History of Russia, the longest wars. The longest wars in history How long did the longest war in the world last?

Throughout its history, Russia took part in a large number of military campaigns and was a participant in many wars with different countries. But there is one state with which Russia has been fighting the longest and most of all. This war has been going on for more than 500 years, with smaller or larger breaks, of which 70 years have been spent in direct military clashes. What kind of war is this and with whom Russia has been fighting for so long, read below.

Military relations between Russia and Turkey began in 1475, when Türkiye conquered Crimea. The reason for the first clashes was the oppression that Russian merchants in Azov and Cafe began to experience from the Turks. Serious military battles began in 1541, when the Crimean Tatars moved to Moscow under the command of Khan Girey, and the Turks were with them.

Russian-Turkish wars in the following periods of history:

1568-1570. Turkish campaign against Astrakhan. RESULT - an army of 50 thousand was defeated Crimean Tatars and the Turks, and the Ottoman fleet was destroyed.

1672-1681. The cause of the war was the attempt of the Ottoman Empire to intervene in the Russian-Polish confrontation and seize control of Right Bank Ukraine. RESULT - the status quo was preserved, and Right Bank Ukraine remained with Russia.

1686-1700. The Great Turkish War. In 1686, after the signing of the Perpetual Peace, which completed Russian-Polish war, Russia joined the Holy League (Habsburg Austria, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Venetian Republic) that fought the Turks. In 1696, during the second campaign (the first was unsuccessful), a 40,000-strong Russian army under the command of Alexei Shein besieged Azov and blocked the fortress from the sea. Without waiting for the assault, on July 19, 1696, the Turks surrendered the fortress, and Azov went to Russia.

1710-1713. Prut campaign. The causes of the war were the intrigues of the Swedish king Charles XII, who was hiding in the Ottoman Empire after the defeat near Poltava. Russia demanded that the Swedish king be expelled from the Ottoman Empire. However, on November 20, 1710, Türkiye declared war on Russia. In the spring of 1711, Peter I began the Prut campaign of the Russian army, and by June 1711 he concentrated his troops at Iasi. RESULT - the status quo has been maintained.

1735-1739. The war was caused by the incessant raids of the Crimean Tatars and Russia's desire to gain access to the Black Sea. The result is that the status quo was maintained, since Russia was unable to actually solve the problem of access to the Black Sea.

1768-1774. September 25, 1768 Ottoman Empire declared war on Russia. The Turks crossed the Dniester, but were repulsed by the army of General Golitsyn. Russian troops, having occupied Khotyn, reached the Danube by the winter of 1770. RESULT - The Crimean Khanate was declared independent from Turkey. Russia received Greater and Lesser Kabarda, Azov, Kerch, as well as the territories between the Dnieper and the Southern Bug.

1787-1791. The Ottoman Empire again declared war on Russia, but quickly began to suffer one defeat after another. RESULT - according to the Yassy Peace Treaty, the entire Crimea and the city of Ochakov were completely ceded to Russia, and the border between the two empires was pushed back to the Dniester.

1806-1812. The war began over Moldavia and Wallachia. RESULT - the successful military campaign of the Russian field marshal Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov forced the Ottomans to abandon Bessarabia in favor of Russia.

1828-1829. War was declared by Emperor Nicholas I in April 1828 due to the refusal to implement previous bilateral agreements. RESULT - most of the eastern coast of the Black Sea (including the cities of Anapa, Sudzhuk-Kale, Sukhum) and the Danube Delta passed to Russia. The Ottoman Empire recognized Russian supremacy over Georgia and part of modern Armenia. Serbia was granted autonomy. The Turks had to pay extensive indemnities.

