EntranceDesignation of voiced consonants. Russian language
1. Grammar fairy tale.
Paired and unpaired
Once upon a time, King Alphabet and Queen ABC arranged a fabulous ball to which all the letters were invited. There they split into pairs and began to dance. Vowels danced with vowels, and consonants danced with consonants. The letters A - Z, U - Yu, Y - I, E - E, O - E danced a waltz. They had fun!
The consonants also danced in pairs, but their slowness hampered them a little, and they puffed, hissed and whistled with zeal. Here are the pairs: B - P, V - F, G - K, D - T, F - W, Z - S.
Moreover, the letters B, V, G, D, Z, Z were loudly beaten with their feet to the beat of the music. These were too loud letters.
But P, F, K, T, Sh, S were deaf to music. Voiced letters cheerfully shouted their names to the beat of the music, and the dull letters timidly whispered, like an echo, the names of their friends. What a strange couple they were.
But there were also lonely letters at the ball. They didn't want to dance at all and preferred to be alone. These are L, M, N, R, Y, X, C, Shch, b, b.
They didn't have couples. These are unpaired letters. Since then it has been like this. At holidays, paired letters dance in pairs with their partner. And the unpaired letters just sit quietly and look at the dancers.
2. Consonants, as you know, are voiced and voiceless. Some of them are so similar to each other - real “twins”; they walk, look, dress the same. But when some speak, they are heard, while others are very difficult to hear, no matter how hard they try. These are paired according to voicedness - deafness. Each of this pair has its own costume to adequately represent the sound in the alphabet.
Isn't this overkill?
No, in no case, because, among other things, they also help to distinguish words by meaning: ball - heat, stake - goal, dust - reality, fishing rod - duck, etc.
These twin letters need to be learned well, as there will still be a lot of trouble with them. In the alphabet they took up two entire floors.
The hassle is that the voiced ones are deafened at the end and you have to guess (with the help of a test word) which letter should be written. You need to change the word so that the consonant is heard clearly:
oak - oaks, eyebrow - eyebrows, eye - eyes, etc.
3. Words for spelling analysis and for commentary writing.
Fur coat, hat, snowdrift, fungi, pillar, hawk, mushroom, timid, oak, fish, strong, sheepskin coat, balls, club, bug, oak trees, sponge, soup, hazel grouse, chills, swampy, chilly, tooth, fragile, shell, bug, paw, scratches, turnip, sickle, bread, teeth, ice hole, sliver, smile, forehead, sticky, modeling, club, coat of arms, creaking, dove, armful, dove, cork.
V – F
Button, grass, cream, cow, pin, clever, healthy, watering, cheat, telegraph, floats, bench, a lot of firewood, closet, ready, giraffe, carrot, love, jacket, head, groove, beak, shoes, sleeve, prune , tree, handsome, polite.
G – K
Snow, lungs, meadow, bow, soft, claws, ravine, enemy, circle, shore, pie, boot, overnight, flag, cottage cheese, tongue, surgeon, friend, plow, cook, side, sound, god, around, tank, chilled, haystack, pillar, south, fist, squeal, iron, Thursday, fisherman, distant, wide, deep, tall, kitten, wolf cub, little pebble, fellow countryman, worm, bruise, spruce forest, glacier, sailor, oak forest, trifle, messenger, traveler, companion, worker, joker.
D–T
Beds, exercise, notebook, patch, forget-me-not, sweet, breast, labor, year, brother, boat, hike, tent, fur, camel, children, winches, scraps, steamer, entrance, riddle, old age, gait, fence, smooth, horse, city, playground, kindergarten, remains, ford, west, hail, light, surface, view, rare, rain, mole, row, crib, crossbill, blackbird, newsboy, pilot, cat, code, scarves, factory, oil, entrance, bridge, detachment, people , bed, duck, exit, bookmark, vegetable garden, portrait, in order, honey, branch, seine, wiring, short. hide and seek, shaky, bear, cobs, saucer, planting, bookmark, Medvedko, package, threads, sensitive, threshing, walking, machine gunner, find, cleaning, coin, dilapidated, berry, liquid, beard, towns.
F – W
Legs, spoons, cups, mugs, hedgehog, path, cart, rye, friends, plush, guard, landscape, pillow, porridge, pies, good, handsome, snowballs, wilderness, brooch, trembling, palm, roots, bugs, already, jumping, bags, flags, lily of the valley, earrings, russula, bear, drawing, mouse, mitten, girlfriend, report, birdie, stick, okroshka, walrus, boots, the cockerel, nuts, birdie, cone, frog, snowballs, baskets, siskin , shirt, carriage, book, horns, beach, luggage, chamomile, accordion, shavings, ears, comb, gingerbread, pencil, garage, ruff, quiet, shower, reeds, midge, playpen, quiet, pig, edge, jogging, potatoes , paper, lavash, toys, ladle, brother, top of the head, hut, kids, bunny, coward, feathers, blotter, gossip, grains, grandmother, old lady, wings, feeder, parsley, poor thing, little pole, fish, mother, freckles, kids , volushka, baby, little face, winter, baby, flatbread.
W – N
Sharp, low, Barbos, frost, elm, steam locomotive, haymaking, birch, tears, cart, narrow, taste, watermelon, cargo, sail, frozen, drizzle, hoarfrost, prankster, horror, fairy tale, Denis, knight, connection, lynx, gnaw, interest, eye, hung, down, cut, bandage, blouse, close, hint, collective farm, pointer, putty, flattery, climb, ointment, clipping, pole, ear, crucian carp, inscription, shepherd, Rus', request, painting, nose, slippery, pasture, radish, carry, crawl, sled, thread, lead, denouement, canopy, tray, nipple, pussy, bowl, disappeared, slices, voice, loader, copyist, viscous.
4. Find paired consonants in proverbs.
There is honey - go into the hive.
Pick one berry at a time and you'll get a box.
To eat a fish, you need to get into the water.
The tail is not a guide to the head.
Bread is the head of everything.
Bread is father, water is mother.
Small spool but precious.
According to Senka and the hat.
One with a bipod, and seven with a spoon.
There is honey on the tongue, and ice on the heart.
An old friend is better than two new ones.
The snow is deep - the year is good.
Grandma with porridge, and grandfather with a spoon.
The sweetest of all fruits is the fruit of honest labor.
Your eye is a diamond.
More precious than a diamond are your two eyes.
It's not the fur coat that warms you, but the bread.
5. For these nouns, select nouns with the suffix –ochk-.
La...ka - _________, blue...ka - _____________,
tetra...ka - ___________, faith...ka - ____________,
about...ka - ____________, re...ka - ______________.
6. Choose antonym adjectives for these adjectives.
Thick - ________________, tall - __________________,
Distant ________________, bitter - ___________________.
7. Choose nouns with voiced and voiceless consonants in the middle of the word that are suitable in meaning for the sentences.
The blizzard sweeps __________________________________________.
The students in the class made _____________________________ for the books.
