EntrancePresentation "partisan movement during the Great Patriotic War." Partisans of the Great Patriotic War
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Partisan movement during the Great Patriotic War MBOU secondary school in the village of Lidoga Teacher: Oleynik Anna Aleksandrovna
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Dictionary Guerrilla movement - fighting behind enemy lines, conducted by small detachments of the regular army or an armed population. Guerrillas, as a rule, enjoy the support and assistance of the local population. The usual tactics of partisans are surprise attacks on small enemy detachments, destruction of warehouses, disruption of communications, etc.
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Formation of partisan detachments One of the forms of armed struggle of the Soviet people against the enemy was the partisan movement. The program for its deployment was contained in the directive of the Council of People's Commissars and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks dated June 29, 1941. Soon, on July 18, the Central Committee adopted a special resolution “On the organization of the fight in the rear of German troops.” These documents gave instructions on the preparation of the party underground, on the organization, recruitment and arming of partisan detachments, and also formulated the tasks of the movement. The scope of the partisan struggle was largely determined by the scale of the occupied territory of the USSR. Despite the measures taken to evacuate the population to the eastern regions of the country, over 60 million people, or about 33% of the pre-war population, were forced to remain in territory occupied by the enemy. Initially, the Soviet leadership relied on regular partisan formations, formed with the participation and under the leadership of the NKVD. The most famous was the “Winners” detachment, commander D.N. Medvedev. He operated in the Smolensk, Oryol and Mogilev regions, and then in Western Ukraine. The detachment included athletes, NKVD workers (including intelligence officers), proven local personnel. At the head of the local partisan movement were, as a rule, the chairmen of regional, city and district executive committees of the party, as well as secretaries of regional, city and district Komsomol committees. General strategic leadership of the partisan movement was carried out by the Supreme Command Headquarters. Direct interaction with detachments on the ground is the Central Headquarters of the Partisan Movement (TSSHPD). It was created by the decision of the State Defense Committee on May 30, 1942, and operated until January 1944. The head of the Central Shpd was P.K. Ponomarenko. The TsShPD was supposed to establish contact with partisan formations, direct and coordinate their actions, supply weapons, ammunition, medicines, train personnel and carry out interaction between the partisans and units of the regular army.
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The main tactical unit was a detachment, usually numbering several dozen people, and later up to 200 or more fighters. During the war, many detachments were united into formations (brigades) numbering from several hundred to several thousand people. Light weapons predominated in armament (machine guns, light machine guns, rifles, carbines, grenades), but many detachments and formations had mortars and heavy machine guns, and some had artillery. All persons who joined partisan formations took the partisan oath; Strict military discipline was established in the detachments. The forms of organization of partisan forces and the methods of their actions were influenced by physical and geographical conditions. Vast forests, swamps, and mountains were the main basing areas for partisan forces. Here partisan regions and zones arose where various methods of struggle could be widely used, including open battles with the enemy. In the steppe regions, large formations operated successfully only during raids. The small detachments and groups that were constantly stationed here usually avoided open clashes with the enemy and caused damage to him mainly through sabotage. On September 6, 1942, the position of Commander-in-Chief of the partisan movement was established, to which a member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, Marshal of the Soviet Union K. E. Voroshilov, was appointed. He made a proposal to create a regular partisan army in the rear of the German troops. The organization, preparation and conduct of partisan actions, according to the Marshal's plan, were to become an integral part of the military operations of the Red Army on an operational and strategic scale. However, already on November 11, the post of Commander-in-Chief was abolished, and the central headquarters of the partisan movement, as the military-operational body of the party, was subordinated directly to the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command.
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Elements of guerrilla warfare Sabotage activities, destruction of enemy infrastructure in any form (rail war, destruction of communication lines, high-voltage lines, poisoning and destruction of water pipelines, wells, etc.). Intelligence activities, including undercover activities. Political activity and Bolshevik propaganda. Partisan formations carried out extensive political work among the population of the occupied territories. Combat assistance (partisan formations provided combat assistance to the troops of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army). From the beginning of the Red Army offensive, they disrupted enemy troop transfers and disrupted their organized withdrawal and control. As the Red Army troops approached, they struck from the rear and assisted in breaking through the enemy’s defenses, repelling his counterattacks, encircling enemy groups, capturing populated areas, and securing open flanks for the advancing troops. Destruction of enemy personnel. Elimination of false partisans, collaborators and heads of the Nazi administration. Restoration and preservation of elements of Soviet power in the occupied territories. Mobilization of the combat-ready population remaining in the occupied territory and the unification of the remnants of the encircled military units.