1853-1856. Crimean War. In 1853, Türkiye declared war on Russia, but suffered one defeat after another. Thus, at the very end of 1853, a Turkish detachment of 18 thousand people near Akhaltsikhe was defeated by a detachment of General Andronnikov, numbering 7 thousand people. The main Turkish forces, numbering 36 thousand people, were defeated by the troops of General Bebutov, numbering only 10 thousand people. Further, in the first half of 1854, the Batumi Turkish detachment, numbering 34 thousand people, was defeated by the 13 thousand-strong detachment of General Andronnikov. Russian troops, numbering 3.5 thousand people, defeated a 20 thousand-strong Turkish detachment in a counter battle at the Gingil Pass. Finally, near the Turkish village of Kuryuk-Dara, the main forces of the Turkish army (60 thousand people) were defeated by the 18 thousand-strong detachment of General Bebutov. From that moment on, the Turkish army ceased to exist as an active fighting force. Noteworthy is the fact that the Turkish army was defeated even with its three to four times numerical superiority. The defeat of the Turkish army and Turkish fleet (Battle of Sinop) accelerated the entry of England and France into the war on the side of Turkey. The famous siege of Sevastopol by allied forces began, lasting 349 days. Five times the Allies made unsuccessful attempts to take the city by storm. And only as a result of the sixth assault, the defense of Sevastopol was broken through. At one of the central defense sites, the French abandoned an elite unit - the Zouaves division, formed from volunteers of the warlike Kabyle tribe (Algeria). Both on the right and on the left, the defenses were broken down, and only in the area where the warlike Zouaves were advancing, the defenses could not be broken down. This fact contradicted the logic of the English and French generals, and they could not explain: why the defense was broken in the areas where ordinary units were advancing, and why it was not possible to break it with the most striking force - the Zouaves? Only some time later this phenomenon received a worthy explanation. The fact is that the Zouaves had a rather exotic form of clothing (jackets, vests, trousers with a wide belt, fez), and the Russian soldiers and sailors, in the simplicity of their souls, were convinced that the Turks were advancing against them. But the Russian army, even with a 2-3 times numerical superiority of the Turks, always beat them. And everyone knew about this for a long time. This idea was firmly rooted in the subconscious of Russian soldiers and sailors and practically materialized in the form of increased fortitude in defense.

1877-1878. In April 1877, Russia declared war on Turkey. The cause was liberation uprisings in Slavic countries in the Balkans. RESULT - The southern part of Bessarabia was returned to Russia and Karsa, Ardahan and Batum were annexed. Bulgarian independence was restored; The territories of Serbia, Montenegro and Romania increased, and Turkish Bosnia and Herzegovina was occupied by Austria-Hungary.

1914-1918. During the First World War, the Russian and Ottoman empires found themselves in opposing camps. The Russian army surrounded and completely defeated the 3rd Turkish army of General Enver Pasha, which was advancing on the Russian Transcaucasus. The Turks lost more than 90 thousand people killed. Erzurum and Trebizond were taken by the Russians. The Turks tried to launch a counteroffensive in order to regain lost territories, but were defeated near Erzincan. In mid-1916, Russian troops took Bitlis, and actually reached central Turkey. The Russian army also liberated Persia (Iran) and demanded the liberation of Constantinople. However, October Revolution what happened in Russia led to the cessation of hostilities. After World War I, the Ottoman Empire collapsed and was divided into a number of states, but Constantinople was retained by Turkey.

The sad first place in the list of the bloodiest conflicts in Russia is firmly occupied by the Great Patriotic War, which lasted from June 22, 1941 to May 9, 1945. True, then Russia was not sovereign state, and was part of the USSR as the largest republic in terms of area. The victory over the Hitlerite coalition led by Nazi Germany came at the cost of a colossal effort of all forces, mass heroism and self-sacrifice.

The allies (USA, UK, and to a much lesser extent France) also contributed to the overall victory, but the main brunt of the war fell on the USSR.

The exact number of victims, including dead military personnel and civilians, has not yet been determined. According to the latest data, it is about 27 million people - this is the population of a large European state. In the entire Soviet Union there are almost no families left without a loved one. During this war, the winters were incredible, and it was this fact that played into the hands of our country.

