Presentation on the topic "Comparison of the geographical location of Africa and Australia." Presentation on the topic “comparison of the geographical position of Africa and Australia” Determine which ocean basin most of the rivers of South America belong to

Target: 1. Compare the geographical location of Australia and Africa.

2. Determine the similarities and differences between the main components of the nature of these continents.

3. Identify the degree of natural and anthropogenic changes in the landscapes of each continent.

4. learn to compare, draw conclusions about the similarities and differences in the nature of the continents.

Equipment:

Instruction card

I. Determine the geographical location of the Australian mainland using the plan and atlas maps.

Draw a conclusion about the size and extent of the continent, the characteristics of the physical and geographical position of the continent, and determine its nature. Write a brief conclusion in your notebook in the form of a table.

Which part of Africa does Australia have a similar geographical location to? How do you see these similarities?

Write a brief summary in your notebook.

Identify the similarities and differences in the relief of Australia and

Practical work No. 5

On the topic: “Determining the similarities and differences in the topography of Africa and South America”

Goals: 1. Establish the relief features of South America.

2. Improve your ability to describe the terrain of a territory using maps and a standard plan.

3. Learn to compare the relief of two continents, draw conclusions about similarities and differences based on the comparison.

Equipment: physical map of South America and Africa, atlas for 7th grade

Instruction card

1. Identify the similarities and differences in the relief of South America and
Africa. Present the results of your work in the form of a table.

Practical work No. 6

on the topic: “Comparative description of the large river systems of Africa and South America”

Goals: 1. Describe the large river systems of South America and Africa, show their dependence on topography and climate. Assess the possibilities and difficulties of economic development of these rivers.

2. Check and evaluate your ability to use the map as the most important source of knowledge for solving assigned problems.

Equipment: physical map of South America and Africa, atlas for 7th grade

Instruction card

1. Write a description of the large river systems of South America and Africa according to the proposed plan.

Plan	South America (specify river system)	Africa (specify river system)
1. In what part of the continent is the river system located?
2. Source, direction of flow, mouth, length of the main river.
3. Which ocean basin does it belong to?
4. Main tributaries
5. Dependence on the terrain (nature of the flow, rapids and waterfalls, river performance)
6. Dependence on climate (food source, high water content, fluctuations in river water level)
7. Possibility of economic development of river basins.
8. Difficulties in economic development of river basins

The form of recording the results is optional: recording data in a table, text description of the river system, recording data on a contour map. On the contour map: -1) write the name of the main river at the source and mouth; 2) indicate which ocean basin the river system belongs to; 3) label the main tributaries; draw rapids and waterfalls, if any; 5) indicate food sources, high water content, river regime (fluctuations in water level by season); 6) using conventional symbols (make up the symbols for the map legend yourself) to show the possibilities and difficulties of economic development of these rivers.

2. In your notebook, make a brief summary of the differences between river systems related to their geographical location.

Practical work No. 7

"North American Exploration" - Vikings. Equator. North America. Giovanni Caboto. Problematic situation. Flip back through the calendar. Bering Vitus Jonanssen (1681 – 1741). Icelandic Viking of Norwegian origin. There are two categories of travel. The main task is to sail to America. North tropic. The conquests of Enrico Cortez.

“Geography of North America” - Why are the prairies called the “Bread Basket”? Why do the mountains stretch in the west and the plains in the east? City of McKinley. Why is America called America? R. Mississippi. Why are atmospheric tornadoes frequent on the mainland? 5700 m. North America. Colorado Labrador Bering Appalachian St. Lawrence Cordillera.

“North America” - L. Erickson 1000 H. Columbus 1492-98 The deepest canyon is the Grand Canyon. Geographical location of North America. In Canada - in English and French, in Mexico and Central America - mainly in Spanish. The unified Flint-Mammoth cave system reaches a length of 535 km. The Hubbard Glacier slopes down to the bay.

“North America 7th grade” - Questions and assignments are written on the “daisy petals”. Warm up. Competition for continental nature experts. The forests are mixed, broad-leaved and variably wet. 1 person from each team participates. the northernmost point of North America. 3 competition. one of the five Great Lakes. Murchison. All team members participate.

“Discovery of North America” - Immigrants from European and African countries. Sambo. Traveling around North America. Eskimos. It's past. Key dates of geographical discoveries in America. History of discovery and research. Indians. Metis. Population. Mongoloids. Caucasians. Negroids. Indigenous. Mulattoes.

