home / Relationship/ Paragraph 11 consulate and formation of the Napoleonic Empire. Consulate and empire of Napoleon Bonaparte: political system and political regime

Paragraph 11 consulate and formation of the Napoleonic Empire. Consulate and empire of Napoleon Bonaparte: political system and political regime

On Brumaire 19 (November), 1799, the Council of Five Hundred was dispersed, and General Bonaparte became the unlimited ruler of France for 15 years. Napoleon Bonaparte established a strict authoritarian regime, his power was enormous. Let's see what his power was directed to. What did Napoleon Bonaparte do for France and each Frenchman individually? What has he done for Europe?

View document contents
"The Consulate and the Formation of the Napoleonic Empire"

Municipal educational institution

“Agapovskaya secondary school No. 1im. P.A. Skachkova"

Methodological development of a history lesson in 8th grade

on this topic:"The Consulate and the Formation of the Napoleonic Empire"

Completed by: S.T. Kultasova,

history and social studies teacher

Agapovka village

2018

Topic: Consulate and formation of the Napoleonic Empire

The purpose of the lesson: Characterize the development of France in the period from 1799 to 1810.

Lesson objectives:

Learn the features of the transition from republic to empire in France;

Show the bourgeois character of Napoleonic reforms. Their significance for the further modernization of France;

Show the aggressive nature of Napoleon's warriors, the territorial changes that occurred in Europe. Continue to develop a respectful attitude towards world culture.

Lesson type: combined

IOrg. moment:

Greetings.

Checking readiness for the lesson.

Motivation.

IIHomework survey:

Guys, in today's lesson we will begin to study one of the most important and most difficult periods of world history - the 19th century. This time brought a huge number of changes to European life. We will learn how the leading European states, namely France, Great Britain, Germany and Italy, developed. This is very difficult material and you will need to make every effort to comprehend it. The changes that occurred in these countries subsequently led Europe to World War I. And the reasons for this terrible conflict lie directly in this period.

you have been asked § 9-10 Liberals, conservatives and socialists. I give you 5 minutes to repeat the exercise and prepare for the survey. Active children will receive good grades at the end of the lesson.

Frontal survey:

What is liberalism? Ideology of freedom

The main principles of liberalism? h-ka's right to life, liberty, equality, property

What methods did the liberals propose to transform the state. device? Reforms

What word does the name conservative ideology come from? Protect, preserve

The main principles of conservatism. Preservation of traditional values: religion, monarchy, culture, order.

Which utopian socialist thinkers can you name? Saint-Simon, Fourier, Owen

What is socialism?

What is Marxism? Name its founders. Marx, Engels

What methods did the socialists call for overthrowing the old order? Revolution

What is anarchism?

Representatives of anarchism. Proudhon, Bakunin, Kropotkin

IIINew topic:

Teacher's story: Guys, last year you started studying VFR. Let me remind you that as a result of it, the monarchy was overthrown, the French Emperor Louis 16 was executed, and power passed into the hands of the people's representative body. At first it was the National Assembly, then the name changed to the Legislative Assembly, and then to the Directory.

To find out what the Consulate is and what measures the French authorities took at this time, we will do a little work on the options. Option 1 is now reading the paragraph "Calm order legality" second option "Freedom, equality, property." You have 5 minutes to complete the task, after which I will ask you several questions, the answers to which will give you marks.

Questions for group 1 Questions for group 2

What was adopted in 1799? (KC) What laws were passed?

Supreme legislative body (Senate) What is the essence of monetary reform?

Executive branch (3 consuls) Why were the newspapers closed?

What powers do consuls have?

Who was the chief consul (NB)

Consulate - a period in the history of France when power belonged to Napoleon Bonaparte. Lasted from 1799 to 1804.

During the first consulate period the following measures were taken:

Confirmation of the right to property acquired during the revolution;

Encouraging entrepreneurship. The big bourgeoisie was given government contracts.