Russia's Memorable Bloody Wars

The Civil War, which took place in most of Russia from March 1918 to November 1920 (and in Far East it lasted until the autumn of 1922). The war was characterized by extreme bitterness and irreconcilability of the parties. However, this is a characteristic feature of all civil wars, when a son goes against his father, and a brother against his brother. According to historians, the approximate number of victims of the Civil War (counting those who died from hunger and epidemics) ranges from 8 to 13 million people.

Such a large difference in the calculations is explained by the unsatisfactory accounting of losses in the armies of both sides, as well as the loss of many archival documents in subsequent years.

The First also brought enormous damage to Russia. World War, in which our country participated from August 1914 to March 1918. The losses of one army amounted to about 2.5 million people. And according to some historians - about 3.2 million. The exact number of civilian casualties in the combat zone is still unknown.

The Patriotic War of 1812 was also very bloody, when the losses of the Russian army in killed and died from wounds and diseases amounted to about 210 thousand people.

And during the Russo-Japanese War, which took place from 1904 to 1905, our losses, according to various estimates, ranged from 47 thousand to 70 thousand people.

They say that the worst quarrels are quarrels between close people and relatives. One of the heaviest and bloody wars- civilians.

the site presents a selection of the most protracted conflicts between citizens of the same state.

The beginning of the Civil War is considered to be the resettlement of the first groups of opponents of the barely established Bolshevik power to the south of Russia, where “white” detachments began to form from former officer ranks and volunteers who did not recognize the results of the Bolshevik revolution (or Bolshevik coup). The anti-Bolshevik forces included, of course, the most different people- from republicans to monarchists, from obsessed madmen to fighters for justice. They oppressed the Bolsheviks from all sides - from the south, and from the west, and from Arkhangelsk and, of course, from Siberia, where Admiral Kolchak settled, who became one of the brightest symbols of the white movement and white dictatorship. At the first stage, taking into account the support of foreign forces and even direct military intervention, the Whites achieved some success. The Bolshevik leaders even thought about evacuating to India, but were able to turn the tide of the struggle in their favor. The beginning of the 20s was already the retreat and final flight of the whites, the cruelest Bolshevik terror and the terrible crimes of anti-Bolshevik outcasts like von Ungern. The result of the Civil War was the flight from Russia of a significant part intellectual elite, capital. For many - with the hope of a quick return, which in fact never happened. Those who managed to settle in exile, with rare exceptions, remained abroad, giving their descendants a new homeland.

The result of the Civil War was the flight of the intellectual elite from Russia

A series of civil wars between Catholics and Protestants took place from 1562 to 1598. The Huguenots were supported by the Bourbons, the Catholics by Catherine de Medici and the Guise party. It began with an attack on the Huguenots in Champagne on March 1, 1562, organized by the Duke of Guise. In response, the Prince de Condé took the city of Orleans, which became a stronghold of the Huguenot movement. The Queen of Great Britain supported the Protestants; the King of Spain and the Pope supported the Catholic forces. First settlement agreement was concluded after the death of the leaders of both warring groups, the Peace of Amboise was signed, then reinforced by the Edict of Saint-Germain, which guaranteed freedom of religion in certain districts. This, however, did not resolve the conflict, but transferred it to the category of frozen ones. Subsequently, playing with the terms of this edict led to the resumption of active actions, and the poor state of the royal treasury led to their attenuation. The Peace of Saint-Germain, signed in favor of the Huguenots, gave way to the terrible massacre of Protestants in Paris and other French cities - St. Bartholomew's Night. The Huguenot leader Henry of Navarre suddenly became king of France by converting to Catholicism (he is credited with the famous phrase “Paris is worth a mass”). It was this king, with a very extravagant reputation, who managed to unite the state and end the era of terrible religious wars.

A series of civil wars between Catholics and Protestants lasted 36 years.

