EntranceRussian language as the national language of the people. A Brief History of the Russian Language
Russian language is National language Russian people, state language Russian Federation, which is used as a means of interethnic communication in Russia and in the near abroad. Currently, the Russian language is one of the languages of European and world significance. Along with English, French, Spanish, Chinese and Arabic languages it is recognized as the official and working language of the United Nations. More than 250 million people study modern Russian literary language in almost 100 countries of the world.
The national Russian language is a means of written and oral communication of the Russian nation. Along with the integrity of the territory, economic life and mental make-up language is a leading indicator of the historical community of people, which is usually called the term “nation”. National language is a historical category; it is formed during the formation of a nation, its development from a nationality.
Russian national language family ties, which arose and formed in the process of historical development, belongs to the Slavic group of the Indo-European family of languages. By origin, it is related to the Common Slavic (Proto-Slavic), which emerged from the 3rd millennium BC. from the base Indo-European language and until the 2nd half of the 1st millennium AD. (until the 5th-6th centuries AD) served as a means of communication for all Slavic tribes. During the existence of a single common Slavic language, the main features inherent in all Slavic languages developed. The long existence of the Common Slavic (Proto-Slavic) language (over three thousand years) as a single dialect of all Slavic tribes explains the high degree of similarity between modern Slavic languages.
Around VI-VII AD. the pan-Slavic unity disintegrated, and on the basis of the common Slavic language the East Slavic (Old Russian), West Slavic (Polish, Slovak, Czech, Serbian Sorbian, etc.) and South Slavic (Bulgarian, Serbian, Croatian, Macedonian, Slovenian, Ruthenian and dead Old Slavic) languages were formed. The Old Russian language was spoken by the East Slavic tribes, which in the 9th century formed the Old Russian nation within Kyiv State. As feudal fragmentation intensified, the overthrow Tatar-Mongol yoke, and also as a result of the collapse of the Kyiv state in the XIV-XV centuries, the Great Russian, Little Russian and Belarusian nationalities were formed, and on the basis of the once united Old Russian language three arise independent language: Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian, which with the formation of nations took shape into national languages.
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Ukrainian Russian Belarusian
The Russian national language began to take shape in the 17th century in connection with the development of capitalist relations and the development of the Russian nationality into a nation. The phonetic system, grammatical structure and basic vocabulary of the Russian national language are inherited from the language of the Great Russian people, which was formed as a result of the interaction of the Northern Great Russian and Southern Great Russian dialects. The center of this interaction was Moscow, located at the junction of the south and north of the European part of Russia. It was the Moscow business vernacular that had a significant influence on the development of the national language. During this period, the development of new dialectal features of dialects stops, the influence of Church Slavonic language, a literary language of a democratic type is developing, based on the traditions of the language of business Moscow.
In the 18th century, through the efforts of progressively minded circles of society, the creation of a single national Russian language began (until the 18th century, in fiction and official business documents, the so-called Slavic-Russian language was used, which absorbed the culture of the Old Church Slavonic language). The democratization of language is taking place, i.e. its vocabulary and grammatical structure include elements of living oral speech, alive colloquial speech merchants, service people, clergy and literate peasants, there is a gradual liberation of the language from the Church Slavonic language, the formation scientific language, Russian scientific terminology. In all these processes, the great Russian scientist M.V. Lomonosov took an active part, who did immeasurably much to streamline the Russian language: he created the first “Russian Grammar” in the Russian language, in which he presented for the first time scientific system Russian language, creates a set of grammatical rules, demonstrates the richest capabilities of the language, seeks permission from Catherine II to give lectures at the university in Russian, creates Russian scientific and technical terminology (he is the author of the words atmosphere, degree, matter, electricity, thermometer, circumstance, combustion and etc.). Lomonosov pointed out two features of the Russian language that made it one of the most important world languages - “the vastness of the places where it dominates” and “its own space and contentment.” In the Peter the Great era, due to the appearance of many new objects and phenomena in the life of society, the vocabulary of the Russian language was updated and enriched. An influx of foreign words from Polish, French, Dutch, Italian, German languages into the Russian language was so enormous that Peter I was forced to issue a decree normalizing the use of borrowings and ordering “to write everything Russian language, without using foreign words and terms,” since from their abuse “it is impossible to understand the matter itself.” By the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th century, the preferred use of native Russian elements in oral and writing becomes a sign of patriotism, respect for one’s nation, one’s culture.