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Dictionary "RAIL WAR" - the name of a major operation of Soviet partisans in August - September 1943 during the Great Patriotic War to disable the enemy's railway communications in the occupied territory of the Leningrad, Kalinin, Smolensk and Oryol regions, Belarus and part of Ukraine. “CONCERT” is the code name for the operation of Soviet partisans, carried out from September 19 to the end of October 1943, a continuation of Operation Rail War.
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Famous partisan operations “Rail War” Purpose: To assist the Soviet Army in completing the defeat of Nazi troops in the Battle of Kursk in 1943 and developing a general offensive, through the difficulty of delivering goods to strengthen the German defense and diverting German forces to protect the railway tracks. The central headquarters of the partisan movement attracted Belarusian, Leningrad, Kalinin, Smolensk, Oryol and part of the Ukrainian partisans (a total of 167 brigades and separate detachments) to carry out the operation. Preparation for the operation: On July 14, the Supreme Command Headquarters gave the order to carry out the operation. The partisans were provided with explosives and mine-detonating equipment, and demolition instructors were sent to them. Reconnaissance of railway communications was actively carried out. Progress of the operation: During the first night of the operation, 42 thousand rails were blown up. The actions, in which about 100 thousand partisans took part, took place in the rear areas of the Army Groups “Center” and “North” (the front length is about 1000 kilometers, the depth is 750 kilometers). At the same time, Ukrainian partisans were actively fighting in the rear of Army Group South. The fascist German command for some time could not organize counteraction to the partisans. Results of the operation: During the operation, about 215 thousand rails, a significant number of trains were blown up, bridges and station structures were blown up. By the fall, enemy operational transportation had decreased by 40%. On some railways, traffic was delayed for 3-15 days, and the Mogilev-Krichev, Polotsk-Dvinsk, Mogilev-Zhlobin main lines did not operate throughout August. The operation significantly complicated the regrouping and supply of retreating enemy troops.
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Famous partisan operations “Concert” Geography of the operation: 193 partisan formations from Belarus, the Baltic states, Karelia, Crimea, Leningrad and Kalinin regions took part in the operation. The length of the operation along the front is about 900 kilometers (excluding Karelia and Crimea) and in depth over 400 kilometers. This operation was closely connected with the upcoming offensive of Soviet troops in the Smolensk and Gomel directions and the Battle of the Dnieper. The leadership was carried out by the Central Headquarters of the partisan movement. Goal: disabling large sections of railway lines in order to disrupt enemy military transport. Preparation for the operation: Each partisan formation received a specific combat mission. Mass training of partisans in mine demolition was established. Due to deteriorating weather conditions, Soviet aviation delivered only 50 percent of the planned cargo to the partisans by September 19, so the start of the operation was postponed to September 25. Progress of the operation: Part of the partisan brigades reached the initial lines and on the night of September 19 struck at railway communications. The bulk of the partisan formations began fighting on the night of September 25. The fascist command made efforts to restore railway traffic: new railway restoration battalions were transferred to Belarus, and the local population was rounded up for repair work. Rails and sleepers were delivered from Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Germany, but the partisans again disabled the repaired sections. The operation was abandoned due to a lack of explosives. Results of the operation: As a result of the actions of the partisans, the capacity of the railways decreased by 35-40 percent, which significantly complicated the regrouping of fascist troops and provided great assistance to the advancing Red Army.
