Communication space. Communication space of the university

1. What is the essence of the communication process? What are the main elements represented in this process?

The communication process is the exchange of information between two or more people. The main goal of the communication process is to ensure understanding of the information being exchanged, i.e. messages.

A communication network involves the flow of messages, or signals, between two or more individuals. It connects participants in the communication process in a certain way using information flows.

The communication network can influence the gap between the message sent and the message received to shorten or widen. Within a communication network, information can reach the person who needs it, not first-hand, but through the mediation of other people. This affects both the speed of information movement (information does not arrive directly, but through intermediaries) and its accuracy (it can be distorted during transmission). The communication network consists of vertical, horizontal and diagonal connections. The more participants are involved in a communication network, the more complex its structure will be.

Communication is essentially the process by which a state of affairs in one place is transmitted to another place by means of symbolic means. The communication process necessarily includes the following components:

Communicators (communication participants) of the sender, that is, the person who selects information, creates a message and sends it, and the recipient - the person to whom the message is addressed.

A message is a materially embodied text that acts as a carrier of information. A message always has a specific purpose, since the sender, when forming a message, strives to cause a certain reaction of the recipient or a change in his state (primarily in awareness of what has happened, is happening or may happen).

Code is a set of symbolic means that are used to convey a message. The code must be common for communicants: if two people do not speak the same language, they cannot communicate. The code can be language, images, and even individual objects used in the sign function.

A channel is a medium that is used to transmit information.

Noise is any interference that interferes with the adequate transmission of information, that is, leads to the fact that the message is understood incorrectly by the recipient or cannot be understood at all. Interference includes stereotypes, that is, strong opinions about people and situations, or differences in status, which are associated with biased attitudes towards the interlocutor. Naturally, technical problems in the true sense of the word (for example, poor fax operation) can also serve as an obstacle to the exchange of information. These also include differences in the understanding of symbols due to differences in education, specialty, qualifications, national characteristics or poor language skills. Distortion or loss of information occurs under the influence of physiological psychological reasons: fatigue, poor memory, forgetfulness, absent-mindedness of partners, their laziness or vice versa, impulsiveness that does not allow concentration, excessive emotionality, impatience, etc.

Information is information and knowledge about reality that is alienated from its carrier in the form of messages and thanks to which uncertainty is reduced. The ability of information to remove uncertainty is one of its most important properties on which the value of information depends.

The communication process can be carried out if the following basic elements are present:

1. sender - a person seeking to convey certain ideas using the information he transmits.

2. message - information that has a certain form and is encoded using the appropriate symbol.

3. communication channel - a means of transmitting information.

4. recipient - the person to whom the sender addresses the transmitted message

Communication process:

Formulation of the idea. The sender decides what idea he wants to communicate to his addressee. The main thing for the sender, even before transmitting the message, is to clearly determine what exactly the recipient should understand and how appropriate and adequate these ideas are to the specific situation.

Encoding information and forming a message. Words (sounds, letters), intonations, gestures, drawings (graphic images), etc. can be used as such symbols. This encoding turns an idea into a message.

Selecting a communication channel and transmitting a message. Such well-known and frequently used channels include: mail, telephone, telefax, e-mail, computer networks, etc. It is important that the chosen channel corresponds to the idea and purpose of the message, otherwise the exchange of information becomes ineffective.

Decoding and perception of information. Decoding is essentially translating the symbols of a message into the thoughts of the recipient. If the symbols used by the sender have the same meaning for the recipient, he will correctly understand the meaning of the message and the idea contained in it.

In order to compensate for the negative impact of noise and increase the efficiency of information exchange, feedback is used in communication processes. Feedback here refers to the recipient's reaction to the message he received.

Filtration. In an organization, there is a need to select or filter information so that when exchanging information between departments or levels of management, only those messages that concern him are sent to the recipient.

2. What are the requirements for the sender and recipient of the message?

Each of the participants must have all or some of the abilities: see, hear, touch, smell and taste. Effective communication requires each party to have certain skills and abilities, as well as a certain degree of mutual understanding.

Communication will only be successful when the code system is built according to agreed upon rules that are available for use by both the author and recipients of the message, has a certain redundancy, and is built on a generally accepted sign system.

3. Is it possible to have a “static” and “non-responsive” recipient

No. There will be no feedback; communication cannot be considered successful.

4. How does information encoding and decoding occur in the communication process? Why, in your opinion, has the mystery of the Fests disk not been solved?

Encoding is the process of encoding our thoughts, feelings, and emotions into a form that others can recognize. In order to convey his idea, the sender must use symbols that the recipient can understand. Encode information by giving it a specific form. Words (sounds, letters), intonations, gestures, drawings (graphic images), etc. can be used as such symbols. This encoding turns an idea into a message.

Selecting a communication channel and transmitting a message. Simultaneously with encoding, the sender also selects a communication channel corresponding to the type of symbols used for encoding and the purpose of communication. Such well-known and frequently used channels include: mail, telephone, telefax, e-mail, computer networks, etc.

Having selected a channel, the sender uses it to transmit a message to the recipient. We are talking here about only one of the operations - the physical transfer of information, which often takes only a few seconds, which, however, is sometimes mistaken for the entire communication process.

Decoding is the process of receiving and interpreting messages received by a person from the outside. It is concerned with deciphering the symbols that make up a message. If the symbols used by the sender have the same meaning for the recipient, he will correctly understand the meaning of the message and the idea contained in it. However, for a number of reasons, in the process of transmitting information, various types of interference and distortion (noise) arise that can change the meaning of the message.

