Municipal educational institution “Vatinskaya Ossh. D.S

From an article by I.P. Tsybulko about the Russian language exam (magazine “Russian language. First of September” No. 3 (630) 2013, pp. 6-9)
I.P. Tsybulko gives examples of completing task C2. (It is assessed according to the criteria specified in the table, which can be found in the demo version on the FIPI website, as well as on the pages of our blog).

The texts of the essays are given with spelling and punctuation preserved. While testing the task, students were offered the following text.

(1) Approaching her entrance, the young woman grabbed the umbrella under her arm and began looking for the keys in her purse, but they did not want to be there. (2) The woman stopped, searched for another minute, and then walked up to the bench standing at the entrance and put down her bag with the decisive intention of making a complete inventory of it. (3) Meanwhile, behind everything...

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It's no secret that the way we communicate, the manner in which we conduct a conversation, can tell a lot about the author himself. This is exactly what the famous linguist D.S. Likhachev mentions. He claims that it is not difficult to understand the moral character and character of a person if you listen to what he says.
Speech is the ideal way to get to know a person and identify all the pitfalls. It can tell a huge amount of information about a person. By talking with a person and paying attention to his speech, you can find out about his education, upbringing, mood, desires, character, interests and way of thinking. As often happens, appearance is deceiving, and in order not to be mistaken about a person, it is worth having a short conversation with him, during which it will be established whether the external appearance corresponds to the internal one or, conversely, does not correspond.
By the way a person speaks, how he expresses his thoughts, how large his vocabulary is, he tells a story about himself. Listen and analyze...

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I share the point of view of the Russian philologist D.S. Likhachev, who argued that “the surest way to recognize a person is his mental development, his moral character, his character - to listen to how he speaks.” It is no coincidence that the Russian proverb says: “The tongue feeds the head, and it also leads to beatings!” That is, based on a person’s words, we can draw conclusions about the character and culture of behavior of the interlocutor. I will give examples from Terry Dobson's text. Firstly, from the hero's remarks (sentences 13 - 16) one can draw a conclusion about his moral character. The Japanese’s threat to a foreigner: “Now I’ll teach you a lesson!” characterizes him as a hooligan, openly provoking passengers to fight. Secondly, I draw your attention to how amazingly our “brawler” (sentence 39) changes after a conversation with the little Japanese. The passengers of the carriage, listening to what he said, understand: in front of them is an unhappy person, and not a hooligan. And the hero’s words already sound different: “I am so bitter and ashamed of myself.” Thus, D.S. Likhachev...

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Task 15.1. might sound something like this.

How to write an essay - reasoning based on the proposed quote

“The surest way to know a person is his mental development, his moral character, his character - to listen to the way he speaks.”
Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev

Think carefully about the meaning of the proposed phrase. You need to understand every word in it, not to miss the main idea. Remember that for correctly explaining the meaning of a phrase you will receive 2 points in the exam. In the introduction, explain how you understood the meaning of the statement. Express your point of view, note that you will provide examples to prove it from the text.

In the statement of Likhachev D.S. The idea is emphasized that it is easy to learn about a person, his mental development, character, moral qualities by his speech, by the way he speaks. I completely agree with...

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Preparation for an essay in the GIA system (essay - reasoning according to the statement of D.S. Likhachev “The surest way to recognize a person is his mental

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Subject. Preparation for an essay in the GIA system (an essay is an argument based on the statement of D.S. Likhachev “The surest way to know a person is his mental development, his moral character, his character - to listen to how he speaks.”
(Workshop lesson on Russian language in 9th grade)
Educational goal: to teach students to interpret this statement and justify their answer with examples from the text.
Developmental...

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Essay for State Examination 2013 on test 22

Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the Russian philologist D.S. Likhachev: “The surest way to know a person is his mental development, his moral character, his character - to listen to how he speaks.”

I share the point of view of the Russian philologist D.S. Likhachev, who argued that “the surest way to recognize a person is his mental development, his moral character, his character - to listen to how he speaks.” I will give examples from Terry Dobson's text.

Firstly, based on the hero’s remarks (sentences 13–16), one can draw a conclusion about his moral character. The Japanese’s threat to a foreigner: “Now I’ll teach you a lesson!” characterizes him as a hooligan, openly provoking passengers to fight.

Secondly, I draw your attention to how amazingly our “brawler” (sentence 39) changes after a conversation with the little Japanese. The passengers of the carriage, listening to what he said, understand: in front of them is an unfortunate...

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“The surest way to get to know a person is his mental development, his moral character, his character - to listen to how he speaks,” says Russian philologist Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev. Indeed, language is a tool for expressing thoughts and feelings and serves as the most important means of communication between people. It forms an organic unity with thinking, therefore it can indicate a person’s mental development, moral character and character. Let us turn to the text by Terry Dobson, one of whose characters is “a little old Japanese man.”

The evaluative vocabulary “wonderful”, “pleasant”, twice repeated “with pleasure” (sentences 29, 34) shows his positive attitude towards life. And his use of complex syntactic constructions in colloquial speech (sentences 31-34) characterizes this “gentleman... in... an immaculately clean kimono” as a literate, educated person.

Thus, thanks to a person’s speech characteristics, one can find out his mental development and...

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ORIGINAL TEXT

(5) At this time a dog crawled out from under the bench. (6) She turned out to be even smaller than it seemed to Marina at first. (7) It was a puny creature, slightly larger than a cat, with once thick and red, but now brown, matted fur and teary brown...

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Additional essays

Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the famous linguist D. S. Likhachev: “The sure way to know a person, his moral character, his character is to listen to how he speaks.”

The famous linguist D.S. Likhachev argued: “The sure way to get to know a person, his moral character, his character is to listen to how he speaks.” These words mean the following: by the way a person speaks, we can learn about his character. Let us turn to the text by S. Sergeeva.

Here is a granny “with an unexpectedly sonorous voice” with pity telling the sad story of Zhulka. “It became bad without Ivan Matveyevich,” she says in sentence 12. But besides sympathy for the dog, this granny does nothing. Therefore, I can conclude that the granny is not such a kind person: after all, kindness must be EFFECTIVE.

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Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement of the Russian philologist D.S. Likhacheva: “The surest way to get to know a person is his mental development, his moral character, his character - to listen to how he speaks.”

Russian art critic and philologist, Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev once said: “The surest way to recognize a person is his mental development, his moral character, his character - to listen to how he speaks.”

There are many examples that prove that a worthy person can be recognized by the style of his speech, by the type of his thoughts and the ability to express these thoughts. In other words, a person’s speech also indicates his mental development, and is also an important character trait that is worth highlighting. For proof of this I will turn to Terry Dobson's text.

In sentences 13 - 16, we can say that the passenger who entered the carriage is a real hooligan, this is evidenced by the hero’s remarks. He swore loudly and shouted, in fact...

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Dear ninth graders!