Monetary reform (creation of a French bank and a new currency - the franc).

Strengthening the police, headed by Fouche, who created a powerful police investigation machine.

The Catholic Church was declared the religion of all French people.

In 1804, the “Civil Code” was created - a set of laws that proclaimed fundamental human rights and freedoms.

Teacher's story: The strengthening of France caused discontent among European monarchs; they created more and more new coalitions with the goal of returning France to the borders of 1792 and restoring the Bourbon monarchy in it. Napoleon “inherited” the wars waged by France. Guys, remember - the wars that Napoleon had to fight were not only an expression of his personal ambitions and claims to world domination, but a defense of the cause of the French Revolution.

The main enemy of revolutionary France was England, and it was possible to force it to peace not so much by military means as by economic ones. To achieve this, Napoleon imposed a ban on trade with England. This decree on the continental blockade was supposed not only to expel English goods from France, but also to generally strangle the English economy, depriving it of European markets. To achieve results, Napoleon had to ensure that all European states joined the continental blockade, otherwise the plan was doomed to failure. Why do you think Napoleon took such measures?

Exercise. Guys, now you can read the paragraph yourself Wars of conquest of the consulate and empire pp. 96-98 and fill out the table.

Major battles of the Napoleonic wars

Name of the battle or campaign	Date of battle	Bottom line
Battle of Marengo		French victory. Austria left the war. Piedmont and Genoa were annexed to France
Battle of Ulm	October 1805	French victory. The Austrian fortress of Ulm was captured
Naval battle off Cape Trafalgar		British victory. England secured its status as mistress of the seas
Battle of Austerlitz		Napoleon defeated the Russian-Austrian troops. Austria capitulated
Battle of Friedland		French victory. Russia made peace with France. The country's accession to the continental blockade of England
France invaded Portugal
France invaded Spain		Establishment of a puppet government. The country's accession to the continental blockade of England

IVFixing the material.

Questions to consolidate:

What is a consulate?

What measures of Napoleon did you learn?

What battles did we learn about?

VHomework:§ 11 reading, retelling. learn notes in notebooks .

VILesson summary.

Topic: “Consulate and formation of the Napoleonic Empire.”

Class: 9-B

Date: October 11, 2018

Lesson type: A lesson in “discovering” new knowledge

Lesson construction technology : Problem-based learning, heuristic method

The purpose of the lesson: Characterize the development of France in the period from 1799 to 1810.

Lesson objectives:

Find out the reasons for the transition from republic to empire in France;

Show the bourgeois character of Napoleonic reforms. Their significance for the further modernization of France;

Show the aggressive nature of Napoleon's warriors, the territorial changes that occurred in Europe.

To develop students’ ability to work with a map (foreign policy directions)

To develop in students the ability to work with documents (articles of the Napoleonic Code)

Basic concepts of the topic : Consulate, Civil Code, Continental Blockade, Treaty of Tilsit.

During the classes:

Organizing time.

Open your notebooks, write down the date and topic of our lesson.

PROBLEM QUESTION: Napoleon said, “I am either a fox or a lion. The whole secret of management is knowing when to be this or that.” Analyze Napoleon's activities and support his words with facts.

Lesson plan:

From revolutionary France to bourgeois France

Biography of Napoleon

Napoleon's domestic policy during the period of consulate and empire

Napoleon's foreign policy during the period of consulate and empire

But first, let's check your homework. You were assigned § 9-10 Liberals, Conservatives and Socialists. I give you 5 minutes to repeat the exercise and prepare for the survey.

Active children will receive good grades at the end of the lesson.

Three people come to the board. On the board are portraits of 3 representatives of different political movements. Assignment: identify the political movement to which this representative belongs and write down the main provisions of this movement. (Marx, Proudhon, Saint-Simon)

Frontal survey:

What is liberalism?(Ideology of freedom)

The main principles of liberalism? (h-right to life, liberty, equality, property)

What methods did the liberals propose to transform the state. device?( Reforms)

What word does the name conservative ideology come from? (protect, save)

The main principles of conservatism. (Preservation of traditional values: religion, monarchy, culture, order._

What political movement was in power in most European countries throughout the 19th century?