8. Insert the missing consonant into the word, write down the test word.
Oshi...ka, _________________ - cook...ka,
Buma...ka, __________________ - no...ka,
Bese...ka, ___________________ - scream...ka,
Ska...ka, ___________________ - village...ka,
About...ba, ___________________ - I'll lie down...ka.
9. Make a sentence with words from each line.
Mouse, cat, eyes, paws.
Friendship, books and notebooks,
Fur coat, hat and boots,
And the birch tree and the earrings.
10. Fill in the missing letters.
Snow...ki, jump...ki, fl...ki, caps...ki, nuts...ki.
11. Choose the right words.
What is the name of the hut where the watchman lives?
Decoration in the ears.
Solid clasp on the belt.
Part of a table or chair.
12. Transformation of words.
Change one letter in the words. Select a test item for each and write it down.
Forest - (lion), god - (dog), fairy tale - (pointer), spoon - (boat), turnip - (sliver), circle - (friend), bread - (shed), peck - (beak), boat - (hat).
13. Chain of words.
Each new word must begin with the letter
ends with the previous one, and ends with a paired bell or unvoiced
consonant.
Cold - ... (grandfather - dog - gas - tooth - ford - ...).
Bus – (trace – friend – year – thrush – debt – hail - …)
Frost - (tooth - luggage - beetle - cube - ...)
14. Underline the consonant in the words, the pronunciation of which differs from
spelling.
Flag, squad, house, cold, ruler, ice, chalk, hike, frost, table, flower,
soup, book, glass.
15. Underline the paired voiced and voiceless consonants in the words.
Hammer is young, sickle is a coat of arms, a cart is a nose, a pond is a rod, a mouth is a rod, a raft is a fruit,
frost - grown, tooth soup.
16. Add the consonants.
Sugro..., zavo..., this..., moro..., hand... .
17. Underline the voiced and voiceless consonants in the words and add them to them
test words.
Notebook - notebooks, little book,
iron-_________, mushrooms-_________,
pie-________, oak trees-__________,
watchman-_______, narrow-__________.
18. Emphasize the voiced consonants in the words.
Car, oak trees, berry, leg, banner, metro, axe, sea, Saturday,
summer, modeling.
19. For these words from the first column, match the meaning of the words from
second column. Make sentences with them.
the wind my...kaya
bunny
ice river
the road is cr...ky
pillow ro...ky
20. Underline the voiceless consonants in the words.
Lilac, axe, furniture, bread, bug, peas, circus, people, book, clock, ruler, sheep.
21.Insert the missing words with paired consonants.
The student did three ____________ in the dictation.
Golden _____________ live in the aquarium.
A narrow ___________ led to the forest.
The watchman lives in ____________.
There was a dilapidated _________ near the river bank.
In the den hall... brown _____________.
22. Emphasize paired unvoiced and voiced consonants in the middle of words
Cat - spoon, toy-track,
stroller-headband, snowballs-giggles,
fur coat-hat, mowing-carving.
23. Write the verbs in the past tense.
Gets off - ___________, gets cold - ______________,
will freeze - ________, disappear - _____________,
will crawl -________, bite off -______________.
24. From a poetic passage, first write down all the voiced consonants, and
then - deaf.
The autumn wind rises in the forests,
It's noisy more often.
Dead leaves are torn off and having fun
Carries in a mad dance. (I. Bunin)
25. Mistakes.
What words does Andrey confuse? Will the sentences in his recording be clear?
In class they take dictation:
“I brought a mushroom from the forest.”
Only Andrei deftly deduces:
“I brought the flu from the forest.”
Well, tell me why?
The players own the bass
And the singer with an enviable pass,
Fruits float down the river,
And there are rafts growing in the garden.
Explain why
Is he unlucky at school?
26. Find all the spellings and explain their spelling.
Behind the village there is a meadow,
And in the garden there are onions.
And along the river there is a raft,
And on the pear there is fruit.
27. Read the poem by F.I. Tyutchev.
The earth still looks sad, Nature has not yet woken up,
And in the spring the air breathes, But through thinning sleep
And the dead stem in the field sways, She heard spring
And the oil branches move. And she involuntarily smiled.
1) Count how many voiceless consonants are in each line.
2) Find the most “voiced” line (that is, the one with the most voiceless consonants) and the most “sonorous” (with the most voiced consonants). Read them out loud again.
3) Think about how the content of these lines is related to the number of voiceless consonants?
28. Imagine that you are in your kitchen. Wow, so many different ones here
items! I show you an object, and you name it and
choose a test word for the named word.
These words are: cup, spoon, mug, spatula, frying pan, mitten -
potholder, napkin.
29. Pick up the correct card (V-F, G-N, D-T).
The stork makes a dawn...ku - The Pelican dives lo...ko.
Now skipping, now squatting... That's what training means!
Octopus... put on gloves... Rak in the hall... on a scooter,
And the seal ran away from the area. Everything is forward... and he is back... .
30. Write the words: de..., pr..., glue..., ry...ka, er.... Compose the text according to
this reference words. Try calling the controller for help -
vowel and determine the correct spelling. What words did you check?
changing the word, and which one they selected cognate?
Unpronounceable consonants
Sometimes consonants
They play hide and seek with us.
They are not pronounced
But they are written in a notebook.
Sometimes they appear in words
Terrible consonants.
They are not pronounced
And what to write is not clear to you...
To know how to write, Not wonderful, not wonderful,
It is necessary to change the word, but it is terrible and dangerous
And it’s in vain to write the letter T behind an incomprehensible sound.
Quickly look for the vowel. Everyone knows how lovely it is
It is appropriate to write the letter T.
1. Conversation about unpronounceable consonants.
Not all consonants in words are pronounced; some of them disappear, hide. If a word with an unpronounceable consonant cannot be verified, you should remember its spelling.
Why do sounds still disappear?
The fact is that three consonants in a row can be very difficult to pronounce, so we simplify their pronunciation in this way. But writing them cannot be simplified. There are unpronounceable consonants for a reason. They have their own history. For example, why do we write the letter t in the word staircase? IN Old Russian language the word was liar. So it turned into a staircase under the influence of such words as sugar bowl, inkwell. As for the word itself, it is formed from the verb climb, climb, with the help of the suffix -tv(a).
This means that the unpronounceable t in the noun staircase is the remainder of the suffix -tv(a).
2. Words for spelling analysis and for commentary writing.
In some words, the letters D, T, V, L are not pronounced, but are written.
To check an unpronounceable consonant, you need to select
a word with the same root so that this consonant is clearly heard.
Some words cannot be verified. Remember: feeling, stairs.
D – starry, late, holiday, heart.
T - valiant, sad, bone, oral, stairs, neighborhood, area, whistled, famous, charming, furious, honest, happy, messenger, reed, cabbage, stormy, joyful, private,
Gigantic, regional, imperious, serf.
B – feeling, hello.
L – sun.
Combination sn - zn.
CH - wonderful, beautiful, terrible, dangerous, in vain, tasty, interesting, cramped, insipid, heavenly, sailing, consonant, voiceless, wordless.