So that you do not experience difficulties when writing an essay on a linguistic topic, I am starting to introduce you to sample essays. ALL texts were found in the depths of the Internet, be sure to indicate the source. I will be glad if each of you LEARNS to write an essay on a linguistic topic.

Good luck!

*********************

Task C2 sounds like this: “Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of the statement (full name of a scientist, writer, thinker, etc.): “...”.

When justifying your answer, give 2 (two) examples from the text you read.

You can write a paper in a scientific or journalistic style, revealing the topic using linguistic material. You can start your essay with...

The essay must be at least 70 words.

A work written without relying on a read text (not based on this text) is not...

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The essay is a reasoning, revealing the meaning of D.S.’s statements. Likhachev: “The sure way to recognize a person, his moral character, his character is to listen to how he speaks.”

“A person’s language is an accurate indicator of his human qualities, his culture”
The word is a great thing. Great because with a word you can unite people, you can also separate them, with a word you can serve love, but with a word you can serve enmity and hatred.
The Word raises us above the surrounding nature as the first sign of conscious, intelligent life. The word is a way of expressing our thoughts and feelings. The word gives us the opportunity to understand others and to be understood.
The greatest value of a people is its language, the language in which it writes, speaks, and thinks. A person’s entire conscious life passes through his native language. Our thoughts are formed by language. The surest way to know a person - his mental development, his moral character, his character - is to listen to the way he speaks. A person's language is an accurate indicator of his...

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The statement is taken from the manual for preparing for the State Examination Test 2014, ed. I.P. Tsybulko (option 4).

“The sure way to know a person, his moral character, his character, is to listen to the way he speaks.” (D.S. Likhachev)

The article contains the source text, outline and sample essay.

ORIGINAL TEXT

(1) Approaching her entrance, the young woman grabbed the umbrella under her arm and began to look for the keys in her purse, but they did not want to be there. (2) The woman stopped, searched for another minute, and then walked up to the bench standing at the entrance and put down her bag with the decisive intention of making a complete inventory of it. (3) Meanwhile, two people watched everything that happened. (4) An old lady sitting on the opposite bench and a small dog lying under the same bench.

(5) At this time a dog crawled out from under the bench. (6) She turned out to be even smaller than it seemed to Marina at first. (7) It was a puny creature slightly larger than...

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Likhachev: “The sure way to get to know a person, his moral character, his character is to listen to how he speaks.” Arguing...

Likhachev: “The sure way to get to know a person, his moral character, his character is to listen to how he speaks.” When justifying your answer, give 2 (two) examples from the text you read.

When giving examples, indicate the numbers of the required sentences or use citations.

You can write a paper in a scientific or journalistic style, revealing the topic using linguistic material. You can start your essay with the words of D.S. Likhacheva.

The essay must be at least 70 words.

Work written without reference to the text read (not based on this text) is not graded. If the essay is a retelling or a complete rewrite of the original text without any comments, then such work is scored zero points.

Write an essay carefully, legible handwriting.

Composition...

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mental development, his moral character, his character - listen to the way he speaks."

There was no road - they walked in open formation. There was little time left before dawn; they had to hurry, and people, overcoming fatigue, pressed on and quickened their pace; those lagging behind, stumbling and falling, falling into the snow, ran to catch up with the column. Sailors and Bardabaev walked at the head of the column, and therefore they suffered more than others: after all, they were walking behind them along a beaten path, and in front of them were untouched virgin lands, thick snow, snowdrifts the size of a man. Bardabaev is a tall guy, he’s generally on the right flank, he’s destined to walk in front of the formation. How did Sasha, a small man of average height, get here? But this is how it always happens: somehow it always brings him forward by itself, especially before a fight. And it's good in the forest. It’s still winter, the bitter frost is still biting our noses and cheeks, the snow is still crunching like winter underfoot, but something elusive is already talking about the approach of spring. The light resinous smell is intoxicating....

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help me complete my essay, give examples

Here is my essay on the topic: “The surest way to know a person is his mental development, his moral character, his character - to listen to how he speaks.” (D.S. Likhachev)

By the way a person speaks, we can judge who we are dealing with. Our language is our attitude to life, behavior in it.
Language is an indicator of human qualities, such as intelligence, good manners and others. By talking, we get to know a person better. Rudeness in language indicates a person’s internal insecurity, fears and complexes. In any cynical expressions and swearing, a weakness of character is actually hidden, and not its strength. A truly strong person will not throw around big words, because he is confident in himself.
The only way a person can express himself most clearly is the word. Everything else: eyes, gestures, hobbies - will convey information only in a limited form.

Please help me give examples, preferably from this...

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The texts of the essays are given with spelling and punctuation preserved. While testing the task, students were offered the following text.

Text

(1) Approaching her entrance, the young woman grabbed her umbrella under her arm and began looking for the keys in her purse, but they did not want to be there. (2) The woman stopped, searched for another minute, and then walked up to the bench standing at the entrance and put down her bag with the decisive intention of making a complete inventory of it. (3) Meanwhile, two people watched everything that happened. (4) An old lady sitting on the opposite bench and a small dog lying under the same bench.

(6) At this time a dog crawled out from under the bench. (7) She turned out to be even smaller than it seemed to Marina at first. (8) It was a puny creature, slightly larger than a cat, with once thick and red, but now brown, matted hair and watery brown eyes. (9) The woman took out the piece of “doctor’s paper” left over from lunch from her bag and handed it to the dog. (10) The animal looked at Marina incredulously, but the sausage
It smelled too good to pass up.
(11) The granny sighed and, turning either to Marina or to the dog, said:
– (12) It became bad without Ivan Matveevich. (13) He died three months ago. (14) Matveyevich had no relatives, and Zhulka (she pointed with a wrinkled hand at the dog, which had already finished the donated sausage and had again curled up into a ball under the bench) remained on the street. (15) He loved her very much, ten years ago he picked her up from a garbage dump as a blind puppy, like feeding a baby from a bottle. (16) As long as I remember him, Zhulya was always next to him, he had no one besides her, and Zhulya had no one except him.
(17) The dog, who became an involuntary witness to this conversation, remained lying under the bench, where she was to spend another night, which could be her last. (18) Zhulka lived all her life with a person, she did not know how to take care of her food, did not know how to find loopholes into warm basements, like other dogs who never had a home, and she did not have a single chance to survive this winter.