Name the ways to change society proposed by politicians of the 19th century.

Which political movement recognized revolution as the main way to change society?

Well done, now let's check those who worked at the board and move on to a new topic.

New topic:

Teacher's story: Guys, last year you started studying the Great French Revolution. Let me remind you that as a result of it, the monarchy was overthrown, the French Emperor Louis 16 was executed, and power passed into the hands of the people's representative body. At first it was the National Assembly, then the name changed to the Legislative Assembly, and then to the Directory. On Brumaire 19 (November), 1799, the Council of Five Hundred was dispersed, and General Bonaparte became the unlimited ruler of France for 15 years. Napoleon Bonaparte established a strict authoritarian regime, his power was enormous. Let's see what his power was directed to. What did Napoleon Bonaparte do for France and each Frenchman individually? What has he done for Europe?

The revolution of 1789 turned the whole country upside down. She put forward a new policy, a new system and new people.

The entire history of France during this period is divided into two periods. Write in your notebook:

France 1799-1815

1.period of consulate - 1799-1804.

2. the period of the Napoleonic Empire - 1804-1815.

December 1799 - adoption of the new French Constitution, according to which

Senate - the highest legislative chamber.

Three consuls – executive power (term 10 years):

First Consul:

The right to make laws;

The right to declare war;

The right to make peace;

The right to appoint ministers and officials.

Second and Third Consuls – advisory voice.

A regime of personal power was established in the country. At the end of his life, Napoleon will say:“Revolution is the misfortune of the generation that makes it.” The French were tired of the revolution, and the regime of personal power was approved in a plebiscite (popular poll)

- So Consulate is a period in the history of France when power belonged to Napoleon Bonaparte, lasting from November 9, 1799 to May 18, 1804.

Biography of Napoleon Bonaparte (student message, advanced task).

And now, guys, we will work with the textbook (pp. 94-96). Your task, after reading the paragraphs, is to write down the main reforms carried out by Napoleon during the consulate.

During this period the following measures were taken:

Confirmation of the right to property acquired during the revolution;

Encouraging entrepreneurship. The big bourgeoisie was given government contracts.

Monetary reform (creation of a French bank and a new currency - the franc).

Strengthening the police, headed by Fouche, who created a powerful police investigation machine.

The Catholic Church was declared the religion of all French people.

In 1804, the “Civil Code” was created - a set of laws that proclaimed fundamental human rights and freedoms.

April 1802– Napoleon issued a decree on a general amnesty for emigrants.

August 1802– Napoleon becomes consul for life.

May 18, 1804– The Senate proclaimed Napoleon “Emperor of the French”

IN 1805 Napoleon was crowned in Milan in the Duomo. Napoleon was crowned Emperor of Italy. He himself took upon himself the crown worn by Charlemagne. "God gave me this crown"- said Napoleon.

For some time, France was still called a republic, but later the word “empire” squeezed it out. This is how the bourgeois monarchy arose.

In France during this period, conditions were created for rapid economic growth; the industrial revolution began in France.

And now, guys, let’s draw a line under Napoleon’s internal policy. (The internal policy of the consulate was of a stabilizing nature.)

Let us move on to the second period of the Napoleonic Empire - 1804-1815.

But first, think about why Napoleon was so easily able to come to sole rule and was able to change the political structure of the country?

Based on how easily the French reacted to the change of power, we can conclude that they were happy with everything.

Now we will see how Napoleon bribed the sympathy of the population.

(Working with written sources - Napoleonic Code, Appendix 1) independently work with the document. After reading, complete the task on the board.

There are two mottos on the board:

freedom equality Brotherhood.

freedom, equality, property.

Choose the one that matches the main ideas of the code.