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Heroes - partisans Zoya Anatolyevna Kosmodemyanskaya Zoya Anatolyevna Kosmodemyanskaya was born on September 8, 1923 in the village of Osino-Gai (now Tambov region). Her grandfather, a priest, died at the hands of the Bolsheviks in August 1918, her father also studied at the theological seminary, but did not complete the course and in 1925 was forced to move to Siberia to escape denunciation. The Kosmodemyansky family lived there for a year, after which they were able to move to Moscow. In 1933, Zoya was orphaned (lost her father). The future heroine's school years were darkened by illnesses - first a nervous breakdown, then severe meningitis. Nevertheless, she was remembered by everyone who knew her as an impressionable, extraordinary, academically gifted girl with a keen sense of justice. On October 31, 1941, Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya voluntarily became a fighter in the reconnaissance and sabotage unit No. 9903 of the headquarters of the Western Front. The training was very short - already on November 4, Zoya was transferred to Volokolamsk, where she successfully completed the task of mining the road. On November 17, 1941, Order No. 0428 of the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command appeared, ordering “to destroy and burn to the ground all populated areas in the rear of German troops at a distance of 40-60 km in depth from the front line and 20-30 km to the right and left of the roads. To destroy populated areas within the specified radius of action, immediately deploy aviation, make extensive use of artillery and mortar fire, reconnaissance teams, skiers and partisan sabotage groups equipped with Molotov cocktails, grenades and demolition means.”
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And the very next day, the leadership of unit No. 9903 received a combat mission - to destroy 10 settlements, including the village of Petrishchevo, Ruza district, Moscow region. Zoya also went on a mission as part of one of the groups. She was armed with three Molotov cocktails and a revolver. Near the village of Golovkovo, the group with which Zoya was walking came under fire, suffered losses and disbanded. On the night of November 27, Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya reached Petrishchev and managed to set fire to three houses there. After that, she spent the night in the forest and returned to Petrishchevo again in order to fully carry out the combat order - to destroy this settlement. But within a day the situation in the village changed. The occupiers gathered local residents for a meeting and ordered them to guard their houses. It was a local resident named Sviridov who noticed Zoya at the moment when she tried to set fire to his barn with hay. Sviridov ran after the Germans, and Kosmodemyanskaya was captured. They bullied Zoya terribly. They flogged me with belts, held a burning kerosene lamp to my lips, walked me barefoot through the snow, and tore out my fingernails. Kosmodemyanskaya was beaten not only by the Germans, but also by local residents, whose houses she burned. But Zoya held on with amazing courage. During the interrogation, she never gave her real name; she said that her name was Tanya. On November 29, 1941, Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya was hanged by the occupiers. Before her death, she uttered a proud phrase, which later became famous: “There are 170 million of us, you can’t outweigh them all!” On January 27, 1942, the first publication appeared in the press about the feat of Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya - an article by P. Lidov “Tanya” (it was published by Pravda.) Soon it was possible to establish the identity of the heroine, and on February 18 a second article appeared - “Who was Tanya.” Two days before this, a decree was issued on awarding Kosmodemyanskaya the title of Hero of the Soviet Union posthumously. She became the first woman awarded this title during the Great Patriotic War. The heroine was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery in Moscow.
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Leonid Aleksandrovich Golikov He was one of many teenage partisans of the Great Patriotic War, a Hero of the Soviet Union. Brigade scout of the Leningrad partisan brigade, spreading panic and chaos in German units in the Novgorod and Pskov regions. Despite his young age - Leonid was born in 1926, at the time of the outbreak of the war he was 15 years old - he was distinguished by his sharp mind and military courage. In just a year and a half of partisan activity, he destroyed 78 Germans, 2 railway and 12 highway bridges, 2 food warehouses and 10 wagons with ammunition. Guarded and accompanied a food convoy to besieged Leningrad. This is what Lenya Golikov himself wrote about his main feat in a report: “On the evening of August 12, 1942, we, 6 partisans, got out onto the Pskov-Luga highway and lay down near the village of Varnitsa. There was no movement at night. It was dawn. From Pskov 13 August, a small passenger car appeared. It was moving quickly, but near the bridge where we were, the car moved more slowly. Partizan Vasiliev threw an anti-tank grenade, but Alexander Petrov threw the second grenade and hit the beam. The car did not stop immediately, but passed by. 20 meters and almost caught up with us (we were lying behind a pile of stones). Two officers jumped out of the car. I fired a burst from my machine gun. I didn’t hit him, and ran across the ditch towards the forest. I fired several bursts from my PPSh. He hit the enemy in the neck and back. Petrov started shooting at the second officer, who kept looking around, shouting and firing back. Then the two of them ran to the first wounded officer. They took off his shoulder straps and took his documents; it turned out to be the general. from the infantry of the special weapons troops, that is, the engineering troops, Richard Wirtz, who was returning from a meeting from Konigsberg to his corps in Luga. There was still a heavy suitcase in the car. We barely managed to drag him into the bushes (150 meters from the highway). While we were still at the car, we heard an alarm, a ringing sound, and a scream in the neighboring village. Grabbing a briefcase, shoulder straps and three captured pistols, we ran to our....”. As it turned out, the teenager took out extremely important drawings and descriptions of new examples of German mines, maps and diagrams of minefields, and inspection reports to higher command. For this, Golikov was nominated for the Golden Star and the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. He received the title posthumously. Defending himself in a village house from a German punitive detachment, the hero died along with the partisan headquarters on January 24, 1943, before he turned 17 years old.
