EntranceNATO's highest governing bodies. Combined Armed Forces
In accordance with NATO guidelines, the bulk of the bloc's combined armed forces must be prepared to perform a wide range of tasks - from conducting military operations within the framework of Art. 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty “On Collective Defense” before participating in operations to resolve crisis situations. They include national and multinational military formations and command and control bodies capable of conducting active military operations for a long time, including in theaters remote from Europe. Such formations, according to NATO classification, are called Deployable Forces.
According to the estimates of the Allied Forces command of the alliance, currently the formations, units and subunits of the ground forces of the participating countries with a total number of about 1.5 million people (including marine formations) have the ability to conduct operations in remote theaters of operations. Moreover, a significant part of them are American military personnel (over 990 thousand people, of which about 30 thousand are stationed in Europe).
In turn, the European countries of the alliance, in accordance with their obligations, are ready to form, within 60 to 90 days, nine multinational army rapid deployment corps (AK BR, NATO Rapid Deployable Corps), which will become the basis of the ground component of NATO's universal forces. These include: Combined Army Corps (OAK) BR, Eurocorps BR, German-Dutch, Spanish, Italian, French, Turkish, German-Danish-Polish and Greek AK BR.
In peacetime, army rapid deployment corps includes only the multinational headquarters, formations that ensure its daily activities (Integral Units, communications units, logistics support, etc.). as well as control bodies of the divisional (brigade) level (Organic Units), subordinate to the headquarters and responsible for organizing the combat training of units and subunits of the corresponding type of troops allocated for transfer to the corps.
According to accepted approaches, rapidly deployable army corps are formed on the basis of the so-called framework model, which was used when creating NATO's OAK Rapid Reaction Force (RRF) at one time. This model assumes that one of the participating countries takes responsibility for organizing the management and comprehensive support of a multinational formation, allocates the majority of combat formations (units and subunits) to its composition and, thus, becomes the founding state of the corps. Accordingly, key command posts and more than 60% of positions in the corps headquarters are given to representatives of the armed forces of this state. The remaining leadership and staff positions are distributed among other countries of the bloc, taking into account their contribution to the formation of the combat strength of the association.
The framework model has proven itself to be the most flexible and effective, since only the founding state is permanent here, it is possible to increase the number of participants in the association, and the combat composition of the corps can change depending on the tasks being solved. In addition, in the process of preparing and conducting crisis resolution operations, it is possible to strengthen associations of this type by including in their composition units of states that are not members of the North Atlantic Alliance.
The deployment of the AK BR is carried out by decision of the NATO Council on the basis of multinational corps headquarters and national formations, units and subunits. At the same time, the formation may include up to five combined arms formations of the division and (or) brigade level, in peacetime allocated for transfer to the operational subordination of the corps headquarters (Affiliated Combat Units) in accordance with interstate agreements within the alliance.
These agreements are concluded in order to ensure the possibility of involving formations of the participating countries in multinational operational and combat training activities, as well as as part of the formation in the operations of the bloc.
In addition, taking into account technical agreements signed by the leadership of the country - the founder of the corps and the NATO command, combat and logistics support units (units, divisions) intended for transfer to the operational subordination of the corps headquarters (Dedicated to HQ Units) will be transferred to the AK BR and included in the list of forces of universal use of the bloc, which is updated annually in accordance with the statements of the participating countries.
The typical composition of a NATO Allied Army Corps deployed for operations under Art. 5 of the Washington Treaty “On Collective Defense” includes the following formations, units and subunits:
Multinational Headquarters;
Air Operations Coordination Center;
Up to 5 combined arms divisions or brigades;
Artillery Brigade
Anti-aircraft missile brigade
Army Aviation Brigade
Battalion (brigade) RCBZ
Engineer-sapper brigade;
Communications team;
Reconnaissance battalion (brigade);
Military Police Battalion;
Logistics brigade;
Medical team;
UAV Squadron;
Special Operations Forces Group;
Civil-Military Cooperation Group;
Psychological Operations Group.
However, in a real situation, the combat strength of the NATO Rapid Deployment Corps will be formed on a modular basis based on the volume and nature of the upcoming tasks.
Taking into account the existing interstate agreements on the allocation of formations and units of the ground forces of the alliance countries to the AK BR, agreements have been concluded for some national formations on the possible transfer of them to operational subordination to different army corps headquarters, which provides the NATO command with additional opportunities to maneuver forces and means during operational planning . Thus, the Danish motorized infantry division has been allocated for transfer to operational subordination to the headquarters of the joint and German-Danish-Polish army rapid deployment corps.
In peacetime, NATO leadership pays special attention to maintaining constant combat readiness and improving the control systems of these corps. In accordance with established requirements, multinational headquarters of the BR AQ must be able to:
establish and maintain interaction with civil organizations (international, non-governmental, local commercial, medical and industrial), authorities, security and law enforcement agencies;
organize the necessary support for non-military organizations during their humanitarian assistance operations;
function effectively in any situation, including during the conduct of high-intensity military operations in the interests of solving a wide range of military tasks of the alliance, and also act as the headquarters of the ground component of an interservice group of troops (forces);
carry out staff functions related to the organization of the actions of artillery, engineering troops, communications troops, aviation, forces and means of logistics and medical support, and military police;
ensure management of the deployment and use of expeditionary groupings of ground forces in any part of the world in various natural and climatic conditions;
integrate into a unified interspecies reconnaissance, tracking and target designation system ISTAR;
provide in real time (RTM) (or close to RMT) an assessment of the composition, condition and location of one’s troops (forces);
use data and exchange information within the framework of a “single picture of the operational situation” through subordinate units (including those located outside of combat vehicles);
process and comprehensively analyze obtained intelligence data;
deploy and ensure stable synchronous operation of a tactical-level command post (brigade-division), main and reserve command post, rear command post (TCP) of the army corps, while ensuring the deployment of an advanced (operational) headquarters group as part of the command and control body of the inter-service NATO group;
carry out operational management of formations (units, subunits) of various types of armed forces, branches of military forces and services;
independently move field launchers using standard vehicles;
provide the necessary level of chemical warfare protection and protection against improvised explosive devices for all personnel and military equipment;
act without replenishing supplies for at least 10 days.
In the interests of bringing army corps headquarters into compliance with the above requirements, uniform standards have been established for them in terms of organizational structure, forces and resources allocated to strengthen the headquarters in a crisis situation or in wartime.
The number of personnel at the AK BR headquarters in peacetime ranges from 170 to 450 military personnel. It is planned to increase its number in a crisis situation (in wartime) by 1.5-2 times.
In accordance with NATO standards, for the purpose of an organized transition to a reinforced (combat) mode of operation, the operational composition of the headquarters of the AK BR in peacetime is distributed among groups and control points. To control the formation in various operations, a main command post (OKP, Main Command Post), a reserve command post (ZKP, Alternate CP), and a corps TPU (Rear CP) can be deployed. In addition, the headquarters of the AK BR provides for the possibility of deploying other - smaller in composition - control points designed to solve individual tasks (for example, managing the process of deploying a corps on a theater of operations).
The main command post is deployed for the purpose of planning an operation, including organizing reconnaissance, collecting and processing intelligence information, engaging the enemy with fire, combat and logistics support, and participating in information operations; management of connections, parts (divisions) of the association; organizing and conducting events within the framework of military-civil interaction, including with international and non-governmental organizations during crisis resolution operations;
The leadership of the main command post is, as a rule, carried out by the chief of staff of the corps.