PROBLEM QUESTION: Napoleon said, “I am either a fox or a lion. The whole secret of management is knowing when to be this or that.” Analyze Napoleon’s activities and support his words with facts. (children’s answers)

Despite the brewing internal contradictions (new nobility, return of emigrants, etc.), more on this later, the crisis was largely provoked by foreign policy.

Exercise. Guys, now we will all work together with the table and trace all these events on the map.

Wars of conquest of the consulate and empire pp. 96-98 and fill out the table.

Foreign policy of Napoleon Bonaparte:

1805

Battle of Ulm

Battle of Trafalgar

Austerlitz, battle of three emperors

Defeat of the Austrian army

Defeat of the French fleet

Defeat of the Russian-Austrian army (freedom of action in the German and Italian states was recognized for France)

1806

Battle of Jena

The defeat of Prussia, which

1. joined the continental blockade,

2. lost the territory from which the Duchy of Warsaw was created

3. indemnity

1807

Tilsit Peace Treaty with Russia.

Agreement conditions:

· Russia recognized all of Napoleon's conquests.

· Joining the continental blockade against England (secret agreement). Russia must completely abandon trade with its main partner (in particular, the terms of the peace treaty ordered Russia to go completely to Great Britain) isolation of England!!!.

· Russia and France pledged to help each other in every offensive and defensive war, wherever circumstances require it.

· On the territory of the Polish possessions of Prussia, a country dependent on France was formed.

Meaning:

The Peace of Tilsit elevated Napoleon to the pinnacle of power

Napoleon encouraged Russia to make territorial acquisitions at the expense of Sweden. By rewarding Alexander at someone else's expense, Napoleon had in mind to quarrel Russia with its former ally, ultimately achieve the foreign political isolation of Russia and make it dependent on France

Russia received a reprieve from the war because... there was no real help from England, there were no allies left in Europe

1808

invasion of Spain

"War of Knives" 1808-1812

TO1810 Napoleon achieved unprecedented power and glory. France returned to a monarchical form of government, but it was a bourgeois monarchy, and its life was carried out according to new laws.

Let's sum it upresults of foreign policy Napoleon's activities by 1812 (written down in a notebook)

Eliminated the threat of restoration

Broke the coalition

There is only one opponent left - England

Expanded the territory of France

The spread of new orders throughout Europe

So let's summarize our lesson. (Children try to draw their own conclusions.)

Conclusion: During the period of consulate and empire, France achieved significant successes in domestic and foreign policy: dozens of laws were issued that put the state system in order. Bonaparte, having proclaimed himself a “national”, people’s ruler, managed to eliminate many conflicts in society. As a result of military victories during these years, France became the strongest state on the continent.

Fastening: Frontal

Now let's move on to fixing:

1. Give me two periods in French history from 1799 to 1815.

2. The main problems of French domestic policy during the consulate period.

3. What was the name of the main code of laws of the Napoleonic Empire and when was this code adopted?

4. Express the essence of this law in one slogan.

5. What is the peculiarity of foreign policy during the consulate period.

6. What was the nature of the foreign policy of the imperial period?

7. The main enemy of France in the international arena.

Homework:

Differentiated task: answer one of the questions in writing in a notebook (No. 3, 5, 6).

Prepare a report on the Congress of Vienna.

Annex 1

Napoleonic Code.

The Code established the principles of equality of citizens and inviolability of private property. Thus, confirming the right of the “new rich” and peasants to the property of the nobles and the church they acquired, confiscated during the years of the revolution. In these classes he found his main support.