(19) Marina slept poorly that night. (20) She dreamed of dogs. (21) Many, many dogs: white, red, black. (22) They barked, whined, as if they wanted to say something, and there were tears in the eyes of each of them. (23) No, my eyes didn’t water, they were real tears... (24) And why does a person think that only he is capable of truly crying, feeling, worrying?
(25) In the evening, after visiting the local menagerie, Marina went home. (26) But not along his usual route, but through the veterinary store. (27) In the store, Marina purchased dog shampoo, a comb, vitamins, medicines and other small items, a large assortment offered for four-legged pets, which Marina did not have. (28) “Now it will be,” she thought to herself.
“(29) Well, don’t be afraid, come in,” Marina said and lightly pushed the living ball of fur towards the front door. – (30) Now you will live here, we will definitely become friends. (31) I have never had a dog before, although I have always dreamed of one. (32) I will try to be a good housewife for you. (33) Here is the sausage, here is the bun. (34) Eat. (35) Do you like buns? (36) I love. (37) And in the evening I will cook porridge for you. (38) I didn’t like the special dog food. (39) But if you want, I will buy it for you. (40) Marina carefully touched the red fur that was rolled up on the sides - the dog shuddered.
“(41) It’s okay, Zhulka, I understand,” Marina said and walked away from the dog and sat down on the floor at the other end of the corridor.
(42) That night Marina slept lightly. (43) No, not restlessly, but rather sensitively, listening to the sighs and sniffles in the corridor. (44) The night no longer seemed loud and empty, the house became more comfortable, her heart became warmer, and all because there was a living creature nearby, for which she was now responsible. (45) Zhulya was sleeping, conveniently located
lying down on a mat in a spacious wicker basket. (46) What did she dream about? (47) Maybe Matveevich? (48) Or maybe they are just kind people who will feed you, scratch you behind the ear and never hit you with the toe of your boot.

(According to S. Sergeeva*)

*Svetlana Sergeeva – economist, member of the animal protection society “Devotion”, chairman of the audit committee of the charity foundation “Help for Homeless Animals”.

Part 3

Write an essay-reasoning, revealing the meaning of D.S.’s statement. Likhachev: “The sure way to get to know a person, his moral character, his character is to listen to how he speaks.” When justifying your answer, give 2 (two) examples from the text you read.
When giving examples, indicate the numbers of the required sentences or use citations.
You can write a paper in a scientific or journalistic style, revealing the topic using linguistic material. You can start your essay with the words of D.S. Likhacheva.
The essay must be at least 70 words.
Work written without reference to the text read (not based on this text) is not graded. If the essay is a retelling or a complete rewrite of the original text without any comments, then such work is scored zero points.
Write an essay carefully, legible handwriting.

Essay 1

Having read an excerpt from a short story by S. Sergeeva about the unfortunate Zhulka, who lost her owner, at first I didn’t even understand how this story fits with the task of revealing the meaning of D.S.’s statement. Likhachev: “The sure way to get to know a person, his moral character, his character is to listen to how he speaks.”
At first glance - no way! However, upon deeper reflection, imagining myself in the place of an unfortunate animal who does not understand human speech, but feels threat or kindness at the level of natural instinct, I was able to formulate the thoughts that appeared.
From the lips of an old woman with an “unexpectedly sonorous voice,” Marina and I learn that “a frail creature, the size of a little more than a cat, with once thick and red, but now brown, matted hair and watery brown eyes” three months ago lost the only one in his master’s life (Ivan Matveevich died). But none of the neighbors thought of sheltering the destitute animal, not even the same granny. But the “young woman”, who saw the small dog for the first time, immediately fed it with the “doctor’s” sausage that was left over from lunch. Moreover, I purchased it at the veterinary
store “shampoo, comb, vitamins, medicines and other little things.” She brought Zhulka to her house with the words: “Now you will live here, we will definitely become friends.” And although the dog shuddered at the first touch of the new owner, for some reason there is complete confidence that the two of them will have a very good time! It is no coincidence that Marina slept especially lightly that night, “listening to the sighs and sniffles in the corridor.” And Zhulka finally, perhaps, dreamed of “just kind people who will feed you, scratch you behind the ear and never hit you with the toe of your boot.

The lack of commentary and the verbal format of the “preamble” to the subsequent discussion indicate that the student was unable to understand the meaning of D.S.’s statement. Likhacheva. The examinee's reasoning cannot be qualified as an illustration of the original thesis. There are no arguments. The student's reasoning does not contain comments on the speech of the characters in the text.

Essay 2

It is no secret that the manner of communication, as well as the words used, make it possible to judge a person’s character. When a person brings a stray dog ​​to his home and says, “Now you will live here, we will definitely become friends,” such words can be used to judge kindness and sincerity, the desire to help one’s neighbor. It is felt that at this moment a lonely woman has found a friend who will take care of her, feed her, look after her, and share all her joys and hardships with her pet.
According to the words of the elderly woman addressed to the young stranger, “The deceased Matveyevich had no relatives, and Zhulka (the dog) remained on the street,” it can be judged that the granny felt sorry for the dog that was left without an owner, but there was no way to help her. She understood that a dog accustomed to home life would not be able to survive on the street, and therefore she tried in every possible way to help the orphaned homeless creature find a new owner.

The student commented on the words of D.S. Likhachev, the interpretation of the thesis corresponds to the meaning of the original statement. The task condition assessed by the first criterion is fulfilled. But only one argument is given. In the second paragraph of the essay, the commentary on the phrase from the text: “The deceased Matveevich had no relatives, and Zhulka (the dog) remained on the street” does not correspond to the quoted fragment.

Essay 3

The surest way to know a person, his moral character, his character is to listen to
the way he speaks,” said Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev. Indeed, in speech
the soul of a person, all his thoughts and feelings are reflected.
Marina was deeply touched by the words of an unknown elderly woman who told the story of the deep affection between a man and a dog. This woman was able to choose exactly those words coming from the depths of her kind heart that disturbed Marina’s familiar world and forced her to commit a humane act.
The grandmother cannot remain indifferent to the fate of the dog, left without an owner. And in a short story about the relationship between the owner and the dog, she was able to highlight the main feature of Ivan Matveevich’s attitude towards his pet - the perception of the rescued puppy as a creature in need of care and affection no less than a person: “like a baby, fed from a bottle.” And grandma herself talks about the dog as a creature in need of care: more often he calls it not by the usual nickname for small dogs: “Zhulya,” but affectionately and respectfully: “Zhulya.”
The author gives the character the opportunity to speak in just two lines, but this is enough for the “granny” to become, in the reader’s eyes, a warm-hearted elderly woman who highly values ​​the ability to love and be devoted, and treats both people and animals with care and respect.
And we get an idea of ​​another character who took part in the fate of the dog both through his actions and through his speech. Marina talks to the dog as if she were a person, addresses her as if she were an interlocutor who has experienced a lot, and asks her questions, talks about himself.
Yes, it is very important to be able to listen to both what the interlocutor says and how he speaks, because a person’s speech is a mirror in which his inner world is reflected.

The interpretation of the thesis corresponds to the meaning of the original statement. The task condition assessed by the first criterion is fulfilled. The role of speech characteristics in understanding the character of the characters in the text is proven correctly with two examples selected for illustration.