This feedback is realized through two final stages of the communication process.

Interpretation of the message and formation of a response. At this stage, the sender and the recipient change places: the recipient becomes the sender and forms his response, which contains his interpretation of the received message and reaction to it, and the original sender becomes the recipient awaiting the message - the response.

Sending a response. The generated response is transmitted to the recipient via the selected communication channel, thereby closing the communication cycle.

The Mystery of the Phaistos Disc. On this moment There are several interpretations of the meaning of the symbols of the Phaistos Disc. But our thinking and ideas of the world differed significantly from those times, so there is no correct definition of this historical find yet.

5. What is the meaning feedback in the process of communication

Feedback is a reference reaction to what is heard, read or seen; information (verbal or non-verbal) is sent back to the sender, indicating the degree of understanding, trust in the message, assimilation and agreement with the message. Effective communication must be two-way: feedback is necessary to understand the extent to which the message has been received and understood.

Feedback can significantly improve the effectiveness of management information exchange. According to a number of studies, two-way exchange of information (with opportunities for feedback) compared to one-way exchange (no feedback), although slower, is nevertheless more effective in relieving stress, is more accurate, and increases confidence in the correct interpretation of messages. This has been confirmed in a variety of cultures.

Feedback significantly improves the chances of effective communication by allowing both parties to cancel out the noise. In the language of information transmission theory, noise is what distorts the meaning. Sources of noise that can create barriers to information exchange range from language (whether verbal or nonverbal), to differences in perception that can alter meaning in the encoding and decoding processes, to differences in organizational status between supervisor and subordinate. , which may make it difficult to convey information accurately.

6. What models of communication exist in scientific theory

Lasswell model. In 1948, the American scientist G. Lasswell proposed his model of communication. It is called the classical linear model of communication. The model could equally be used to analyze mass communication and any communicative action that is revealed as the answer to successively arising questions: who?, communicates what?, through what channel?, to whom?, with what effect? Sections of communication research, each of which provides an answer to a corresponding question:

Analysis of the management of mass communication processes: when answering the question “who?” factors that open and direct the act of communication itself are considered (primarily the communicator himself);

Analysis of the means and channels through which messages are transmitted (for mass communication this is an analysis of the work of the mass media themselves); identifying means that are adequate to the nature of the messages being transmitted and are most acceptable to the recipient;

Audience analysis (mass, specialized), which is vital for effective communication;

Analysis of the results ("effect") of communicative impact, often combined with the previous section for convenience.

Lasswell's communicative model is both a model for studying the communicative process and a detailed plan for the communicative action itself.

However, it also has significant drawbacks.

Firstly, the Lasswellian model is monological and does not include feedback in its structure.

Secondly, it pays virtually no attention to or takes into account the context in which communication occurs and which influences this communication.

Shannon-Weaver model. Essentially, this model is a graphical similarity to the linear Lasswell model. It is based on an analogy with telephone communication. The block diagram of the model includes the following elements: the source is the one who makes the call (transmits the message), the message is the transmitted information, the telephone transmitter is the encoding device that converts sound waves into electrical impulses, telephone wire - channel, telephone receiver - decoder, performing inverse conversion electrical impulses in sound waves, the receiver is the person to whom the message is addressed. In this case, the conversation may be accompanied by constant interference (noise) arising on the communication line; the frequency range of the channel may be limited, and subscribers may not understand each other's language well. It is clear that in this situation they are trying to maximize the amount of information transmitted over the communication line. According to Shannon, overcoming noise can be achieved by using signal redundancy. The concept of redundancy - repetition of message elements to prevent communication failure - is most often demonstrated using natural examples. human languages. According to Shannon, redundancy in communication technology is achieved either by repeating the same signal multiple times or by duplicating it using other communication channels. Thus, a two- or multi-channel communication model emerges. The mathematical theory of Shannon-Weaver communication abstracts from the content (meaning) of the transmitted information, focusing entirely on its quantity: it does not matter what message is transmitted, it is only important how many signals are transmitted. From Shannon’s point of view, information is the opposite of entropy (chaos, uncertainty, disorder), therefore, it is the ability to reduce uncertainty: the more information a system contains, the higher the degree of its order, although too much information can be transformed into “information noise” which also increases uncertainty. The advantage of this model is due to the fact that with its advent an idea arose about the speed and amount of information transmitted. However, the Shannon-Weaver model also has a number of limitations: it is mechanistic - it reflects predominantly technical methods of communication; a person is included in it only as a “source” or “receiver” of information; she abstracts from the content and meaning of the information being transmitted, paying attention only to its quantity; The communication process in this model is linear, unidirectional, and there is no feedback.

Dual channel model speech communication. Domestic psychologist V.P. Morozov proposed an original model in which communication is presented as a two-channel system, but not in a technological, but in a psychological sense. In general, he adheres to the widely accepted Shannon scheme, in which any communication system is an interaction of the following main parts:

1.) source of information (in this case, the speaking person);

2.) a signal carrying information in encoded form (in this case in the form of acoustic features of speech and voice);

3.) a receiver that has the ability to decode the specified information (in this case, the auditory system, brain and psyche of the subject of perception - the listener). Morozov presents communication as a two-channel process, consisting of verbal, actual speech linguistic and non-verbal extralinguistic channels. The peculiarity of this model is to take into account the role functional asymmetry human brain, which is physiological basis independence of the nonverbal function of speech from the verbal one. A number of modern foreign and domestic works, including Morozov’s, testify to the leading role of the right hemisphere in the processing of non-verbal information. This circumstance is reflected in the theoretical model in the form of a separation of verbal and nonverbal channels in all links of the communication system: in the initial (speech source, speaker), in the middle (acoustic signal) and in the final (receiver, listener).