"Peoples of North America" ​​- Indian. The USA is an economically powerful, rich power in the world. Modern political map of North America. The Eskimos created a special Arctic culture of hunters and fishermen. North American countries. The settlement of North America by Europeans. Indian settlement. At the end of the 18th century, Americans won independence.

There are 11 presentations in total

We have completed the study of the southern continents - Africa, Australia, South America and Antarctica.

Today we will remember everything we have studied and find common features of the nature of the southern continents.

The southern continents, as you remember, conventionally call not only Australia and Antarctica, which are completely south of the equator, but also Africa and South America. The answer is simple: all four continents have a common history of development - they were all part of the Gondwana continent.

Topic: Continents

Lesson: Generalization. Comparative characteristics of the southern continents

1. Introduction

Today in class you will learn:

1. Features of the geographical location of the southern continents

2. General features of the relief

3. General features of climate and natural areas

2. Geographical location

The peculiarity of the geographical location of the southern continents is that three continents - South America, Africa and Australia - are located near the equator, so high temperatures prevail there all year round over most of the territory. Most of the continents are located in the subequatorial and tropical zones.

Antarctica is the only continent on Earth that is located around the South Pole, which determines the severity of its nature (see Fig. 1).

Rice. 1. Map of Antarctica

3. General features of the relief

Since the southern continents once made up an entire continent, they have similar natural features.

Having examined the physical map of the world and individual continents, we can identify several common features of the relief of all four continents (see Fig. 2):

The topography of all continents has two main parts: vast plains and mountains. Most of the continents are occupied by plains located on platforms. Different mountain systems are located on the outskirts of the continents: the Andes in South America - in the west, the Atlas in Africa - in the northwest, the Great Dividing Range in Australia - in the east.

These mountains, as if in a ring, surround the plains of Gondwana that were once united in the past.

The structure of the plains of modern continents has much in common. Most of them are formed on ancient platforms, which are composed of crystalline and metamorphic rocks at their base.

Mineral deposits are closely related to geological history, the composition of rocks and the topography of continents. All southern continents are rich in them. In similar geological conditions, oil deposits were found off the western coast of Africa and at approximately the same latitudes - off the eastern coast of South America.

4. Climate and inland waters

Due to their geographical location in low latitudes, South America, Africa and Australia are located mainly in the equatorial, subequatorial, subtropical and tropical zones (see Fig. 3).

High temperatures prevail here. As for the amount and regime of precipitation, there is a wide variety. Precipitation depends on the prevailing air masses, vertical air movement, wind direction and topography.

Rice. 3. Climate map

Inland waters depend on topography and climate. Thus, in Antarctica there are no rivers due to low temperatures, and lakes are an exception. The densest river network and many lakes are in the equatorial and subequatorial zones, where a lot of precipitation falls.

The direction and flow of rivers depend on the relief. Due to the fact that the mountains of South America are located in the west, and in Africa - in the east, the rivers of these continents carry their waters mainly to the Atlantic Ocean.

All three continents (South America, Africa and Australia) are well supplied with groundwater, which is widely used in both agriculture and industry in desert areas.

5. Features of the location of natural areas

On the territory of the southern continents there are all the natural zones of low latitudes and the Antarctic belt (see Fig. 4). Temperate zones are poorly represented. As a rule, natural zones correspond to climatic regions.

Rice. 4. Map of natural areas

The distribution of zones clearly shows latitudinal zoning. This is explained by the predominance of plains on the continents. Altitudinal zonation is also clearly evident. It is especially pronounced in South America.

Thus, the nature of the southern continents has a lot in common, which is explained by a number of reasons:

General history of the development of the earth's crust Long time of joint development of nature Similar geographical location

Homework

Read § 22 - 37, analyze the lecture. Run the test.

Bibliography

MainI

1. Geography. Land and people. 7th grade: Textbook for general education. uch. / A. P. Kuznetsov, L. E. Savelyeva, V. P. Dronov, “Spheres” series. – M.: Education, 2011.

2. Geography. Land and people. 7th grade: atlas. Series "Spheres".

Additional

1. N. A. Maksimov. Behind the pages of a geography textbook. – M.: Enlightenment.

Literature for preparing for the State Exam and the Unified State Exam

Geographical location, history of exploration of South America

Practical work No. 13. Comparison of the geographical location of Africa and South America

Lesson summary

Features of the geographical location of South America.