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Partisan formations - detachments, regiments, brigades, formations (divisions) of Soviet partisans during the Great Patriotic War.
Goals of activity June 29, 1941 - directive of the Council of People's Commissars - the content resembles “The Socialist Fatherland is in danger!” Creation of partisan detachments, underground and sabotage groups in enemy-occupied territory Destruction of valuables The movement was led by the leaders of party and Komsomol organizations. The directive formed the basis of the speech of I. V. Stalin on July 3, 1941.
ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE: The organization of partisan formations was determined by: the number of personnel the number and composition of weapons the geographical conditions of the area the economic state of the area the nature of the tasks performed
INFRASTRUCTURE. Many partisan formations had their own hospitals, workshops for repairing weapons and various property, and ammunition supply platoons.
WEAPONS. The partisans were armed mainly with light weapons: light machine guns, machine guns, rifles, carbines, and grenades. Many detachments and formations had mortars and heavy machine guns. In some cases, the partisans used guns and tanks left by the troops on the battlefield.
The main organizational and combat unit of the partisans was the partisan detachment, which usually consisted of companies, platoons and squads, and sometimes of combat groups. Its number ranged from 20 to 200 people. The detachment was part of a partisan brigade (formation, division) or was independent. The partisan regiment consisted of battalions and was not widely used. He acted independently or as part of a partisan brigade, formation (division).
A partisan brigade united several detachments (less often battalions and regiments) and numbered from several hundred to 3-4 thousand or more people. A partisan formation (division) included 10 or more partisan brigades with a total number of up to 15-19 thousand people, and was created by decision of the headquarters of the partisan movement and underground regional committees (district committees) of the party. The combat operations of the formation (division) were dominated by raids, including those outside Soviet territory. Some units organizationally included cavalry, artillery and machine gun units.
Stage I - summer 1941 - summer 1942 Spontaneous actions of small armed detachments Poor weapons No coordination, fragmentation July 18, 1941 - resolution of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks "On organizing the struggle in the rear of German troops" task - creating a network of underground party local organizations have specified the role
Partisan detachments of Ukraine: L. Drozhzhin, V. Kostenko, A. Zlenko, S. A. Kovpak, A. N. Saburov. Belarus: P. Ponomarenko, P. Kalinin, V. Malinin, K. Mazurov Central regions of the USSR: D. N. Medvedev, A. F. Fedorov Leningrad region: G. Bumagin, A. V. German
Stage II - summer 1942 - summer 1943 May 30 - The Central Headquarters of the partisan movement was created (headed by P. Ponomarenko) + Carried out radio communications between headquarters + Engaged in the transfer of ammunition, medicine, food to enemy-occupied territory + Trained underground organizers, radio operators, intelligence officers, attracted military specialists
Partisan region - territory in the rear of German troops, liberated and held for a long time by partisans Partisan zone - territory controlled by partisans
The detachment, brigade and formation were headed by a commander and a commissar, there was a headquarters, and in large formations there was also a party-political apparatus. The commanders had deputies for intelligence, sabotage, and a supply assistant with the relevant units. Party and Komsomol organizations worked in the detachments. COMMAND
Kovpak Sidor Artemyevich Kovpak (1887-1967) - commander of the Putivl partisan detachment (later - Sumy partisan unit, 1st Ukrainian partisan division), member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (b) of Ukraine, major general. Twice Hero of the Soviet Union. He carried out raids behind enemy lines in the Sumy, Kursk, Oryol and Bryansk regions, in 1942-1943 - a raid from the Bryansk forests on the Right Bank of Ukraine in the Gomel, Pinsk, Volyn, Rivne, Zhitomir and Kyiv regions; in 1943 - Carpathian raid.