The confrontation between the Kuomintang troops and the communist forces continued stubbornly for almost 25 years - from 1927 to 1950. The beginning is the “Northern Expedition” of Chiang Kai-shek, a nationalist leader who was going to subjugate the northern territories controlled by the Beiyang militarists. This group was based on the combat-ready units of the army of the Qing Empire, but it was a rather scattered force that was quickly losing ground to the Kuomintang. A new round of civil confrontation arose due to the conflict between the Kuomintang and the Communists. This struggle intensified as a result of the struggle for power; in April 1927, the “Shanghai Massacre” occurred, the suppression of communist uprisings in Shanghai. During even more brutal war Internal strife with Japan subsided, but neither Chiang Kai-shek nor Mao Zedong forgot about the struggle, and after the end of World War II, the Civil War in China resumed. The nationalists were supported by the Americans, and the communists, not surprisingly, by the USSR. By 1949, Chiang Kai-shek's front had virtually collapsed, and he himself made an official proposal for peace negotiations. The conditions put forward by the Communists did not find a response, the battles continued, and the Kuomintang army found itself divided. On October 1, 1949, the People's Republic of China was proclaimed, and communist troops gradually subjugated one region after another. One of the last to be annexed was Tibet, the question of whose independence is periodically raised today.

The confrontation between the Kuomintang troops and the Communists lasted for almost 25 years.

The first and second wars in Sudan happened 11 years apart. Both erupted due to conflict between the Christians of the south and the Muslims of the north. One part of the country was in the past controlled by Great Britain, the other by Egypt. In 1956, Sudan gained independence, government institutions were located in the northern part, which created a serious imbalance of influence within the new state. The promises of a federal structure made by the Arabs in the Khartoum government were not realized, Christians in the south rebelled against the Muslims, and brutal punitive actions only fueled the flames of the Civil War. An endless succession of new governments were unable to cope with ethnic tensions and economic problems, South Sudan's rebels captured villages, but did not have sufficient forces to properly control their territories. As a result of the Addis Ababa Agreement of 1972, the south was recognized as having autonomy and an army that included both Muslims and Christians in approximately equal proportions. The next round lasted from 1983 to 2005 and was much more brutal towards the civilian population. International organizations estimate that about 2 million people were killed. In 2002, the process of preparing a peace agreement began between representatives of the Sudan Liberation Army (South) and the Government of Sudan. He envisioned 6 years of autonomy and a subsequent referendum on the independence of South Sudan. On July 9, 2011, the sovereignty of South Sudan was declared

The first and second wars in Sudan happened 11 years apart

The beginning of the confrontation was a coup d'etat, during which the country's president, Jacobo Arbenz, was removed. The military action, however, was quite quickly suppressed, but a significant part of them left the country, starting preparations partisan movement. It was she who was to play the main role in this long war. Among those who joined the rebels were Mayan Indians, this led to a severe reaction against Indian villages in general, there is even talk of ethnic cleansing of the Mayans. In 1980, there were already four fronts civil war, their line ran both through the west and east of the country, and through the north and south. The rebel groups soon formed the Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity, their struggle was supported by the Cubans, and the Guatemalan army fought them mercilessly. In 1987, the presidents of other Central American states tried to take part in resolving the conflict, through them dialogue was carried out and the demands of the warring parties were presented. The Catholic Church also gained serious influence in the negotiations, contributing to the formation of the National Reconciliation Commission. In 1996, the “Treaty on Lasting and Lasting Peace” was concluded. According to some estimates, the war claimed the lives of 200 thousand people, most of whom were Mayan Indians. About 150 thousand are missing.

Among those who joined the rebels in Guatemala were Mayan Indians

British colonists in late XIX centuries began to seize African lands inhabited by black aborigines, who were very different low level development. But the locals were not going to give up - in 1896, when agents of the British South Africa Company tried to annex the territories of modern Zimbabwe, the aborigines decided to confront their opponents. Thus began the First Chimurenga - this term refers to all clashes between races in this territory (there were three in total).