The reserve command post is in constant readiness to perform the functions of the main command post in the event of its sudden failure. For these purposes, the operational staff of the ZKP monitors the situation in the area of the operation around the clock in real (close to real) time, and also backs up all the information available on the OKP.
In terms of its capabilities and structure, the reserve command post for organizing automated workstations and communications is identical to the main command post, and the operational personnel are appointed according to the combat crew from the same departments (sections, groups, centers, etc.) of the headquarters of the AK BR as the operational personnel for completing OKP. It is planned to strengthen the operational staff of the ZKP by attracting unoccupied personnel from other control points, as well as from the surviving OKP personnel who are out of commission.
One of the tasks of the ZKP is to organize the protection, protection and defense of the rear area under the leadership of the deputy corps commander. In addition, this control center can replace the rear control center when the latter fails.
The corps rear command post is deployed to perform the following tasks: use, maintain and, if necessary, expand the existing communications system within the boundaries of the integrated rear area for the purpose of continuous control of subordinate multinational and national logistics formations; organizing and maintaining interaction with the main and reserve command posts of the corps, combat formations (units) of the association, logistics agencies of the host country, contract supply companies, as well as international, governmental and non-governmental organizations (agencies) on issues of comprehensive logistics support for the actions of the AK BR; managing the process of meeting, placing and preparing for upcoming actions military formations arriving in the area of operation; coordination of traffic flows with human and material resources within the boundaries of the united rear area; coordination of measures to restore the combat effectiveness of military formations in the joint rear area; implementation of military-civil interaction and coordination of supply of logistical resources from non-military sources; minimizing interference in the activities of the AKBR civil structures of the host country; taking measures to ensure the security of key points (lines) of transport communications in order to guarantee movement through the combined rear area of combat formations (units, subunits); monitoring and assessing the situation (including the mood of the local population) within the boundaries of the united rear area; ensuring the passage of military columns during the rotation of units (units).
The rear control center of the AK BR is deployed, as a rule, in close proximity to transport communications hubs (ports, airfields, railway stations).
Based on the standard set of field equipment of the TPU, the PU of the forward echelon of the rear of the corps (PU PET, RSC FW Element) can be deployed. This launcher is deployed to the area of the operation at the initial stage of deployment of the AK BR, and subsequently a full-fledged corps TPU is deployed on its base. In addition, the launcher of the forward echelon of the rear of the corps can be separated from the rear control point of the AK BR to control the forward echelon of the rear and the rear group operating in an independent direction, as well as in cases requiring the deployment of a separate rear control point.
The deployment of field command posts of the AK BR in the area of the corps' operation is planned to be carried out after the completion of the main measures to replenish its personnel, provide additional material resources to national formations, units and subunits, and transfer them to operational subordination to the commander of the formation. The complete deployment of AK BR control points in the area of the operation from the moment the corps commander receives the directive (order) may take from 20 to 30 days.
The placement of control points on the ground is carried out in accordance with the nature of the upcoming tasks, the combat capabilities of the enemy, and the physical and geographical conditions of the theater of operations. The main criteria when a corps commander determines the location of a particular launcher are ensuring a high level of survivability of the control system and the effective use of available forces and means.
The movement of control points is carried out according to the decision of the chief of staff of the corps. Depending on the situation, the frequency of changing the location of the control center may vary.
Currently, the operational staff of the headquarters of the BR army corps, in accordance with rotation schedules, is staffed by the joint command of the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) in Afghanistan, as well as the command of the ground component of the NATO Priority Activation Forces (PLF). At the same time, the allocation of combat and support units to the ISAF group and the ground component of the alliance's military forces for the rotation period is carried out primarily at the expense of the founding state of the AK BR, whose headquarters, according to the rotation schedule, is currently in charge of ISAF (the ground component of the alliance's military forces).
The headquarters of the Joint Army Rapid Reaction Corps (Innsworth, 4 km northeast of Gloucester, UK) was formed on the basis of the command of the ground component of the alliance's rapid reaction forces, which was created in 1992 on the initiative of the British side.
With the transition of the bloc's Allied Forces to a new structure, the organization of the headquarters and the combat composition of the formation underwent virtually no changes, with the exception that the multinational airmobile division "Center" was disbanded.
Control bodies based on the command of the ground component of the NATO Rapid Deployment Forces were involved in peacekeeping missions under the overall leadership of the Supreme Commander of the Alliance in Europe in Bosnia and Herzegovina (1995) and Kosovo (1999). In both cases, after the signing of the corresponding ceasefire agreement, the headquarters of the RRF organized the entry and deployment of a group of multinational peacekeeping forces in the conflict area and supervised their actions during the operation.
Subsequently, the authority to manage peacekeeping groups was transferred on rotation to other command bodies of the NATO or WEU forces. From January to July 2006, the OAK BR headquarters led the sixth rotation of the land component of the alliance's SDF, and from July to December 2009, the 13th rotation. From May 2006 to January 2007 and in 2011, the OAK BR headquarters formed the basis of the unified command of the International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan. From January to December 2013, the corps headquarters will exercise overall leadership of the ground component of the alliance's primary deployment forces.
In agreement with NATO leadership, as part of the reduction of the British military presence in Germany, the relocation of the OAK BR headquarters from Germany (Rheindalen) to the UK ended in June 2010.
The tasks of servicing this headquarters are assigned to the 1st Signal Brigade of the British Army. Currently, here (a military town on the northern outskirts of Stafford) there is only a headquarters and support battalion, as well as the 22nd communications regiment of this brigade. By 2014, it is planned to redeploy the 7th and 13th Signal Regiments of the 1st Signal Brigade to the UK from Germany.
The BR Eurocorps headquarters (Strasbourg, France) was formed on the basis of the WEU Eurocorps headquarters, which, in turn, was created in 1993.
Initially, three states took part in the formation of this association (France, Germany and Belgium). In 1994, Spain joined the treaty, and in 1996, Luxembourg. In 1999, these five states decided to transform the association into the AK BR and approved the concept of “five founding states plus n... countries participating in the operation.” This approach to the formation of the Eurocorps for rapid deployment allows for flexibility in the use of the association according to the plans of both the EU and NATO. Subsequently, Poland, Greece, Italy, Romania, the USA, Turkey and Austria joined the founding countries.
According to the established procedure, a rotation of generals and officers holding key positions in the command and staff structures of the corps is carried out every two years. These include the corps commander, his deputy, the chief of staff, his two deputies, as well as the head of the press center. Representatives of those countries that make the greatest contribution to the formation of the Eurocorps BR are appointed to these positions (allocated to its composition by division).
In peacetime, the multinational command and support battalion and the logistics brigade are operationally subordinate to the corps headquarters, whose units are stationed on the territory of a military camp located in the southern part of Strasbourg. In addition, the headquarters of the BR Eurocorps is subordinate to a Franco-German motorized infantry brigade, whose units are located in the Federal Republic of Germany and France.
In accordance with interstate agreements, parts and units of the Franco-German MPBR underwent reorganization in 2010. In particular, 291 infantry infantry battalions of the German Army were introduced into the combat composition of the infantry brigade. At the same time, the command of the French Armed Forces redeployed the 3rd Hussar Armored Cavalry Regiment (BRKP) from N. p. Immendingen (Germany) in n. Metz (France).