Throughout the 19th century, there were debates about what should be considered the basis of the Russian national language, how to relate to the common language and vernacular. Famous Russian writer, founder of Russian sentimentalism, author of “ Poor Lisa" and "History of the Russian State" N.M. Karamzin and his supporters believed that the Russian language is too difficult to express thoughts and needs to be processed. The transformation of the language, in their opinion, should be oriented towards European languages, especially French, along the path of liberating the language from the influence of Church Slavonic speech, creating new words, eliminating from use archaic and professional Slavicisms, special terms of various crafts and sciences, and crude vernacular. Karamzin created and introduced into active use the word love, humanity, public, future, industry, generally useful and others that we still use today. Opponent N.M. Karamzin became the Slavophiles, led by A.S. Shishkov, a writer, public figure, and Minister of Education, who considered the Old Church Slavonic language to be the primitive language of all mankind and the basis of the Russian national language. The dispute about language between Slavophiles and Westerners was resolved in the works of the great Russian writers of the 19th century A.S. Griboyedov and I.A. Krylov, who showed what inexhaustible possibilities living folk speech has, how rich, original and original the language of folklore is.
A.S. Pushkin is rightly called the creator of the modern Russian literary language. It was he who introduced folk speech into his poetry, believing that any word is acceptable in poetry if it accurately and figuratively expresses the concept and conveys the meaning. The poet believed that “true taste does not consist in the unconscious rejection of such and such a word, such and such a turn of phrase, but in a sense of proportionality and conformity.” No one before Pushkin wrote in a realistic language or introduced ordinary everyday vocabulary into a poetic text. It was Pushkin who used the common language as a treasury of language.
In the first decades of the 19th century, the formation of the Russian national language was completed, but the process of processing the national language continued in order to create uniform grammatical, lexical, spelling, spelling standards, which are theoretically substantiated in the works of Russian linguists Vostokov, Buslaev, Potebnya, Fortunatov, Shakhmatov, described and approved in the Russian grammars of Grech, Grot, Vostokov and others.
In the 19th century there was an unprecedented flowering of Russian literature and the Russian language. The works of Gogol, Lermontov, Dostoevsky, L. Tolstoy, Saltykov-Shchedrin, Ostrovsky, Chekhov and other writers and poets, the achievements of Russian scientists Mendeleev, Dokuchaev, Pirogov, Klyuchevsky and others contributed to the further formation and enrichment of the Russian national language. His vocabulary is replenished (worldview, humanity, lawlessness, serfdom, etc.), phraseology is enriched, the stock of international terminology is expanded (intellectual, progress, international, communism, culture, civilization, etc.), scientific and journalistic functional styles are formalized. The richness and diversity of the Russian language is reflected in the historical, etymological, synonymous dictionaries and dictionary of foreign words that appeared in the 19th century.
In 1863-1866. a four-volume edition is coming out Dictionary living Great Russian language" by V.I. Dahl, which included over 200 thousand words. Professor P.P. Chervinsky rightly called this dictionary an “eternal book”, since its content is not subject to time.