The first Chimurenga is the most short war in the history of mankind, at least those known. Despite active resistance and the spirit of the African inhabitants, the war quickly ended with a clear and crushing British victory. The military power of one of the most powerful nations in the world and a poor, backward African tribe cannot even be compared: as a result, the war lasted 38 minutes. The English army escaped casualties, and among the Zanzibar rebels there were 570 killed. This fact was later recorded in the Guinness World Records.

The longest war

The famous Hundred Years' War is considered the longest in history. It lasted not a hundred years, but more - from 1337 to 1453, but with interruptions. To be more precise, this is a chain of several conflicts between which lasting peace was not established, so they stretched out into a long war.

The Hundred Years' War was fought between England and France: allies helped the countries on both sides. The first conflict arose in 1337 and is known as the Edwardian War: King Edward III, grandson of the French ruler Philip the Fair, decided to lay claim to the French throne. The confrontation lasted until 1360, and nine years later it broke out new war- Carolingian. At the beginning of the 15th century, the Hundred Years' War continued with the Lancastrian conflict and the fourth, final stage, which ended in 1453.

The exhausting confrontation led to the fact that by the middle of the 15th century only one third remained of the population of France. And England lost its possessions on the European continent - it only had Calais left. Civil strife began in the royal court, which led to anarchy. There was almost nothing left from the treasury: all the money went to support the war.

But the war had a great influence on military affairs: in one century there were many new types of weapons, standing armies appeared, and firearms began to develop.

Longest war?

The most difficult test of strength for France was the clash with England during the Hundred Years' War (1337–1453).

Wars between the English and French kings were fought repeatedly, especially with mid-XII V. However, this conflict became extremely protracted and bloody. Moreover, it was unfavorable primarily for the French, so that the very existence of their state - the largest and most powerful in Europe - was called into question.

The causes of war are numerous, yet all of the same type. The basis, as elsewhere in Europe of the Middle Ages, was the land question.

The English kings considered the West French lands, which had once been the domain of their ancestors, their property. The French, on the contrary, believed that all continental territories were an integral part of their kingdom.

Aquitaine and Flanders, the most attractive regions for both sides, continued to be the bone of contention. Flanders, with its booming craft production and nascent cloth industry, depended on the import of English wool, which introduced into the conflict features of the relations of the future bourgeois era.

The immediate cause of the clash was a dynastic dispute - a very traditional medieval one. case belli. At the end of the XIII-XIV centuries. threads of matrimonial ties stretched between the French and English royal houses. King Edward III of England was the son of the daughter of Philip the Fair. In 1328, the throne of France was occupied by Philip VI, the first representative of the Valois dynasty, one of the side branches of the Capetian house. Therefore, during the aggravation of the trade conflict in Flanders in 1336, the British laid claim to the French throne.

The English king created a kind of coalition, enlisting the support of the large feudal lords of Geldern, Brabant and a number of German principalities and bishoprics. As a result, the north of France was surrounded by the allies of the British.

The French traditionally had close contacts with England's implacable enemy - the Scots. But, in essence, they found themselves alone with their opponents. And although the British allies took little part in the fighting, they posed a constant threat. The main trouble for France lay in the structure of the British army.

The strengths of the two states were outwardly incomparable: the population of France was almost ten times greater than that of the British, and an equally striking superiority was noted in the economy and finances. Except one. England, already from the 12th century. actively using mercenary troops, relied on archer units. They were formed from among the peasants, being a terrible fighting force. When firing at maximum distances of up to 300–350 m, the archer fired up to 10–12 arrows (not aimed) per minute. Each of them had enough energy to penetrate most armor of the time and, if successfully hit, disable a horse. Even a small unit of several hundred archers created such dense fire that it inflicted heavy losses on the advancing knightly cavalry.

The knights available in the English army formed a maneuverable army - due to their small numbers, they could not count on success in a direct clash (usually no more than 1-2 thousand knights and several times more archers operated on the continent).