ZN - ugly, amiable, iron, collective farm, serious, diamond.
3. Find and write down words with unpronounceable consonants. Near
write down the test words.
a) Valiant, ladder, leaf, kind, whistled, reed, briefcase,
cloud, messenger, window, hello.
b) Health, sun, leaf, heart, starry, book, friend, famous,
joyful, neighborhood, column, furious, honest, holiday,
lovely.
4. Write down the words denoting the characteristics of objects. Paste
missing letters. Write down the words for the objects next to them.
Well-known (who?) ... . Festive (what?) ... .
Sad... (what?) ... . Starry (what?) ... .
Cabbage…ny (what?)… . Honestly (who?) ... .
5. Copy the text by inserting the missing letters
Old... it m... pink p... years. Frost filled the birch trees in the forest, ...sinkies,
old ol...hu. The l...sleepy p...lana came to life. Adjacent bullfinches and titmice. Under the spruce tree the hare buried itself in its sleep...
Suddenly there was a rustling sound through the forest, and a drift of snow began to flow. It became l...su t...a lot. Nal...tel wind. D...reveys...swayed. The snowdrifts fell from the spruce la... . Snow... sprinkled. Started in... the south.
The sun... brightened up the surroundings. A dry branch crunched... in a dream, a beautiful bird shed... the body. A shepherd drives his flock to pasture.
The dream... fell out... but. These are sad days. Everyone is waiting for a happy holiday.
6. Form adjectives from nouns.
Joy - ____________________,
bad weather - ___________________,
happiness - ____________________,
star - ______________________,
whistle - ______________________,
lovely - ___________________.
7. Make sentences from these words and write them down. Paste
missing letters.
It’s difficult to find out our place in winter.
Covered, carpeted, snowy, everything.
It's bad weather, it's standing.
The wind is blowing, furious, cold.
Look at the trees, sad...but, naked.
8. Identify unpronounceable and ambiguous words by ear
consonants and select test words for them.
Frost and sun, wonderful day!
You are still dozing, dear friend.
The blood plays easily and joyfully in the heart,
Desires are boiling - I’m happy and young again!
Three maidens by the window
Spinning late in the evening...
“Hello, my handsome prince!
Why are you as quiet as a stormy day?..”
9. Read the poem expressively, explain all spellings, and
then try to write from memory any four that you remember
The sun looks from the sky, but the sun will shine
Millions of years. And he walks away.
The sun is pouring on the earth and a living heart
And warmth and light. It warms day and night.
So the heart is better
the sun itself,
No clouds
They won't overshadow him!
10. Riddles. Write answers with test words
The carpet is spread out, Day and night it knocks,
The peas are scattered: As if it were a routine thing.
You can’t lift a carpet, It will be bad if suddenly
Not a pea to pick. This knocking will stop.
(Starry sky) (Heart)
Come on, which one of you will answer?
It's not fire, but it burns painfully.
Not a lantern, but shining brightly,
And not a baker, but a baker? (Sun)
11. From the words given in brackets, form the adjectives obtained
write the phrases.
Day (holiday); evening (late); morning (bad weather); smile (joy);
deed (honor); labor (valor); life (happiness); look (sadness).
12.Complete the proverbs with words with unpronounceable consonants.
Hands work - soul... .
Not in power... but in truth.
In the big... and the distant is close.
... labor is our wealth.
...they don't watch the clock.
Words for reference: happy, honest, heart, holiday, honesty.
13. Copy, replacing the highlighted words with synonyms with unpronounceable words
consonant.
The Russian language has 21 consonants and 37 consonant sounds:
| Letter | Sounds | Letter | Sounds | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| B | [b], [b"] | P | [P], [P"] | |
| IN | [V], [V"] | R | [R], [R"] | |
| G | [G], [G"] | WITH | [With], [With"] | |
| D | [d], [d"] | T | [T], [T"] | |
| AND | [and], [and"] | F | [f], [f"] | |
| Z | [h], [z"] | X | [X], [X"] | |
| Y | [th"] | C | [ts] | |
| TO | [To], [To"] | H | [h"] | |
| L | [l], [l"] | Sh | [w] | |
| M | [m], [m"] | SCH | [sch"] | |
| N | [n], [n"] |
Consonant sounds are hard and soft, voiced and voiceless. The softness of sound in transcription is indicated by [ " ].
Hard and soft consonants
A hard consonant sound is produced if there is a vowel after the consonant. A, O, U, S or E:
na lo ku we fe
A soft consonant sound is produced if there is a vowel after the consonant E, Yo, I, Yu or I:
be le ki nu la
The softness of consonant sounds is also indicated using a soft sign - b. Myself soft sign does not indicate sound. It is written after a consonant and together with it denotes one soft consonant sound:
lynx [trot"], fire [fire"], snowstorm [in "th" uga].
Most consonant letters correspond to two sounds: hard and soft; such consonants are called paired.
Paired consonants for hardness - softness:
But there are consonant letters that correspond to only one of the sounds: hard or soft. Such consonants are called unpaired.
Unpaired hard consonants(always hard):
AND [and], Sh [w], C [ts].
Unpaired soft consonants(always soft):
H [h"], SCH[sch"], Y [th"].
In Russian there is a long voiced soft sound [ and"]. It occurs in a small number of words and is obtained only when pronouncing combinations of letters LJ, zzh, zhd:
reins, rattle, rain.
Voiced and voiceless consonants
Consonant sounds can be divided into voiceless and voiced.
Voiceless consonants are those sounds that are not produced using the voice. They consist only of noise. For example: sounds [ With], [w], [h"].
Voiced consonants are those sounds that use the voice in their pronunciation, that is, they consist of voice and noise. For example: sounds [ R], [and], [d].
Some sounds form a pair: voiced - voiceless, such sounds are called paired.
Paired consonants according to deafness - voicing:
Unpaired voiced consonants: J, L, M, N, R.
Unpaired voiceless consonants: X, C, Ch, Shch.
Hissing and whistling consonants
Sounds [ and], [w], [h"], [sch"] are called hissing consonants. Sounds [ and] And [ w] are unpaired hard hissing consonant sounds:
bug [bug], jester [jester]
Sounds [ h"] And [ sch"] are unpaired soft hissing consonant sounds:
siskin [h"izh], shield [shield]
Sounds [ h], [z"], [With], [With"], [ts] are called whistling consonants.
Letter and sound Y
Letter Y(and short) denotes the sound [ th"]: paradise [paradise"].
Letter Y is written:
- At the beginning of the words:
iodine, yogurt.
- In the middle of words, before consonants:
husky, T-shirt, coffee pot.
- At the end of the words:
paradise, may, yours.
Sound [ th"] letters are more common Y, since it appears in words where there is no letter Y, but there are vowels I, E, Yu And Yo. Let's consider in what cases the sound [ th"] occurs in words that do not contain a letter Y:
- vowels I, E, Yu And Yo come at the beginning of the words:
pit [th "ama],
- vowels I, E, Yu And Yo come after vowels:
blowing [blow it],
- vowels I, E, Yu And Yo stand after the dividing symbol ( Kommersant):
entry [vy"ezd],
- vowels I, E, Yu And Yo stand after the soft separating sign ( b):
it's pouring [l"th"from],
- vowel AND comes after the separating soft sign ( b):
hives [st "y"].
