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Africa geography lesson 11. Composition, political map, population of Africa

Summary of a geography lesson in 11th grade on the topic

"Economy of African countries"

The purpose of the lesson: identify the economic features of African countries, the position of the region in the MGRT; consider the reasons that influenced the economic backwardness of the mainland.

Lesson objectives:

Educational: contribute to the development of educational and cognitive competence - to form an idea of ​​the peculiarities of the economy of African countries, the position of the region in the world economy.

Educational:

Contribute to the formation of communicative competence - master the basic techniques of oral speech, express your opinions, give detailed and short answers to questions, formulate your thoughts competently and clearly.

Develop information competence - continue to develop skills in working with various sources of information (diagrams, maps, atlases, materials from the Internet)

Develop reflexive competence - the ability to analyze one’s learning activities and evaluate the performance of group members.

Educational: to cultivate the qualities of a tolerant personality

Equipment: computer, multimedia projector, interactive whiteboard, atlases, handouts

Lesson type: combined

During the classes

    Introductory and motivational stage

We continue our study of Africa. Open the textbook on page 274 (outline of topic 8). What have we already learned? What will we talk about today?

(slide 1, 2, 3- Lesson objectives).

Today we will get acquainted with the main features of the sectoral and territorial structure of the African economy. We will continue to learn how to listen to a lecture, take notes, and work with a map.

At the end of the lesson there is a short test that will help you evaluate the effectiveness of your work in the lesson.

    Repetition: Slide 4 - 8

1.Are the following statements true?

    Most African countries achieved independence in the second half of the 20th century.

    Africa has the highest birth rate and highest death rate in the world.

    African countries are characterized by high rates of urbanization.

    The average population density in Africa is 15 people per 1 sq. km.

2.Which of these states has an area of ​​more than 1 million square meters? km and is washed by the Red Sea?

A) Libya b) Eritrea c) Mauritania d) Sudan

Select a kingdom with the correct capital:

A) Lesotho - Cairo

B) Kenya – Nairobi

B) Morocco – Rabat

D) Swaziland - Pretoria

3.Select the option that shows the countries where the largest urban agglomerations in Africa are located:

A) Algeria, South Africa b) Sudan, Congo c) Kenya, Cameroon d) Nigeria, Egypt

4. Determine the country:

1. From the south it is washed by the waters of the bay, from the north by the waters of the river. The country is one of the ten largest countries in terms of population. This country is an area of ​​ongoing inter-ethnic conflicts. The main type of mineral raw material is oil; oil palm, cocoa, hevea, and peanuts are grown.

A) Sudan b) Tanzania c) Nigeria d) South Africa

2. The Arab population predominates, the production of phosphate fertilizers is developed, citrus fruits are grown, the capital is not the largest city in the country.

A) Morocco b) Egypt c) Libya d) Algeria

    Learning new material.

    Teacher's lecture.

Africa is the least economically developed part of the world.

Africa has the world's lowest share of manufacturing products, minimal per capita income, and the most backward economic structure. More than ½ of the active population is employed in the agricultural sector.

Africa’s place in the modern world – slides 9 - 15

What do you think is the reason for the underdevelopment of Africa's economy? ? (in its colonial past).

Slide – 16. Among 54 African countries, only 9 countries have the most stable position in the MGRT. South Africa occupies a special place in the African economy. This country accounts for only 4% of the territory and 6% of the population. But it produces 30% of Africa's GDP, 40% of manufacturing products, 60% of electricity, 85% of steel, and contains 30% of the continent's automobile fleet.

Slide 17. In addition to South Africa, relatively strong positions in the MGRT are occupied by Morocco, Tunisia, Egypt, Liberia, Algeria, Libya, Nigeria, and Gabon. By what indicators do you think? (oil-producing countries with developed oil refining and petrochemical industries).

    Work from the textbook - page 279 - write down in your notebook the distinctive features of the colonial structure of the economy.

Find the definition in the textbook monocultures and write it down in your notebook.

Africa's place in the world economy is determined mainly by two groups of industries : mining and tropical and subtropical agriculture.– Analysis of table 8 on page 280 of the textbook – Africa's share of the world's mining and agricultural output.

Mining industry - slide 18

Nowadays, Africa occupies an important place in the world in the extraction of many minerals. The main part of the extracted fuel and raw materials is exported to the world market. This means that it is the mining industry that primarily determines Africa’s place in the MGRT.

Gold mining in South Africa began in 1886. Until the end of the 19th century, it was at a level of only 20-50 tons per year, but at the beginning of the 20th century it increased to 200-300 tons. Currently

Africa is the world leader in production diamonds Slide 19.

Student's message about the history of the discovery of diamonds in Africa.

Diamond mining is a complex and labor-intensive process that requires significant financial investments. From the moment the search for a deposit begins until its discovery, more than one year, and sometimes a whole decade, passes.

Slide 20. The first oil and gas deposits in Africa were discovered in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. 60% of all identified deposits are in North Africa. Oil and gas are produced in Egypt, Libya, Algeria, Tunisia, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Angola, Zaire (Gulf of Guinea). The deposits are giant: oil fields - Hassi-Mesaoud, Zelten, Jalu, Serir (with reserves of over 500 million tons each), and gas - Hassi-Rmel.