The French continued to use as the main impact force numerous and glorious knighthood - in better times Up to 25–30 thousand people participated in the campaigns. Fantastic disorganization remained an integral attribute of it, because everyone felt themselves to be almost the main person in the battle - it was not easy to give orders and achieve obedience in battle. In addition, it turned out to be a problem to assemble such an army at all.

The existing mercenary troops also mainly consisted of knights (usually foreigners), differing little from the usual feudal militia in their discipline, but sometimes inferior to it in motivation. These circumstances several times during the war, especially at the beginning, brought France to the brink of complete collapse.

The British made their first attempt to land on the continent, in Artois, in 1339, but it was unsuccessful. After the naval battle of Sluys (at the mouth of the Scheldt River, 1340), lost by the French, they were able to freely supply their army on the continent with reinforcements and everything necessary. This was also facilitated by the capture of the port of Calais by the British (1347).

The term “Hundred Years' War” itself appeared only in the works of modern historians - contemporaries did not consider it one event, perceiving it as several major military campaigns (four periods of this war are distinguished).

In the first period, two major battles take place - the battles of Crecy (1346) and Poitiers (1356). During their course, the French suffered complete defeat and suffered irreparable losses - primarily among the knighthood and the highest nobility of the kingdom. The Battle of Poitiers also brought a different kind of problem - the French king John the Good (1350–1364) was captured. In order to buy it back, it was necessary to introduce numerous new taxes in the country, which had an extremely difficult impact on the population. However, the king was never ransomed: he died in captivity.

A cruel test for both sides was the European plague epidemic (“Black Death”) that broke out in 1348 - it was especially difficult for England, where in many cities (for example, in London) from a third to half of the inhabitants died. In addition, the sharp decline in living standards in France caused massive peasant and urban uprisings. Robbery from the British and his own mercenaries, terrible inflation (over the course of five years, John re-coined money 81 (!) times, and its value fell tenfold) led to increased claims against the peasants from the feudal lords and reverse process revival of natural rents. As a result, a wave of discontent swept across the country, resulting in the Jacquerie uprising, which swept the entire north of the country, and riots in cities, including those led by Etienne Marcel in Paris. With enormous difficulty and with the help of the British, the French feudal lords managed to eliminate internal unrest.

The peace concluded at Bretigny (1360) gave the French a respite from the war. They had to give up part of their lands occupied by the British, but they managed to make full use of the break in hostilities.

Charles V (1364–1380) managed to unite around himself both the feudal lords and the city elite, who had learned a lot during the years of uprisings of peasants and townspeople. Having streamlined taxes and somewhat reduced them, the king carried out a serious military reform. Now the mercenary troops began to play more big role, the contingents of infantry crossbowmen also increased. Importance was attached to artillery, which was used mainly for storming and destroying castles. Charles also revived (with the help of his Castilian allies) the French fleet.

In 1369 the war resumed, and the French army, under the leadership of Constable Bertrand du Guesclin, won a number of small but extremely important victories. The French fleet carried out several lightning operations on the English coast and partially regained freedom of action at sea. As a result, all territories occupied by the British were liberated - except for five port cities (Bordeaux, Bayonne, Calais, Cherbourg and Brest).

It seemed that the war was taking a successful course for the French, however, unfortunately for them, the short reign of Charles V was followed by more than forty years of the reign of his insane son, Charles VI (1380–1422). Under him, his wife Isabella of Bavaria also ruled over the nobility in the country. During these years, France was plunged into bloody internal strife. The groups of “Bourguignons” (supporters of the Duke of Burgundy) and “Armagnacs” (adherents of the Counts of Armagnac and the Dukes of Orleans) split the country into two parts, challenging the supreme power.

As a result, the influence of the Dukes of Burgundy increased. They actually turned into independent sovereigns. The Burgundians annexed significant possessions in Northern France and the Netherlands to their lands and began to pursue openly anti-French policies. This threat turned out to be even more terrible than the English invasion, although it did not replace the latter.