Thus, verbal (actually linguistic) and nonverbal (extralinguistic) channels turn out to be separate in all links of the chain of speech communication. But between the verbal and non-verbal channels there is close interaction and mutual influence.

The ISKP model was proposed by the American communication specialist D. Berlo in 1960. It is called by the names of its elements in the form of the ISKP abbreviation: source - message - channel - recipient. It is sometimes called the Stanford Model of Communication. According to Berlo, this model should contain a detailed analysis of each of the elements of the communication process. The source and recipient are analyzed from the point of view of their communication skills, knowledge, their social affiliation, cultural characteristics, attitudes (complex complexes of socio-psychological attitudes that determine the individual’s reactions in relation to all objects and situations with which the attitude is associated). The message is considered from the perspective of its elements and structure, content and method of encoding. Communication channels, according to Berlo, are the five senses through which information is received.

Model Umberto Eco. Both Yu. Lotman and U. Eco paid great importance visual communication. Eco U. interprets the iconic sign as a continuum in which it is impossible to isolate discrete meaningful elements similar to those existing in natural language. Eco U. puts this well-known observation into a system that explains the differences in visual communication. He emphasizes that the signs of a picture are not units of division correlated with the phonemes of the language, because they are devoid of predetermined positional and oppositional meaning, the very fact of their presence or absence does not unambiguously determine the meaning of the message, they mean only in context (a point inscribed in the almond-shaped form, that is, the pupil) and do not mean in themselves, they do not form a system of rigid differences, within which a point acquires its own meaning, being opposed to a straight line or a circle. In a natural language, the meaning is given in advance; in a visual language, it is developed as the message is received. An iconic sign, which is similar to the object depicted, does not take on all its characteristics. Or this example: an artist of the 13th century draws a lion in accordance with the requirements of the then iconic codes, and not based on reality.

The visual sign must have the following types characteristics:

a) optical (visible),

b) ontological (assumed),

c) conditional.

Eco U. proposes the following model of communication: (physical noise) - sender - code - lexicodes - signal - channel - signal - receiver - meaningful message - code (can become semantic noise) - lexicode (can become semantic noise) - addressee - message. This is a standard applied model, which is reinforced by the concept of lexicodes or secondary codes, by which U. Eco understands various kinds of additional connotative meanings that are not known to everyone, but only to part of the audience. Analyzing early Christianity, W. Eco emphasized that for influence it was necessary to invent parables and symbols, which pure theory cannot do.

7. Explain what is meant by communication space

The communicative space can be characterized as a system of diverse communicative connections that arise between different authors of communication. Society creates its own communicative space - a social communicative space, the agents of which are individuals, groups of people (large or small), social institutions. Numerous connections that arise between different people, individuals and groups, groups and institutions, people and institutions, etc., form a social communicative space. Its main parameters are density and extent. Density means that this space is heterogeneous, its density in different places is not the same and depends on the intensity and number of interactions. The extent of the communicative space is the communicative distance. Close distance means direct contact that occurs in interpersonal or small group communication. On the contrary, a large distance is characteristic of mass communication, where usually there is no direct contact between the source and recipient of information, and their connection is mediated by special technical means of communication. Undoubtedly, communicative distance has a great influence on the choice of strategy and means of communicative interaction.

8. Why modern communication space is often assessed negatively

If traditionally it was proposed to consider communication as the transfer of information, today the transfer of information is regarded as a means of realizing more profound goals: information has an impact. This impact can be conceptualized as information violence. Information violence is, first of all, excess information. Information violence turns a person into a mechanical being and leads to atrophy of emotions and reflection, depriving him of a critical approach to the world around him.

Excess information impedes critical judgment: “the daily incoming mass of information, facts, assessments, recommendations, which often contradict each other and which the human consciousness does not have time to properly digest, gives rise to “intellectual dyspepsia”, confuses a person and does not allow self-determination - neither intellectually, cognitively, nor morally,” a cognitive effect that includes the resolution of uncertainty (through mass communication, additional information is supplied that allows one to form an idea of ​​new, ambiguous phenomena and processes); formation of attitudes, i.e. systems of emotional and behavioral reactions in relation to objects of the external environment (physical, social, political, etc.); specifying a set of topics that people discuss; dissemination of new systems of opinions (ideological, religious, economic); clarification of the value orientations of the population.

Mass communication systems, interacting with the audience, form various needs, interests and desires in people. Once formed, this motivational system begins, in turn, to influence where and in what area a person will look for sources of satisfying needs. Having chosen certain sources, a person may later find himself in a certain dependence on them.

Communication has a formative and reinforcing effect on human stereotypes (schematic and simplified ideas about social objects that are widespread in society). Stereotypes can relate to other nationalities, classes, groups, etc. The perception of an out-group through a stereotype has two sides: positive (the stereotype provides relatively quick knowledge and allows one to classify the group as a broader class of phenomena) and negative (filling the stereotype with negative characteristics leads to the formation intergroup hostility). The existence of stereotypes can also influence the formation of public opinion.