Slide 21. Africa has been a leader in uranium mining since 1980. The combined uranium production of South Africa, Namibia and Nigeria accounts for a third of the world's total.

Among the manufacturing industries, the food, light, non-ferrous metallurgy, and chemical industries have received the greatest development.

Practical work: Using the lecture material and atlas maps, fill out Table 1. Appendix.

Agriculture.

African agriculture is characterized by low, unsustainable rates of development, a sharp predominance of crop production, and the special role of export crops. In some countries (Chad, Mali, Central African Republic) it employs up to 90% of the population. At the same time, agriculture in many countries is monocultural in nature, associated with specialization in almost a single crop.

Slide 22. An assessment of a monoculture farm cannot be clearly negative or positive. On the one hand, monoculture made the economies of entire countries dependent on world price trends, deprived many of them of fertile land, and led to soil depletion. But on the other hand, monoculture provides significant income, and in hard currency. It connects countries with the world market.

We turn to table 8 on page 280 of the textbook. In the production of which agricultural crops Africa occupies a leading position in the world? ? (cocoa beans, cassava, sisal, peanuts, palm nuts).

The names of some African plants are unusual and exotic for us. Not all of you have an idea about them, so I suggest you listen to a little information about some of them. Student Post - (ylang-ylang, sisal, peanuts, sorghum, cassava)– Slide 22-26

The cocoa tree has found a second home in Africa. Côte d'Evoire, Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon (91,3,5, 6th place in the world) specialize in the production of cocoa beans. Cocoa is featured on the coat of arms of Ghana (60-70% of all exports).

Oil palm is a typical crop of West Africa. Palm fruits contain 65-70% oil. She is depicted on the coat of arms of Benin.

Slide 27. Livestock in relation to agriculture is subordinate in nature. This industry is characterized by the predominance of extensive forms of production, low productivity due to low pedigree and poor livestock management, and low marketability. As a result, while occupying a leading position in the world in terms of livestock numbers, African countries are unable to provide the population with meat and dairy products.

Practical work: Using the lecture material, atlas maps, fill out Table 2. Appendix.

To consolidate the knowledge gained, I suggest you perform a short test.

    Lesson summary.

Discussion of questions posed before studying new material.

4 Reflection.

Students fill out cards with the task “Continue the phrase”:

    It was interesting to me…

    I realized today that...

    I learned …

    It was difficult for me...

    Are you satisfied with your job?

Application

Listening to the lecture and using the atlas for grade 10 (page), fill out the tables:

Table 1

Types of raw materials and fuel

Main producing countries

Manganese

Phosphorites

Natural gas

Iron ore

Table 2 . Enter the manufacturing countries in 1 column of the table

Natural area

Export crops

Consumer crops

Subtropics

Citrus fruits, olives

Sorghum, corn, cassava

Semi-deserts and deserts

spices

Savannas and woodlands

Equatorial rainforests

Oilseeds

Cocoa beans

TEST

    Most African states belong to the countries:

    With a diversified economy

    Monocultures

    Select the industry that is the main one in most African countries:

    Mechanical engineering 2) ferrous metallurgy 3) agriculture

4) light industry

3. Find an error in the list of African countries specializing in the export of ores and metal concentrates:

1) Zambia 2) Egypt 3) Liberia 4) Guinea

4. The main export agricultural crops of Tropical Africa are:

1) wheat 2) sisal 3) peanuts 4) coffee 5) cocoa 6) millet

5. Which of the following industries defines the face of South Africa in the MGRT?

1) oil industry 2) non-ferrous metallurgy

3) chemical industry

Reflection

Please complete the task “Continue the phrase”:

    It was interesting to me…

    I realized today that...

    I learned …

    It was difficult for me...

    Are you satisfied with your job?

    What do you want to praise yourself or one of your classmates for?


Lesson No. 11 ___________________

Lesson topic: General characteristics of Africa

The purpose of the lesson: educational –

    study the common features of EGP and GGP of African countries,

    find out the history of the development of African countries,

    assess the natural resource potential and level of development of the African continent as a whole and individual states,

    profile the population of AfricaVedas - study general information and the level of development of the African continent;

developing –

    develop the ability to work with maps and statistical materials,

    develop problem solving skills,

    form students’ own judgments onattitude towards negative social phenomena based on identified problems of the region’s population,

    promote the development of students’ interest in studying this topic through independent learning activities;

educating – to cultivate a political worldview in students, tolerance, and interest in the subject.

Lesson type: learning new material (technology “Creating a problem situation”).

Equipment: political map of the world, atlas, mineral resources map, video, presentation, computer, projector, screen

During the classes.

    Org moment.

Good afternoon guys! I want to start today’s lesson with wonderful lines calling for perseverance, hard work, joy of life, and creativity. Let them become our motto:

If you don't know, find out

You can do it - go for it

Don't be afraid of the steep path!

Try it

Look for

accomplish it

reach

May your life become a song!

II . Updating knowledge and determining the topic of the lesson.

SLIDE 1

Teacher: We have already studied 2 regions. Remember which ones?