Ponomarenko Panteleimon Kondratievich (1902 -1984) In 1938-1947 - First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Belarus. Since September 1939, a member of the Military Council of the Belarusian Military District, took part in the leadership of the troops that entered the territory of Western Belarus. During the Great Patriotic War, he was a member of the military councils of fronts and armies, and led the partisan movement. From May 30, 1942 - March 1943 - Chief of the Central Headquarters of the partisan movement at the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command.
Dmitry Nikolaevich Medvedev (1898 - 1954) Commander of a partisan detachment, Hero of the Soviet Union, NKVD personnel officer, colonel. The detachment operated until January 1942 in the Smolensk, Bryansk, Mogilev regions, carried out over 50 major operations
Alexander Nikolaevich Saburov (1908 -1974) Major General, commander of a partisan unit, Hero of the Soviet Union. In October 1941, he led a Soviet partisan detachment. From March 1942 to April 1944, he commanded a partisan unit that operated in Sumy, Zhitomir, Volyn, Rivne and other regions of Ukraine, as well as the Bryansk and Oryol regions of Russia and in the southern regions of Belarus.
Fedorov Alexey Fedorovich (1901 -1989) From September 1941 - first secretary of the Chernigov, from March 1943 - also of the Volyn underground regional party committees, at the same time commander of the Chernigov-Volyn partisan unit of the NKVD of the USSR, operating in Ukraine, Belarus and the Bryansk forests of Russia. During these years, Alexei Fedorov's talent was revealed as an outstanding organizer of guerrilla warfare, one of the creators of partisan tactics.
Golikov Leonid Aleksandrovich Brigade reconnaissance officer 67 (1926 -1943) of detachment 4 of the Leningrad partisan brigade, operating in the Novgorod and Pskov regions. Participated in 27 combat operations. Accompanied a convoy with food (250 carts) to besieged Leningrad. For valor and courage he was awarded the Order of Lenin, the Order of the Patriotic War, 1st degree, the medal “For Courage” and the Partisan of the Patriotic War medal, 2nd degree. On January 24, 1943, Leonid Golikov died in an unequal battle in the village of Ostraya Luka, Pskov Region.
Stage III – summer 1943 -1944 Joint actions of partisans with units of the Red Army Disrupted the supply of weapons to Hitler’s troops Undermined communications Conducted operations “Rail War”, “Concert”
The Rail War was carried out jointly with units of the Red Army near Kursk from August 3 to September 15, 1943. 167 partisan formations took part in it. The partisans of Belarus derailed 761 enemy trains, Ukraine - 349, Smolensk region - 102. As a result of the operation, the Mogilev-Krichev, Polotsk-Dvinsk, Mogilev-Zhlobin highways were not operational throughout August. On other railways, traffic was often delayed for 3-15 days. The actions of the partisans significantly complicated the regrouping and supply of retreating enemy troops.
Code name of the operation (from September 19 - October 1943), continuation of the operation “Rail War. 193 partisan formations from Belarus, the Baltic states, Karelia, Crimea, Leningrad and Kalinin regions took part. The length of the operation along the front is about 900 kilometers (excluding Karelia and Crimea) and in depth over 400 kilometers. This operation was closely connected with the upcoming offensive of Soviet troops in the Smolensk and Gomel directions and the Battle of the Dnieper. The leadership was carried out by the Central Headquarters of the partisan movement. Operation Concert
Underground during the war In the territory occupied by the enemy, underground organizations led by party and Komsomol leaders operated. The main forms of struggle: They put up leaflets that called for a fight, highlighted the current state of affairs at the front. They disrupted the supply of weapons to German troops for military operations. They hid those who escaped from captivity from being sent to Germany. They reported important information about the enemy to the Soviet command.
Zaslonov Konstantin Sergeevich (1910 - 1942) In October 1941 he was sent behind enemy lines as part of a group of railway workers. Partisan pseudonym - “Uncle Kostya”. He created an underground group, whose members used “coal mines” to blow up 93 German locomotives in 3 months. He acted with a group in the Vitebsk-Orsha-Smolensk region. He died in 1942 in a battle with punitive forces.