In this chapter:
§1. Sound
Sound- minimum unit sounding speech. Each word has a sound shell consisting of sounds. The sound corresponds to the meaning of the word. Different words and word forms have different sound patterns. The sounds themselves are not important, but they serve an important role: they help us distinguish between:
- words: [house] - [tom], [tom] - [there], [m’el] - [m’el’]
- forms of the word: [house] - [lady´ ] - [house´ ma].
Note:
words written in square brackets are given in transcription.
§2. Transcription
Transcription is a special recording system that displays sound. The following symbols are used in the transcription:
Square brackets indicating transcription.
[ ´ ] - emphasis. The accent is placed if the word consists of more than one syllable.
[b’] - the icon next to the consonant indicates its softness.
[j] and [th] are different designations for the same sound. Since this sound is soft, these symbols are often used with an additional designation of softness: [th’]. This site uses the notation [th’], which is more familiar to most guys. The soft icon will be used to help you get used to the sound being soft.
There are other symbols. They will be introduced gradually as you become familiar with the topic.
§3. Vowels and consonants
Sounds are divided into vowels and consonants.
They have different natures. They are pronounced and perceived differently, and also behave differently in speech and play different roles in it.
Vowels- these are sounds during the pronunciation of which air passes freely through the oral cavity without encountering an obstacle on its way. Pronunciation (articulation) is not focused in one place: the quality of vowels is determined by the shape of the oral cavity, which acts as a resonator. When articulating vowels they work vocal cords in the larynx. They are close, tense and vibrate. Therefore, when pronouncing vowels, we hear a voice. Vowels can be drawn out. You can shout them. And if you put your hand to your throat, you can feel the work of the vocal cords when pronouncing vowels, feel it with your hand. Vowels are the basis of a syllable; they organize it. There are as many syllables in a word as there are vowels. For example: He- 1 syllable, she- 2 syllables, Guys- 3 syllables, etc. There are words that consist of one vowel sound. For example, unions: and, and and interjections: Oh!, Ah!, Oooh! and others.
In a word, vowels can be in stressed and unstressed syllables.
Stressed syllable one in which the vowel is pronounced clearly and appears in its basic form.
IN unstressed syllables vowels are modified and pronounced differently. Changing vowels in unstressed syllables is called reduction.
There are six stressed vowels in the Russian language: [a], [o], [u], [s], [i], [e].
Remember:
There are words that can only consist of vowels, but consonants are also necessary.
In the Russian language there are many more consonants than vowels.
§4. Method of formation of consonants
Consonants- these are sounds, when pronounced, the air encounters an obstacle in its path. There are two types of obstruents in the Russian language: gap and stop - these are the two main ways of forming consonants. The type of obstruction determines the nature of the consonant sound.
Gap is formed, for example, when pronouncing sounds: [s], [z], [w], [z]. The tip of the tongue only approaches the lower or upper teeth. Friction consonants can be pulled: [s-s-s-s], [sh-sh-sh-sh] . As a result, you will clearly hear the noise: when pronouncing [c] - whistling, and when pronouncing [w] - hissing.
Bow, The second type of articulation of consonants is formed when the organs of speech close. The air flow abruptly overcomes this obstacle, the sounds are short and energetic. That's why they are called explosive. You won't be able to pull them. These are, for example, the sounds [p], [b], [t], [d] . Such articulation is easier to feel and feel.
So, when pronouncing consonants, noise is heard. The presence of noise is a distinctive feature of consonants.
§5. Voiced and voiceless consonants
According to the ratio of noise and voice, consonants are divided into voiced and unvoiced.
When spoken voiced consonants, both voice and noise are heard, and deaf- only noise.
Deaf words cannot be spoken loudly. They cannot be shouted.
Let's compare the words: house And cat. Each word has 1 vowel sound and 2 consonants. The vowels are the same, but the consonants are different: [d] and [m] are voiced, and [k] and [t] are voiceless. Voicedness-deafness is the most important sign consonants in Russian.
voiced-voiceless pairs:[b] - [p], [z] - [c] and others. There are 11 such pairs.
Voiceless-voiced pairs: [p] and [b], [p"] and [b"], [f] and [v], [f"] and [v"], [k] and [d], [k"] and [g"], [t] and [d], [t"] and [d"], [w] and [g], [s] and [z], [s"] and [ z"].
But there are sounds that do not have a pair on the basis of voicedness - deafness. For example, the sounds [r], [l], [n], [m], [y’] do not have a voiceless pair, but [ts] and [ch’] do not have a voiced pair.
Unpaired according to deafness-voicing
Voiced unpaired:[r], [l], [n], [m], [th"], [r"], [l"], [n"], [m"] . They are also called sonorous.
What does this term mean? This is a group of consonants (9 in total) that have peculiarities of pronunciation: when pronouncing them, obstacles also arise in the oral cavity, but such that air jet , passing through an obstacle produces only a slight noise; air passes freely through an opening in the nasal cavity or mouth. Sonorants are pronounced using the voice with the addition of slight noise. Many teachers do not use this term, but everyone should know that these sounds are unpaired voiced sounds.
Sonorants have two important features:
1) they are not deafened, like paired voiced consonants, before voiceless consonants and at the end of a word;
2) before them there is no voicing of paired deaf consonants (i.e. the position in front of them is strong in deafness-voicing, just like before vowels). See more about positional changes.
Voiceless unpaired:[ts], [h"], [w":], [x], [x"].
How can it be easier to remember lists of voiced and voiceless consonants?
The following phrases will help you remember lists of voiced and voiceless consonants:
Oh, we didn’t forget each other!(Here only voiced consonants)
Foka, do you want to eat some soup?(Here only voiceless consonants)
True, these phrases do not include pairs of hardness and softness. But usually people can easily figure out that not only hard [z] is voiced, but also soft [z"] too, not only [b], but also [b"], etc.
§6. Hard and soft consonants
Consonants differ not only in deafness and voicedness, but also in hardness and softness.
Hardness-softness- the second most important sign of consonants in the Russian language.
Soft consonants differ from solid special position of the tongue. When pronouncing hard words, the entire body of the tongue is pulled back, and when pronouncing soft words, it is moved forward, and the middle part of the tongue is raised. Compare: [m] - [m’], [z] - [z’]. Voiced soft ones sound higher than hard ones.
Many Russian consonants form hardness-softness pairs: [b] - [b’], [v] - [v’] and others. There are 15 such pairs.
Hardness-softness pairs: [b] and [b"], [m] and [m"], [p] and [p"], [v] and [v"], [f] and [f"] , [z] and [z"], [s] and [s"], [d] and [d"], [t] and [t"], [n] and [n"], [l] and [l"], [p] and [p"], [k] and [k"], [g] and [g"], [x] and [x"].