Content

The Civil Code consisted of an introductory title dealing with the publication, operation and application of laws, and three books. The first book (Articles 7 – 551) “On Persons” contains provisions on an individual as a subject of law and family law, considers issues of citizenship and civil status in general. This book clearly shows the main idea of the entire code - the equality of all before the laws, for example, in the first article of the introductory title it is said: “The laws are subject to execution throughout French territory,” in the first chapter of Article 7 it is said that “every Frenchman enjoys civil rights."Second book (Articles 516-710) “On property and various modifications of property” contains provisions on different types of property, ownership and other property rights. The main idea here is that private property is inviolable, and the right of ownership is protected by the state, for example article 545: “no one can be induced to cede his property”, article 544 “property is the right to use and dispose of things in the most convenient way.”The third book "On the various ways in which property is acquired" is devoted to issues of inheritance law, law of obligations: it contains rules on pledge, surety, limitation of actions, etc. The code pays great attention to marital relations and children; the code is of a social nature. It has a clear, methodical system and is written in understandable language. With the adoption of the code, the process of formation of civil law and the system of economic relations was actually completed. It turned out to be very effective.

Every Frenchman enjoys civil rights.

544. Property is the right to use and dispose of things in the most absolute manner, so that the use is not prohibited by laws or regulations.

545. No one can be forced to cede his property unless this is done for reasons of public benefit and for fair and prior compensation.

TitleIX.

About paternal power.

371. Children at any age must show respect and honor to their father and mother.

372. Children remain under the authority of their parents until they reach the age of majority or until they are released from authority.

373. The father alone exercises this power during the existence of the marriage.

376. If the child has not reached 16 years of age, the father may deprive him of his liberty for a period that cannot exceed a month; for this purpose, the chairman of the district tribunal must, at the request of the father, issue a warrant of arrest.

After the coup d'etat, Napoleon Bonaparte hastened to legally formalize his power. He dictated a new constitution, according to which all power was concentrated in the hands of the first consul. The four legislative bodies - the Senate, the Council of State, the Tribunate and the Legislative Corps - had a purely decorative meaning. Napoleon put an end to the parliamentary regime and suffrage, even in the reduced form in which it existed under the Directory. Instead of the right to elect deputies, French citizens received only the right to nominate candidates, from among whom the government itself appointed members of the legislative bodies.
The system of elected local and regional (departmental) self-government created by the revolution was also destroyed. It was replaced by a police-bureaucratic system of prefectures: the Minister of the Interior appointed the prefect of the department, the prefect appointed mayors and members of municipal councils of cities and communes. All of France was now covered from top to bottom by a strictly centralized administrative apparatus, the threads of control of which were ultimately concentrated in the hands of Napoleon. The powerful and extensive police department entangled in a dense network the entire public and personal life of the French: nothing escaped its observation.
With particular mercilessness, the police, like all government authorities, subjected democratic circles to persecution and repression. Napoleon sought to completely eradicate Jacobinism and its very spirit. The renegade Fouché, as Minister of Police, assisted him in this with particular zeal.
One of Napoleon's first measures, carried out in early 1800, was to close independent newspapers; he retained only those press organs that were entirely subordinate to the government. The strictest censorship was established. From literature, theater, and teaching, everything that reminded of the revolution and its leaders was excluded.
Napoleon eliminated the progressive legislation of the revolution in matters of religion and the church. A concordat (agreement) with Pope Pius VII was concluded in 1801 and put into effect in 1802. By virtue of the concordat, Catholicism was recognized as “the religion of the vast majority of French citizens”; the state paid the clergy a salary; the pope renounced claims to church lands confiscated during the revolution and recognized the control of the French state over the activities of priests and bishops. By this agreement with the Pope, Napoleon sought to place the Catholic Church at the service of the new, bourgeois system.
The Napoleonic regime defended and protected the redistribution of property that took place during the years of the revolution, when the lands of the church and emigrant nobles passed into the hands of the bourgeoisie and peasantry. At the same time, Napoleon opened the doors of France to those emigrants who refused to support the Bourbon monarchy and were ready to serve him. Some of them had their unsold estates returned. However, the police established surveillance over all former emigrants.
Napoleon consistently supported and encouraged the entrepreneurial activity and initiative of industrialists, bankers, and merchants. In 1800 the French Bank was founded. Industry enjoyed Napoleon's special patronage, for the development of which he did not skimp on government orders, state subsidies, and export bonuses. The government protected the domestic market from foreign, primarily English, competition. In the interests of large owners and to the detriment of broad layers of the working people, direct taxes were reduced and indirect taxes were increased by two to two and a half times.
Contemporaries said about Napoleon that he was afraid of the slightest unrest among the workers more than of a lost battle. By encouraging the development of industry and organizing public works, the government tried to prevent unemployment, which could cause revolutionary outbreaks. At the same time, workers were subject to particularly close police surveillance. Having repealed many of the laws of the revolutionary years, Napoleon retained Le Chapelier's law, which deprived workers of the right to organized protection of their interests and provided entrepreneurs with unlimited opportunity to exploit them. In 1803, work books were introduced, which gave entrepreneurs and authorities an additional means of control and police custody of workers.
Until a certain time, the policy of the Napoleonic government met not only the interests of the industrial and commercial bourgeoisie, but also the interests of peasant owners. Marx wrote: “After the first revolution had transformed the semi-serf peasants into free landowners, Napoleon strengthened and regulated the conditions under which the peasants could freely use the French land they had just received and satisfy their youthful passion for property.”