(suggested answer: Overseas Europe, Overseas Asia and Australia)

There is still a lot of interesting things ahead of us; three regions have not yet been explored.

I bring to your attention a short video clip. And you yourself will understand which region we will study in the coming lessons (watch the video clip) (suggested answer: we will study the Africa region).

Teacher: Let's formulate the topic of the lesson (suggested answer: general characteristics of Africa).

SLIDE 2

So, let’s write down the topic of the lesson in a notebook: “General characteristics of Africa” (writing the topic on the board and in the notebook).

What do you know about Africa from 7th grade? (free student answers)

Teacher: remember the 10 centers of the world economy (Topic 4 P.3 in textbooks on the Federal State Educational Standard - page 115)

The answer is: Foreign Europe, North America, CIS, Japan, China, India, Mexico, Brazil, Gulf countries, NIS countries (list)

SLIDE 3

Is there such a center in Africa?

- Teacher: So, in Africa there is not a single center of the world economy. What is the conclusion?

The students' expected answer is the conclusion: there are no developed countries or centers in Africa, which means that all African countries (except South Africa) are developing. By all indicators, Africa lags noticeably behind other large regions, and this lag is even growing.

modeling a problem situation.

Teacher: identify the problem that suggests itself from the output (students' answers)

Problematic question: why is Africa to this day the most backward region of the world?

Africa is the most backward region to this day. Let's try to find the reasons for the lag.

Teacher: To solve this problem, it is necessary to remember what determines the level of economic development of any region, that is, what should we find out about the Africa region? (corrects students’ statements and posts a plan for studying the material)

SLIDE 4

    Natural resource potential

    Population

    History of the region.

Based on the plan, formulate the goals and objectives of our lesson?

III. Learning new material.

SLIDE 5 (background)

Numbers are posted on the board

1.General features

1) region Africa and mainland Africa + adjacent islands - ranks 1st in area (30.3 million km 2, for comparison Asia 27.7 million km 2, Europe - 5.4 million km 2) and 2nd place in population (1 billion people in 2010, after Asia 4.1 billion people).

Task at the board for 2 people: determine the extent of Africa using a degree grid in kilometers. Answer: length: north about 8 thousand km, west about 7.5 thousand km

2) By what criteria can these countries differ from each other?

(suggested answer: by area, by number, etc.).

Assignment: look at the business card of countries in the textbook and determine in Africa:

1 option; 3 largest countries by area (answer: Algeria, DR Congo, Sudan)

Option 2: 3 largest countries by population (answer: Nigeria, Egypt, Ethiopia)

Additionally: Algeria and DR Congo are among the top 10 countries by area

And the area of ​​Egypt, South Africa, Algeria, Ethiopia is 2.5 times larger than S France (the largest European state)

2) The total number of states in Africa (information on everyone’s desk)

– 55 sovereign (with islands) states,

10 possessions (or dependent territories):

St. Helena, Ascension and Tristan de Cunha (Great Britain)

British Indian Ocean Territory (Chagos Archipelago, Metropolitan Britain)

Mayotte (France) - Reunion (France) - Eparce Islands (France)

French Southern Territories (France)

Ceuta and Melilla (enclaves in Morocco, metropolitan Spain)

Canary Islands (Spain) - Madeira (Portugal) - Azores (Portugal)

3 self-proclaimed unrecognized states in place of the state of Somalia: in the northern part of Somaliland, in the eastern part - Pauntland, in the central part - Galmudug

3) Characteristics of EGP and GGP of Africa.

B) The main features of the EGP (working with a description plan).

Teacher: Before you is a plan for the characteristics of the EGP. Think about what features characterize the EGP of Africa (students’ answers).

Teacher: Listening to the opinions of students, specifies the answers

SLIDE 6

1) Proximity to Foreign Europe and Asia.

2) Position at the intersection of the main sea transport routes from Europe to Asia and America (via the Suez Canal)

3) The coastal position of most countries of the continent.

4) Proximity to markets for raw materials and sales of products.

5) Possibility of trade with countries of the world through two oceans and the Mediterranean Sea, development of maritime transport

6) the countries of the central part are landlockedand are located at a distance of 1.5 thousand km from the coast , remote from centers of economic power, such as 15 states in Africa(give examples)

7) features of state borders (according to DT-1 p. 298) – conditional.

40% of borders are not demarcated

44% - by parallels and meridians

30% - along arched and curved lines

26% - along natural boundaries coinciding with ethnic boundaries

8) If the borders of states are not formed, then territorial disputes often arise (1/5 of the entire territory is an area of ​​territorial disputes (For example, Ethiopia and Somalia, Morocco and Western Sahara, Chad and Libya)

SLIDE 7

Teacher Let's highlight positive and negative. traits, what traits are there more? What conclusion can be drawn about the EGP of the region?

Anticipated Student Answers: in general, EGP in Africa is beneficial and contributes to economic development

PROJECTOR TURN OFF

C) PGP: work with the textbook’s business card: all states of R, with the exception of Swaziland, Lesotho, Morocco, mostly presidential republics. However, military and dictatorial political regimes are often hidden under the republican form of government.