“Young Guard” Underground anti-fascist Komsomol organization in Krasnodon, Lugansk region. , created on July 20, 1942, numbered about 110 people - boys and girls. Ivan Turkenich, Oleg Koshevoy, Sergey Tyulenin, Ivan Zemnukhov, Ulyana Gromova and Lyubov Shevtsova-active
The importance of the partisan movement and the underground In total, during the war, there were more than 6 thousand partisan detachments behind enemy lines, in which over 1 million people fought. During the operations, the partisans destroyed, captured and wounded 1 million fascists, disabled 4 thousand tanks and armored vehicles, 65 thousand cars, 1100 aircraft, destroyed and damaged 1600 railway bridges, derailed 20 thousand trains.
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Each generation has its own perception of the past war, the place and significance of which in the life of the peoples of our country turned out to be so significant that it went down in their history as the Great Patriotic War. The dates June 22, 1941 and May 9, 1945 will forever remain in the memory of the peoples of Russia. 70 years after the Great Patriotic War, Russians can be proud that their contribution to the Victory was enormous and irreplaceable. The most important component of the struggle of the Soviet people against Nazi Germany during the Great Patriotic War was the partisan movement, which was the most active form of participation of the broad masses in the temporarily occupied Soviet territory in the fight against the enemy.
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The party called on the Soviet people remaining behind enemy lines to create partisan detachments and sabotage groups, incite partisan warfare anywhere and everywhere, blow up bridges, spoil the enemy's telegraph and telephone communications, set fire to warehouses, create unbearable conditions for the enemy and all his accomplices, pursue and destroy them in every step, disrupt all their activities.
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The partisan movement in the rear of the fascist troops in the temporarily occupied territory began literally from the first days of the war. It was an integral part of the armed struggle of the Soviet people against the fascist invaders and was an important factor in achieving victory over fascist Germany and its allies.
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The struggle of the Soviet people against the Nazi invaders in the temporarily occupied territory of the Soviet Union became an integral part of the Great Patriotic War. It acquired a nationwide character, becoming a qualitatively new phenomenon in the history of the struggle against foreign invaders. The most important of its manifestations was the partisan movement behind enemy lines. Thanks to the actions of the partisans, the Nazi invaders in their rear spread a constant feeling of danger and threat, which had a significant moral impact on the Nazis. And this was a real danger, since the fighting of the partisans caused enormous damage to the enemy’s manpower and equipment.
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Soviet people who found themselves in territory occupied by the enemy, as well as soldiers, commanders and political workers of the Red Army and Navy who were surrounded, began to fight the Nazi occupiers. They tried with all their might and means to help the Soviet troops fighting at the front and resisted the Nazis. And already these first actions against Hitlerism bore the character of a guerrilla war.
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By the end of 1941, over 2 thousand partisan detachments were operating in the occupied territory, in which up to 90 thousand people fought. In total, during the war, there were more than 6 thousand partisan detachments behind enemy lines, in which they fought with over 1 million 150 thousand partisans.
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The difficult winter period of 1941-1942, the lack of reliably equipped bases for partisan detachments, the lack of weapons and ammunition, poor weapons and food supplies, as well as the lack of professional doctors and medicines significantly complicated the effective actions of the partisans, reducing them to sabotage on transport routes, the destruction of small groups of invaders, the destruction of their locations, the destruction of policemen - local residents who agreed to cooperate with the invaders. Nevertheless, the partisan and underground movement behind enemy lines still took place. Many detachments operated in Smolensk, Moscow, Oryol, Bryansk and a number of other regions of the country that fell under the heel of the Nazi occupiers.
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Partisan detachment of S. Kovpak The historical experience of the partisan movement of the twentieth century seems to us to be extremely important, and when considering it, one cannot help but touch upon the legendary name of Sidor Artemyevich Kovpak, the founder of the practice of partisan raids. This outstanding Ukrainian, people's partisan commander, twice Hero of the Soviet Union, who received the rank of major general in 1943, plays a special role in the development of the theory and practice of the partisan movement of modern times. Detachment commander Sidor Artemyevich Kovpak
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Partisan detachment of S. Kovpak By destroying transport communications, the Kovpakites were able to block for a long time important routes for the supply of Nazi troops and military equipment to the fronts of the Kursk Bulge. The Nazis, who sent elite SS units and front-line aviation to destroy Kovpak’s formation, failed to destroy the partisan column - finding themselves surrounded, Kovpak made an unexpected decision for the enemy to divide the formation into a number of small groups, and with a simultaneous “fan” strike in various directions to break through back to the Polesie forests. This tactical move brilliantly justified itself - all the disparate groups survived, once again uniting into one formidable force - the Kovpakovsky formation. In January 1944, it was renamed the 1st Ukrainian Partisan Division, which received the name of its commander, Sidor Kovpak.