Since 2012, the combat strength of the Franco-German infantry brigade includes: from the French Armed Forces - 110 infantry brigade (northern outskirts of Donaueschingen, Germany) and the 3rd Hussar brigade (Metz, France); from the German Armed Forces - 291 MPB (southern outskirts of Strasbourg), 292 MPB (northern outskirts of Donaueschingen), 295 adn and 550th engineer company (2 km northeast of Immendingen).
The practical involvement of the command and staff structures and units of the BR Eurocorps was carried out during peacekeeping operations conducted under NATO leadership in the Balkans: Joint Forge (Bosnia and Herzegovina) and Joint Guardian (Kosovo). In the period from June 1998 to June 2000, separate headquarters units of the BR Eurocorps constantly functioned as part of the SFOR management bodies. The experience gained was subsequently used during the peacekeeping operation in Kosovo, where the headquarters of the association for six months led the actions of the KFOR group of about 45,000 troops. From August 2004 to January 2005, the BR Eurocorps headquarters led the International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan. At the same time, the basis of the grouping of these forces was the Franco-German motorized infantry brigade. From July to December 2006, the corps headquarters headed the ground component of the SPZ-7, and from July to December 2010, it was entrusted with the leadership of the ground component of the NATO SPZ of the 15th rotation. In 2012, corps headquarters officers served as part of the ISAF unified command in Afghanistan.
Headquarters of the German-Dutch AK BR (Munster, Germany) formed on the basis of the headquarters of the 1st German-Dutch AK, which was created in accordance with bilateral agreements in 1995.
Subsequently, during the reorganization of the NATO Allied Forces, ten more states joined this agreement, sending their officers to the headquarters of the association and declaring their readiness to allocate national military contingents to the corps, if necessary.
In peacetime, the German-Dutch command and support battalion, the western part of Munster, Germany, and the German-Dutch communications and information systems battalion (5 km northeast of the village of Grunlo, the Netherlands) are operationally subordinate to the corps headquarters.
The headquarters of the German-Dutch AK BR, after its approval as the headquarters of the NATO High Readiness Forces, from February to July 2003 and in the second half of 2009, led the ISAF group in Afghanistan, and from January to June 2005 and 2008 - the ground component of the SDR block. In 2013, it is planned to send a headquarters task force to Afghanistan to work as part of the ISAF OK.
Headquarters of the Spanish AK BR (Betera, 20 km north of Valencia) formed at the beginning of 2000 on the basis of the command of the maneuver forces of the Spanish Army.
In addition to Spanish military personnel, the corps headquarters is staffed by representatives of 12 member countries of the bloc.
The tasks of servicing the corps headquarters are assigned to the headquarters battalion and communications brigade of the Spanish ground forces, located on the territory of the Betera military town, which is located next to the AK headquarters.
The corps headquarters led the ground component of the priority deployment forces of SPZ-5 (July-December 2005) and SPZ-12 (January-June 2009). In 2012, headquarters officers, together with military personnel from the headquarters of the Eurocorps BR, served as part of the OK ISAF in Afghanistan.
Headquarters of the Italian AK BR (Milan, Italy) formed in 2001 on the basis of the command of the national rapid reaction forces (formerly the command of the 3rd AK of the Italian ground forces).
The headquarters of the association includes representatives of the ground forces of 15 NATO countries.
In peacetime, the command and support regiment (Milan) and the 1st communications regiment (Milan) from the Italian Army communications brigade are operationally subordinate to the corps headquarters.
From July to December 2004, the headquarters of the Italian AK BR led the ground component of the NATO SDR, and from August 2005 to April 2006, the International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan. From January to June 2011, the corps headquarters was entrusted with leadership of the ground component of SPZ-2011/1. In January 2013, a headquarters task force was sent to Afghanistan as part of the rotation of OK ISAF officers.
Headquarters of the Turkish AK BR (Istanbul) formed in September 2002 on the basis of the headquarters of the 3rd AK of the Turkish ground forces. The headquarters of the association is staffed by representatives of the military forces of 11 participating countries. In peacetime, the corps includes combat-ready units of the Turkish Army. Based on the Turkish-Romanian agreements of 2011, if necessary, 282 infantry brigades of the 2nd Trachik infantry division of the NE of Romania can be transferred to its composition. In the future, it is possible to include formations, units and units of other alliance countries.
The functions of servicing the corps headquarters are assigned to the headquarters group (stationed in the same place as the headquarters of the AK BR) and the 3rd communications regiment of the Turkish Army.
From August to February 2002 and from February to July 2005, the headquarters of the Turkish AK BR led the International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan, from October 2003 to July 2004, from January to June 2007 and from July to December 2011 - the land component of the NATO SDR.
Headquarters of the French AK BR (Lille, France), the last of all the headquarters of the AK BR, created in July 2005 on the basis of the operational command of the French Army, was certified as a command and control body for the ground forces of the NATO High Readiness Forces in July 2007. The main staff of the headquarters (up to 85%) is represented by military personnel of the national armed forces.
Since the creation of the AKBR, the 6th control and support regiment of the control and communications brigade of the operational command of the French ground forces has been operationally subordinate to the corps headquarters. Since the beginning of 2010, the tasks of servicing the corps headquarters have been assigned to the control and communications brigade of the national ground forces, stationed on the territory of the military town of Douai (the southwestern part of the settlement of the same name).
The corps headquarters from July to December 2008 oversaw the ground component of SPZ-11, and from July to December 2010, the International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan. According to the alliance's plans, from January to December 2014, it will be entrusted with the leadership of the land component of the SPZ-2014.
Headquarters of the German-Danish-Polish AK BR (Szczecin, Poland) formed in 1999 on the basis of the Polish divisional command in Szczezia with the inclusion of the operational staff of the NATO SALT command in Schleswig-Holstein, Jutland and on the island. Funen (Rendsburg). In April 2004, the multinational headquarters of the corps was replenished with officers from the Armed Forces of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. In January 2005, Slovakia became the seventh participating country, and in October of the same year, the Czech Republic sent officers to the headquarters.
At the end of 2005, after a comprehensive inspection, the headquarters of the German-Danish-Polish AK BR was recognized as ready to lead an association as part of the forces of universal use of reduced readiness.
In November 2006, the headquarters included officers of the US Armed Forces, in July 2008 - Romania and August 2009 - Slovenia,
In peacetime, the operational subordination of the corps headquarters includes the headquarters company of the Polish Army, which is stationed in a military camp with the headquarters of the AK, and units of the German-Polish logistics brigade located in Poland (100th communications battalion, 104th support battalion and 102nd 1st security battalion (all Polish Army), as well as the 610th communications battalion of the German Army.
Corps Headquarters provided leadership to ISAF in Afghanistan in the first half of 2010.
Headquarters of the Greek AK BR (Thessaloniki, Greece) formed in July 2005 on the basis of the headquarters of the 3rd AK of the Greek Armed Forces.
The headquarters of the association includes representatives of the military forces of nine NATO member countries. In accordance with the interstate agreements reached, formations and units of the Army of Italy and Spain may be allocated to the corps.
In peacetime, the 490th communications battalion and the support battalion of the Greek Army, located on the territory of the same military camp as the corps headquarters, are operationally subordinate to the corps headquarters. From January to December 2012, the corps headquarters manages the ground component of SPZ-2012.