But there are sounds that do not have a pair on the basis of hardness and softness. For example, the sounds [zh], [sh], [ts] do not have a soft pair, but [y’] and [h’] do not have a hard pair.
Unpaired in hardness-softness
Hard unpaired: [zh], [w], [ts] .
Soft unpaired: [th"], [h"], [w":].
§7. Indication of softness of consonants in writing
Let's take a break from pure phonetics. Let's consider a practically important question: how is the softness of consonants indicated in writing?
There are 36 consonant sounds in the Russian language, including 15 hard-soft pairs, 3 unpaired hard and 3 unpaired soft consonants. There are only 21 consonants. How can 21 letters represent 36 sounds?
Various methods are used for this:
- iotized letters e, e, yu, i after consonants, except w, w And ts, unpaired in hardness-softness, indicate that these consonants are soft, for example: aunt- [t’o´ t’a], uncle -[Yes Yes] ;
- letter And after consonants, except w, w And ts. Consonants indicated by letters w, w And ts, unpaired solids. Examples of words with a vowel letter And: nothing- [n’i´ tk’i], sheet- [l’ist], Cute- [Cute'] ;
- letter b, after consonants, except w, w, after which the soft sign is an indicator grammatical form. Examples of words with a soft sign : request- [prose], stranded- [m’el’], distance- [gave’].
Thus, the softness of consonants in writing is conveyed not by special letters, but by combinations of consonants with letters and, e, e, yu, I And b. Therefore, when parsing, I advise you to pay special attention to adjacent letters after the consonants.
Discussing the problem of interpretation
School textbooks say that [w] and [w’] -
unpaired in hardness and softness. How so? We hear that the sound [w’] is a soft analogue of the sound [w].
When I was studying at school myself, I couldn’t understand why? Then my son went to school. He had the same question. It appears in all children who approach learning thoughtfully.
Confusion arises because school textbooks do not take into account that the sound [sh’] is also long, but the hard sound [sh] is not. Pairs are sounds that differ in only one attribute. And [w] and [sh’] - two. Therefore [w] and [w’] are not pairs.
For adults and high school students.
In order to maintain correctness, it is necessary to change the school tradition of transcribing the sound [w’]. It seems that it is easier for the guys to use one more additional sign than to face an illogical, unclear and misleading statement. It's simple. So that generation after generation does not rack their brains, it is necessary to finally show that a soft hissing sound is long.
For this purpose, in linguistic practice there are two icons:
1) superscript above the sound;
2) colon.
Using a superscript is inconvenient because it is not provided by the set of characters that can be used in computer typing. This means that the following possibilities remain: using a colon [w’:] or a grapheme denoting the letter [w’] . It seems to me that the first option is preferable. Firstly, children often mix sounds and letters at first. The use of a letter in transcription will create the basis for such confusion and provoke an error. Secondly, the guys are now starting to study early foreign languages. And the [:] symbol, when used to indicate the length of a sound, is already familiar to them. Thirdly, transcription indicating longitude with a colon [:] will perfectly convey the features of the sound. [sh’:] - soft and long, both features that make up its difference from the sound [sh] are presented clearly, simply and unambiguously.
What advice can you give to children who are now studying using generally accepted textbooks? You need to understand, comprehend, and then remember that in fact the sounds [w] and [w’:] do not form a pair in terms of hardness and softness. And I advise you to transcribe them the way your teacher requires.
§8. Place of formation of consonants
Consonants differ not only according to the characteristics already known to you:
- deafness-voice,
- hardness-softness,
- method of formation: bow-slit.
The last, fourth sign is important: place of education.
The articulation of some sounds is carried out by the lips, others - by the tongue, it in different parts. So, the sounds [p], [p'], [b], [b'], [m], [m'] are labial, [v], [v'], [f], [f' ] - labiodental, all others - lingual: anterior lingual [t], [t'], [d], [d'], [n], [n'], [s], [s'], [z ], [z'], [w], [w], [w':], [h'], [c], [l], [l'], [r], [r'] ,
middle lingual [th’] and back lingual [k], [k’], [g], [g’], [x], [x’].
§9. Positional changes of sounds
1. Strong-weak positions for vowels. Positional changes of vowels. Reduction
People do not use spoken sounds in isolation. They don't need it.
Speech is a sound stream, but a stream organized in a certain way. The conditions in which a particular sound appears are important. The beginning of a word, the end of a word, a stressed syllable, an unstressed syllable, a position before a vowel, a position before a consonant - these are all different positions. We will figure out how to distinguish between strong and weak positions, first for vowels, and then for consonants.
Strong position one in which sounds do not undergo positionally determined changes and appear in their basic form. A strong position is allocated for groups of sounds, for example: for vowels, this is a position in a stressed syllable. And for consonants, for example, the position before vowels is strong.
For vowels, the strong position is under stress, and the weak position is unaccented..
In unstressed syllables, vowels undergo changes: they are shorter and are not pronounced as clearly as under stress. This change in vowels weak position called reduction. Due to reduction, fewer vowels are distinguished in the weak position than in the strong position.
The sounds corresponding to stressed [o] and [a] after hard consonants in a weak, unstressed position sound the same. “Akanye” is recognized as normative in the Russian language, i.e. non-discrimination ABOUT And A in an unstressed position after hard consonants.
- under stress: [house] - [dam] - [o] ≠ [a].
- without accent: [d A ma´ ] -home´ - [d A la´ ] -dala´ - [a] = [a].
The sounds corresponding to stressed [a] and [e] after soft consonants in a weak, unstressed position sound the same. The standard pronunciation is “hiccup”, i.e. non-discrimination E And A in an unstressed position after soft consonants.
- under stress: [m’ech’] - [m’ach’] - [e] ≠[a].
- without accent: [m’ich’o´ m]- sword´ m -[m'ich'o´ m] - ball´ m - [and] = [and].
- But what about the vowels [i], [s], [u]? Why was nothing said about them? The fact is that these vowels in a weak position are subject to only quantitative reduction: they are pronounced more briefly, weakly, but their quality does not change. That is, as for all vowels, an unstressed position for them is a weak position, but for a schoolchild these vowels in an unstressed position do not pose a problem.
[ski´ zhy], [in _lu´ zhu], [n’i´ t’i] - in both strong and weak positions the quality of vowels does not change. Both under stress and in unstressed position we clearly hear: [ы], [у], [и] and we write the letters that are usually used to denote these sounds.
Discussing the problem of interpretation
What vowel sounds are actually pronounced in unstressed syllables after hard consonants?
When performing phonetic analysis and transcribing words, many guys express bewilderment. In long polysyllabic words, after hard consonants, it is not the sound [a] that is pronounced, as school textbooks say, but something else.
They are right.