Essay 4

How does a person speak? What do you mean by the question “how”? What can you tell about a person by his speech?
There are two speakers in the text: an old woman, the kind you can meet in our yards, and a young woman. The old lady’s speech is simple, but filled with pity: “It became bad without Ivan Matveich... Zhulya was always next to him, he had no one except her, and Zhulya had no one except him.” The woman’s speech is short: “Here is the sausage, here is the bun. Eat. Do you like butter buns?” They speak differently, think differently, but are very similar in their compassion for the disadvantaged dog.
Here the voice of another person is heard. This is the author of this story. With what pain he describes the dog: “It was a puny creature, slightly larger than a cat, with once thick and red, but now brown, matted hair and watery brown eyes.” And with what joyful hope he describes her, who has already found her home: “What did she dream about? ... just kind people who will feed you, scratch your ears and never hit you with the toe of your boot.”
So, we heard three people: a simple old woman, an educated woman and a writer. What in their speech revealed to us their moral character, their character? All. How these people talk, how they treat each other and the dog. Their speech conveyed everything - pity and love for all the unfortunate animals deprived of shelter and human support. And we are friends, we are comrades-in-arms with these people, in their feelings and good deeds.

The task condition assessed by the first criterion has been fulfilled (see last paragraph). A very interesting essay in terms of the examples given. The student characterizes the speech of another person - the author of the text. Thus, the essay contains 3 arguments.

1. Get acquainted with the statements of Academician D.S. Likhacheva about

language. Find answers to the following questions:

1) Why does D. S. Likhachev call language the greatest value of the people?

3) How, according to D.A. Likhachev, are human language and culture connected?

1) The greatest value of a people is the language in which they write, speak, and think. He thinks! This must be understood thoroughly, in all the polysemy and significance of this fact. After all, this means that a person’s entire conscious life passes through his native language. Emotions and sensations only color what we think or push thoughts in some way, but our thoughts are all shaped by language.

2) The most important way to get to know a person, his mental development, his moral character, his character is to listen to how he speaks. If we pay attention to a person’s manner of carrying himself, his gait, his behavior, his face and judge a person by them, sometimes, however, erroneously, then a person’s language is a much more accurate indicator of his human qualities, his culture. But it also happens that a person does not speak, but “spits words.” For every common concept, he has not ordinary words, but slang expressions. When such a person speaks with his “spitting words,” he wants to show that he doesn’t care about anything, that he is higher, stronger than all circumstances, smarter than everyone around him, laughs at everything, and is not afraid of anything.

But in fact, he calls everyone with his cynical expressions and mocking nicknames, certain objects, people, actions, because he is a coward and timid, unsure of himself.

A person’s language is his worldview and his behavior. As he speaks, so, therefore, he thinks.

2. Read excerpts from the works of famous Russian linguists. Indicate what they say and express your attitude to what was said.

1) The literary language that we use is a truly precious heritage that we received from previous generations, most precious, because it gives us the opportunity to express our thoughts and feelings and understand them not only from our contemporaries. but also among the great people of past times (L. V. Shcherba).

2) Only those who have reached the appropriate level of general cultural development can speak impeccably. Anyone who knows what “penates” is (you can’t find this out from a grammar textbook) will never make a mistake in using this word. Schoolboy who says the word Aurora in the text of Pushkin's poem is understood as the name of the famous cruiser, he is guilty not of ignorance of the language, but of ignorance and misunderstanding of history, of the absence of correct ideas about life. We teach correct speech to the extent that we learn everything that constitutes the study of our culture (Yu. A. Belchikov).

3. Read an excerpt from the book by K.I. Chukovsky “Alive as life. Conversation about the Russian language", indicate what trends in the development of the language are discussed in it?

The vocabulary of each era is changeable, and it cannot be imposed on later generations. (And who will demand that the word a mess was currently perceived as a “delicious dish” or as a “stomach ache”). The former semantic meanings of words disappear without a trace, the language moves forward without looking back - depending on changes in the social system, on the achievements of science and technology and other extremely diverse reasons. Every living language, if it is truly alive, is forever moving, forever growing.

But at the same time, in the life of language, another tendency of the exact opposite nature is extremely powerful, equally useful, it consists in stubborn and decisive resistance to innovations, in the creation of all kinds of dams and barriers that greatly impede the too rapid and disorderly renewal of speech... Without these dams and the language would not withstand barriers, would turn into chaos, would lose its holistic, monolithic character. Only this beneficial feature of our linguistic development explains the fact that, no matter how the language changes, no matter how new words it acquires, its national laws and norms will fundamentally remain stable, unchanged, unshakable.

4. Read an excerpt from the novel by M.A. Sholokhov's "Quiet Don", which contains a conversation between Gregory and his father. Find dialect words, indicate for what purpose they are used.

Grigory, snoring, pulled his everyday trousers from the pendant, put them into white woolen stockings and put on his chik for a long time, straightening the back that had turned up.

Did mom cook the truth? - he asked hoarsely, following his father into the hallway.

Cooked. Go to the longboat, I'll come soon.

The old man poured steamed, fragrant wheat into the jar, like a master, swept away the fallen grains in his palm and, falling on his left leg, limped towards the descent. Grigory, ruffled, sat in the longboat.

Where to edit?

To the Black Yar. Let's try it near this karish, where the nadys were sitting.

The longboat, striking the ground with its stern, settled into the water and took off from the shore. The stirrup carried him, rocking him, trying to turn him sideways. Grigory, without worrying, steered the oar.

There won’t be any business, dad... a month is at a loss.

Did you capture Serniki?

Give it fire.

The old man lit a cigarette, looking at the sun stuck on the other side of the snag.

5. Find jargon in the sentences below, taken from newspapers.

It hurts to see how a general and a decent person is humiliated and put down.

The fact of aggression is obvious, you can’t get away with it.

We cheated them out of twenty billion dollars.

Two years in the army are divided into four parts. And each has its own nickname for the soldier. Those who serve the first six months are “spirits”, those who serve the second are “scoopers”. They can command "spirits". Those whose service has passed the second year are “pheasants”. Well, for those who have 5-6 months before leaving for the reserve - “grandfathers” or “demobes” - everything is allowed - from massacre to sexual violence.

If rich and enterprising people suddenly want to “promote a star,” we provide the necessary information.

His apartment is rubbish. We often hang out there because our parents live in the country.

The main feature was that with domestic intelligence officers they are top-class, i.e. “Rex”, representatives of the elite special forces of the Slovak and US armies measured their strength.

6. Read an excerpt from the story by V. Baldaev, which describes the life of a prisoner. The prisoner's letter is written using the slang vocabulary of the thieves' world. Indicate what makes it difficult to understand the meaning of what is written. For what purpose does the author resort to using jargon?

After flayering the mantula in a smoker on coal. My partner, a kiryuha man, was caught for being a small fish. He moved the shovel along the stupidity of one animal with fornication, which scratched anthracite from his sharokka.