9. Why are we often forced to talk about misunderstandings within communication relationships?

Who is responsible for the quality of the information product and the effectiveness of communication relationships?

Misunderstandings arise due to incorrectly provided information and poorly constructed communication.

The “sender of the messages” bears all responsibility; he is part of an organized group, and often a representative of the institution.

10. By what parameters do we evaluate effective communication interaction?

The effectiveness of communication impact is determined primarily by the consumer of information. In any system of communication impact, the dominant always shifts towards the consumer (recipient, target audience), and depending on this main parameter, the channels and content of the impact are determined.

And the specialist who forms the message (journalist, public relations specialist) selects the media based on the volume and quality of the audience. The specifics of how the audience receives information should also be taken into account. different types MASS MEDIA.

A. Mol proposes a rule for effective communication: the amount of information in the message and the form of its presentation must be in harmonious accordance, acceptable to the recipient. The specific relationships that ensure the implementation of this rule of efficiency are determined by the intellectual and cultural level of the segment of society to which the message is addressed.

Task 1. Determine what types of communication the following situations belong to (name all possible types of communication):

	Additional
· intrapersonal (internal dialogue, goes back to the theory of internal speech by L. S. Vygotsky);	· intercultural (communication between speakers of different cultures; can be both interpersonal and group, including all its varieties);
· interpersonal (two or more communicators; combines verbal and non-verbal forms, for example, paralinguistic means);	· international (at the level of international contacts, including diplomacy) and global · cross-cultural (depending on the interpretation, it can be understood as intercultural, international, or their synthesis - global)
· group (within a separate group or between groups, as well as according to the “communicator and group” scheme, for example, an interview with a politician);	· organizational (communication in business and production spheres) and business communication;
· mass (the sender can be one communicator, and the recipient can be the mass; as a rule, the average recipient is taken into account, or the electorate as a whole (during the election campaign); the specifics are set by the communication channel - press, radio, television); · public (interpersonal, for example, lecturer, public figure - audience);	· political (structures political activity; carried out both between individuals and between managers and managed);
· virtual (can be interpersonal, group; can have mass characteristics; specificity is set by a communication channel based on computer and communication technologies)	· everyday (mainly interpersonal; contains age and gender components)

communication sender message encoding

Conversation between two friends; interpersonal

Speech by the President of the country on TV; massive

Email message to a colleague; virtual

A letter, a radio broadcast, an appeal through a newspaper; massive

Telephone communication. interpersonal

Task 2. Describe your speech day: what types and forms of communication do you use during the day.

In the morning, a plan for the next day is built in my head, all planned activities are spoken out and thought through (Intrapersonal). At work, when communicating with colleagues, communication in a business manner (organizational) predominates. Discussion of the exhibition project (group). After work, it is possible to meet with friends or continue to communicate with colleagues, but not on business topics (interpersonal). In the evening, before going to bed, the results of the day are summed up, all the pros and cons are identified (Intrapersonal).

Task 3. Give answers to the following questions:

1. On what basis are communication barriers classified?

1.) discomfort physical environment, under which the message is perceived;

2.) inertia of inclusion, i.e. the listener's concerns about other problems;

3.) antipathy to other people’s thoughts, stereotyping of consciousness, ambition;

4.) language barrier - a significant difference in the vocabulary of the communicator and the communicant;

5.) professional rejection - incompetent intrusion of the communicator into the professional sphere of the communicant;

6.) rejection of the image of the communicator.

In the literature on psychology and communication science, it is customary to distinguish four types of barriers:

* semantic - difference in systems of word meanings;

* stylistic - discrepancy between the communicator’s speech style and the communication situation or the communication style and the psychological state of the communication partner;

* logical - complex, incomprehensible or incorrect logic of reasoning.

Barriers caused by environmental factors. These include characteristics of the external physical environment that create uncomfortable conditions for the transmission and perception of information:

1.) acoustic interference - noise in the room or outside the window, repair work, slamming doors, phone ringing, etc. Their negative impact increases if the room has poor acoustics and the interlocutor speaks too quietly or in a whisper;

2.) distracting environment - bright sun or, conversely, dim light, the color of the walls in the room, the landscape outside the window, paintings, portraits, i.e. everything that can distract the attention of interlocutors;

3.) temperature conditions - too cold or too hot in the room;

4.) weather conditions - rain, wind, high or low pressure, etc.

Technical barriers.

IN technical literature to designate them, the concept of “noise” is most often used, introduced into scientific circulation by the author of the mathematical theory of communication (communication) K. Shannon.

Human" communication barriers. As already noted, the main reason for the emergence of communication barriers is the person himself.

Human communication barriers can be divided into psychophysiological and sociocultural.

Psychophysiological barriers. One of the most important features communication is that it is carried out through different sensory systems: hearing, vision, skin-tactile senses, smell (taste), feeling of heat and cold. Therefore, barriers may arise due to any physiological disorders: articulation disorders, phoniatric disorders associated with the vocal apparatus (aphonia, dysphonia), deafness, loss of vision, loss of skin sensitivity, etc.

Psychological barriers perform two main functions:

1.) the function of a psychological obstacle that interferes with communication with other people, the optimal course of the processes of personal adaptation to new environmental factors. The reasons for the occurrence of this kind of obstacles are usually seen in the peculiarities of either the situation, or the message, or the personal characteristics of the communicator and the recipient;

2.) the function of psychological protection, which helps to increase the level of psychological security of the individual, his autonomy, isolating the individual in the community and providing him with relative independence and individuality.