Thus, since the beginning of the 2000s, the North Atlantic Alliance has created and tested in practice a flexible mechanism for the formation of operational-tactical formations of multinational ground forces. At the same time, the modular approach makes it possible to staff the combat strength of the corps, taking into account the nature and scale of the upcoming actions, and the use of the principle of “multinationality” is aimed at demonstrating the unity of the participating countries in defending coalition interests.
Material support closely related to other types of logistics support for troops (forces) - technical, transport and medical.
Technical support includes all types of maintenance and repair, supply of necessary materials to maintain weapon systems and armed forces facilities in combat-ready condition, as well as the development of plans and implementation of appropriate measures to maintain materiel in good condition and evacuate damaged equipment from the battlefield.
The main activities for technical support for troops(forces) are: maintenance, repair and modernization of weapons, military equipment and property; their collection, evacuation and restoration, as well as conservation and storage.
To solve these problems, the Alliance has created the necessary coalition and national governing bodies. The main coalition bodies responsible for organizing technical support include the NATO Armaments Advisory Council, the NATO Infrastructure Committee, the NATO Pipelines Committee, and the NATO International Joint Headquarters Logistics Directorate.
An important role in the technical support of the troops (forces) of the bloc is played by the NATO agency for the supply of spare parts, maintenance and repair. In peacetime, it is subordinate to the NATO Council; in wartime, it becomes directly subordinate to the NATO Allied Forces Committee in Europe. The agency is in charge of the NATO supply center (Luxembourg), designed to provide technical support to the troops (forces) of the regional command of the Allied Forces North, as well as the southern logistics base (Taranto, Italy), serving the troops (forces) of the regional command of the Allied Forces South "
In the logistics departments of the joint headquarters of all levels there are departments that solve the problems of technical support for troops (forces) in their zones (regions) of responsibility.
Technical support for NATO troops (forces) is carried out taking into account a number of principles, the main of which are: national responsibility for the technical support of troops (forces) transferred to the operational subordination of the commands of the bloc's Allied Forces; centralization of technical support (use of unified bodies for repair and restoration of equipment and equipment and their joint production); creation directly in the troops of a technical base for the repair and restoration of equipment.
NATO's system of maintenance and repair of military equipment includes: military, field and major (basic) repairs.
Military repair, which provides for preventive maintenance and minor repairs, is carried out directly in units by crews and specially trained teams.
Field repair involves the replacement or restoration of faulty components and assemblies that cannot be performed during military repairs. It is carried out in semi-permanent or stationary workshops by repair units and divisions of divisions or AK.
Major (basic) repairs, which provides for the complete restoration of all types of equipment, is carried out at repair plants and industrial enterprises located in the communications zone and the rear area of the combat zone.
Transport support includes planning, management and coordination of military transportation, preparation and distribution of vehicles, as well as the organization of interaction with the engineering troops, civilian organizations in the field of operation, maintenance and restoration of transport communications. IN
Military transportation in the interests of NATO's joint armed forces is of particular importance due to the need to transfer troops (forces) from the United States and Canada to Europe and supply them in European zones with material resources from outside.
According to management North Atlantic Co Yuza, in wartime, to ensure the transfer of troops (forces) and the activities of the military industry, extensive involvement of vehicles of civilian departments will be required. Taking into account this circumstance, as well as the physical and geographical conditions of the European continent, in particular the state of the communications network on it, the NATO command attaches particular importance to careful planning of transport support even in peacetime.
The highest coalition bodies of the alliance in charge of transport issues in wartime are: the planning committee for land transportation in Europe, the committee for the use of civil aviation and the ocean transportation committee. These bodies coordinate the actions of national transport systems, control the distribution and use of forces and assets of civilian departments in the interests of the armed forces and the civilian sector.
During a period of threat, in order to assist transport services in providing transportation and receiving reinforcement troops (forces), three additional agencies can be created in NATO (for coordinating land transport in Central Europe, for coordinating transport transport in the Mediterranean Sea and for coordinating civil aviation flights) , and also formed a joint fleet of railway cars in Central Europe and an administration for the maritime transport of military cargo.
The issues of direct use of standard NATO Allied Forces vehicles in Europe are dealt with by the transport departments of the logistics departments of the corresponding headquarters and the traffic control centers created in wartime at the headquarters of the AK.
Within the European continent, land transport (mainly road and rail) plays a decisive role in the delivery of military cargo. The capabilities of regular road transport of formations and units of the armed forces of NATO countries as a whole provide tactical transfers of personnel, as well as the necessary supplies of materiel and equipment.
Inland waterways are important only for military transport within Central Europe and Polish territory.
Ocean (sea) transportation is considered the main of all methods of strategic transfer of troops (forces), reinforcements and cargo. For these purposes, it is planned to form a joint fleet of vehicles (up to 800 units).
The NATO Allied Command intends to actively use air transport to transport personnel, military equipment and cargo within the European continent. However, the capabilities of the existing group of military transport aviation are clearly insufficient to solve this problem in full. In this regard, in wartime, in the interests of the Allied Forces of the North Atlantic Alliance, the widespread use of aircraft from civilian departments is envisaged.
In the overall system of military transportation, the work of land, sea and air transport is closely interconnected, therefore the coalition transport bodies of the bloc carry out constant interaction among themselves and with national logistics structures. In this regard, NATO has developed general principles for the organization of military transportation, the formation of groupings of joint transport vehicles (a joint fleet of transport ships and a joint fleet of railway cars), plans for the operation of transport of civilian departments during the threatened period and the initial period of war.
Medical support for troops (forces) pursues the following goals: maintaining the combat effectiveness of personnel, providing medical care to the wounded and sick and ensuring their rapid return to duty. Responsibility for this type of logistical support is assigned to national medical services. In this case, close interaction between military medical services and civilian health authorities is expected.
Medical support in the NATO Allied Forces is divided into two types - medical support on the battlefield and medical care. The first is carried out by the regular medical units of associations, formations and hour-gays, the second - by the medical authorities of the field armies, the Army Corps, and the joint aviation and naval commands.
According to NATO experts, the basis for effective medical support When there is a mass influx of wounded and affected people, medical triage is carried out. It consists in classifying the wounded and affected by the type of injury and its severity, determining the likelihood of survival of the wounded, assigning a priority for treatment, evacuation in order to provide medical care to a larger number of wounded and affected.
In the armed forces of most countries of the bloc, the wounded (damaged), depending on the degree of injury (defeat), are divided into four groups: the first - wounded (damaged), for the treatment of which and return to the unit requires minimal medical care (according to experts, their number can be up to 40 percent of the total number of wounded (damaged); second - wounded (damaged) in need of emergency medical care (about 20 percent); third - those for whom surgical care can be delayed (up to 20 percent); fourth - wounded (damaged), providing medical care for which requires a significant investment of time and effort (about 20 percent).
Taking into account the sorting into groups, subsequent treatment and evacuation of military personnel is organized.
When developing plans for medical support for troops, the NATO Allied Command proceeds from the fact that during combat operations, personnel losses can be expressed in the following figures: killed - 20 percent, missing - 10 percent, wounded - 70 percent. (sanitary losses from the total number of personnel out of commission). At the same time, according to forecasts, 30 percent. wounded can be returned to duty within 30 days.