To understand the meaning of what was said, a translation of the “secret” language is required. The letter states the following:

After the hospital I work in the firehouse. My partner, a prisoner who did not belong to the world of thieves, was put in a punishment cell for a fight. He took a shovel to the head of a swindler who had stolen bread from his jacket.

Bochkareva Vlada Igorevna

The most important way to get to know a person is to listen to how he speaks. A person’s language is his worldview and his behavior; how he speaks is, therefore, what he thinks. D.S. Likhachev The fate of the Russian language is a topic that cannot leave any modern person indifferent. How often do we listen to how we speak? We see how language is changing significantly right before the eyes of one generation. The processes occurring in it today require comprehension not only by language specialists. Should we be happy or sad about this? Fight change or embrace it?

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MULTIDISCIPLINARY LYCEUM -

MUNICIPAL BUDGETARY EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

CITY OF DIMITROVGRAD, ULYANOVSK REGION

NOO "EUREKA"

Research project
In Russian

Ecolinguistics.

Some questions of ecology of the Russian language

Humanities section

Dimitrovgrad 2014

Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………...3

I. Theoretical part……………………………………………………...…..5

1. Ecolinguistics as a new direction in linguistics of the 21st century…………..5

2. Borrowed words in Russian................................................………………7

2.1 Reasons for borrowing words………………………………………………………………..6

2.2 Signs of borrowed words……………….………………………….….7

2.3. For or against? Let's turn to the classics…………….……………………..11

2.4 The problem of loosening the structure of the language through expanding influence

various social dialects……………………………………………14

3.1. Speech culture and literary language…………..…………………………..14

3.2. Trends in the development of non-literary Russian language……..…………………15

3.3. Dialects and vernaculars in modern Russian……...………16

3.4. Argo: reasons for existence and area of ​​​​functioning………….17

3.5. Profanity……………………………………………………18

II. Practical part………………………………………………………...20

Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………….…23

Bibliography………………………………………..... …………..25

Introduction

The most important way to get to know a person is to listen to how he speaks

A person’s language is his worldview and his behavior; how he speaks is how he thinks.

D.S. Likhachev

The fate of the Russian language is a topic that cannot leave any modern person indifferent. How often do we listen to how we speak? We see how language is changing significantly right before the eyes of one generation. The processes occurring in it today require comprehension not only by language specialists. Should we be happy or sad about this? Fight change or embrace it?

Back in 2013, while working on the “Language Viruses” project, I was faced with the fact that today the ecology of the Russian language is the most pressing topic for people who think and worry about the fate of their language. The ecology of the Russian language is obscene language, abbreviations of words like SMS, borrowed words, etc. For my scientific and practical work, I chose the topic “Ecolinguistics. Some questions of the ecology of the Russian language." Is the state of the Russian language in the modern world so terrible? Having asked this question, I decided to look at what clogs the Russian language, and I identified two problems in my work:

1. External factor of the study - how do borrowings affect the language - are they necessary or do they just clog up the Russian language?

2. The problem of weakening the structure of the language from the inside, through the expansion of the influence of various jargons, social dialects, and the media on literary speech.

Relevance

"Ecolinguistics. Some questions of the ecology of the Russian language" is a current topic, since violations of the ecology of the Russian language occur constantly. We increasingly feel the emergence of new concepts and foreign synonymous words that replace our Russian words. We feel the ebb of truly Russian concepts and automatically replace them with foreign ones. Understanding the importance and relevance of the problem of improving a person’s speech culture, I decided to conduct an educational study “The use of obscene Lesika, borrowed and abbreviated words by modern schoolchildren” and called my work “Ecolinguistics. Some questions of the ecology of the Russian language."

Problematic question:Will ecolinguistics be able to preserve the traditions of the Russian language?

Hypothesis: If you specifically attract the attention of schoolchildren to the study of ecolinguistics, then perhaps students will be more attentive to preserving the traditions of the Russian language.

Research objectives:find ways to preserve the Russian language as a great language of a great people.

Tasks:

• conduct an analysis of the “damage” to the Russian language in modern society.

• To attract the attention of schoolchildren to the study of ecolinguistics, as a science capable of preserving language.
• Create a volunteer movement “for the preservation of the Russian language.”

Object of study- people's speech.

Research methods:

1. search (select material in accordance with the research topic,

Using scientific literature and Internet resources);

1. visual (observation of the speech of schoolchildren and other people);
2. research;
3. practical (carrying out a volunteer event);
4. corrective.

I. Theoretical part

1. Ecolinguistics as a new direction in linguistics of the 21st century

Ecology of language (Ecolinguistics) is a direction of linguistic theory and practice, which, on the one hand, is associated with the study of factors that negatively affect the development and use of language, and on the other hand, with the search for ways and means of enriching the language. The ecology of language, in theory, should form the basis of the so-called language policy of the state, primarily in the areas of education, jurisprudence and, of course, in the activities of mass media.The American linguist is considered to be the founder of the concept of language ecology Einar Haugen , who in his 1970 report explained that “the ecology of language can be defined as the science of the relationship between language and its environment.”

The problem of weakening the structure of language from the inside, through the expansion of the influence of various jargons, social dialects, and the media on literary speechoutstanding scientists studied in Russia: Viktor Vladimirovich Vinogradov - Russian linguist and literary critic,Ozhegov Sergey Ivanovich - Russian linguist, Lev Vladimirovich Shcherba - professor, academician, linguist and others.

2. Borrowed words in Russian

Borrowing is copying a word or expression from one language to another. A borrowed word is a lexical unit taken by us or our ancestors from some other language.

Russian speech has recently been replenished and continues to be replenished with many foreign words. I was interested in what place borrowed words occupy in the Russian language, what is the reason for borrowing, and whether foreign words clog up the native language.

Every people lives among other peoples. Usually he maintains diverse ties with them: industrial, economic, cultural. The languages ​​of peoples also experience mutual influence: after all, they are the main means of communication! The main form of linguistic influence of one people on another is the borrowing of foreign words.

2.1. Reasons for borrowing words

Issues of correctness, richness and purity of the native language are directly related to the problems of borrowing, to the fate of foreign words, to the nature of the interaction of “own” and “foreign” elements in the language system at different stages of its development.

There is no language in any country in the world that does not use borrowed words. Along with the development of the culture and life of the nation, the language adopts foreign words. This happens due to the following reasons, which are usually divided into linguistic and non-linguistic.

Firstly, these are historical contacts of peoples, such as war, mass immigration, the creation of international corporations - all these conditions create very favorable conditions for the national language to be diluted with words of a foreign culture.

Secondly, it significantly contributes to the mixing of languages ​​of any country in certain fields of science and, as a consequence, the need for the use of terminology by other countries. Language researchers call such reasons non-linguistic.

This happens because a person’s need for something new, in particular new words, is constantly growing. Why should the state and public institutions, which include the media, even take care of language? The fact is that the normal state of the national language, especially the state language, which is the Russian language, a high level of speech culture are indicators of the prosperous state of society.