Sociocultural barriers. First of all, communication barriers are generated by social factors caused by people’s belonging to different groups or organizations. If the interacting persons have similar social characteristics and, therefore, similar social experience(belong to the same state, same race, same gender, same age, same profession, etc.), then this greatly facilitates their mutual understanding in the process of communication. On the contrary, if the interacting persons have different social characteristics and different social experiences, their mutual understanding can be significantly complicated. One of the main reasons for this is the phenomenon of "group consciousness", which is clearly manifested in close-knit groups, especially those where there is a strong authoritarian leader. Group consciousness as an integral characteristic of any more or less organized or delineated community exists objectively independently of the consciousnesses of individual individuals, has a coercive force in relation to them and forces a person to follow the norms, principles and rules of behavior of his group.

2. Which communication barriers are easiest and which are most difficult to overcome?

Technical barriers are now quite easy to overcome. The logical barrier, the barriers of antipathy, are the most difficult.

3. What communication barriers do you consider the most dangerous?

Antipathy, logical, stereotyped consciousness, professional rejection.

4. What barriers in other people's behavior irritate you the most?

stereotyping of consciousness.

5. What barriers are inherent in your speech behavior?

language barrier, sociocultural

Task 4. Listen to one of the live TV/radio programs. Analyze what factors interfered with the communication between the journalist and the audience, and how the feedback was provided.

Radio broadcast, on the radio: a man got through to the studio and was asked a number of questions. Interference in communication: technical (poor telephone connection), language barrier (some words are illegible, they are being clarified). Loud, inappropriate laughter from the presenter when discussing a serious topic is stylistic.

Almost everything that surrounds a person, that constitutes his habitat, is also a communicative space.

We will consider the communicative space using the example of a university, due to the fact that the school and the university are very similar in their structure and organization of the educational process.

The educational process (education) is an organized interaction between a teacher and students (teacher and students) to achieve educational goals, accompanied by the constant reproduction of communication at different levels.

By the educational process we understand the process of studying at a university as unified system, which includes:

1) direct training, that is, the transfer of knowledge, skills, abilities;

2) the formal organization of this process;

3) communications of different contents and different levels in this process;

4) roles, interests and ideals of the main subjects.

The main subject, strategically and ideologically determining goals and directions higher education, is the state.

Within the educational process, subjects interact with the quality of role universality: officials, teachers and students. They are at the same time: eternal, like necessary role figures, historically specific and individually colored.

The educational process can be represented as a system of communications between groups of people who have different functions, statuses, needs and values.

Level 1 communication: teachers and students in classrooms and laboratories (knowledge transfer process);

Communication of the 2nd level: dean's offices and students, students and shifts, teachers - shifts - dean's offices (the process of organizing knowledge transfer);

Communication of the 3rd level: teachers - management of departments and faculties, management of departments and faculties - rector's office (determination of content and technology of education);

Communication of the 4th level: rector's office - ministry (defining the education development strategy and regulatory principles).

In the communicative space of a university, there is another important level of communication that cannot be ignored: communication between students. At this level it is carried out interpersonal communication, but there is also an exchange of educational information (explaining an unclear topic or solving a problem).

It is obvious that all the theoretical provisions about the communication process that we discussed above are also applicable to the system of relationships within a university or school.

To carry out communication at all levels, we use various means communications:

Information boards, announcements;

Regulations;

Blackboards in classrooms;

Inscriptions left on walls and desks.

Most communication in a university is carried out through speech, books, scientific articles, publications, methodological manuals etc.

Also an essential means of transmitting information is graffiti, which is left by students and schoolchildren on study desks, walls, window sills, university facades, etc.

The communication process at a university is influenced by many components. Among them, first of all, are the personal and psychological characteristics of the participants in the communicative process. As well as their status, goals, needs, interests.

Unfortunately, the scope of our work does not allow us to describe in detail the specifics of each subject of education. In addition, the type of communication that interests us, graffiti, is used by students and schoolchildren.

Therefore, we consider it necessary to dwell in more detail on the characteristics of students, namely, on communication between students and teachers.

The reality of the educational process includes business and interpersonal communications: “teacher-student”, “student-teacher”, “student-student”, “student-group”, “teacher-teacher”, etc. Within the framework of our work, as already written above, we will consider “student-teacher” communication.

The communication process between a teacher and a student represents the interaction of two cultural, informational and psychological realities.

Teachers are middle-aged and elderly men and women experiencing mid-life crises, but there are also young teachers who have just completed graduate school, and students are young people from 17 to 22 years old, who are in the process of self-identification and searching for their own and mastering social roles.

The five student years, which fall at the stage of age and social development, play a vital role in a person’s life.

The student experiences two transitions: the stage of personal self-determination, that is, the completion of the formation of his psychological type- intelligence, abilities, character and will, and the stage of choosing a social model or life model of consciousness and behavior.

“This is a youthful period of self-affirmation and self-knowledge, when there is a rapid, almost spasmodic expansion of the spiritual horizon of the individual. This time interval, which marks a kind of transition from a “cultural man” to a possible “cultural man,” is a kind of period of “natural transcendence”, since there is a discrepancy between inclinations and preferences, character attitudes on the one hand and role requirements on the other, "role distance". The inner life of the individual, her active search their worldview system, their philosophy of life are not expressed in role-playing actions.”

