Mercury, visible in the evening and morning skies, were two different objects. IN Ancient India Mercury was called Buddha () and Roginea. In Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese and Korean Mercury is called the Water Star () (in accordance with the ideas of the "Five Elements". In Hebrew, the name of Mercury sounds like "Kohav Hama" (כוכב חמה) (" solar planet"). Mercury Hermes Nabu HesiodV century BC. e. Ancient India Chinese Japanese Vietnamese Korean Hebrew
Mercury is the smallest terrestrial planet. Its radius is only 2439.7 ± 1.0 km, which is less than the radius of Jupiter's moon Ganymede and Saturn's moon Titan. The mass of the planet is 3.3 × 10 23 kg. The average density of Mercury is quite high at 5.43 g/cm³, which is only slightly less than the density of Earth. Considering that the Earth is larger in size, the density value of Mercury indicates an increased content of metals in its depths. The acceleration due to gravity on Mercury is 3.70 m/s². The second escape velocity is 4.3 km/s. Jupiter Ganymede Saturn Titan Earth Acceleration of gravity Comparative sizes of Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars
Aphelion km 0, a. e.a. e. Perihelion km 0, a. e. Semimajor axis Semimajor axis km 0, a. e. Orbital eccentricity Orbital eccentricity 0, Sidereal period Sidereal period 87.969 days Synodic period Synodic period 115.88 days Orbital speed Orbital speed 47.87 km/s Mean anomaly Mean anomaly 174.795884° Inclination 3.38° (relative to the solar equator) Longitude of the ascending node Longitude of the ascending node 48.330541° Periapsis argument Periapsis argument 29.124279° Number of satellites no satellites
Compression 
The surface of Mercury is in many ways reminiscent of the Moon; it is dotted with many craters. The density of craters varies in different areas. It is assumed that the more densely dotted areas with craters are more ancient, and the less densely dotted ones are younger, formed when the old surface was flooded with lava. At the same time, large craters are less common on Mercury than on the Moon. The largest crater on Mercury is named after the great German composer Beethoven, its diameter is 625 km. However, the similarity is incomplete; formations are visible on Mercury that are not found on the Moon. An important difference between the mountainous landscapes of Mercury and the Moon is the presence on Mercury of numerous jagged escarpments extending over hundreds of kilometers of scarps. A study of their structure showed that they were formed during compression that accompanied the cooling of the planet, as a result of which the surface of Mercury decreased by 1%. The presence of well-preserved large craters on the surface of Mercury suggests that over the past 34 billion years there has been no large-scale movement of sections of the crust, and there has been no erosion of the surface, the latter almost completely eliminating the possibility of the existence of any significant atmosphere in the history of Mercury. lunarBeethovencrater landscapeserosion The surface resembles the lunar one (photo by MESSENGER)
Mercury is the least studied terrestrial planet. Only two devices were sent to study it. The first was Mariner 10, which flew past Mercury three times in years; the closest approach was 320 km. As a result, several thousand images were obtained, covering approximately 45% of the planet's surface. Further research from Earth showed the possibility of the existence of water ice in polar craters. Mariner's