All unitary states, with the exception of 4 states ( South Africa, the Federal State of Nigeria, Ethiopia, Comoros with its capital Moroni).

Modern Africa is an arena of active, transnational political and economic integration. Several organizations were created to solve the continent's problems:

Hang up the cards (record transcripts in a notebook)

AfDB- African Development Bank

YOU– East African Community

ECOSAG– Economic Community of West African States

COMMONWEALTH,led by Great Britain

OAU– Organization of African Unity, which includes 53 states (formed in 1963), it was converted in 2002. to the African Union.

4. Natural conditions and resources (compiling a table and independent work for children).

1 pair – studies mineral resources (work with text p. 287, appendix table 3, 4, 5 p. 403, additional text 2 p. 298)

2 pair – land resources (work with text p. 287, table 6 p. 404, atlas)

3 pair – agroclimatic resources (working with text p. 287)

4 pair – forest resources (work with text p. 287, appendix table 8 p. 405)

Para 5 – hydropower resources (work with the text, appendix table 7, additional text 3 p. 298).

6th pair – water resources

7 para – recreational resources

Suggested answers.

Mineral resources. Africa ranks first in reserves of manganese, chromite, aluminum ores, gold, silver, platinum and phosphorites.

All raw materials are mined using an almost open-pit method. The richest country in Africa is South Africa. It contains all minerals, except. oil, natural gas, bauxite. The reserves of platinum, gold, and diamonds are especially large

The first diamond was found in South Africa in 1869. A year later, the city of Kimberley was founded here, after which the diamond-bearing rock became known as kimberlite. The diamond content in kimberlites is very low - no more than 0.0000073%, which is equivalent to 0.2 g or 1 carat, for every 3 tons of kimberlites.

Land resources are 1 person more in Africa than in Southeast Asia, but only 1/5 of the area is cultivated. The earth is rapidly degrading.

1/3 of all dry land in Africa

2/5 of the earth is subject to desertification.

Agroclimatic resources.

Heat resources are abundant; it is known that Africa is the hottest continent, because... is crossed by the equator and the tropics, and is located mainly in equatorial and tropical latitudes.

Water resources are insufficient in all latitudes except equatorial ones. The large rivers Congo, Nile and others are distributed unevenly over the territory. Artificial irrigation accounts for 4-5% of the land. In the equatorial zone, on the contrary, there is excess moisture.

The Congo River is rich in hydroelectric power. Its fall is 275 meters, in the lower reaches there are 32 waterfalls. Here you can build a hydroelectric power station with a capacity of 80 million. kW = capacity of all US hydroelectric power plants.

Forest resources

Africa is inferior to Latin America in terms of forest area, but the forest cover rate is even lower.

Recreational resources provided: pyramids, national parks, nature

Conclusion : There are natural resources, but they are distributed unevenly across the continent.

3. Population of Africa (work with statistical material)

SLIDE 8

We found out the availability of natural resources in the region.

But the main wealth of any region is people. Africa has the second largest population in the world after Asia. Let's complete the following task: study the population of the region (work in groups)

Complete the tasks using the text and maps

1 row Features of population reproduction.

2 row Population composition

3rd row Population placement

TURN ON PROJECTOR

    group.

SLIDE 9

The population in 2010 was 1 billion people. Population reproduction is characterized by the following features.

The birth rate is very high (Niger, Chad, Angola, Somalia, Mali with P=45-50 people/per 1000 inhabitants); Kenya 42 people/per 1000 inhabitants

Slogan: “Not having money is a disaster,

But not having children means being doubly poor.”

Mortality and morbidity are high, life expectancy is low. The average life expectancy for women is 56 years, for men -54 years,

EP (page 63, map) 37-15=22 – high despite the high mortality rate. Countries - 2 types of reproduction

SLIDE 10

The ethnic composition is very diverse. There are more than 300 ethnic groups here. Large nations have formed in North Africa, but most are at the level of nationalities: vestiges of the tribal system are also preserved. Hence, ethnopolitical conflicts - in Sudan, Kenya, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Nigeria, Angola - often take on the character of genocide.

Genocide (notebook entry) is the extermination of entire population groups on racial, national, ethnic or religious grounds.

Example. In 1994 Conflict arose between the Tutsi and Hutu tribes in densely populated Rwanda. As a result, about 1 million people died, 2 million. - fled to neighboring countries.

Overall, Africa accounts for half of all refugees. And this type of migration always leads to outbreaks of famine, epidemics, and increases infant and general mortality.

The legacy of the past are the official languages ​​of the metropolitan countries: English in 11 countries, French in 17, Portuguese in 5.

SLIDE 11

Population distribution: avg. the density is 34 people/km 2, which is less than in Europe. The population is unevenly distributed (in the Nile Valley -1700 people/km2, and in the desert - 1)

Urbanization according to the map on page 77, large agglomerations (page 76)

In Tropical Africa: Burundi - capital Bujumbura -100% mountains. us.

Guinea – capital Conakry – 81% mountains. us.

The main features of urbanization in Africa: low rate, but the highest rate of urbanization in the world: the population of cities doubles every 10 years

Conclusion: there are problems associated with the population explosion in Africa (environmental problems, excess of children in relation to the working population, employment problem, health problem, “urban explosion”.