The high degree of normalization and subordination in communication, characteristic of teachers and administration, is incomprehensible to students, does not correspond to their communication skills and everyday experience, which complicates the process of interpersonal communication. At the same time, students are characterized by the need to reduce the interpersonal distance between them and teachers, especially those who are authoritative for them.

The educational process in terms of time characteristics is also different for teachers and students: for teachers - an endless change of cycles, time goes in a circle, for students - progressive progressive development, time goes forward. The contradiction between novelty and repetition for teachers is expressed in the fact that they know the “end” and embody the “eternal” cycle of learning, while the student requires an individual approach and living the situation as fundamentally new.

In educational reality, subjects with different internal time coexist in the same educational space, which is one of the most important reasons for conflict in the institution of higher professional education.

I would also like to note that students are not so often involved in the discussion of important intra-university problems; In addition, some topics and issues are not discussed with the student body at all. Then communication takes place in a hidden form, in the form of rumors and gossip.

Based on the above, we assume that communication between students and teachers is largely stereotypical, and this communication is further complicated by emerging communication barriers.

The most common barriers in communication at this level, in our opinion, are the “authority” and “misunderstanding” barriers.

We have the courage to suggest that graffiti acts as a means of overcoming these barriers and reducing the emerging distance between students and teachers.

With their help, students express their attitude towards various teachers, academic disciplines, other important intra-university events. For them, graffiti is one of the ways to say about something important that, perhaps, is not customary to discuss out loud.

Thus, interpersonal and business communications between teachers and students are not sufficiently studied in a meaningful way. By filling this gap, it will be possible to qualitatively improve educational process at the university.

The interaction of socionic types takes place in a certain extended environment, which I will further call communicative space.This space is heterogeneous: its “density” is not the same in different places, therefore the information exchange of the same types in different places will have different intensity.

Let us assume that communicative space is four-dimensional, like material space. By “dimension” of space I will understand the level of sustainable information exchange, which is separated from other similar levels potential barrier- the energy of overcoming, that is, the effort necessary to move from level to level.

In order to understand at what level of space communication takes place, it is necessary to determine two parameters - the communication distance (the parameter of the extent of space) and the density of communication (the parameter of the “permeability” of space).

To build the model, I will use the binary principle familiar to socionics - division in half. Therefore, the communicative distance will take two meanings - close and far. From the point of view of the permeability of space for a full-fledged information exchange, I will distinguish between communication, on the one hand, deep, and on the other, superficial.

I will dwell in more detail on these poles. Close range means that communication occurs in close contact in space. It is most typical for groups of two to eight people. When interacting on long distance sociotypes are separated by a significant distance, which is determined by social and cultural indicators of development. This distance between people usually occurs in communication groups of more than eight people.

Deep Communication means a dense information exchange, when almost all the information resources available to a sociotype are involved in communication. A close interweaving of “power lines” of information fields arises, which indicates a high level of trust in the contact.

Surface communication occurs when available information resources are not fully involved in the exchange. The density of the information flow turns out to be much less compared to the first case. The degree of trust is also low.

Since the complexity of communication depends equally on both parameters, information exchange between systems can be considered as the product of communication distance and communication density:

information exchange=distance× density

Living side by side with each other, people are forced to interact with each other so that their lives are as comfortable and meaningful as possible. Communication space is the most important social element, without which it is difficult to imagine modern man.

Every day we have to communicate: with family, with neighbors, with business partners, with superiors and friends.

Why is communication so important?

Whatever the nature of the need for communication, it cannot be ignored, since this risks the fact that humanity will again turn into the savages who lived in the time of the dinosaurs.

The modern communicative space is increasingly replacing formal communication, because it greatly facilitates survival in society. And the main achievement can rightly be called the Internet.

General essence

Communication space is a path of communication between by individuals, and between social groups. It can be divided into four main levels, different in nature. All of them are created through a combination of three dichotomies, resulting in two generalizations:

1. Remote communication. Characterized by differences in the interaction of individuals located next to each other or at a considerable distance. If they communicate remotely, they can consciously control this social need. Often, long distance is formed between people who do not know each other personally or are in a community of about ten people. The concept of closely established communication between individuals means that its nature proceeds very closely and spontaneously, since they are very familiar with each other. At close range, controlling interactions with people becomes very difficult.
2. In-depth communication. Characterized by close connection between individuals, when all the characteristic ways of interaction of a particular sociotype are involved in building certain relationships. Acts of communication at this level are usually very long-term in nature. If people do not know each other closely enough, then this communicative space can be called superficial. But when they are united by several common interests, then when interacting between them, all methods available to consciousness are used to establish a deeper and more lasting connection.

Levels of communication space

Physical - has the nature of material interaction between objects and subjects of the surrounding world. A person constantly experiences such primitive feelings as: thirst and hunger; heat and cold; love and sex; childbearing; hygiene; management of natural needs and so on. And each of us observes examples of such interaction every day.

Psychological is, in general, what makes us human, since any individual requires moral support and mutual understanding. That is why we constantly participate in the information cycle, sharing our secrets or asking for practical advice regarding this or that life situation. This can be called friendship, love, or kindred spirits, so it is very important for our mental health.

Social - characteristic of ordinary communications accepted in society. It is tailored to a specific format, and the behavior of each individual is subject to a set of generally accepted norms, conditions, orders, laws, and traditions. And a person, in order not to be an outcast, is forced to obey accepted norms, and this is not easy for everyone. To successfully survive in society, you need to constantly monitor yourself, adapt, be cunning and even be a hypocrite. Starting from the nursery and kindergarten and ending with work in a team, a person goes through the entire difficult path of developing his personality in society. Social and communicative space is the key to the successful development of the human community.