Compare the pronunciation of words: Moscow - Muscovites. Repeat each word several times and listen to what vowel sounds in the first syllable. With the word Moscow it's simple. We pronounce: [maskva´] - the sound [a] is clearly audible. And the word Muscovites? In accordance with literary norm, in all syllables except the first syllable before stress, as well as the positions of the beginning and end of the word, we pronounce not [a], but another sound: less distinct, less clear, more similar to [s] than to [a]. In the scientific tradition, this sound is designated by the symbol [ъ]. This means that in reality we pronounce: [mаlako´] - milk ,[khrasho´ ] - Fine ,[kalbasa´] - sausage.
I understand that by giving this material in textbooks, the authors tried to simplify it. Simplified. But many children with good hearing, who clearly hear that the sounds in the following examples are different, cannot understand why the teacher and the textbook insist that these sounds are the same. In fact:
[V A Yes ] - water´ -[V ъ d'inoy'] - water:[а]≠[ъ]
[other A wa´ ] - firewood´ -[other ъ in’ino´ th’] - wood-burning:[а]≠[ъ]
A special subsystem consists of the realization of vowels in unstressed syllables after sibilants. But in the school course this material is not presented at all in most textbooks.
What vowel sounds are actually pronounced in unstressed syllables after soft consonants?
I feel the greatest sympathy for the children who study from textbooks that offer on-site A,E, ABOUT after soft consonants, hear and transcribe the sound “and, inclined to e.” I think it is fundamentally wrong to give schoolchildren as the only option the outdated pronunciation norm - “ekanya”, which is found today much less often than “icanya”, mainly among very elderly people. Guys, feel free to write in an unstressed position in the first syllable before the stress in place A And E- [And].
After soft consonants in other unstressed syllables, except for the position of the end of the word, we pronounce a short faint sound, reminiscent of [and] and denoted as [b]. Say the words eight, nine and listen to yourself. We pronounce: [vo´ s’m’] - [b], [d’e´ v’t’] - [b].
Do not confuse:
Transcription marks are one thing, but letters are another.
The transcription sign [ъ] indicates a vowel after hard consonants in unstressed syllables, except for the first syllable before stress.
The letter ъ is a solid sign.
The transcription sign [b] indicates a vowel after soft consonants in unstressed syllables, except for the first syllable before stress.
The letter ь is a soft sign.
Transcription signs, unlike letters, are given in square brackets.
End of the word- special position. It shows clearing of vowels after soft consonants. The system of unstressed endings is a special phonetic subsystem. In it E And A differ:
Building[building n’ii’e] - building[building n’ii’a], opinion[mn’e´ n’i’e] - opinion[mn’e´ n’ii’a], more[mo´ r’e] - seas[mo´ r’a], will[vo´l’a] - at will[na_vo´l’e]. Remember this when doing phonetic analysis of words.
Check:
How your teacher requires you to mark vowels in an unstressed position. If he uses a simplified transcription system, that's okay: it's widely accepted. Just don’t be surprised that you actually hear different sounds in the unstressed position.
2. Strong-weak positions for consonants. Positional changes of consonants
For all consonants without exception, the strong position is position before vowel. Before vowels, consonants appear in their basic form. Therefore, when doing phonetic analysis, do not be afraid to make a mistake when characterizing a consonant in a strong position: [dach’a] - country house,[t'l'iv'i´ z'r] - TV,[s’ino´ n’ima] - synonyms,[b'ir'o´ zy] - birch trees,[karz"i´ny] - baskets. All consonants in these examples come before vowels, i.e. in a strong position.
Strong positions on deafness of voicedness:
- before vowels: [there] - there,[ladies] - I'll give,
- before unpaired voiced [p], [p’], [l], [l’], [n], [n’], [m], [m’], [th’]: [dl’a] - For,[tl'a] - aphids,
- Before [in], [in’]: [own’] - mine,[ringing] - ringing.
Remember:
In a strong position, voiced and voiceless consonants do not change their quality.
Weak positions in deafness and voicedness:
- before paired ones according to deafness-voicing: [sl´ tk’ii] - sweet,[zu´ pk’i] - teeth.
- before voiceless unpaired ones: [aphva´ t] - girth, [fhot] - entrance.
- at the end of a word: [zup] - tooth,[dup] - oak.
Positional changes of consonants according to deafness-voicing
In weak positions, consonants are modified: positional changes occur with them. Voiced ones become voiceless, i.e. are deafened, and the deaf are voiced, i.e. call out. Positional changes are observed only for paired consonants.
Stunning-voicing of consonants
Stunning voiced occurs in positions:
- before paired deaf people: [fsta´ in’it’] - V put,
- at the end of the word: [clat] - treasure.
Voicing of the deaf occurs at position:
- before paired voiced ones: [kaz’ba´ ] - to With bah´
Strong positions in terms of hardness and softness:
- before vowels: [mat’] - mother,[m’at’] - crush,
- at the end of the word: [von] - out there,[won’] - stench,
- before labialials: [b], [b'], [p], [p'], [m], [m'] and posterior linguals: [k], [k'], [g], [g' ], [x[, [x'] for sounds [s], [s'], [z], [z'], [t], [t'], [d], [d'], [n ], [n'], [r], [r']: [sa´ n'k'i] - Sa´nki(gen. fall.), [s´ ank’i] - sled,[bun] - bun,[bu´ l’qt’] - gurgle,
- all positions for sounds [l] and [l’]: [forehead] - forehead,[pal'ba] - firing.
Remember:
In a strong position, hard and soft consonants do not change their quality.
Weak positions in hardness-softness and positional changes in hardness-softness.
- before soft [t’], [d’] for consonants [c], [z], which are necessarily softened: , [z’d’es’],
- before [h’] and [w’:] for [n], which is necessarily softened: [po´ n’ch’ik] - donut,[ka´ m’n’sh’:ik] - mason.
Remember:
In a number of positions today, both soft and hard pronunciation is possible:
- before soft front-lingual [n’], [l’] for front-lingual consonants [c], [z]: snow -[s’n’ek] and , make angry -[z’l’it’] and [zl’it’]
- before soft front-lingual, [z’] for front-lingual [t], [d] - lift -[pad’n’a´ t’] and [padn’a´ t’] , take away -[at’n’a´ t’] and [atn’a´ t’]
- before soft front-lingual [t"], [d"], [s"], [z"] for front-lingual [n]: vi´ntik -[v’i´ n"t"ik] and [v’i´ nt’ik], pension -[p'e´ n's'ii'a] and [p'e´ n's'ii'a]
- before soft labials [v’], [f’], [b’], [p’], [m’] for labials: enter -[f"p"isa´ t’] and [fp"is´ at’], ri´ fme(Dan. fall.) - [r'i´ f"m"e] and [r'i´ fm"e]
Remember:
In all cases, positional softening of consonants is possible in a weak position.
It is a mistake to write a soft sign when softening consonants positionally.
Positional changes of consonants based on the method and place of formation
Naturally, in the school tradition it is not customary to present the characteristics of sounds and the positional changes that occur with them in all the details. But the general principles of phonetics need to be learned. It's hard to do without it phonetic analysis and complete test tasks. Therefore, below is a list of positionally determined changes in consonants based on the method and place of formation. This material is a tangible help for those who want to avoid mistakes in phonetic analysis.