History of discovery and development of the territory

Basic knowledge

Southern continents

Algorithm for describing geographic location

Rules for determining the extreme points of the continent and its extent

Basic Concepts

Physiographic position, latitudinal position, extreme points of the continent, coastline, New World, West Indies, Southern Ocean

Personalities

Amerigo Vespucci, Christopher Columbus, Nunez de Balboa, Francisco Orellano, Alexander Humboldt, Aimé Bonpland, Grigory Lansdorf, Nikolai Vavilov

Geographic nomenclature

Extreme points: N - Cape Galinas, S - Cape Froward, W - Cape Parinhas, E - Cape Cabo Branco.

Coastline objects:

Isthmuses – Panama;

Canals – Panama;

Straits - Drake, Magellan;

Seas – Caribbean;

Bays – La Plata;

Islands – Tierra del Fuego, Greater and Lesser Antilles, Galapagos

Developed skills

Describe the geographical location of the continent.

Identify similarities and differences in the geographical location of South America and Africa.

Name and show all studied coastline objects, names and routes of travelers and researchers

Questions for monitoring

What place does South America occupy among the continents?

In which hemispheres is the continent located?

With which continent does South America form a single part of the world?

For millions of years, the development of the nature of these two continents proceeded independently. Why?

How are the latitudinal positions of Africa and South America similar?

What features of the latitudinal position, unlike Africa, does South America have?

Which traveler discovered America, in what year did this happen?

Practical tasks

Compare the geographical position of Africa and South America, fill out a table in a notebook, draw a conclusion about the similarities and differences of the geographical position and their impact on the nature of the continents.

Place nomenclature objects on a contour map

Practical work No. 13. Comparison of the geographical location of Africa and South America.

Objectives: students should know (understand): the features of the geographical location of South America, the discovery and development of the territory;

Students should be able to: describe the geographical location of the continent; identify similarities and differences in the geographical location of South America and Africa; name and show all studied coastline objects, names and routes of travelers and researchers.

Personalities: Amerigo Vespucci, Christopher Columbus, Alexander Humbolt, Nunez de Balboa, Francisco Orellano, Aimé Bonpland, Grigory Lansdorf, Nikolai Vavilov.

Equipment: globe, physical map of the world, physical map of South America, portraits of travelers, outline maps, atlases, scorecards.
Board design: lesson topic “South America”; continental area 18 million square kilometers; table “Extreme points of the continent”; Table “Book of Wonders of South America”; personalities: Amerigo Vespucci, Christopher Columbus, Alexander Humboldt, Nunez de Balboa, Francisco Orellano, Aime Bonpland, Grigory Lansdorf, Nikolai Vavilov.

Lesson type: combined.

During the classes:

Organizing time.

Blitz – a survey on questions. (Score cards are used to evaluate answers; red – “excellent”, green – “good”, white – “need to think”; for answers to questions marked *, two cards are issued.)

What place does Antarctica occupy among other continents in terms of area? (Fifth)

What is special about the geographical location of Antarctica? (The continent is entirely located in the Southern Hemisphere (in the Arctic Circle))

December, January, February - what season of the year is it in Antarctica? Summer.

In what year and by whom was Antarctica discovered? In 1820, Russian travelers F.F. Bellingshausen and M.P. Lazarev.

For the first time the South Pole was reached by an expedition led by? (R. Amundsen)

In 1840, man first set foot on the shores of Antarctica. It was? Frenchman Jules Dumont - D'Urville.

In what year did the International Geographical Year take place, which opened a new page in the exploration of Antarctica?* (In 1957)

How does Antarctica differ into two parts according to the nature of the relief? (Transantarctic Mountains)

Which part of the continent (western or eastern) is the highest? (Western)

Name the highest point in Antarctica. (Vinson Massif – 5140 m)

What is the name of the active volcano in Antarctica? (Volcano Erebus)

In what climatic zones is the continent located? (in Antarctic)

Where in Antarctica is the coldest temperature recorded? (- 89.2 C)

(At Vostok station, at the Pole of Cold)

What is the climate of Antarctica characterized by?

Very low temperatures, dryness (low precipitation), very strong winds.

Katava winds are...? These are constant winds from the center of the continent to its edges.

Name the four poles that exist from the territory of Antarctica*.

South Pole, pole of relative inaccessibility, pole of cold, South magnetic pole of the Earth.

What is the flora of Antarctica like? Lichens.

Name the representatives of the animal world of Antarctica.

Penguins, seagulls, petrels, killer whales, seals - leopard seals, blue whales. There are a lot of fish and Antarctic shrimp in the coastal areas.

Give arguments for the importance of the continent of Antarctica for our planet.

Antarctica is called the “weather kitchen” of the Earth. It affects the Earth's climate.

The ice of Antarctica contains huge amounts of fresh water.

A project is being developed to deliver icebergs to dry areas of the Earth.