Intellectual - characterized by the fact that the main condition for communication is the presence of well-developed thinking abilities. This and scientific activity, and the breadth of perception of the world, and cultural values ​​and the spiritual component of man. Each individual has a need for both knowledge and the ability to transfer it. It is vital for him to reveal his existing talents and receive human approval, as well as to seek new truths and improve himself.

Organization of communication space

The construction of the above levels does not occur linearly, but cyclically, so they all depend on each other, interact with each other and, oddly enough, oppose one another. And it looks something like this:

• the physical level is the antipode of the intellectual level, since by excessively developing the material side of life, you can completely forget about self-education.
• psychological and social levels are also directly opposite to each other, because to combine individual and social approach communication is not possible.

Combination of interaction types

Each of the methods of communication space is a combination of several levels. For example, in order to successfully defend your scientific work in front of an audience (no matter how large or small), you need to resort to both intellectual and social levels of interaction. After all, firstly, this is an explanation of the work created through the high mental abilities of a particular individual, and secondly, the action is a process with established roles accepted in human society.

Regardless of the fact that the participants in communication may remain unchanged, its nature and level may constantly change. For example, after a successful defense scientific work there is a party dedicated to this event, and then communication flows from formal to informal - everyone relaxes and has a good time. This is already an example of mixing the psychological and physical levels.

Information and communication space

In the modern era there has been a huge leap in development the latest ways communication. Indeed, now personal meetings are not at all necessary to maintain contact, since it is enough to call to the right person by phone or write a message on social networks. And this gives us great advantages over people who lived at least a century ago.

Communicative time

This is a dimension in which millions of people live and communicate. Moreover, communicative time is not tied to either its historical or its physical concept.

In the era of technological progress, interaction between individuals occurs in a slightly different way than before:

1. Any interlocutor needed by an individual is found through several necessary steps.
2. In the course of successful communication, the lines between time and space are blurred, since it is not distance that plays an important role, but technical capabilities.
3. Remote communicators can now get as close as possible to each other.
4. Oral methods of interaction between people have faded into the background, giving way to written ones, because huge flows of necessary and unnecessary information spread across the planet every day through the media.
5. The modern communication space is a somewhat blurred connection between reality and anonymous addressees. Therefore, the coordinates in time are erased and unclear.

The main reason for the emergence of new methods of communication was the enormous growth of information resources, which are simply physically impossible to “push” into the framework of ordinary human perception, much less process. Therefore, the Internet has become a real “knowledge bank”, in which there is an answer to any question, and finding like-minded people there is easy. In general, based on all that has been said, it is clear that communicative space and time are concepts that have undergone global changes over the past hundred years.

Communication space.

Lecture plan.

Definition of the term.

Primary and secondary communication processes.

Laws of communicative spaces.

Modern communication space of the architect.

* * Definition of the term.

The life of every person is an endless series of different acts of communication - on different occasions, with different people, at different times, with different contents, in different places. This leads to the fact that actual reality is literally saturated with communications. Numerous acts of communication form the communicative space of society. Let's dwell on this concept.

Communication space

This is a basic concept for analyzing communication. This is the area where different subjects of society exist, where their needs for communication - influence and transmission of information - are realized. Communication space is a certain “territory”, limited by a time frame, where they operate. communicators those who carry out communicative activities, for which they create discourses (texts for various purposes) and act in accordance with their goals. The structure of interaction between communicators corresponds to the structure communicative act, where the author and addressee of the message are highlighted. A special lecture in this section is devoted to the communicative speech act.

Communication space is the territory of activity of communicators in accordance with their own goal setting, limited by time frames

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* * Primary and secondary communication processes.

The communicative space, according to G. Pocheptsov, is structured primary and secondary communication processes.

Primary communicative processes represent many facts of communication that actually occur in different areas of life, for example, communication in the field of art, education, interpersonal communications and other diverse events of the surrounding reality. In other words, this is everything that happens in life. Secondary(or post-communication) processes are associated with the discussion or dissemination of information first received through the primary process, that is, it is information about past communications, and not these communications themselves.

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Primary communications are a set of actually occurring facts of communication.

Secondary communications – discussion of information about communications that took place.

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The important role of secondary communications is that only they give communicative weight to the various events that have occurred. That primary communicative process is successful, receives resonance in society, becomes known, if it then continues in secondary processes, is served different ways, is discussed [Pocheptsov 1998, p. 118]. Thus, a road accident becomes a communicative event only if it became the topic of a report in a newspaper or on television. A natural phenomenon - a flood - will never receive the status of a social event if it does not become a post-communication event, when it is broadcast on radio, television, discussed in newspapers, the Internet, and heard in conversations.

Primary communications in the field of architectural activity are all the variety of acts of professional communication taking place in different territories, in different organizations. The status of secondary communications is such that events become widely known only if they receive discussion in the media, professional communities, in conversations, among architects and other interested parties. There are noisy discussions in television programs and other types of media about the problems of the struggle for the preservation of historically valuable buildings, the restoration of valuable architectural objects, and urban development.

* * Laws of communicative spaces.

Let us turn to the phenomenon of interaction of different types of communication within the communicative space. In progress G. Pocheptsova this interaction is characterized as laws of communicative attraction and repulsion. It is these laws that are decisive for the existence of a communicative space, namely attraction and repulsion different spheres of communication form modern society as a society of communicating individuals, it is these laws that determine the communicative intentions of people in their rich real activities.