Assimilation of consonants
The logic is this: the Russian language is characterized by similarity of sounds if they are similar in some way and at the same time are nearby.
Learn the list:
[c] and [w] → [w:] - sew
[z] and [zh] → [zh:] - compress
[s] and [h’] - at the root of words →
[sh’:] - happiness, score
- at the junction of morphemes and words →
[w’:h’] -
comb, dishonest, with what (a preposition followed by a word is pronounced together as one word)
[s] and [w’:] → [w’:] - split
[t] and [c] - in verb forms → [ts:] - smiles
-at the junction prefixes and roots →
[tss] - sleep it off
[t] and [ts] → [ts:] - unhook
[t] and [h’] → [h’:] - report
[t] and [t] and [w’:]←[c] and [h’] - Countdown
[d] and [w’:] ←[c] and [h’] - counting
Dissociation of consonants
Disassociation is a process positional change, the opposite of likening.
[g] and [k’] → [h’k’] - easy
Simplifying consonant clusters
Learn the list:
vst - [stv]: hello, feel
zdn - [zn]: late
zdc - [sc] : by the reins
lnts - [nts]: Sun
NDC -
[nc]: Dutch
ndsh -
[ns:] landscape
NTG - [ng]: x-ray
rdc -
[rts]: heart
rdch -
[rh’]: little heart
stl - [sl’]: happy
stn - [dn]: local
Pronunciation of sound groups:
In the forms of adjectives, pronouns, participles there are letter combinations: wow, him. IN place G they are pronounced [in]: him, beautiful, blue.
Avoid reading letter by letter. Say the words him, blue, beautiful Right.
§10. Letters and sounds
Letters and sounds have different purposes and different natures. But these are comparable systems. Therefore, you need to know the types of ratios.
Types of relationships between letters and sounds:
- The letter denotes a sound, for example, vowels after hard consonants and consonants before vowels: weather.
- The letter does not have its own sound meaning, for example b And ъ: mouse
- A letter represents two sounds, for example iotated vowels e, e, yu, i in positions:
- the beginning of a word
- after vowels,
- after separators b And ъ.
- A letter can denote a sound and the quality of the preceding sound, such as iotated vowels and And after soft consonants.
- The letter may indicate the quality of the preceding sound, for example b in words shadow, stump, gunfire.
- Two letters can represent one sound, usually a long one: sew, compress, rush
- Three letters correspond to one sound: smile - shh -[ts:]
Test of strength
Check your understanding of this chapter.
Final test
What determines the quality of a vowel sound?
- From the shape of the oral cavity at the moment of pronouncing the sound
- From the barrier formed by the speech organs at the moment of pronouncing a sound
What is reduction called?
- pronouncing vowels under stress
- pronouncing unstressed vowels
- special pronunciation of consonants
For which sounds does the air stream encounter an obstacle on its path: a bow or a gap?
- In vowels
- In consonants
Can voiceless consonants be pronounced loudly?
Are the vocal cords involved in pronouncing voiceless consonants?
How many pairs of consonants are formed according to deafness and voicedness?
How many consonants do not have a voiced-voiced pair?
How many pairs do Russian consonants form according to hardness and softness?
How many consonants do not have a hard-soft pair?
How is the softness of consonants conveyed in writing?
- Special icons
- Letter combinations
What is the name of the position of a sound in a stream of speech in which it appears in its basic form, without undergoing positional changes?
- Strong position
- Weak position
What sounds have strong and weak positions?
- In vowels
- In consonants
- For everyone: both vowels and consonants
Right answers:
- From the shape of the oral cavity at the moment of pronouncing the sound
- pronouncing unstressed vowels
- In consonants
- Letter combinations
- Strong position
- For everyone: both vowels and consonants
In contact with
The modern Russian alphabet consists of 33 letters. The phonetics of the modern Russian number determines 42 sounds. The sounds are vowels and consonants. The letters ь (soft sign) and ъ (hard sign) do not form sounds.
Vowel sounds
The Russian language has 10 vowel letters and 6 vowel sounds.
- Vowel letters: a, i, e, e, o, u, s, e, yu, i.
- Vowel sounds: [a], [o], [u], [e], [i], [s].
To remember, vowel letters are often written in pairs with similar sounds: a-ya, o-yo, e-e, i-y, u-yu.
Shocked and unstressed
The number of syllables in a word is equal to the number of vowels in the word: forest - 1 syllable, water - 2 syllables, road - 3 syllables, etc. The syllable that is pronounced with greater intonation is stressed. The vowel that forms such a syllable is stressed, the remaining vowels in the word are unstressed. The position under stress is called a strong position, without stress - a weak position.
Yotated vowels
A significant place is occupied by iotated vowels - the letters e, e, yu, i, which mean two sounds: e → [й'][е], е → [й'][о], yu → [й'][у], i → [th'][a]. Vowels are iotated if:
- stand at the beginning of a word (spruce, fir-tree, spinning top, anchor),
- stand after a vowel (what, sings, hare, cabin),
- stand after ь or ъ (stream, stream, stream, stream).
In other cases, the letters e, e, yu, i mean one sound, but there is no one-to-one correspondence, since various positions in a word, different combinations of these letters with consonants give rise to different sounds.
Consonants
There are 21 consonant letters and 36 consonant sounds. The discrepancy in quantity means that some letters may represent different sounds in in different words- soft and hard sounds.
Consonants: b, v, g, d, g, z, j, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, f, x, c, ch, sh, sch.
Consonant sounds: [b], [b'], [v], [v'], [g], [g'], [d], [d'], [zh], [z], [z' ], [th'], [k], [k'], [l], [l'], [m], [m'], [n], [n'], [p], [p' ], [p], [p'], [s], [s'], [t], [t'], [f], [f'], [x], [x'], [ts] , [h'], [w], [w'].
The sign ‘ means a soft sound, that is, the letter is pronounced softly. The absence of a sign indicates that the sound is hard. So, [b] - hard, [b’] - soft.
Voiced and voiceless consonants
There is a difference in the way we pronounce consonant sounds. Voiced consonants are formed by a combination of voice and noise, while voiceless consonants are formed by noise (the vocal cords do not vibrate). There are a total of 20 voiced consonants and 16 voiceless consonants.
| Voiced consonants | Voiceless consonants | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| unpaired | doubles | doubles | unpaired |
| th → [th"] | b → [b], [b"] | p → [p], [p"] | h → [h"] |
| l → [l], [l"] | in → [in], [in"] | f → [f], [f"] | š → [š"] |
| m → [m], [m"] | g → [g], [g"] | k → [k], [k"] | ts → [ts] |
| n → [n], [n"] | d → [d], [d"] | t → [t], [t"] | x → [x], [x"] |
| p → [p], [p"] | zh → [zh] | w → [w] | |
| z → [z], [z"] | s → [s], [s"] | ||
| 9 unpaired | 11 doubles | 11 doubles | 5 unpaired |
| 20 ringing sounds | 16 dull sounds | ||
According to pairing and unpairing, voiced and voiceless consonants are divided into:
b-p, v-f, g-k, d-t, w-sh, z-s- paired in terms of voicedness and deafness.
y, l, m, n, r - always voiced (unpaired).
x, ts, ch, shch - always voiceless (unpaired).