The end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th century is the most important period in the history of France. The ruling groups replaced each other with rapid force and speed. From the Jacobin dictatorship, France passed to the rule of the executive body - the Directory; as a result of the coup of the 18th Brumaire, power fell into the hands of 3 consuls, one of whom was Napoleon Bonaparte. You will learn where the political, economic and foreign policy vectors of France's development will be directed in the future by studying this lesson.

Consulate and formation of the Napoleonic Empire

Background

Since 1789, revolutionary changes took place in France. In 1794, after the overthrow of the Jacobin dictatorship, the shaky regime of the Directory was established.

His features:
.financial crisis, inflation, rapid rise in prices;
.lack of compromise between various political forces in France, fierce political struggle and conspiracies;
The French were largely tired of the internal instability that followed the revolution and wanted strong power;
France achieved its main successes during this period in the military field: the growing popularity of the military against the backdrop of the Directory being unable to cope with the internal problems.

Political circles were increasingly thinking about eliminating the unpopular Directory and establishing a tougher political regime that, with the support of the army, could achieve order in the country.

Events

November 1799 - coup of the 18th Brumaire (about the coup). The popular general Napoleon Bonaparte overthrows the government and disperses the Legislative Assembly; A government of three consuls is established - Bonaparte and former members of the Directory who were preparing the coup: Abbot Sieyès and Roger Ducos.

December 1799 - adoption of the constitution, according to which Napoleon became the first consul with full power, relegating the allies to the background (Constitution of 1799).

1800 - creation of the Bank of France (still exists), stabilization of the financial situation in the country.

1801 - concordat (agreement) between France and the Catholic Church, normalization of relations damaged as a result of the revolution.

1802 - Napoleon declared himself consul for life.

1804 - adoption of the Civil Code, which influenced the civil law system throughout the world ().

Conclusion

In May 1804, Napoleon, in the presence of the Pope, was crowned Emperor Napoleon I. This ended the 12-year history of the First French Republic. A new era in the history of France began - the First Empire.

Parallels

The French themselves of the era of the Revolution and Napoleon liked to compare themselves with the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire. The overthrow of the Bourbons was likened to the expulsion of the royal Tarquin dynasty in Ancient Rome. The struggle of political groups, accompanied by terror, was reminiscent of the period. Bonaparte was compared to Julius Caesar and Octavian Augustus: the Bonapartist regime put an end to internal strife, reconciled various social and political strata, and increased the economic stability and military power of France.