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The laws of communicative attraction and repulsion are the main laws of the communicative space

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1. “Today’s communication space is characterized by borrowing methods , which have received recognition both in one discourse and in another. Politicians use the actor's toolkit to win the hearts of their electorate. Artistic communication borrows the tools of the documentary mode. ...Feature cinema influences television news. It also influences politics when the problem of urban crime becomes the main topic of municipal elections... although this priority is dictated... by the prevalence of the detective genre on screens as the most advantageous from the point of view of the artistic mode" - [Pocheptsov 1998, p. 295].

2. In the communication space there is constant interaction many forms of communication. Numerous types and forms of communication exist here, interacting. For example, people in society communicate by building interpersonal communications that take verbal form. At the same time, there is also professional communication, when communication is mediated, for example, by visual signs (diagram, graph, table) placed in a book. In this case, one can observe the same action of the law of attraction and repulsion.

Vivid examples of the interaction of different communications are provided by modern television - we are talking about such widespread show programs where sports, theater, and circus are combined in one discourse (theater stars, TV presenters become heroes of sports - figure skating, circus performers, famous politicians - stars of musical genres) . The expressiveness of such works is achieved thanks to the play of masks, a kind of carnival technique of dressing up, when recognizable characters perform unusual functions for them: a popular film artist becomes a figure skater, and a TV presenter performs in a circus performance. Television viewers are also involved in the communicative action - they act as recipients on the communicative field, well acquainted with the characters, empathizing with them.

3. Another manifestation of the mutual influence of individual modern types of communication occurs through mythologization different areas of reality « Myths today create the framework of the world in which we live. Myth is one of the hidden phenomena. Required extra work for its identification,” when it is necessary to become an external observer in relation to the myth [Pocheptsov 1998, p. 355]. Civilization has developed a number of myth-generating machines; they become the basis for the field of advertising and PR.

4. Various communication fields are built using signs different semiotic systems , that is, there are different types of communication (a separate lecture is devoted to them), such as, for example, printed works using printed signs, TV and cinema, using audiovisual signs, etc.

A separate area is a field of communication, characterized by its purpose for different purposes - domestic and professional. According to the purpose of our work, we will turn to the features of professional communication serving the activities of professional architects.

* * Modern communication space for the architect.

The communicative space of a modern architect is built as a set of numerous acts of communication. This is a basic concept that denotes the area of ​​communication where different subjects of society exist. In accordance with the topic of our conversation, we will focus on the modern professional communication space where professional architects exist today.

We are talking about the formation of the communicative image of a modern architect. The condition for the correct formation of this image is knowledge of those communicative spheres within which professional communication between specialists takes place. One of the prerequisites for the formation of a communicative professional field in the described field of activity is the observance of communicative unity "architect - city" where the concept of a city is considered in a broad sense: these are people (communicants) - partners, customers, clients, and things (existing and created architectural objects). The unity of this level involves a dialogue between the architect and the city, which ensures the integrity of the urban environment. A description of the features of this communication space is given in the article: [Lazareva E.A., Volchkova I.M. 1997].

The modern architectural and construction situation differs significantly from the situation in previous periods and requires active participation client-customer in choosing a building site, planning it, choosing materials, and building design. That is, the client has the right to discuss construction problems together with professional architect. In connection with these new conditions, a completely new nature of feedback arises between communicants: this connection takes on a different character, becoming not regulatory and prescriptive, but recommendatory. This new communication phenomenon has two sides: both positive and negative.

Let us turn to the phenomenon of interaction of different types of communication within the communicative space. The professional communication of an architect is represented by all known types of communication, but the opposition plays a decisive role in it “speech – non-speech” communication.

In nonverbal communication, the entire spectrum of various nonverbal symbols is used to convey information. When talking about the professional communication of an architect, it is important to refer to visual means of conveying meaning. Visual cues are important for conveying the meaning of architectural objects and in the case of constructing text using verbal and visual codes. In the works of U. Eco and Y. Lotman. as shown in the manual by F.B. Sharkov, it is noted that in visual communications it is impossible to isolate discrete meaning-forming elements. Their components do not mean anything in themselves, but appear only in the context of the whole work.

A modern architect is in difficult conditions when presenting his project to the customer-client. The description of an architectural object under construction or just planned is based on verbal and non-verbal codes, but non-verbal elements occupy a predominant position.

The famous theorist of visual communication A. Berger in his book “Seeing is believing. Introduction to Visual Communication” says: “Visual communication plays an important role in the life of every person: all of us, consumers of visual products, watch TV, read newspapers, magazines and books, go to the movies. We live in an “information” society, where the information received is predominantly visual. It is important that each of us understands the impact visual images per person and how to learn to “read” and interpret their various forms” [Berger 2005, p. 18] . From this statement it is clear that the attention paid to modern means of communication, their influencing role, attention to visual communication. This fully extends to the communicative image of a modern architect. It seems necessary in the communicative activities of an architect to take into account the semantic significance of each visual element and the relationships in which it is located.

Control questions and tasks.

● What is a communicative space and what role do primary and secondary communications play in it?

● What laws exist in the communicative space?

●Talk about borrowing techniques from different discourses.

●Comment on the phenomenon of mythologization of different areas modern life

● How are the means of different semiotic systems used in communication?

● Tell us about the role of visual communication in the professional communication of architects. Illustrate your story with scenes from your professional activities.