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Pinsk detachment In June-July 1944, Pinsk partisans helped units of Belov’s 61st Army liberate the cities and villages of the region. From June 1941 to July 1944, Pinsk partisans inflicted great losses on the Nazi occupiers: they lost 26,616 people in killed alone and 422 people were captured. They defeated more than 60 large enemy garrisons, 5 railway stations and 10 trains with military equipment and ammunition located there. 468 trains with manpower and equipment were derailed, 219 military trains were shelled and 23,616 railway rails were destroyed. 770 cars, 86 tanks and armored vehicles were destroyed on highways and dirt roads. 3 aircraft were shot down by machine gun fire. 62 railway bridges and about 900 on highways and dirt roads were blown up. This is an incomplete list of the partisans’ military affairs. Commander of the partisan detachment Vasily Zakharovich Korzh
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Detachment of D. Medvedev Partisan reconnaissance planted explosives under the rails and tore up enemy trains, fired from ambushes at convoys on the highway, went on the air day and night and reported to Moscow more and more information about the movement of German military units... Medvedev’s detachment served as the nucleus for the creation in the Bryansk region there is an entire partisan region. Over time, new special tasks were assigned to it, and it was already included in the plans of the Supreme High Command as an important bridgehead behind enemy lines. Dmitry Nikolaevich Medvedev, Commander of a partisan detachment, Hero of the Soviet Union
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1943-1944 During the winter of 1943 and during 1944, when the enemy was defeated and completely expelled from Soviet soil, the partisan movement rose to a new, even higher level. The year 1944 went down in the history of the partisan movement as the year of widespread interaction between partisans and units of the Soviet Army. Partisans - father and son, 1943 Partisan-reconnaissance of the Chernigov formation "For the Motherland" Vasily Borovik Portrait of a 14-year-old partisan-reconnaissance Mikhail Khavdey
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Zoya Anatolyevna Kosmodemyanskaya According to Zoya’s colleagues, she managed to burn down a German communications center, which made it difficult or impossible for some German units stationed near Moscow to interact. With the onset of the evening of November 28, while trying to set fire to the barn of S. A. Sviridov, Kosmodemyanskaya was noticed by the owner. During interrogation, Zoya identified herself as Tanya and did not say anything definite. Having stripped her naked, she was flogged with belts, then the guard assigned to her for 4 hours led her barefoot, in only her underwear, along the street in the cold. The name of Moscow Komsomol member Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya, awarded the high title of Hero of the Soviet Union, became a symbol of fearlessness and courage of partisan intelligence officers. The country learned about the feat of Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya during the difficult months of the battle near Moscow. November 29, 1941 Zoya died with the words on her lips: “It’s happiness to die for your people!”
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Vera Danilovna Voloshina On November 21, 1941, two groups of reconnaissance officers went to the rear of the German troops. Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya was part of the second group. After crossing the front, the groups had to split up and begin to act independently. However, the unexpected happened: the united detachment came under enemy fire and split into two groups of random composition. Thus Zoya and Vera parted ways. Kosmodemyanskaya’s group went towards the village of Petrishchevo. Vera and her comrades continued to complete the task. But between the villages of Yakshino and Golovkovo, a group of partisans again came under fire. Vera was seriously wounded, but they could not take her away, since German soldiers very quickly arrived at the scene of the shelling. She was hanged by the Germans on November 29, 1941, her last words were: “Farewell, comrades!” On the same day that the Germans executed Vera, Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya was hanged ten kilometers from Golovkovo, in the center of the village of Petrishchevo. They left for their last mission together.
In June 1943, the Central Committee of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Belarus put forward a plan for the simultaneous massive destruction of sections of railways in the occupied territory of the republic. The operation was planned in three stages, each lasting 24 hours. They wanted to start the operation on August 1-5, 1943 with a sudden first massive strike, simultaneously blowing up the rails.