Interesting changes occur in the Russian language in the 20th century, which can be chronologically divided into 2 periods: 1 - from October 1917. to April 1985; 2 – since April 1985 to 2000 The first period is associated with October Revolution, which introduced radical transformations into all levels of life of Russian society and was reflected in the most interesting processes in the language: the disappearance into the passive stock of many words denoting concepts that had disappeared into oblivion, associated with the former political and economic way of life and Orthodoxy (tsar, province, volost, policeman, merchant , nobleman, pilgrimage, bishop, Mother of God, Annunciation, Twelve Feasts, Christmas Eve, Christmastide, etc.). During this period, many new words appeared to denote the realities of the new life (district committee, Komsomol member, propaganda team, Central Committee, GORONO, MTS, drummer, Stakhanovite, etc.). During the years of Soviet power, the main principle of the name was renaming (St. Petersburg - Petrograd - Leningrad, Ekaterinodar - Krasnodar, Samara - Kuibyshev, Sobornaya Street - named after Lenin, Bazovskaya Street named after Zhdanov, Bursakovskaya Street (named after F. Ya Bursak, Ataman of the Black Sea Cossack army) - Krasnoarmeyskaya, etc.). Such a renaming reflected the desire of the party and government elite to influence public consciousness through language and words, trying to connect the name change with the illusion of constant qualitative change in society itself. In addition, new names appear related to the desire to reflect a new ideology in the language: Ninel, Oktyabrina, Vladilena, Rem, Kim, Dazdraperma, etc. Ideologization in language also manifested itself in the so-called “interference of the opposed,” which was understood as the perception of reality through constant contrast, the opposition of the perception of phenomena of reality in us, in the socialist world, and in them, in the capitalist world, for example: in our country - democracy, brotherhood, peace , friendship, equality, brotherhood, a bright future, they have corruption, mafia, racketeering, genocide, drug addiction, exploitation, decaying capitalism, etc.
The second period of the twentieth century is associated with perestroika, which also made its own adjustments to the development of the modern Russian language. The change in the political and economic way of life and the fall of the Iron Curtain affected, first of all, the vocabulary of the language. Vocabulary reflecting all spheres of social life has come into active use: politics, economics, culture, medicine, religion, everyday life, etc., for example: inauguration, post-Soviet, impeachment, clearing, barter, manager, image, music video director, hospice, immunodeficiency , Jehovah's Witness, karmic, cheeseburger, yogurt, case, etc. Many words that were either not used during the years of Soviet power or were in the passive vocabulary have returned to the active vocabulary: mayor's office, rent, governess, police, bishop, all-night vigil, communion and many others.
The modern Russian language of the 21st century is characterized by the following trends:
1. In modern Russian society, the type of communication has changed: monologue communication (one person speaks, and everyone listens and performs) has been replaced by dialogical communication. Change communicative type communication is a consequence of the socio-political orientation of society.
2. As a result, the role of oral speech and its dialogization have expanded significantly, i.e. increase in dialogue of different types of communication, expansion of functions dialogical speech in the structure of communication, the development of new types and forms of dialogue, the formation of new rules of dialogic communication.
3. Pluralization of communication: formation of traditions of coexistence different points vision when discussing various, especially acute problems; development of a democratic, tolerant (that is, tolerant) attitude towards opposing views, opponents, points of view.
4. Personification of communication, that is, the development of individual uniqueness of those communicating, the formation of dissimilarity in the expression and presentation of ideas and thoughts different people, increasing the number of unique personal “communicative images”.
5. Prevailing changes in vocabulary and phraseology: growth of vocabulary in such thematic areas as “market economy”, “politics”, “show business”, “household appliances”, etc.
6. Increase in borrowed vocabulary in all areas of communication.
7. Restructuring in the system of forms of existence of the Russian language: intensive development of the oral form of the language and expansion of its functions; differentiation of written form by communicative areas, formation of the specifics of written text in various professional fields, especially in the field of business commercial correspondence.
8. Activation of secondary forms of language existence - jargons (youth, computer, criminal, music, sports, etc.).
9. The formation in the stylistic system of the language of a new functional subsystem - national slang, which occupies an intermediate place between colloquial and reduced vocabulary, which is understood as national jargon, that is, a set of well-known and used regardless of age, profession and social status of lexical and phraseological units that have reduced stylistic in nature and having expressiveness (for example, bucks, rubbish, get bored, party, unfasten, showdown, don’t care, deal, for free, dead number, etc.).
Overall, analyzing modern processes and trends in the Russian language, they can be considered as the development and evolution of the language, occurring within the language according to its own laws and reflecting the adaptation of the language to the conditions of its functioning changing under the influence of external factors.