The forces and means of the medical service of the ground forces are located in the areas of responsibility of NATO regional commands in four echelons. They include: battalion medical facilities, division medical services, AK medical services. forces and means of the medical service in the communications zone.
Recently, NATO has carried out significant activities to improve medical care for troops(strength). The main ones are aimed at expanding first aid capabilities, increasing the number of evacuation means, increasing the mobility of medical units and units, as well as improving the technical equipment of field medical institutions.
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JOINT NATO FORCES (NATO)
coalition weapons forces of the states that are members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Created in accordance with the decisions of the 5th session of the NATO Council in September. 1950 and aimed against the USSR and Eastern Europe. countries that united in 1955 to form the Warsaw Organization. Agreement (OVD). The construction of the NATO Allied Forces was carried out in accordance with the strategist. the concepts of “massive retaliation” (until 1967), “flexible response” (officially since 1967), etc. With the end of the Cold War, the dissolution of the Department of Internal Affairs (1991) and the decrease in the likelihood of a large-scale war, a “new strategist” was adopted. concept" (1991), providing for the creation of a "multinational operator forces" to conduct NATO operations (including joint ones with states that are not members of the alliance) under the auspices of the UN, with the sanction of the OSCE or independently. In 1999, a course was set for further adaptation of the military. NATO organization to the changed military-political. environment. The new structure of NATO's Allied Forces in terms of numbers, combat strength and equipment is more military-oriented. actions on a local scale and conducting peacekeeping operations (including outside the bloc’s area of responsibility), solving problems to prevent or eliminate sources of threats associated with terrorism and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. Basic features of integration military NATO structures: collective planning of the Allied Forces; joint operator planning; creation of a multinational formations; deployment of troops outside the national ter.; general norms and standards for military equipment, combat training and logistics. security; united and jointly teachings, etc.
NATO's Allied Forces consist of theater nuclear forces and general purpose forces. Nuclear forces are assigned the role of a deterrent for potential aggressors. They include squadrons of tact carrier aircraft. air force and navy. General purpose forces are the most important. in composition and are represented by formations of the Ground Forces, Air Force and Navy, not included in the cores. block component. According to their subordination, NATO Allied Forces are divided into troops (forces) already transferred to the world. operating time subordination of the corresponding united commands (NATO response forces; forces and assets included in the joint NATO air defense system in Europe; military units and units of nuclear forces and air forces on combat duty); allocated for transfer to NATO with the beginning of the transfer of weapons. peace be with you. for military situation and in other special cases (compounds and military units, in order to bring them to combat readiness, additional personnel are required, removal from storage and receipt from warehouses of weapons and military equipment); intended for transfer to NATO during the strategy. deployments (combined and military units subject to mobilization).
According to operative purpose, NATO Allied Forces are divided into reaction forces (RF), intended. for priority use; Ch. defensive forces (GOS) and troops (forces) reinforcement. Most means. composition are GOS, intended. for conducting large-scale wars. actions as part of the troops (forces) of the 1st operational. echelon. Includes land, air. and pestilence Components. Consist of regul. and reserve. formations of the Army, Air Force and Navy of the alliance countries (in total about 35 divisions and 95 separate brigades, over 4 thousand combat forces and 500 warships). Personal staffing composition - not lower than 60%, military. technology – 100%; readiness time to complete tasks – 30 days. Reinforcement troops (forces) include reg. and mobilized connections. and military units (including those transferred from the USA and Canada to Europe) that were not included in the SR and GOS (about 25 divisions and 30 separate brigades, over 300 units, about 100 ships).
By belonging to the strategist. Allied forces are divided into Allied Forces Europe and Allied Forces Atlantic. The control system includes commands and headquarters of strategic, operational and strategic. and operator levels. Strategist. NATO Allied Command in Europe has in its area of responsibility 2 regional commands (RC) of NATO Allied Forces (“North” and “South”), 4 service (component) and 7 subregional commands (SRK). Strategist. 3 RKs (“West”, “East”, “South”) and 2 departments are subordinate to the command on the Atlantic. command (strike fleet and combined submarine forces).
State of the NATO Joint Forces
The armed forces of NATO countries are divided into joint armed forces and troops that remain under national control. NATO's combined armed forces include part of the armed forces of member countries of the bloc's military organization, transferred, allocated and intended to be transferred under the operational leadership of coalition command and control bodies.
For the leadership of NATO's allied forces, joint commands and headquarters have been created in peacetime.
The bloc's coalition military strategy introduced a classification of troops (forces) included in the NATO Allied Forces according to their operational purpose, called the “three-component structure.” In accordance with it, the united armed forces of the bloc are divided into reaction forces, main defensive forces and reinforcement troops (forces).
The Reaction Force (RF) is the most combat-ready component of NATO's Allied Forces. They include formations of all types of armed forces of countries participating in the bloc's military organization. Designed to be used mainly in crisis situations and local military conflicts in order to resolve them. Moreover, they can be involved both in the alliance’s area of responsibility and beyond. The specific composition of the troops (forces) involved in the operation will depend on the developing military-political situation in the crisis area and the scale of the alliance’s military participation in it.
Depending on the degree of readiness for use, the response forces are divided into immediate reaction forces (IRF) and rapid deployment forces (RDF).
Immediate reaction forces are designed to resolve crisis situations not by force, but by demonstrating unity and readiness to defend collective interests by force of arms. They include: Mobile Ground Forces Command, Air Component, Maritime Component, AWACS-NATO Airborne Early Warning and Control Command.
The command of the mobile ground forces includes 12 battalions: 2 from Germany, one each from the USA, Great Britain, Belgium, Canada, Hungary, Norway, the Netherlands, Spain, Italy and Poland, a company from Luxembourg and a platoon from Denmark.
The air component contains: ae TA - 17; ae VTA - 2; SAM batteries -14.
The naval component includes over 45 warships.
There are about 300 combat aircraft of the Air Force and Navy.
The AWACS-NATO AWACS and Aviation Control Command has 17 E-3A aircraft.
The Rapid Deployment Forces are intended to be involved in operations to forcefully resolve crisis situations, as well as to ensure the deployment of NATO's main defensive forces in the event of the threat of a large-scale war. Their involvement is expected if the scale of the crisis exceeds the capabilities of the immediate response forces to localize it. They include land, air and sea components.
The combat formations of the ground component of the RRF are represented by 8 divisions: 3 mechanized and 1 armored divisions of Great Britain; 1 US Armored Division; 7 tank division of Germany; 3 mechanized division; 1 mechanized division of Turkey; 2 motorized infantry division of Greece and the national RRF of Spain, consisting of three separate brigades (equivalent to one division). 5 separate brigades from the Armed Forces of Great Britain, Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands and Italy.
The air component of NATO's rapid deployment forces includes 22 tactical aviation squadrons (about 500 combat aircraft) from the US Air Force, Germany, Great Britain, Turkey, Norway, Belgium, the Netherlands, Denmark, 11 missile defense batteries (63 launchers) from the US Air Force and Denmark, as well as 2 squadrons (about 80 aircraft) of military transport aviation of the US Air Force, Germany, Great Britain and Turkey.
The naval component of the NATO Rapid Deployment Force includes aircraft carriers, nuclear attack submarines equipped with Tomahawk SLCMs, diesel submarines, frigate-class ships (destroyers), missile boats, escort and logistics ships, amphibious forces with a brigade Marine Corps on board, base aviation, Marine Corps aviation. In total - up to 110 warships and about 500 aircraft of the navies of the USA, Germany, Great Britain, Canada, Belgium, the Netherlands, Denmark, Norway, Spain, Greece, Italy, Portugal and Turkey.