If before the beginning of the 15th century. English-French fighting were limited in nature, then from the 1410s the English Lancasters switched to active war, wanting to strengthen their shaky popularity in the country thanks to external victories. The Duke of Burgundy enters into an alliance with England.

A small expedition of the English royal army to France in 1415, unexpectedly even for the attackers themselves, ended in the complete defeat of the French knightly army at Agincourt. The Bourguignons then captured Paris, and the British occupied Northern France. The results of this period of war were summed up by the peace treaty of Troyes in 1420. In accordance with its articles, after the death of Charles the Mad, whom the Bourguignons captured, the throne passed to the English king Henry V, who married Charles’s daughter. It was about France's complete loss of its sovereignty.

In 1422 both kings died. The heir to the English crown was a newborn baby, and the French Dauphin Charles, deprived of the throne by treaty, was recognized as the ruler only nominally, since Reims, where he was to be crowned, was under enemy control. Uncertainty remained until 1428, when the British laid siege to France's last hope, Orleans.

Then the star of Joan of Arc rose - according to the official and generally accepted version, a peasant girl who appeared before the Dauphin in Dijon and led the resistance to the British and Burgundians. True, from the very beginning there were persistent rumors about the noble origin of the new savior and, consequently, a carefully staged staging by the French.

During the period 1429–1430. Jeanne, having led the French army (including directly leading the troops), lifts the siege of Orleans and liberates Reims, thereby making the coronation of the Dauphin possible. However, unsuccessful actions to capture Paris a few months later ended in her capture by the Burgundians near the fortress of Compiegne. The king did nothing to ransom and save Jeanne, and she was soon handed over to the British for ransom. In May 1431, they burned a girl in Rouen on charges of communicating with evil spirits and witchcraft.

However, Jeanne still made a turning point in the war. Over the next two decades, the French were successful and the entire territory of France (with the exception of the port of Calais) was liberated. The Duke of Burgundy very quickly realized the strategic importance of the moment and broke with the British, returning to the subordination of the French king.

Relying on the support of the population and formations of a new type - in particular, detachments of "gendarmes" (royal horsemen in permanent service), Charles VII (1422-1461) managed to oust the British from the continent - first from Normandy, and then from Aquitaine . In October 1453, the garrison of the city of Bordeaux capitulated, which is considered the official end of the war. It ended without a formal signing of a peace treaty (this “omission” was corrected only in the 20th century) and lasted 116 years, of which fighting took place for approximately 55 years.

The result of the war was the return by France of all continental territories, except for the only port of Calais (which remained in the hands of the British until 1558), i.e., the French won territorially. The British even lost what they had before the war. Both countries were extremely exhausted by it. But since the overwhelming majority of the battles were fought on French territory, it suffered incredible devastation: many areas were depopulated, and life here was restored in full only towards the end of the century.

From book Newest book facts. Volume 3 [Physics, chemistry and technology. History and archaeology. Miscellaneous] author Kondrashov Anatoly Pavlovich

author Smirnov Alexey Ivanovich

Part three “The most devastating”, or the Six-Day War Like a shot against the Archduke. - Again fanfare, again bravado. - Dayan is war. - Classic example preemptive strike. On three fronts, almost simultaneously. - Flag over the Tower of David.

From the book Arab-Israeli Wars author Smirnov Alexey Ivanovich

Part four “The most victorious”, or the October War, the Yom Kippur war. Quarter-century anniversary of the State of Israel. - About the dangers of arrogance. A clear miscalculation by Israeli intelligence and leadership. - Judgment Day. - The Suez Canal is crossed, the Egyptian flag is raised at

From the book Arab-Israeli Wars author Smirnov Alexey Ivanovich

Part five “The most unpopular”, or the War under the cedars In the hands of Sadat is an olive branch of peace. - The Fedayeen move north and organize Fatahland. - His neighborhood is becoming dangerous. - Israeli tanks are crossing the Lebanese border, and the path of war leads them to Beirut.