Antarctica has huge mineral reserves.

There are no countries on the mainland, all people are engaged in scientific research. Antarctica is called a continent without borders, without wars and weapons!

Name the largest Antarctic stations.

Russian "Mirny" and American "McMedro"

Considering projects for an Antarctic station with the most comfortable conditions, if such projects have been prepared. (Creative homework.)

Conducting summaries (counting cards), grading.

Studying a new topic.

We have already studied three continents: Africa, Australia and Antarctica. Another continent awaits us: South America. Each continent is a special land with a lot of interesting and mysterious things. Open the very first page of the “South America” section (p. 25 of the textbook). Let's see how the author called this section: “South America – the continent of miracles.” Why? We have to solve this mystery. And we will try to create a kind of Book of Wonders of the Continent, the entries in which will begin with the words “The most, the most, the most...

Write down the topic of the lesson “South America” in your notebook.

And what wonderful records can we record today, without having yet studied the mainland in detail?

The deepest river in the world is the Amazon.

The longest mountain system in the world is the Andes.

Let's write this down in a notebook (formatted in the form of a table) under the heading:

"Wonders of South America"

№PP

Characteristic

Name

Dimensions

Amazon

Andes

Let's leave room to fill out the Book of Wonders of South America as we explore the continent. At the end of the study of South America, everyone can present their completed book and receive a grade for their work.

At the end of the study of the continent of South America, the Book of Wonders might look like this:

"Wonders of South America"

№PP

Characteristic

Name

Dimensions

River with the largest basin area

Amazon

The basin area is more than 7 million km. KV.

The longest mountain system in the world

Andes

6.4 thousand km

The highest navigable lake in the world

Titicaca

3812 m above world level

The tallest waterfall in the world

Angel

1054 m

The largest lake

Maracaibo

14350 km.sq.

Highest point

Mount Aconcagua

6960 m

The highest volcano in the world

Guagliatiri in Chile

6060 m, year of eruption 1960

The largest lowland in the world

Amazonian

5 million km.sq.

Lowest point

Valdez Peninsula

42 m

Tallest tree

Ceiba

Height more than 80 m

The lightest tree

Balsa

Lighter than cork and does not rot in water

The most durable tree

Quebraccio

Translated as “Break the axe”

The largest rodent in the world

Capybara

Weight about 60 kg

The smallest bird

Hummingbird

Weight 2 g

The most beautiful butterfly in the world

Butterfly morpho

Wingspan reaches 210 mm

The driest desert in the world

Atacama

There wasn't a single rain

The most expensive fur

At the chinchilla

Beautiful, durable and lightweight

The largest flying bird on the planet

Condor

Wingspan more than 3 m

The largest turtles

In the Galapagos Islands

The length of its carapace can reach 122 cm with a mass of 300 kg

The biggest carnival in the world

In Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Lasts 5 days

Largest cities

Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo

Among the largest in the world

The study of the continents will take place according to your usual pattern:

Geographical position. History of discovery and research.

Geological structure, relief and minerals.

South American climate

Hydrography of the mainland

Diversity of nature

Population of South America

Regions of South America

Geographical location of the continent.

Why do we begin our study of the continent with its geographical location? What do we mean by the physical and geographical position of the continent?

This is a kind of mainland address.

GP influences the nature of the continent.

Today you will independently characterize the geographical position of the continent of South America, using the plan (textbook p. 249) and maps on the board and in atlases. We work in rows. Row 1 determines the location of the continent relative to the equator, tropics and polar circles. We divide point 2 of the plan in half: the 2nd row finds the extreme points, the 3rd row determines the extent of the continent from north to south and from west to east.

Students answer in pairs: one from the seat, the other at the board duplicating a friend.

Table “Extreme points of the continent of South America”

№pp

Extreme point along the horizon

Name

Coordinates

Latitude

Longitude

Northern

Cape Galina

12 n.sh.

72 W.

South

Cape Froward

54 S

71 W.

Western

Cape Parinhas

5 S

81 W.

Eastern

Cape Cabo Branco

7 S

35 W.

Length of the continent:

From north to south along the 70W meridian:

12 +54 =66;

66* 111 km=7326 m

From west to east along parallel 5 S:

81 – 35 = 46;

46* 110 km=5060 km

Nomenclature entry "South America":

Extreme points: Northern - Cape Galinas, southern - Cape Froward, eastern - Cape Cabo Branco, western - Cape Parinhas. Coastline objects: Caribbean Sea, Panama Canal, La Plata Bay, Strait of Magellan, Drake Passage, Lesser Antilles, island. Tierra del Fuego, Gallapagos Islands, Isthmus of Panama.