The Main Defense Force (MDF) is the most significant part of the three-component structure of NATO's combined armed forces in terms of numbers and combat composition. They are designed to conduct large-scale operations during general or limited war in Europe and the Atlantic. In peacetime, they can be used together with the bloc’s response forces in the resolution of armed conflicts. They consist of regular and reserve formations of ground forces, air forces and naval forces of NATO countries, with the exception of France, Spain and Portugal, and are staffed with at least 65% personnel and 100% with military equipment.
The State Defense Forces are composed of: divisions - about 40, dept. brigades - over 95, air force and naval combat aircraft - up to 4300, warships - over 500.
The formations of the main defensive forces, in accordance with their main purpose, have lower categories of combat readiness than the formations of the reaction forces. At the same time, about 10% of divisions and 40% of individual brigades of the ground component of the main defensive forces are supposed to be kept in a high degree of combat readiness in everyday conditions (staffing level - at least 90%, readiness time for combat missions - up to 48 hours).
Reinforcement troops (forces) include regular and mobilized formations that were not included in the reaction forces and main defensive forces.
The ground component of the reinforcement forces is represented by regular formations of ground forces transferred to Europe from the USA and Canada, regular troops of France that were not included in the reaction forces, units and formations of ground forces of Spain and Portugal, as well as newly mobilized formations of the armed forces of the European bloc countries.
The reinforcement troops (forces) include: divisions - 20, brigades - over 45, combat aircraft of the Air Force and Navy - up to 1000, warships - about 200.
State of combat readiness of NATO Allied Forces. In accordance with NATO requirements, certain categories of combat readiness have been established for various components of the bloc's combined forces (reaction forces, state forces, reinforcement troops).
Formations and units allocated to the ground component of the reaction forces have the following combat readiness categories: mobile ground forces - A3, rapid deployment forces - A4. The readiness of the formations of the air component of the reaction forces corresponds to categories A1-A3. The ships of the united naval forces allocated to the permanent formations of the bloc have combat readiness categories A1, and those allocated to the naval component of the RRF - A2-A4.
Formations and units of the ground forces of the bloc's main defensive forces have combat readiness categories A4-B7, formations of the joint air force - categories A2-B9, and warships of the joint naval forces - B5 and B6.
In the troops (forces), strengthening the formation of ground forces are in categories of combat readiness B5-C8, formations and units of the united air forces have categories A2-C9, and ships of the united naval forces, depending on the time required for their transition from basing areas or conducting combat training to areas for combat purposes have combat readiness categories B8-C9.
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The headquarters of the mobile forces is located in Heidelberg (Germany).
Their task is to demonstrate solidarity
the Alliance and its ability and resolve
resist all forms of aggression against any member
North Atlantic Alliance. It was the first time that NATO Allied Forces SK MS were in Europe
deployed for crisis response in January
1991, when part of their aviation component was transferred to
southeastern Turkey during the Gulf War for
a clear demonstration of NATO's collective solidarity in front of
face of a potential threat to the territory of the North Atlantic countries
union. The land component of these forces, which is
brigade formation of about 5 thousand people,
It is completed with parts provided by 14 NATO countries.
The composition of the mobile forces has been brought into line with their requirements
new purpose in the immediate reaction forces (IRF)
NATO. They consist of aviation (SNR(A)) and land (SNR(C))
units and subdivisions, in the recruitment of which he participates
most NATO countries.
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Supreme Commander of the Allied
NATO forces in the Atlantic
(NATO Allied Command on the Atlantic)
The main task assigned to the NATO Supreme Commander in the Atlantic is
acting under general political leadership
Alliance and/or Defense Planning Committee,
is to promote the strengthening of the military potential necessary for
maintaining peace, security and territorial integrity
member states of the North Atlantic Alliance. In case of aggression or
as supreme commander, responsible for receiving all military
measures within his capabilities and powers to demonstrate
Alliance solidarity and willingness to stand up for
territorial integrity of NATO countries; to ensure freedom
seas and vital economic communications; to save
or restore the security of his area of responsibility. Since this
Commander of NATO Allied Strategic Command is located in
North America, NATO's Allied Command in the Atlantic also plays an important
role in maintaining transatlantic ties between Europe and
North America. Like the Supreme Allied Commander in Europe, it advises
political and military governing bodies of NATO on military
questions and has, as appropriate, direct access to
chiefs of general staff, ministers of defense and heads
states and governments of NATO countries.
Supreme Allied Commander Atlantic Headquarters
(NATO Allied Command Headquarters Atlantic) is located in Norfolk, pc. Virginia,
United Strategic Command
NATO forces in the Atlantic
(NATO Allied Forces on the Atlantic)
The area of responsibility (AOR) of the NATO Allied Forces in the Atlantic extends
from the North Pole to the Tropic of Cancer and from the East Coast
North America to the west coast of Europe and Africa (including
Portugal, but excluding the English Channel, the British Isles and
Canary Islands).
NATO is an Atlantic alliance whose economic prosperity
in peacetime and survival in wartime depends on vital
important sea communications. Therefore, the main task of the Supreme Commander of the NATO Allied Forces is
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on the Atlantic is to promote security in
Atlantic region through the protection of maritime communications
NATO allies, supporting operations of ground and amphibious forces,
and protecting the deployment of nuclear deterrent forces and means
sea-based NATO.
Alliance Strategic Concept,
approved by the heads of state and government of NATO countries at
Washington summit in April 1999, reflects a broad approach to
ensuring safety, in which increased attention
focuses on conflict prevention and crisis management
regulation. Following this approach, NATO maritime force structures were
brought into line with the needs of the modern situation in
security areas to cover the full range of measures required for
respond to situations arising in peacetime, as well as in
periods of crisis or conflict.
NATO's new military command structure eliminates
the need for permanent boundaries between zones
responsibility of commands below the strategic
level. NATO Supreme Allied Commanders Atlantic are directly subordinate to five
major subordinate commands, including three regional
headquarters All regional headquarters are responsible to the Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces for
Atlantic for solving problems of planning, conducting military
activities and implementation of existing agreements in a peaceful
time and during periods of crisis or conflict, including those tasks
which can be delegated to them in the area of responsibility of the IC OVS
NATO in the Atlantic or, if necessary, beyond it.
The five subordinate Allied Commands are described below
on the Atlantic.
Regional Allied Headquarters Eastern Sector
Atlantic (NATO Allied Forces)
Northwood, UK
The main task of the NATO RSH is to help maintain peace,
NATO Allied Forces in the Atlantic. Supreme Allied Commander Eastern
sector of the Atlantic (NATO Allied Forces Command) is “four-star”
Admiral of Great Britain.
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According to the principle of “dual ownership”,
Supreme Allied Commander, Eastern Atlantic
simultaneously performs, firstly, the duties of a commander
regional command within the strategic command structure
Allied Forces Europe - in his capacity as Supreme Allied Commander
in the eastern sector of the Atlantic; and secondly - the commander
component command subordinate to the commander in chief
Allied Regional Command North (NATO Allied Forces Regional Command)
“North”) - in his capacity as commander of the combined military
naval forces “North” (KOVMS “North”). This situation in the system
subordination of both NATO strategic commands allows
this headquarters to concentrate all organizational activities
military transport and well-coordinated maritime operations with
participation of both strategic commands.