But despite the scale of the “urban explosion”, 2/3 of Africans still live in rural areas.

SLIDE 12

Teacher: Let's summarize: What do the data on the population of Africa show?

3) General features of historical development (student message)

Intended message: The historical path of most African states passed through three stages:

1) European colonization.

2) National liberation movements.

The colonization of African lands by Europeans took place differently in the northern and southern parts of the continent. Thus, if North Africa was completely divided among the colonialists without any special difficulties throughout the 19th century, the conquest of the southern and central parts of the continent was slower and more difficult. The reason for this was the complete lack of infrastructure in these territories, as well as various dangerous tropical diseases. One way or another, by the beginning of the twentieth century there were only two independent states in Africa: Ethiopia and Liberia (as convict colonies). All other countries were controlled by the European metropolises: France, Italy, Germany, Portugal and Britain. Different countries in Africa experienced the period of decolonization in different ways, which began in the 20s and ended at the end of the twentieth century. And if in North Africa the national liberation movements were more successful, then in South Africa they were of the nature of individual situations. Libya was the first to gain independence in 1951. And the culmination of the decolonization of the continent was 1961, which historians nicknamed “the year of Africa.” This year, as many as 17 countries on the mainland became independent.

The last state to become independent was Namibia, which broke away from Germany in 1990.

But even later. Eritrea in 1993 (since 1950 it was part of Ethiopia)

In 2011, South Sudan separated from the Republic of Sudan as a result of a referendum.

What is the peculiarity of the development of a country - a colony?

We have studied all the points of our plan (show plan), and now remember what problem we identified at the beginning of the lesson. Explain what is the main reason for the region’s backwardness?

What problem did we solve in class?

How did we solve it? What material did you study?

Try to formulate a solution to the problem yourself?

What was our goal at the beginning of the lesson?

Have we achieved our intended goal?

IV . Homework assignment

SLIDE 13.

Topic 8 P.1 pp. 286-290 before farming.

Rear 2 page 300

optional: create a crossword puzzle

V . Consolidation of the studied material.

Completing test tasks (7 questions) offered on the screen in the form of slides

SLIDE 14-20

VI . Stage of summarizing the lesson

Teacher: Tell me, did today’s lesson help you acquire new knowledge and remember the knowledge you acquired in 7th grade? (students' answers)

VII . Reflection stage.

Can you say that at some stage you flew? Or maybe, on the contrary, you felt insecure?

Hour by hour, hour goes by,

Light and shadow flicker.

A star over the river means night.

And the sun means day.

Lesson topic: General characteristics of Africa. Geography teacher of the highest qualification category.

The purpose of the lesson:

educational –

    study the common features of EGP and GGP of African countries,

    find out the history of the development of African countries,

    assess the natural resource potential and level of development of the African continent as a whole and individual states,

    draw up a profile of the population of Vedas Africa - study general information and the level of development of the African continent;

developing–

    develop the ability to work with maps and statistical materials,

    develop problem solving skills,

    to form students’ own judgments in relation to negative social phenomena based on identified problems of the region’s population,

    promote the development of students’ interest in studying this topic through independent learning activities;

educating – to cultivate a political worldview in students, tolerance, and interest in the subject.

Lesson type: learning new material (technology “Creating a problem situation”).

Equipment: political map of the world, atlas, political map of Africa, presentation, computer, projector, interactive whiteboard.

During the classes.

    Org moment.

Good afternoon guys! I want to start today’s lesson with wonderful lines calling for perseverance, hard work, joy of life, and creativity. Let them become our motto:

Who, if not us?

When, if not now?

II . Updating knowledge and determining the topic of the lesson.

Teacher: We have already studied 4 regions. Remember which ones?

(suggested answer: Foreign Europe, Foreign Asia, North America, Latin America.)

Teacher:

There is still a lot of interesting things ahead of us; 2 regions have not yet been explored.

I bring to your attention a small fragment, and you yourself will understand which region we will study in the coming lessons (view fragment)

Teacher:

1.This is a region located south of the Mediterranean and Red Seas. With uniquely beautiful nature and unique species of animals.

2. One of the greatest rivers in the world flows through the expanses of the region. Even today, during technological progress, it amazes with its beauty and grandeur.

3. Snow-capped volcanoes shine with their splendor just in front of the equator.

4. The region is considered the place of the appearance of man, and remains were found here according to the assumptions of the first man.

5. Center of the slave trade and colonial dependence of the 15th-19th centuries.

6. Is it still the most backward region in the world?

(we will study the region Africa).

Teacher: Let's formulate the topic of the lesson (suggested answer: General characteristics of Africa).

So, let’s write down the topic in the lesson map: “General characteristics of Africa” (recording the topic.)

III.HOMEWORK§ 23, 24. R/T page all tasks.

Additional task upon request. Compose a crossword puzzle on the topic of the lesson.

VI.EXPLANATION OF NEW MATERIAL.

Lesson plan.

1. EGP and PGP of Africa.

2. Natural resource potential of the region.

3.Population.