Conversation between teacher and students:

How is the continent located relative to other continents?

With which continent does South America form a single part of the world?

With North America.

For millions of years, the development of the nature of these two continents proceeded independently. Why?

Because North America was part of Laurasia, and South America was part of Gondwana.

Communication with North America through the Isthmus of Panama was formed only in the middle of the Cenozoic era with the formation of the Cordillera. The continents are connected by the geologically young, long and narrow Isthmus of Panama, through which the Panama Canal is dug. The border between Northern South America is drawn along the Panama Canal.

2. Practical work No. 13 “Comparison of the geographical location of South America and Africa.

Goal of the work:

Development of skills in conducting comparative analysis based on various sources of geographic information.

Exercise:

Compare the geographical location of South America and Africa.

Fill out the table

Identify the similarities and differences in the geographical location of the continents

Formulate a conclusion about the consequences arising from the similarity.

Factors determining FGP

Name of the continent

Similarities or differences between the components of nature

South America

Africa

Relation to the equator

Crosses in the northern part, located in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres

Crosses almost in the middle, located in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres

Similarities: location in the equatorial, subequatorial, tropical, subtropical zones

Relation to the Prime Meridian

Located in the Western Hemispheres

Most are located in the Eastern Hemispheres

Various

Relation to the tropics

Crosses the southern tropic

Crosses the northern and southern tropics

Similarities: location in hot zones

Relationship to the oceans

From the west – Pacific, from the east – Atlantic

From the west - Atlantic, from the east - Indian

Washed by the Atlantic Ocean

Coastline

Slightly cut

Slightly cut

Similarities

Approximate conclusion: Both continents have significant similarities in the geographical position of the continent, which leads to the repetition of climate and nature. But South America is shifted more to the south, so the narrow, southern part of the continent is colder. A wide part of the continent is located in the hot zone. Both continents have a slightly indented coastline.

What explains the similarity in the outlines of the coasts of South America and Africa? In the past it was a single continent.

From the history of the discovery and exploration of South America.

It is known that on the maps of the ancients South and North America were missing. It was not on Ptolemy’s map either. However, legends about wondrous countries, where gold is as abundant as sand, where people adorn themselves with necklaces of precious stones, where pepper, nutmeg and cloves ripen under the burning southern sun, were composed by chroniclers in the 15th century. These were legends told to the world by merchants, seekers of profit. Many scientists of that time suggested a possible Western path to the rich countries of the East.

There is no consensus on who was the first to reach America. Some believe that the New World was discovered by the Vikings, others are inclined to believe that it was Asians, and still others are the inhabitants of Oceania. But it is truly known that after the voyage of Columbus, this Earth became known to the whole world, began to be populated and developed.

Many scientists and travelers have contributed to the study of the mainland.

There were also Russians among them. Using the material from the paragraph, as well as additional sources of information, for the next lesson you will prepare a mini-message (1-3 messages) about the contribution of each traveler written on the board. You can make a table in your notebook.

Consolidation of what has been learned

Drawing on a contour map the extreme points of the continent, objects of nomenclature.

Homework

Paragraph 35 and tasks.

Mini messages about travelers (can be in table form).

Name of the continent	Area, million km2	Percentage of the planet's land mass,%	Population, billion people (approx)	Percentage of the planet's population, %	Population density, people/km2
Total	148,86	100	7,18	100	-
	54,76	36,79	5	71,07	90,34
	30,22	20,30	1,1	15,33	30,51
	24,25	16,29	0,565	7,87	22,9
	17,84	11,98	0,387	5,39	21,4
	14,10	9,47	0	0	0
	7,69	5,17	0,024	0,33	2,8

Continental records:

1. The largest continent by area is Eurasia.

2. The smallest continent is Australia.

3. The most populated continent by people is Eurasia.

4. The most deserted continent is Antarctica.

5. The hottest continent is Africa.

6. The coldest continent is Antarctica.

7. A continent on which there is only 1 country - Australia.

8. The continent, which is washed by 4 oceans - Eurasia.

11. A continent that consists of two parts of the world at once - Eurasia.

12. A continent that has all climatic zones and natural zones - Eurasia.

13. The continent, which is located in all hemispheres at once - Africa.

14. The wettest continent is South America.

15. The driest continent is Australia.

16. The continent that is crossed by all meridians is Antarctica.

17. The windiest continent is Antarctica.

18. The lowest continent is Australia.

19. The highest continent in terms of land height is Eurasia.

20. The highest continent taking into account the ice dome is Antarctica.

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