On behalf of the Supreme Allied Commander of NATO,
Atlantic, the NATO Allied Command VA is also responsible for
administrative, rear and operational management of permanent
connection of the combined NATO naval forces in the Atlantic (PS
NATO Allied Forces).
Permanent connection of joint naval forces
NATO forces in the Atlantic (NATO PS)
Permanent connection of joint naval forces on
Atlantic (NATO Allied Forces Service) is a permanent multinational
squadron, staffed according to peacetime standards, in the ship's
which includes destroyers, cruisers and frigates of the naval forces
various NATO countries. All units and subdivisions of this formation
conduct their activities, combat training and exercises
together, which ensures constant verification of existing
procedures, tactical principles and degree of effectiveness of actions
NATO naval forces.
The connection was created in 1967, and during this time in its
activities were attended by a total of over 500
ships and more than 150 thousand sailors served in it, both men,
so do women. It participates annually in a number of planned exercises within NATO and
at the national level to practice the tasks of maintaining combat readiness
and enhancing the interoperability of forces and assets.
Recent exercises have also demonstrated the ability
this unit to conduct peacekeeping operations and
humanitarian operations outside the traditional zone
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NATO's responsibility, in accordance with NATO's enlargement policy
security sphere throughout the Euro-Atlantic region.
Regional Allied Headquarters Western Sector
Atlantic (NATO RSH)
Norfolk, pc. Virginia (USA)
The main task of the NATO Allied Forces is to contribute to the preservation of peace,
security and territorial integrity of member states
North Atlantic Alliance throughout the entire area of responsibility of the UK
NATO Allied Forces in the Atlantic. Supreme Allied Commander Western
sector of the Atlantic (NATO GC) is “four-star”
US Admiral.
The most significant task of the NATO Allied Forces in times of crisis or
during war is to ensure the security of the most important
transportation of reinforcement troops and materiel from North America
to Europe to provide support to all types of NATO forces operating
both within NATO's area of responsibility and beyond.
In peacetime, the NATO Allied Commander Organization organizes
joint multinational exercises and activities under the program
“Partnership for Peace” (PfP), and also performs functions for
operational management and comprehensive support of military
NATO formations allocated to headquarters.
Regional Headquarters Allied Forces Southern Sector
Atlantic (NATO RSH)
Lisbon, Portugal
The main task of the NATO Allied Forces is to promote the preservation of peace,
security and territorial integrity of member states
North Atlantic Alliance throughout the entire area of responsibility of the UK
NATO Allied Forces in the Atlantic. Supreme Allied Commander Southern
sector of the Atlantic (NATO GC) is a “three-star” admiral
Portugal.
This is a command that is part of the NATO Allied Command in the Atlantic,
borders in the southern region with NATO Allied Strategic Command in
Europe, and therefore the NATO SADC Civil Code solves the most important tasks in
ensuring military transportation and coordinated actions of military
naval forces along most of the southeastern border between the zones
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responsibilities of Allied Regional Commands Europe and Allied Forces
NATO on the Atlantic.
NATO Strike Fleet Atlantic (NATO Strike Fleet)
on the Atlantic)
Commander of NATO's Atlantic Strike Fleet (NAF)
NATO Commander) is the senior commander of the NATO Commander,
subordinate to NATO Strategic Command Atlantic.
Therefore, its main task is to deter aggression
by creating and maintaining naval superiority in the Atlantic
and ensuring the integrity of NATO maritime communications. Commanding
The NATO UVF in the Atlantic is a “three-star” US admiral.
Strike fleet forces can be organized according to
requirements of crisis resolution tasks depending on
the nature of their development, air force support, as well as
amphibious and naval forces, and close support for ground and
air operations of NATO Strategic Command in Europe.
The fleet includes units and divisions of Belgium, Canada,
Denmark, Federal Republic of Germany, the Netherlands, Norway,
Portugal, Great Britain and the United States of America.
According to the assumed wartime organizational structure,
the Strike Fleet on the Atlantic may consist of three to four
carrier strike groups, one or two operational anti-submarine
groups, an amphibious assault task force and approximately 22 thousand.
Marines from the Netherlands, Great Britain and the USA.
The naval command periodically conducts NATO exercises to
solving problems of ensuring intercompatibility in real conditions
formations allocated to him and practicing command procedures and
force management.
NATO Submarine Command
Atlantic (NATO COPS on the Atlantic)
Norfolk, pc. Virginia, USA
Commander, Allied Submarine Force Atlantic
(NATO COPS Atlantic) is the chief advisor to the Supreme
Supreme Allied Commander Atlantic for Submarine Affairs
and their military operations. NATO COPS - US “three-star” admiral.
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NATO's Atlantic Command provides strategic
NATO Allied Command Atlantic capabilities for coordination of actions
and direct interaction with NATO Allied Strategic Command in
Europe to implement the strategy and principles
North Atlantic Alliance on the use of submarine forces. It is
primarily coordinating body and main developer
guidance documents on operational and tactical principles
use of submarine forces for both strategic commands.
Underwater Research Center at the Headquarters of the Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces of NATO
on the Atlantic
La Spezia, Italy
Objectives and structure of the Center for Underwater Research at the Supreme Command headquarters
NATO Allied Forces Atlantic, which forms an integral part
structure of the main subordinate command of the NATO General Command at
Atlantic, described in chap. 14 (Research and Technology).
Regional Canadian-American group
planning (RKAGP)
Regional Canada-U.S. Planning Group (RCAPG)
consists of military representatives from Canada and the United States. She performs
the function of coordinating NATO military activities in the Canadian region and
USA. There is no unified NATO command in this region.
Command arrangements therefore rely on existing
structures of the armed forces of Canada, the United States and the United American
Canadian Aerospace Defense Command
North American Continent (NORAD). This situation may
exist as long as the respective military and national
authorities will not decide that in order to implement
command functions it is necessary to create another multinational
The main task of the RKAGP is to draw up military plans,
necessary to maintain peace, security and territorial
integrity of the US-Canada region. It includes
agreements: on the basing and protection of strategic nuclear forces in
this region; on early detection and air defense;
on ensuring the protection of the mobilization military-industrial
potential; on defense against military actions threatening
security of the region.
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RKAGP consists of the Committee of Chiefs of Staff (CHS),
Regional Planning Committee (RPC), Committee Working Group
regional planning (RPK WG) and the secretariat located in
Washington. Observers from
International Military Headquarters (IMS) of NATO and strategic
NATO Allied Commands (CC).
NATO Military Committee (MC) to the Chief of the General Staff
Canadian Forces and Chairman of the Joint Committee
Chiefs of Staff of the US Armed Forces are charged with responsibility
for coordinating activities on NATO issues in the US region and
Canada. This includes the preparation and approval of defense plans
region of the USA and Canada, which are sent to the Chairman of the Military
NATO Committee; maintaining contacts with the Chairman of the Military Committee
NATO, Commanders of Allied Strategic Commands and,
if necessary, with other NATO institutions; surveillance
activities for conducting combat training and NATO exercises
and the Partnership for Peace (PfP) program in the US and Canada region.