From the book Lenin. Book 2 author Volkogonov Dmitry Antonovich

Long agony At the end of his life, Lenin was no longer the director of his own fate. Professor V. Kramer notes in his memoirs that by March 1923, hopes for recovery still remained. Although already in February “insignificant at first, and then more”

From the book The Third Project. Volume III. Special Forces of the Almighty author Kalashnikov Maxim

The Most Unusual War Russia must regain its place in the sun without skimping on resources. It’s paradoxical, but even our mafia can help us with this. The Russians have already become famous as lawbreakers. Eh, to steal is like a million, to love is like a queen. Either be

From the book World History in Gossip author Maria Baganova

Chapter 1 The most, the most, the most ancient civilization The era that will be discussed is many, many millennia distant from us. Information about that time has reached us thanks to the sometimes backbreaking work of archaeologists who excavated ancient cities, and the work of codebreakers who were able to

From the book The Russian-Japanese War. At the beginning of all troubles. author Utkin Anatoly Ivanovich

A long journey The ships carried naval officers who had already participated in naval battles with the Japanese - captains N.L. Klado and V. A. Semenov (captain of the Diana, interned in Saigon). Their considerations attracted increased attention. The chief of staff was a French officer

From the book Soviet Vodka. A short course in labels [ill. Irina Terebilova] author Pechenkin Vladimir

The most famous and most mysterious Yesterday I brought you not a bouquet of scarlet roses, but a bottle of “Stolichnaya”. Let's fight with all our hearts, Let's climb into the reeds - What the hell are these lilies of the valley for us? Author unknown "Stolichnaya" is one of the most famous Soviet vodkas, and abroad - the most

From book Great Tamerlane. "Shaker of the Universe" author Nersesov Yakov Nikolaevich

Chapter 2 The longest war of the Middle Ages: events, facts, nuances, personalities... Soon after the death of the French king Philip IV the Fair (1268 - 1314), his family was represented by his sons Louis X the Grumpy (1314 - 1327), Philip V the Long (1316 - 1322 ) and Charles V the Fair (1322 – 1328) was cut short.

From the book of Genghis Khan author Sklyarenko Valentina Markovna

The Long War with the “Golden King” By the fall of 1211, the Mongols reached the Ju-yun-guan outpost. Although the commander of the fortress troops abandoned it to the mercy of fate and fled, the garrison decided not to surrender. Then Jebe decided to lure the defenders out of the fortress walls. For this he

From the book by Leni Riefenstahl author Belogortseva Evgenia

The Longest Love Almost immediately Leni realized what a find this man was. He drove a car well, knew how to fix it, was a pleasant travel companion and conversationalist, and also had medical skills, which were very useful when the couple reached their destination. Kettner

From the book Me 163 “Komet” - fighter of the “Flying Fortresses” author Kharuk Andrey Ivanovich

The long “swing” The history of the introduction of missile fighters into battle is reminiscent of the famous proverb about the “long harness.” Back in August 1943, the commander of EKdo 16 V. Schlöte held negotiations with the commander of the JG 2 fighter squadron, Major Egon Mayer, regarding the formation

From the book LITHOPIS OF THE SELF-VIEW by the author Self-Witness

THE WAR OF THE MOST ROKU 1648 * On the beginning of that same fate 1, having taken information from the commissar 2 Cossack, the hetman of the crown, Mikolay 3 Pototsky, as well as the full Kalinovsky, and to the south of the bank a considerable army gathered in Zaporozhye, reaching Khmelnytsky, at once with 4 everyone troops

From the book of Valois author Sypek Robert

1337 - The longest war in world history The deprivation of Edward III of the rights to the French throne was one of the main reasons that this English ruler began hostilities in 1337. Thus began the era of long and dramatic Anglo-French wars

From the book of Valois author Sypek Robert

The longest war of succession The dynastic dispute after the death of the last Capetian Charles IV the Fair in 1328 gave rise to a series of military conflicts between France and England, later called the Hundred Years' War and which had a significant impact on the appearance of