This lesson will focus on the consulate and the creation of the Napoleonic Empire in France. Last year, in the 7th grade general history course, the issue of the French Revolution of 1789 was considered. Let us recall that the King of France Louis XVI was executed in 1793, and in the summer of the same year it was established Jacobin dictatorship(the political regime in revolutionary France that existed from June 1793 to July 1794). After the collapse of the Jacobin dictatorship, a new body came to power in France, which was called Directory(the executive body of the French Republic under the Constitution of the French Republic, adopted by the National Convention in 1795). The era of the Directory in France, which falls on 1795-1799, was not a very successful time. This was a time when an economic crisis was raging in France. By 1799, the Directory had become unpopular in France. What was needed was a person or government body that would enjoy popular support. People wanted to see a strong ruler.

The young general became such a ruler (Fig. 1). Beginning in 1796, he waged active wars in Italy. He also actually forced Switzerland to join France. The French conquest of the Netherlands occurred at the same time. Napoleon's numerous victories and his warlike image aroused delight among a considerable part of French society. Napoleon's finest hour was to be his Egyptian campaign(Fig. 2). If this campaign had been successful, then the British, France's main opponents, would have had serious problems, because France's capture of Egypt opened the way to India for the French army, and India was the most important source of raw materials and resources. But Napoleon's Egyptian campaign ended unsuccessfully. In August 1798, in the Battle of Abukir the British practically destroyed the French fleet (Fig. 3). Attempts to gain a foothold in the eastern Mediterranean failed. However, Napoleon managed to rehabilitate himself. In 1798 and 1799 he undertook two campaigns, in Italy and Switzerland. The enemy of Napoleon and his subordinates in these campaigns was Russia; he was a general in the Russian army at that time (Fig. 4). Despite Suvorov's merits, this campaign was unsuccessful for Russia. Napoleon presented himself to the French as the conqueror of the Russians and Suvorov himself, whose merits were known and honored throughout Europe after the Russian-Turkish War. Thus, by 1799, Napoleon's authority in France was enormous.

Rice. 1. Napoleon Bonaparte ()

Rice. 2. Napoleon's Egyptian campaign ()

Rice. 3. Abukir naval battle ()

Rice. 4. Alexander Vasilievich Suvorov ()

Members of the Directory decided to use this authority for their own purposes. They underestimated Napoleon and decided to use him as a puppet in their hands. In October 1799, Napoleon returned to Paris in triumph. Public opinion associated the victories of recent years with him. But a few days after his return, Napoleon carried out a coup d'etat. It went down in history as the coup of the 18th Brumaire(Fig. 5). The coup happened November 9, 1799. It was announced that the Jacobin conspiracy had been uncovered. The Council of Five Hundred was expelled from the meeting room in the Palace of Saint-Cloud. It was announced that all power in the country would pass into the hands of three individuals, who began to be called in the Roman manner consuls. These consuls were:

Sieyès, who actually brought Napoleon to power,

Roger-Ducos.

This era, which began in 1799 with the coup of the 18th Brumaire and ended in 1804, was called consulate era.

Rice. 5. Coup of the 18th Brumaire ()

The main task that had to be solved in France during the era of the consulate was the task of social unification of the country. In France there were many supporters of various ideas, movements, theories and doctrines. There were monarchists, republicans, and supporters of strong military power.

The new Constitution, adopted by the consuls in 1799, declared the right to property inviolable. As a result, those who previously feared for their lives and their wealth flocked to the country. All emigrants who had previously fled the country were allowed to re-settle in France. An exception was made only for monarchists. Napoleon did not need such rivals.

Napoleon also did a lot to normalize the financial situation in the country. This was primarily of interest to entrepreneurs. But ordinary townspeople were also interested in ensuring that the French monetary unit was stable. In 1800 Napoleon created Bank of France, which still exists today. IN 1803 was put into circulation silver franc(Fig. 6) - convertible (freely exchangeable for other monetary units) currency.