2.2. Signs of borrowed words

Borrowed words can be distinguished from native Russian words by a number of characteristics.

A. Phonetic features:

1. The presence of the initial letter “a”:lampshade, April, scarlet, army, pharmacy. Russian words with the initial “a”, with the exception of words formed on the basis of borrowings, are rare. These are mainly interjections, onomatopoeias and words formed on their basis:yeah, ah, ah, ah, gasp, ah, echo etc.

2. The presence of the letter “e” in the root of the word:mayor, aloe, emotions, phaeton. In native Russian words, the letter “e” is found in words of an interjection and pronominal nature -hey, eh, this one, that's why, as well as in words formed in the Russian language on the basis of borrowings (nth, ensky, SR).

3. The presence of the letter “f” in the word:decanter, spacesuit, February. The exceptions are interjections, onomatopoeia - fu, uf, fi, as well as the word owl.

4. The presence of combinations of two or more vowels in the roots of words:diet, duel, halo, poem, guard.

5. The presence of combinations of consonants “kd”, “kz”, “gb”, “kg” in the roots of words:joke, station, barrier, warehouse.

6. The presence of combinations “ge”, “ke”, “he” in the root:legend, sneakers, trachea. In Russian words, such combinations usually occur at the junction of the stem and ending:on the road, to my daughter-in-law, in the sand.

7. Availability of combination"bu", "vu", "kyu", "mu" in the roots of words: bureau, engraving, ditch, communiqué.

8. The presence of double consonants in the roots of words:villa, progress, profession, session, bath. In native Russian words, double consonants occur only at the junction of morphemes.

9. Pronunciation of a hard consonant sound before a vowel [e] (letter “e”): model [de], test [te].

10. The initial “e” distinguishes mainly Greek and Latinisms:era, era, ethics, exam, execution, effect, floor.

B. Morphological characteristics:

1. Indeclinability of nouns:coffee, jury, depot, hummingbird, kangaroo.

2. Morphological lack of expression of number and gender of nouns: coat, taxi.

B. Word-formation features:

1. Foreign language prefixes:interval, deduction, individualism, regression, archimandrite, rear admiral, antichrist.

2. Foreign language suffixes:dean's office, student, technical school, editor.3. Presence of some type rootsaqua-, marine-, geo-, graphic- etc.

In addition to “international” features, there are also features that help determine which language the word was borrowed from.

1. Greek borrowings (Greekisms) include, for example:

words from the field of religion:anathema, angel, archbishop, demon, metropolitan;

scientific terms:mathematics, philosophy, history, grammar;

everyday terms:bathhouse, lantern, bed, notebook, certificate, sail, ribbon;

names of plants and animals:cypress, cedar, beetroot, crocodile;

proper names:Georgy, Elena, Sophia;

terms from art and science:trochee, comedy, idea, logic, physics.

2. Borrowings from the Latin language (Latinisms):

words related to learning:school, dean, office, vacation;

political and philosophical terms:evolution, dictatorship, constitution;

scientific concepts:tangent, sine, herbarium,radius, proportion, meridian;

words related to art:literature, arena, octave, circus;

month names:January, July, August;

administrative names:republic, chancellery, deputy;

proper names:Julia, Marina, Victor, Roman.

3. Among the Turkic borrowings (Turkisms), the most words are from the Tatar language, which is explained by historical conditions (long-term Tatar-Mongol yoke): words from military, commercial and everyday speech:caravan, holster, mound, quiver, astrakhan fur, treasury, altyn, bazaar, raisins, watermelon;

A sign of words of Turkic origin is vowel harmony (synharmonism) - the natural use in one word of vowels of only one row: back [a], [u] or front [e], [i]:ataman, caravan, pencil, shoe, lasso, chest, sundress, drum, heel, sash, ulus.

4. There are relatively few Scandinavian borrowings (Swedish, Norwegian) in the Russian language. Words of trade vocabulary, maritime terms, everyday words, as well as proper names penetratedIgor, Oleg, Rurik;

individual words likeherring, chest, pood, hook, anchor, sneak, whip, mast;

names of natural phenomena: blizzard ;

geographical names: Volga.

5. German borrowings (Germanisms) include:

military terms:attack, uniform, officer, corporal, camp, headquarters;

names of household items, clothing:decanter, mattress, hat;

trade terms:accountant, price list;

names of plants and animals:spinach, onion, potatoes, poodle;

vocabulary from the field of art:easel, dance, bandmaster;

instrument names:jigsaw, jack, workbench, chisel, jointer.

Features of Germanisms:

combinations th, pcs, xt, shp, ft:mail, fine, watch, sprats, landscape;

initial c: shop, zinc;

compound words without a connecting vowel:sandwich, grandmaster.

6. Some nautical terms borrowed in the era of Peter I are Dutch:shipyard, pennant, harbor, drift, sailor, flag, fleet, cruiser

7. From the English language (Anglicisms) included, for example:

some nautical terms:midshipman, bot, brig, schooner, yacht ; words related to the development of social life, technology, sports, etc.:boycott, leader, rally; tunnel, trolleybus, basketball, football, sports; Borrowings from the end of the 20th century. touched on different areas of life:

technical ( computer, display, file, byte), sports ( bobsleigh, overtime, fighter), financial and commercial (barter, broker, dealer, distributor, leasing), arts ( remake, talk show, underground, thriller),

socio-political (briefing, rating, impeachment, lobby) and etc.

Phonetic features of Anglicisms: combinations tch, j: match, jazz;

combinations va, vi, ve:Whatman paper, whiskey, corduroy; final -ing, -men, -er:briefing, businessman, timer.

8. French borrowings (Gallicisms) include:

terminology of a socio-political nature:bourgeois, regime, parliament;words from the field of art:conductor, poster, actor, play, director, ballet; military vocabulary:artillery, battalion, garrison, cannonade, pistol; names of food products, clothing, jewelry, furnishings:jelly, blouse, bracelet, sconce, boudoir, wardrobe, vest, coat, tights, broth, marmalade, cutlet, toilet.

Phonetic features of Gallicisms:

stress on the last syllable:marmalade, pavilion;

final -о, -и, -е in unchangeable words: puree, manto;

combination ua: veil, exploitation;

combinations of bu, ryu, vu, nu, fu:dressing table, music stand, engraving;

combinations he, an, en, am:control, intermission;

final -er, -azh, -ans, -ant:landscape, director, renaissance, debutant.

9. Among the Italian borrowings, the following stand out: musical terminology:aria, allegro, libretto, tenor, bravo, series, slapstick, sonata, carnival, cavatina; some everyday words:vermicelli, pasta(came through French), gondola ; vocabulary of financial relations:credit, debit, currency.

10. A small number of words come from Spanish (vocabulary related to art):serenade, castanets, guitar, mantilla, caravel, caramel, cigar, tomato and etc.