4.Economy of the region - study on your own

Teacher: Based on the lesson plan, formulate the goals and objectives of the lesson.

Target: study the economic and geographical features of the African region.

Tasks:

1. Familiarize yourself with the features of the EGP and GGP of Africa.

2. Assess the natural resource potential of the region.

3. Study of the population and economy of the region.

PROJECTOR TURN OFF

Task No. 1.

Create a business card for Africa. Using textbook text § 23, atlas maps.

Area of ​​the continent - S =_____________________________;

Has access to the seas and oceans_________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

On the territory of the region____________________ states;

Monarchies: 1. _____________________________________________;

2.________________________________________;

3._________________________________________;

The remaining states of the republic (which ones?) _________________________.

According to the form of territorial structure:

Unitary majority states.

Federated:

1._______________________________________;

2._______________________________________ ;

3.________________________________________;

4_________________________________________;

Task No. 2 Lesson map.

Features of African EGP. The teacher organizes work in pairs.

Using the plan, textbook text§ 23 and geographical maps of the atlas, give an assessment of the geographical location of Africa. Write your answers in the table.

Plan:

1. Position in relation to neighboring regions.

2. Presence or absence of access to the seas and oceans.

3.Position in relation to the main land and sea transport routes.

4. Position in relation to raw material bases, main areas of product sales.

5. Conclusion about the influence of EGP on the development of the region.

Features of the EGP

Assessment for economic development

5.Conclusion:

Teacher additions

The countries of the central part do not have access to the sea and are located at a distance of 1.5 thousand km from the coast, remote from the centers of economic power, such as 15 countries in Africa (give examples) Chad, Zambia, Botswana, etc.

Features of state borders are conditional.

40% of borders are not demarcated

44% - by parallels and meridians

30% - along arched and curved lines

26% - along natural boundaries that coincide with ethnic boundaries.

If the borders of states are not formed, then territorial disputes often arise (1/5 of the entire territory is an area of ​​territorial disputes (For example, Ethiopia and Somalia, Morocco and Western Sahara, Chad and Libya)

Teacher: Let's highlight positive and negative. traits, what traits are there more? What conclusion can be drawn about the EGP of the region?

Anticipated Student Answers : In general, EGP in Africa is beneficial and contributes to economic development.

PROJECTOR TURN OFF

Teacher's addition.

C) PGP: all states of the Republic, with the exception of Swaziland, Lesotho, Morocco, republics are mainly presidential. However, military and dictatorial political regimes are often hidden under the republican form of government.

All unitary states, with the exception of 4 states (South Africa, the Federal State of Nigeria, Ethiopia, Comoros with its capital Moroni).

Modern Africa is an arena of active, transnational political and economic integration. Several organizations were created to solve the continent's problems:

Additional information in the lesson map

AfDB - African Development Bank

EAC - East African Community.

ECOSAG - Economic Community of West African States

COMMONWEALTH led by Great Britain

The OAU is an organization of African unity, which includes 53 states (formed in 1963), it was transformed in 2002. to the African Union.

2. Our next task is to study the natural resource potential of the region.

Teacher: Talks about mineral resources - additional information (slides):

Africa is exceptionally rich in mineral resources. Among other continents, it ranks first in reserves of manganese, chromite, bauxite, cobalt, diamond, and phosphorite ores.

There are 7 main mining areas in Africa:

1. Algerian-Libyan;

2. Atlas;

3. Egyptian;

4. Western Guinea;

5. East Guinean;

6. Copper belt;

7. South African.

Now compare the political and economic map and identify three groups of countries with different reserves of mineral resources.

We will complete the work in the lesson map.

Task No. 3

Using atlas maps, classify African countries according to the degree of their wealth in mineral resources. Make a table in the following form:

Countries rich in various mineral resources.

Countries poor in mineral raw materials.

What other resources is Africa rich in? List.

Let's check. Mark the named country with a magnet on the map.

Let's draw a conclusion about the availability of mineral resources and write it down in the table of our lesson map. You have 3 minutes to work.

Let's check.

What conclusion can be drawn about Africa's provision with various resources necessary for economic development?

Physical education minute. Gymnastics for the eyes.

Teacher

We found out the availability of natural resources in the region.

But the main wealth of any region is people. Africa has the second largest population in the world after Asia. Let's complete the following task; Let's study the population of the region.

Teacher's explanation:

E The genetic composition is highly variegated. There are more than 300 ethnic groups here. Large nations have formed in North Africa, but most are at the level of nationalities: vestiges of the tribal system are also preserved. Hence, ethnopolitical conflicts - in Sudan, Kenya, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Nigeria, Angola - often take on the character of genocide.

Genocide (notebook entry) is the extermination of entire population groups on racial, national, ethnic or religious grounds.

Example. In 1994 Conflict arose between the Tutsi and Hutu tribes in densely populated Rwanda. As a result, about 1 million people died, 2 million. - fled to neighboring countries.

Overall, Africa accounts for half of all refugees. And this type of migration always leads to outbreaks of famine, epidemics, and increases infant and general mortality.

The legacy of the past are the official languages ​​of the metropolitan countries: English in 11 countries, French in 17, Portuguese in 5.