The operation was carried out on the territory of Belarus, Karelia, Leningrad and Kalinin regions, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and Crimea occupied by fascist German troops, covering a front of about 900 km. Having defeated the enemy guards and seized the railway sections, they began massive destruction and mining of the railway track .
Hero of the Soviet Union (), secretary of the Gomel underground city party committee, chief of staff of the Gomel partisan unit, colonel. Awards: - “Gold Star” of Hero of the Soviet Union (3207) Order of Lenin Order of the Red Banner of Labor (1949) Gold Star. Order of Lenin Order of the Red Banner of Labor (1949) and other awards Emelyan Ignatievich Barykin
Soviet intelligence officer, during the Great Patriotic War, one of the organizers of the partisan movement in Belarus, commander of a partisan unit. Hero of the Soviet Union, Major General (1969). Awards: Ivan Nikolaevich Banov Order of the Red Star Order “For Service to the Motherland in the Armed Forces of the USSR” III degree Order of the Red Banner Order of Lenin (two) And other awards
In the second period of the Second World War (autumn 1942 - end of 1943), the partisan movement expanded deep behind enemy lines. The actions of the partisans turned out to be so effective that the fascist German command sent against them in the summer and autumn of 1942 144 police battalions, 27 police regiments, 8 infantry regiments, 10 SS security police and punitive divisions, 2 security corps, 72 special units, up to 15 German infantry divisions and 5 infantry divisions of their satellites, thereby weakening their forces at the front.
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Great Patriotic War partisans Performed by students 7 “A” Shley Dmitry and Tsinevsky Viktor
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Menu Soviet partisans in the Great Patriotic War Guerrilla movement in the occupied regions of the RSFSR during the Great Patriotic War Formation of Soviet partisan detachments False partisans Jewish partisan detachments Elements of partisan war Location of Soviet partisan detachments
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Soviet partisans in the Great Patriotic War Soviet partisans are an integral part of the anti-fascist Resistance movement, who fought using guerrilla warfare methods against Germany and its allies in the territories of the USSR occupied by them during the Great Patriotic War. The movement was coordinated and controlled by Soviet authorities and was modeled after the Red Army. The main goal of the guerrilla war was to undermine the front in the German rear - disruption of communications and communications, the operation of its road and railway communications (the so-called “Rail War”), etc.
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In the Bryansk region, Soviet partisans controlled vast territories in the German rear. In the summer of 1942, they actually exercised control over an area of over 14,000 square kilometers. The Bryansk Partisan Republic was formed. The main struggle in this area by the partisans was not with the German occupiers, but with the anti-Bolshevik-minded population of the Lokot Republic. Detachments of Soviet partisans with a total number of more than 60,000 people in the region were led by Alexey Fedorov, Alexander Saburov and others. Partisan movement in the occupied regions of the RSFSR during the Great Patriotic War
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Formation of Soviet partisan detachments The main tasks of the partisan movement were set out in the Directive of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks of June 29, 1941 and the Resolution of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks of July 18, 1941 “On the organization of the struggle in the rear of German troops.” The most important directions of the struggle behind enemy lines were formulated in the order of the People's Commissar of Defense I.V. Stalin dated September 5, 1942 “On the tasks of the partisan movement.”
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There were cases when the Nazis, in order to discredit the partisan movement, created punitive detachments (usually from collaborators), who pretended to be Soviet partisans and committed murders of civilians. In 1943-1944, a group of collaborationists operated in Polesie under the guise of partisans. As one former member of the resistance said, there was a case when one of the partisan groups met with “false partisans”:
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Jewish partisan detachments On the territory of the Soviet Union, from 15 to 49 thousand Jews fought against the Nazis in underground organizations and partisan detachments. Approximately 4,000 people fought in 70 purely Jewish partisan detachments on the territory of the USSR. Jewish partisan detachments were created by those Jews who fled from ghettos and camps, fleeing extermination by the Nazis. Many of the organizers of the Jewish detachments had previously been members of underground organizations in the ghetto.
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Elements of guerrilla warfare Sabotage occupied a significant place in the activities of partisan formations. They were a very effective way of disorganizing the enemy rear, inflicting losses and material damage to the enemy, without engaging in combat with him. Using special sabotage equipment, small groups of partisans and even individuals could inflict significant damage on the enemy. In total, during the war years, Soviet partisans derailed about 18,000 trains, of which 15,000 in 1943-1944.