11. Few borrowings are from the Finnish language:walrus, dumplings, blizzard; from Hungarian: Bekesha, Khutor and other languages.

2.3. For or against? Let's go back to the classics...

Back in the 19th century. Writers and linguists were concerned about the issue of foreign words in the Russian literary language. A question that interests many scientists, linguists, and lovers of the Russian language. Do foreign words clog the Russian language? How do writers and poets feel about borrowing?

A positive role in protecting the Russian language from the excessive use of foreign words was played by: N.I. Grech, N.A. Polevoy, V.G. Belinsky, A.I. Herzen, V.I. Dahl.

V.G. Belinsky believed that “... to use a foreign word when there is an equivalent Russian word means to insult both common sense and common taste.”

Excessive and unreasonable use of foreign words leads to the formation of absurd pseudo-scientific phrases. For example: “We delegated a student from our group to buy textbooks.” When using borrowed words, a tautology may be assumed. These may be repetitions of words with the same meaning:open vacancy(a vacancy is a vacant position), first debut (debut – first performance). Unjustified introduction of borrowed words into the text causes great damage to artistic speech. Speech becomes discolored if bookish, inexpressive words are preferred to diverse and bright Russian synonyms. For example, they write: “I remembered well the modulations of her voice” (why not say “play” or “how her voice sounded”).

K. Paustovsky believed: “There are a great many good words for everything in the Russian language.” And from time to time, some people made attempts to “cleanse” the Russian language from non-Slavic influence. Thus, Shishkov proposed replacing borrowings with equivalents created using the means of the Russian language, for example, replacing the word galoshes with wet shoes. However, these attempts did not produce significant results. Therefore, many borrowed words have firmly entered the Russian language.On the other hand, reasonable borrowings enrich speech and give it greater accuracy. Imagine that we are talking about the life of some distant country, for example Japan. You can, of course, say nobleman instead of samurai, and cherry instead of sakura, but a samurai is not exactly what we are used to calling a nobleman, and the Japanese cherry tree - sakura - is not like ours. In addition, such familiar Japanese words askamikaze, kimono, hara-kiri, ikebana, judo, in general, perhaps, it is impossible to translate into Russian in one word. Of course, many foreign words, having lost their foreign accent (form, meaning), have replenished the composition of the Russian language, and their use does not raise objections. At the same time, in the Russian language there are many such borrowed words that are used in everyday life, and without which we also cannot live: what else can we callcinema, taxi, cologne, chandelier finally, steak, mayonnaise, orange.

Russian media, especially television, also contribute to the “Anglotization” of the Russian language. Words like summit, briefing, talk show, dog showthanks to the media, became widespread.

In general, foreign words included in the Russian language have a positive and negative side. On the one hand, the emergence of new words expands the vocabulary of Russian speakers, but on the other hand, its originality and unique beauty are lost.

3. The problem of weakening the structure of the language, through the expansion of the influence of various social dialects

3.1. Speech culture and literary language

Speech culture is a multi-valued concept. One of the main tasks of speech culture is the protection of the literary language and its norms. It should be emphasized that such protection is a matter of national importance, since the literary language is precisely what linguistically unites the nation. Creating a literary language is not an easy task. It cannot appear on its own. The leading role in this process at a certain historical stage of a country’s development is usually played by the most advanced, cultural part of society. The formation of the norms of the modern Russian literary language is inextricably linked with the name of A. S. Pushkin, but also serves as a language of interethnic communication. The normative aspect of speech culture is one of the most important. The main feature of a literary language is its normalization. Through their attitude to the norm, through their awareness of it, members of society show their attitude towards their language in general. Knowing language as one of its integral characteristics and stimulating its movement with its movement, society shows high sensitivity to the linguistic norm as an indicator of its culture and its collective intelligence. Like language itself, the norm undergoes historical changes. Another feature of a literary language is the richness of its means of expression, primarily vocabulary. In argot, dialects, and vernacular one can communicate almost exclusively on everyday topics. At the same time, the literary language is constantly evolving. In order to understand the trends in the development of the non-literary Russian language, it is necessary to know the reasons for the intensification of its use in human communication.

3.2. Trends in the development of non-literary Russian language

“Changes in the literary language are caused not so much by the democratization of the contingent of those who speak literary language, but by the entry into public life of groups of people whose habits are associated with various kinds of jargon and other forms of non-literary speech.” In addition, the departure in the field of social life of society from the canons and norms of a totalitarian state, the proclamation of freedom both in the socio-political and economic sphere, and in human relations, affects what was previously considered to belong to a socially unprestigious environment (criminal, mafia), begins to acquire “citizenship rights” along with traditional means of literary language. It is obvious that both the language changes themselves and their speed in this case are caused not by internal reasons, but by external ones, namely, social changes in the life of Russian-speaking society. In Soviet times, a curious, but by no means unique, situation arose, which in linguistics is called diglossia (Greek bilingualism), that is, the coexistence of two languages ​​or two forms of one language, distributed over different spheres of use. Next to the ordinary Russian language, another variety of it arose (or was created). It is called differently: Soviet language, wooden language. Gorbachev's perestroika did not change the Russian language itself, it changed the conditions for its use. The boundaries between different forms of language and between the spheres of their use have disappeared. This indicates, among other things, that the modern Russian literary language, although it can be considered as the language from Pushkin to the present day, does not remain unchanged. He constantly needs rationing. “If you follow the established norms once and for all, then there is a danger that society will simply stop taking them into account and will spontaneously establish its own norms. Thus, we can say that the history of a language is always the history of a nation, and the reasons for such active use of elements of a non-literary language in modern speech must be sought, first of all, in the socio-economic, political and general cultural aspects of the development of the country and the entire nation.

3.3. Dialects and vernaculars in modern Russian

A dialect is a language system that serves as a means of communication for a small territorially closed group of people, usually residents of one or several rural settlements. In this meaning, the term “dialect” is synonymous with the Russian term “dialect”. Thus, a feature of some northern dialects is the coincidence of the endings of the instrumental and dative cases of the plural of nouns. For example: “work with your hands” instead of the all-Russian “work with your hands.” But, of course, the biggest differences are in the area of ​​vocabulary. So, in Northern Russian dialects, instead of the all-Russian “good” they say “baskoy”, instead of “neighbor” they say “shaber”; in Siberian villages, gooseberries are called “argus”, huts are called “buda”, and instead of the common Russian “branch” they say “gilka”. Dialectal differences in the Russian language as a whole are very small. A Siberian easily understands a Ryazan, and a resident of Stavropol understands a Northern Russian. Modern vernacular “is also a special functional variety of the Russian language, a specific sphere of everyday, oral, non-literary, predominantly expressive and often vulgar communication, which involves the deliberate, registered use of units with certain communicative settings.”