NATO EXPANSION AND ACCESSION
NEW MEMBERS
The main goal underlying the openness of the North Atlantic
union for the entry of new members is to strengthen stability
in Europe as a whole, and not at all the expansion of its military influence or
capabilities and not changing the nature of NATO's overall defense posture.
NATO's collective security guarantees and its reliance on
multinational force structures are the best way
achieving this goal through joint confrontation with risks,
shared responsibility and shared cost sharing.
Opening up of the Alliance and joining it in 1999
three new members, along with growing influence of the partnership
and cooperation within the framework of the Partnership for Peace program,
allow military activity to be oriented towards satisfaction
current and future needs. This assumes the presence of mobile
and flexible forces and means capable of facilitating the implementation of rapid
response, strengthening and fulfilling other requirements in the field
crisis resolution. New NATO member states are participating in
carrying out the entire range of tasks and missions of the North Atlantic
union. Along with other countries participating in the joint
military command structure, they were actively involved in the process
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planning, development and staffing of structures
NATO's combined armed forces.
At the Madrid Summit in July 1997, Hungary,
Poland and the Czech Republic received an invitation to start negotiations
about joining with representatives of the North Atlantic Alliance.
By the end of 1997, these negotiations ended with the signing of protocols on
accession. Three new member countries joined
Alliance in March 1999. During this period of time,
in parallel with the ongoing political process, both in the
countries and NATO, active work was carried out to adapt future
tasks of the armed forces of Hungary, Poland and the Czech Republic in order to
to effectively organize the process of their participation in military
structures of the North Atlantic Alliance. Before joining
briefings and discussions were held to prepare each country for
obligations they assumed upon joining NATO, as well as for
familiarizing them with current procedures and established
practice. This preparation helped determine the nature of participation
each of the new member states in NATO structures, choose ways
implementation of their integration and facilitate their participation in activities
of the North Atlantic Alliance during the accession period.
ACTIVITIES AND INITIATIVES FOR
PROGRAM “PARTNERSHIP FOR PEACE”
To further strengthen ties between NATO and
partner states within the general framework of the Partnership
for peace”, and in particular as part of the planning and analysis process
partnership (PPAP), a wide range of types of military
activities and initiatives. They are not limited to participation
partners in military exercises, but also include, for example,
training opportunities at the NATO Defense College in Rome and in
NATO School (at the headquarters of the Supreme Commander Allied Forces in Europe) in Oberammergau.
PfP countries were also invited to nominate candidates for positions
in the above-mentioned structures of the program staff elements
“Partnership for Peace” at various NATO headquarters hosting
full participation in the planning and implementation of activities
PfP program.
Officers from partner states also perform international
functions within the NATO International Military Headquarters within the Group
Partnership Coordination (PCC) (see Chapter 3). Currently
possibilities for the participation of military personnel from states are being considered
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partners in planning MOTF exercises, developing concepts and
principles of the use of troops (forces) in operations, as well as in activities
IOOTG headquarters.
There is rapid progress in implementing many of the
these types of activities. In exercises to practice actions to
About 20 partner countries participated. These command staff
exercises (i.e. exercises without actual deployment of troops) were
aimed at testing and practicing NATO actions in cooperation
with partner states during support operations
peace under a UN mandate in a hypothetical crisis situation.
Another part of the exercise was devoted to practicing NATO actions and
partner countries in responding to natural disasters and
disasters.
When carrying out such activities, as well as during
cooperation on other topics and areas of activity,
identified as PfP Cooperation Areas, special
attention is paid to increasing the degree of “transparency” of the military
activities and deepening the process of consultation and cooperation.
During NATO/PfP exercises, for example, to practice
performing search and rescue missions, humanitarian operations or
peacekeeping operations, the emphasis is on increasing
capabilities and readiness of participating countries to conduct such operations.
At the same time, mutual understanding deepens and expands
various military systems and procedures.
At headquarters, as well as in the troops participating in the exercises, they devote
special attention to the factor of multinationality. It makes the transition easier
to more complex forms of NATO/PfP exercises involving large
the number of military units and subunits. This process turned out to be
mutually beneficial for NATO and partner countries and allowed
draw valuable conclusions from the experience of cooperation during
multinational exercises.
EXPANDING THE CONSULTATION PROCESS
AND COOPERATION
After the Madrid summit in July 1997, political and military
areas as part of the process of expanding the consultation process,
cooperation and measures to increase “transparency” a number of
new institutions.
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In addition to the civil, political aspect of the activity
Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC), Joint
NATO-Russia Permanent Council (PCC) and NATO-Ukraine Commission (NUC)
(they are described in previous chapters), various
types of meetings on the military aspects of the work of these multilateral and
bilateral cooperation institutions. So, at meetings of the Military
Euro-Atlantic Partnership Committee (EAP) is exchanging
opinions between all EAPC countries on military matters.
Likewise, to promote closer ties and
support for the special relationship between NATO and Russia, under the auspices of the PCA
meetings of military representatives and chiefs of staff are held
(SPS VP/NSh). Similar meetings are held with the participation of the military
representatives of Ukraine (VC/VP with Ukraine) and at the level of chiefs
headquarters (VC/NS with Ukraine).
Meetings of the Military Committee of the Euro-Atlantic Partnership
(WCEAP) are held either in the form of a plenary meeting with the participation of all
partner states, or in the form of a session with limited participation,
to focus on functional or regional issues,
such as joint participation in peacekeeping operations.
In other cases, individual sessions may be held with the participation of
one partner country. These meetings are held either at the level
chiefs of general staff (NGSH) (usually twice a year and
simultaneously with other meetings of the National Staff in Brussels),
or monthly at the level of permanent military representatives.
This organization of work allows you to limit the number of trips
chiefs of general staff to Brussels and the costs for them.
All such meetings are chaired by the Chairman of the NATO Military Committee.
NATO-Russia Permanent Joint Council (PJC) at the level
Chiefs of General Staff (SPS-NGSh) usually conducts their
meetings twice a year (in spring and autumn of each year), simultaneously
with a meeting of the Military Committee at the level of chiefs of staff.
Each of these meetings is attended by the heads of general
NATO headquarters, commanders of strategic commands
NATO Allied Forces and Russian military representatives. Meetings of the permanent
composition of the SPS-VP with the participation of military representatives located in
Brussels may be held more frequently.
Meetings at the level of chiefs of general staff and at the level
The permanent representatives are led by three co-chairs, namely:
Chairman of the Military Committee, Chief of the General Staff of one
from NATO countries or a military representative to NATO working in
NATO headquarters in Brussels, and a Russian military representative.
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NATO representation at such meetings is organized according to the principle
rotation of NATO countries and changes every three months.
During meetings at the level of chiefs of general staff and at
at the level of permanent representatives, three co-chairs distribute
each other to chair each agenda item.
The agenda of each meeting is prepared on a bilateral basis
agreements between the NATO International Military Headquarters and
Russian representative office and then approved by each of the three
co-chairs.
At least twice a year, the Military Committee holds meetings with
participation of Ukraine at the level of chiefs of general staff.
Such meetings usually coincide in time with other meetings
passing at the same level. Chiefs participate in them
general staffs of NATO countries, commanders of strategic
NATO Allied Commands and a representative of Ukraine. Such meetings
is chaired by the Chairman of the Military Committee. Meetings of the Military Committee with
with the participation of Ukraine at the level of military representatives are also carried out
Twice a year.