Population distribution: avg. the density is 34 people/km2, which is less than in Europe. The population is unevenly distributed (in the Nile Valley -1700 people/km2, and in the desert - 1)

Urbanization according to the “Population” map, large agglomerations

In Tropical Africa: Burundi - capital Bujumbura -100% mountains. us.

Guinea – capital Conakry – 81% mountains. us.

The main features of urbanization in Africa: low rate, but the highest rate of urbanization in the world: the population of cities doubles every 10 years

Conclusion: There are problems associated with the population explosion in Africa (environmental problems, excess of children in relation to the working population, employment problem, health problem, “urban explosion”.

But despite the scale of the “urban explosion”, 2/3 of Africans still live in rural areas.

Summarize: What do African population data show?

Teacher

We found out the characteristics of the region's population.

Task No. 4 Consolidation.

Instead of ellipses, insert words characterizing the characteristics of the African population.

The African population is characterized by:

The most……. …………………indicators and rates of reproduction,

The most ………………….........proportion of children,

The most ……………………… ethnic composition,

The most ……………………… level of urbanization,

The fastest ………………………… rates of urbanization,

The ……………………… level of literacy and life expectancy in comparison with other regions of the world.

Let's check. Let's read out the answers in a chain.

What conclusion can be drawn?

What is the main reason for the region's backwardness?

Lesson summary: -What goals and objectives did we set at the beginning of the lesson?

Do you think we accomplished them?

Reflection.

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION.

General features of historical development (student message)

The historical path of most African states passed through three stages:

1) European colonization.

2) National liberation movements.

The colonization of African lands by Europeans took place differently in the northern and southern parts of the continent. Thus, if North Africa was completely divided among the colonialists without any special difficulties throughout the 19th century, the conquest of the southern and central parts of the continent was slower and more difficult. The reason for this was the complete lack of infrastructure in these territories, as well as various dangerous tropical diseases. One way or another, by the beginning of the twentieth century there were only two independent states in Africa: Ethiopia and Liberia (as convict colonies). All other countries were controlled by the European metropolises: France, Italy, Germany, Portugal and Britain. Different countries in Africa experienced the period of decolonization in different ways, which began in the 20s and ended at the end of the twentieth century. And if in North Africa the national liberation movements were more successful, then in South Africa they were of the nature of individual situations. Libya was the first to gain independence in 1951. And the culmination of the decolonization of the continent was 1961, which historians nicknamed “the year of Africa.” This year, as many as 17 countries on the mainland became independent.

The last state to become independent was Namibia, which broke away from Germany in 1990.

But even later. Eritrea in 1993 (since 1950 it was part of Ethiopia)

In 2011, South Sudan separated from the Republic of Sudan as a result of a referendum.

Subregions

Africa

Geography lesson in 11th grade.

Municipal educational institution secondary school No. 5 of the city of Svetly, Kaliningrad region



EGP Africa

  • Area 30.3 million km²
  • The length from north to south is 8 thousand km.
  • The length from west to east is 7.5 thousand km.
  • 53 countries
  • 15 states do not have access to the seas.
  • Morocco, Swaziland, Lesotho - monarchies
  • South Africa, Nigeria, Ethiopia, Camoros federal republics.

Mineral resources

4/5 of the world's chromite reserves

2/3 of the world's phosphorite reserves

3/5 of the world's titanium reserves

2/5 of the world's manganese reserves

1/3 of the world's reserves of uranium, copper, cobalt


Subregions

Africa

North Africa

West Africa

Central Africa

East Africa

South Africa


North Africa

  • The countries of North Africa are among the most economically developed countries on the continent.
  • The basis of their economy is industry.


West Africa

  • The West Africa subregion includes more than two dozen countries bordering the coast of the Gulf of Guinea and located in the western, southern and central parts of the Sahara Desert.
  • West Africa is one of the most contrasting and unstable territories in the world. The reason for this lies in the peculiarities of historical development, socio-economic and cultural contradictions, as well as significant political and ethnic fragmentation.
  • The economies of the countries of the subregion are dominated by the rural plantation economy and the mining industry.

Monoculture of West African agriculture .

  • Ghana, Cote d'Ivoire and Nigeria specialize in growing cocoa beans ,
  • Senegal, Nigeria and Gambia - peanuts ,
  • Benin, Togo and Nigeria - palm nuts and palm oil.
  • The main food crops grown for local consumption are rice, sorghum and millet, and to a lesser extent corn.


Central Africa

  • In terms of economic development, most countries in Central Africa lag significantly behind most countries in the world.
  • The most favorable economic situation has developed in Gabon, Cameroon and partly in the Congo, primarily due to the development of oil and gas fields.
  • The rest of the countries in the region do not even have a developed mining industry.
  • Gold and diamond mining and timber production, which are the main sources of income for most countries in the subregion, are artisanal.
  • Only in the DRC has a modern non-ferrous metallurgy developed on the basis of local deposits of copper and tin. A full production cycle has been created here: from mining to smelting high-quality metals.

  • Forests are an important biological resource of the subregion. They occupy more than 50% of the territory of Gabon, Congo and the DRC.
  • The hydropower potential of the Congo, Shari and other rivers is significant.