3.4. Argo: reasons for existence and area of ​​​​functioning

Jargon (slang, argot) is a social variant of language. Jargon is the language of a more or less closed social group. There is youth slang, student slang, sailors' slang, criminal world slang, etc. Jargon differs from the national language solely in its vocabulary. There is no special slang phonetics or grammar. Slang, according to many researchers, is a secondary formation in comparison with jargons and argot, adapting borrowed units to its needs. So, words whose use is characteristic of people who form separate social groups constitute slang vocabulary. In addition, the vocabulary of youth - school and student - jargon is preserved and constantly updated. The modern state is characterized, for example, by numerous Anglicisms, often deliberately distorted. Youth jargons are divided into industrial and household ones. The industrial vocabulary of students is closely connected with the learning process, and that of soldiers with military service. The general everyday dictionary is much wider than the industrial one; it includes words not related to the process of study, work or service.

3.5. Profanity

Profanity (obscene expressions, unprintableswearing ) or obscene vocabulary (fromEnglish obscene - obscene, dirty, shameless) - vocabulary that includes the coarsest swear words, often expressing a verbal reaction to an unexpected (usually unpleasant) situation.
Modern man, expressing his thoughts using obscene expressions, pollutes his energy space. Russian people are the most notorious foul-mouthed people in the whole world. This sounds like an axiom of life. Of course, in all traditions and languages ​​of the world there are obscene words, which, as a rule, perform their specific function everywhere. Profanity is speech filled with foul and obscene words. Many works have been devoted to the topic of obscene words and expressions. In youth, a teenager expresses his thoughts much more often using obscene words than in adulthood. What is it: learning about the world around you with the help of other, unknown words or strengthening your emotional feelings? Or maybe he doesn’t know other expressions, since his parents, close people, friends who were next to him communicated only in this type of language and did not suggest or teach him that there are completely different words and expressions? This is unlikely, since life in society is so diverse that it is quite difficult and ineffective to single out and single out one significant thing. Whatever it is, obscene words and expressions are, first of all, attracting into your energy field “dirty, destructive” energy and power that bad words possess. Foul language refers to destructive energy, since the folded letters in an obscene word have quite an effective and penetrating force. “The forbidden fruit is always sweet” - this expression is often used by people when they want to justify their words and actions, to which they do not always give an honest answer, especially to themselves. It is foul language that many “honest” people pass off as their forbidden fruit. There is an opinion that Russian swearing is the most powerful and most penetrable dialect among other languages, that even people of other nationalities who do not understand its meaning feel it. As an example, we can cite the conversation of our tourists in some foreign country, in a shop, especially when they know the aboriginal language quite poorly, but, nevertheless, they are trying to reasonably, naturally for themselves, reduce the price of a product. Or you can also give as an example foreign students who studied in Russia and know the Russian language well. When two fellow countrymen, for example a German or an Indian, talk to each other in their native language, then Russian obscene words and expressions pop up in their emotional conversation with relish and power. Are you asking why, when you speak your native language, obscene words in Russian pop up? They answer quite simply that we, in our language, do not have such powerful words. And to be precise, there is no such destructive energy and penetrating power of words, especially addressed to your interlocutor. A person himself, sometimes consciously, attracts this energy that is disgusting to himself into his field. To swear or not to swear is the choice of every person, and to force him to give up this “pleasure” right away, in one fell swoop, is a rather difficult task. Often, a person “polishes” his inability to express thoughts, his understatement, with obscene words, believing that other people will understand him better this way or that he expresses his unspoken thoughts more freely and intelligibly by using obscene language. My conclusion is quite simple - if you want to swear, swear for your health, just do it consciously, knowing what is happening at that moment inside you and next to you. The unexpressed nature of your thoughts, or the inability to construct your expressions in normal and understandable language, must be realized, and not try to experiment with pouring out obscene words. But it’s better to do at least something than to do nothing at all!

II. Practical part

In this work, as already mentioned,subject of researchbecame the features of the active vocabulary of schoolchildren in terms of the scope of its use, manifested in the process of informal communication.
During the study of about three hundred word usages of schoolchildren, I identified a group of independent parts of speech (nouns, verbs, adjectives), which formed the subject of research for this project. I counted a total of 297 such words, excluding repeated words from the list. Among themcommonly usedgirls had 240 words, boys had 220 words. Dialectisms and special words-terms are not found in the active vocabulary of sixth-graders. The second group by the number of words is jargon , or the so-called school slang. Only 56 words. Girls have 23 words, boys have 33.
There is a lot in the speech of our classmates and colloquial , coarse language. For girls - 28, for boys -26. For example: shut up, eat, idiot, moron, shut up, fuck off. Unfortunately, students also use non-normative vocabulary Girls found 6 such words, boys - 18. Very often, emotional interjections were found in speech, which are allocated to a special group, but were not taken into account in the overall count.
Damn - this interjection often expresses opposite feelings (from joy to disappointment) and is used especially often. Wow, Yo - expresses admiration. Ok - agreement. Observations during this project showed that girls are more sociable, therefore, in the calculations, the number of words they have exceeds the number of words of boys.
Large at This part of the active vocabulary consists of slang and profanity, as well as colloquial and rude language. 56% - commonly used words, 44% - words of limited scope and profanity.
Comparing the vocabulary of girls and boys, one can see that although boys communicate less, their active vocabulary includes more slang, colloquial and profanity than girls.

Diagram No. 1 “Active vocabulary of girls”
Diagram No. 2 “Active vocabulary of boys”

The second stage of work on the practical part of the project was the event “Volunteer movement for the ecology of the Russian language!” During breaks at the lyceum, with my classmates, I organized an action “For the ecology of the Russian language.” We prepared templates in the form of an open palm and asked our lyceum students of different ages to leave wishes and slogans in defense of the Russian language. Then they symbolically glued the prepared palms onto the branches of a Russian tree - a birch. The result of the action was to attract the attention of schoolchildren to the preservation of the Russian language, to the destruction of borrowed words, profanity words, words like SMS, and more from the lexicon.

Conclusion

The fate of the Russian language is a topic that cannot leave any modern person indifferent. We see how language is changing significantly right before the eyes of one generation. The processes occurring in it today require comprehension not only by language specialists. During its history, the Russian language has had various connections with the peoples of the whole world. The result of this was numerous foreign words borrowed by the Russian language from other languages. Borrowing foreign words is the basis for communication between countries and peoples. Countries and peoples, in the process of their communication, adopt each other’s words and rearrange them according to the internal rules of their language.

The research material is based on materials from explanatory and etymological dictionaries, on works devoted to linguistics. Practical significance: the collected materials and the results obtained can be used in Russian language lessons, as well as by anyone interested in linguistics to broaden their horizons. This work I specifically attracted the attention of schoolchildren to the study of ecolinguistics, held an event “Action for the Ecology of the Russian Language,” so students will be more attentive to preserving the traditions of the Russian language. A survey of schoolchildren showed that this problem is indeed relevant and advanced youth in Russia are striving to strengthen Russian traditions. Thus, the hypothesis is proven.