Unpaired voiced consonants are called sonorant.
Among the consonants, the following groups are also distinguished according to the level of “noisiness”:
zh, sh, h, sh - hissing.
b, c, d, e, g, h, j, p, s, t, f, x, c, h, w, sch- noisy.
Hard and soft consonants
| Hard consonants | Soft consonants | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| unpaired | doubles | doubles | unpaired |
| [and] | [b] | [b"] | [h"] |
| [w] | [V] | [V"] | [sch"] |
| [ts] | [G] | [G"] | [th"] |
| [d] | [d"] | ||
| [h] | [z"] | ||
| [To] | [To"] | ||
| [l] | [l"] | ||
| [m] | [m"] | ||
| [n] | [n"] | ||
| [P] | [P"] | ||
| [R] | [R"] | ||
| [With] | [With"] | ||
| [T] | [T"] | ||
| [f] | [f"] | ||
| [X] | [X"] | ||
| 3 unpaired | 15 doubles | 15 doubles | 3 unpaired |
| 18 hard sounds | 18 soft sounds | ||
Sound is the smallest unit of language pronounced with the help of the organs of the speech apparatus. Scientists have discovered that at birth, the human ear perceives all the sounds it hears. All this time, his brain sorts out unnecessary information, and by 8-10 months a person is able to distinguish sounds that are exclusively native language, and all the nuances of pronunciation.
33 letters make up the Russian alphabet, 21 of them are consonants, but letters must be distinguished from sounds. A letter is a sign, a symbol that can be seen or written. The sound can only be heard and pronounced, and in writing it can be designated using transcription - [b], [c], [d]. They carry a certain semantic load, connecting with each other to form words.
36 consonant sounds: [b], [z], [v], [d], [g], [zh], [m], [n], [k], [l], [t], [p ], [t], [s], [sch], [f], [ts], [w], [x], [h], [b"], [z"], [v"], [ d"], [th"], [n"], [k"], [m"], [l"], [t"], [s"], [p"], [r"], [ f"], [g"], [x"].
Consonant sounds are divided into:
- soft and hard;
voiced and voiceless;
paired and unpaired.
Soft and hard consonants
The phonetics of the Russian language is significantly different from many other languages. It contains hard and soft consonants.
When pronouncing a soft sound, the tongue is pressed harder against the palate than when pronouncing a hard consonant sound, preventing the release of air. This is what distinguishes a hard and soft consonant sound from each other. In order to determine in writing whether a consonant sound is soft or hard, you should look at the letter immediately after the specific consonant.
Consonant sounds are classified as hard in the following cases:
- if letters a, o, u, e, s follow after them - [poppy], [rum], [hum], [juice], [bull];
- after them there is another consonant sound - [vors], [hail], [marriage];
- if the sound is at the end of the word - [darkness], [friend], [table].
The softness of sound is written as an apostrophe: mole - [mol’], chalk - [m’el], wicket - [kal’itka], pir - [p’ir].
It should be noted that the sounds [ш'], [й'], [ч'] are always soft, and hard consonants are only [ш], [тс], [ж].
A consonant sound will become soft if it is followed by “b” and vowels: i, e, yu, i, e. For example: gen - [g"en], flax - [l"on], disk - [d"ysk] , hatch - [l "uk", elm - [v "yaz", trill - [tr "el"].
Voiced and voiceless, paired and unpaired sounds
Based on their sonority, consonants are divided into voiced and voiceless. Voiced consonants can be sounds created with the participation of the voice: [v], [z], [zh], [b], [d], [y], [m], [d], [l], [r] , [n].
Examples: [bor], [ox], [shower], [call], [heat], [goal], [fishing], [pestilence], [nose], [genus], [swarm].
Examples: [kol], [floor], [volume], [sleep], [noise], [shch"uka], [choir], [king"], [ch"an].
Paired voiced and voiceless consonants include: [b] - [p], [zh] - [w], [g] - [x], [z] - [s]. [d] - [t], [v] - [f]. Examples: reality - dust, house - volume, year - code, vase - phase, itch - court, live - sew.
Sounds that do not form pairs: [h], [n], [ts], [x], [p], [m], [l].
Soft and hard consonants can also have a pair: [p] - [p"], [p] - [p"], [m] - [m"], [v] - [v"], [d] - [ d"], [f] - [f"], [k] - [k"], [z] - [z"], [b] - [b"], [g] - [g"], [ n] - [n"], [s] - [s"], [l] - [l"], [t] - [t"], [x] - [x"]. Examples: byl - bel, height - branch, city - cheetah, dacha - business, umbrella - zebra, skin - cedar, moon - summer, monster - place, finger - feather, ore - river, soda - sulfur, pillar - steppe, lantern - farm, mansions - hut.
Table for memorizing consonants
To clearly see and compare soft and hard consonants, the table below shows them in pairs.
Solid - before the letters A, O, U, Y, E Soft - before the letters I, E, E, Yu, I | Hard and soft consonants | |||
| b | ball | b" | battle | |
| V | howl | V" | eyelid | |
| G | garage | G" | hero | |
| d | hole | d" | tar | |
| h | ash | z" | yawn | |
| To | godfather | To" | sneakers | |
| l | vine | l" | foliage | |
| m | March | m" | month | |
| n | leg | n" | tenderness | |
| P | spider | P" | song | |
| R | height | R" | rhubarb | |
| With | salt | With" | hay | |
| T | cloud | T" | patience | |
| f | phosphorus | f" | firm | |
| X | thinness | X" | chemistry | |
| Unpaired | and | giraffe | h | miracle |
| w | screen | sch | hazel | |
| ts | target | th | felt | |
Another table will help you remember consonant sounds.
| Doubles | Voiced | Deaf |
| B | P | |
| IN | F | |
| G | TO | |
| D | T | |
| AND | Sh | |
| Z | WITH | |
| Unpaired | L, M, N, R, J | X, C, Ch, Shch |
Children's poems for better mastery of the material
There are exactly 33 letters in the Russian alphabet,
To find out how many consonants -
Subtract ten vowels
Signs - hard, soft -
It will immediately become clear:
The resulting number is exactly twenty-one.
Soft and hard consonants are very different,
But not dangerous at all.
If we pronounce it with noise, then they are deaf.
The consonant sounds proudly say:
They sound different.
Hard and soft
In fact, very light.
Remember one simple rule forever:
W, C, F - always hard,
But Ch, Shch, J are only soft,
Like a cat's paws.
And let’s soften others like this:
If we add a soft sign,
Then we get spruce, moth, salt,
What a cunning sign!
And if we add the vowels I, I, Yo, E, Yu,
We get a soft consonant.
Brother signs, soft, hard,
We don't pronounce
But to change the word,
Let's ask for their help.
The rider rides on a horse,
Con - we use it in the game.