Rice. 6. Silver franc ()

Napoleon managed to solve the problem in his relationship with the Pope. France was and remained a Catholic country with a predominantly Catholic population. Relations with Italy and the pope were unstable. Rome negatively perceived the French Republic and the expulsion of nobles from the country. In 1801, Napoleon and the Pope signed concordat(an agreement between the Pope as the head of the Catholic Church and any state). In 1804, the Pope even came to Paris to conduct the coronation ceremony of Napoleon. However, the services of the pope were not required; Napoleon assumed the crown on his own, but the very presence of the pope at this ceremony was very important for Napoleon. Napoleon, however, believed that he had the right to dispose of church property. The Pope had a completely opposite opinion on this matter.

In 1802, Napoleon received the expected respite. Constant revolutionary wars exhausted the country. A break was needed in order to gather strength and prepare for new military campaigns. Between France and England in 1802 it was concluded Peace of Amiens. This was done in order to strengthen the French position in Italy. Immediately after the signing of the peace treaty, such Italian territories as Piedmont and the island of Elba were annexed to France.

In 1802, the British did not take Napoleon very seriously. They believed that the general would not be able to cope with the economic situation in the country. But they miscalculated. Already in May 1803, Napoleon created a large military camp on the English Channel coast, known as (Fig. 7). This camp is where troops gather for the upcoming invasion of Great Britain.

Rice. 7. Boulogne camp ()

The problem remained in getting these numerous troops across the English Channel (the strait separating England and France, Fig. 8). After the defeat of the French fleet at the Battle of Aboukir, England controlled all movements across the seas, especially off its shores. France did not have a serious fleet at that time. He could not compete with England in numbers and maneuverability. English cartoonists, ridiculing Napoleon's army, depicted the crossing of French troops across the English Channel in landing basins.

Rice. 8. The English Channel separating England and France ()

In March 1804 Napoleon introduced in France Civil Code(Fig. 9). This document was prepared by a special commission chaired by Napoleon himself. It enshrined such important provisions as freedom of private property, freedom of enterprise and family law. According to the Civil Code, a new type of family relations was established. Until the beginning of the 19th century, a woman was not considered a subject of law in Europe. It was believed that she should be completely subordinate to her husband or father. Napoleonic Civil Code gave women the right to divorce for the first time in Europe. However, women did not retain this right for very long. It was taken away in 1816 and restored only in 1884. The Civil Code failed to equalize the rights of women with men. Women did not have the right to vote.

Rice. 9. Napoleon's Civil Code ()

Napoleon himself understood the meaning of his Civil Code. He wrote that his military victories may mean nothing, Waterloo alone crossed them all out, and what will live on for centuries is the Civil Code. Following the model of the Civil Code, a few years later the Commercial Code appeared in France, and a little later the Criminal Code.

In 1802, Napoleon achieved an extension of his powers as consul. He received lifelong powers, but this was not enough for the general. On May 18, 1804, he was declared French Emperor under the name NapoleonI. In December, his coronation ceremony took place in Paris (Fig. 10). As noted above, Napoleon himself placed the crown on his head. Thus, France, which was a republic for 12 years, returned to the monarchy again. The period of the first republic in France ended. The period of the first empire began.

Rice. 10. Coronation of Napoleon ()

Bibliography

Jomini. Political and military life of Napoleon. A book dedicated to Napoleon's military campaigns until 1812
Manfred A.Z. Napoleon Bonaparte. - M.: Mysl, 1989.
Noskov V.V., Andreevskaya T.P. General history. 8th grade. - M., 2013.
Tarle E.V. "Napoleon". - 1994.
Chandler D. Napoleon's military campaigns. - M., 1997.
Yudovskaya A.Ya. General history. Modern History, 1800-1900, 8th grade. - M., 2012.

Veter-stranstvii.ru ().
Jurkom74.ru ().
Treeland.ru ().
Be5.biz().

Homework

Tell us about Napoleon's first military campaigns. Which of them were successful and which were not?
When did the coup of the 18th Brumaire take place and what regime was established as a result?
What was the reason for the negative relationship between Napoleon and the Catholic Church (Pope)?
When was the Civil Code created? What did Napoleon see as its significance for French society?