East Africa

  • According to the level of development, the countries of the subregion can be divided into two groups: underdeveloped, economically disadvantaged northern ones and moderately developed southern ones, with a more stable economy.
  • Overall, of the ten poorest countries in the world, five are in East Africa.



The Bushmen led a wandering lifestyle and were engaged in hunting and gathering. Traditional food - game, edible roots, ant larvae

The dwelling is a hut or canopy made of branches and grass. The home of the modern bushman is, in the recent past, an army tent





South Africa

  • South Africa includes 5 independent states and several colonies - overseas departments of France.
  • The largest state is the Republic of South Africa (1221 thousand km²); the smallest is Swaziland (17.4 km²).
  • The economy in Southern Africa is at a higher level of development than in most other sub-Saharan countries. This relative economic well-being is ensured by enormous resource potential.
  • South Africa is rich in mineral reserves. There are large deposits of diamonds, gold, platinum and rare metals, uranium and iron-manganese ores, various non-ferrous metals (copper, tin, zinc, lead, tungsten, etc.) here.





The duality of the South African economy

Features of a developed country

Features of a developing country


Consolidation of what has been learned

  • What facts indicate the economic backwardness of African countries?
  • What are the typical features of the sectoral and territorial structure of the economy of African countries?
  • What is single-product specialization?
  • Where are the main industrial areas of these countries located?
  • Which manufacturing industries have received the greatest development in African countries?
  • What type of agriculture predominates in these countries?
  • For what export agricultural crops does it occupy a leading place in world production?
  • Can we say that Africa has a common African transport network?
  • Why do most African railways have the character of penetration lines?

Explanation of new material.

Target The teacher specifies the students' knowledge on a new topic.

Teacher

– In the modern world there are more than 200 states. 54 of them are located in the Africa region. African countries are generally larger in size than European countries. Look at the Business Card of Countries in the textbook:

Which state is the largest in area? Sudan.

Which country in Africa is the largest in terms of population? (Nigeria)

What are the African countries based on their territorial structure?

What are the countries by form of government?

EGP (frontal work)

Let's draw up a description of the EGP according to the plan and write it down in the lesson map. Let's highlight the “+” and “-” EGP.

Teacher reads out the points of the plan

Teacher – What conclusion can be drawn about the region’s EGP? Listening to the opinions of students, the teacher specifies the answers:

In general, EGP is beneficial:

1) Proximity to Zar. Europe and Asia

2) Position at the intersection of the main sea transport routes from Europe to Asia and America (Suez Canal)

3) The coastal position of most countries of the continent.

4) Proximity to markets for raw materials and sales of products

5) Possibility of trade with countries of the world through two oceans and the Mediterranean Sea, development of maritime transport

But there are disadvantages: 1) the countries of the central part are landlocked, remote from the centers of economic power,

2) state borders are not formed, territorial disputes often arise.

Additional Information:

To help strengthen cooperation among African countries, the OAU, the Organization of African Unity, was created in 1963. The headquarters of the OAU was in Addis Ababa. In 2002, the OAU was transformed into the African Union.

What is more “+” or “-” EGP? What can we conclude?

Teacher

We found out the advantages and disadvantages of the region's EGP.

Our next task is to study the natural resource potential of the region.

Natural resource potential

Remember what groups of resources are important for economic development?

Mineral

Land

Agroclimatic

Forest

Water

Let's find out which ones are in Africa.

Teacher

Talks about mineral resources - additional information (slide):

Africa is exceptionally rich in mineral resources. Among other continents, it ranks first in reserves of manganese, chromite, bauxite, cobalt, diamond, and phosphorite ores.

There are 7 main mining areas in Africa:

1. Algerian-Libyan;

2. Atlas;

3. Egyptian;

4. Western Guinea;

5. East Guinean;

6. Copper belt;

7. South African.

Now compare the political and economic map and identify three groups of countries with different reserves of mineral resources.We will do the work in pairs.

Let's check. Mark the named country with a magnet on the map.

Let's draw a conclusion about the availability of mineral resources and write it down in the table of our lesson map.

Teacher

organizes work in groups.

What other types of resources are left in the table?

Let's divide into three groups:

1st row – land

2nd row – agroclimatic

3rd row – forest

Find out the features of these resources and enter the data in the table. You can use the map and text from the textbook. You have 3 minutes to work.

Teacher

Let's check.

What conclusion can be drawn about Africa's provision with various resources necessary for economic development?

Physical education minute.

Teacher

We found out the availability of natural resources in the region.

But the main wealth of any region is people. Africa has the second largest population in the world after Asia.Let's complete the following task; Let's study the population of the region (work in groups)

Complete the tasks using the text and maps

1 row Features of population reproduction.

2 row Population structure

3rd row Population placement

You have 3 minutes to work.

To summarize: What do the African population data show?

What is the level of economic development of African countries?

Teacher

We found out the characteristics of the region's population.

Our next task is to study the history of the region.Read the text about the history of Africa and write your own answers to the questions about the text.

Let's check. Let's read out the answers in a chain. What conclusion can be drawn?

What is the main reason for the region's backwardness?