1. Christianization of Rus' and its role in the development of language.
2. Eternal truths: winged words, proverbs and sayings of biblical origin.
3. The theory of “three calms” by M.V. Lomonosov and its role in the development of the national Russian language.
4. The reformatory nature of A.S. Pushkin’s creativity in the process of creating the modern Russian literary language.
5. Features of the development of the Russian language during the Soviet period (1917 - April 12985).
6. Features of the development of the Russian language at the end of the twentieth century (April 1985 - end of the twentieth century).
7. How do you understand the term “language” and what points of view exist on the question of the origin of language?
8. Analyze units and levels of language.
9. How does the systematic nature of language manifest itself? Justify your answer.
10. What functions does language perform in society?
11. Prove that language is historically variable and socially determined.
12. Tell us about the origin of the Russian language and the stages of its development.
13. What is the role of M.V. Lomonosov in the history of the development of the Russian language?
14. Why is A.S. Pushkin considered the creator of the modern Russian literary language?
15. What is the role of the Bible and Old Church Slavonicisms in the formation of the modern Russian language?
16. Name the features of the Russian language of the Soviet period.
17. What features are characteristic of the Russian language at the end of the twentieth century?
18. Name the trends in the modern Russian language at the beginning of the 21st century.
Modern Russian is the national language of the great Russian people, a form of Russian national culture. The Russian language belongs to the group of Slavic languages, which are divided into three subgroups: eastern - the languages Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian; southern - languages Bulgarian, Serbo-Croatian, Slovenian, Macedonian; Western - languages Polish, Czech, Slovak, Kashubian, Lusatian. Going back to the same source - the common Slavic language, everything Slavic languages are close to each other, as evidenced by the similarity of a number of words, as well as the phenomena of the phonetic system and grammatical structure. For example: Russian tribe, Bulgarian tribe, Serbian tribe, Polish plemic, Czech plemm, Russian clay, Bulgarian clay, Czech hlina, Polish glina; Russian summer, Bulgarian lato, Czech leto, Polish lato; Russian red, Serbian krasan, Czech krasny; Russian milk, Bulgarian milk, Serbian milk, Polish mieko, Czech mleko, etc.
The Russian language, the national language, is a historically established linguistic community and unites the entire set of linguistic means of the Russian people, including all Russian dialects and dialects, as well as social jargons. The highest form of the national Russian language is the Russian language, a literary language. On different historical stages development of the national language - from the language of the people to the national - in connection with the change and expansion public functions literary language, the content of the concept “literary language” changed. The modern Russian literary language is a standardized language that serves the cultural needs of the Russian people, it is the language of state acts, science, the press, radio, theater, fiction. The standardization of a literary language lies in the fact that the composition of the dictionary in it is regulated, the meaning and use of words, pronunciation, spelling and education grammatical forms words follow a generally accepted pattern. Modern literary language, not without the influence of means mass media, noticeably changes its status: the norm becomes less rigid, allowing for variation. It focuses not on inviolability and universality, but rather on communicative expediency. Therefore, the norm today is often not so much a ban on something as an opportunity to choose.
The border between normativity and non-normativity is sometimes blurred, and some colloquial and colloquial linguistic facts become variants of the norm. Becoming a public domain, the literary language easily absorbs previously forbidden means of linguistic expression. It is enough to give an example of the active use of the word “lawlessness,” which previously belonged to criminal jargon. Literary language has two forms: oral and written, which are characterized by features both in terms of lexical composition and grammatical structure, because they are designed for different types perception - auditory and visual Written literary language differs from oral literary language, primarily in the greater complexity of syntax and the presence of a large amount of abstract vocabulary, as well as terminological vocabulary, in particular international. Written literary language has stylistic varieties: scientific, official business, journalistic, and artistic styles. Literary language, as a standardized, processed national language, is opposed to local dialects and jargon.
Russian dialects are united into two main groups: the Northern Russian dialect and the Southern Russian dialect. Each group has its own distinctive features in pronunciation, vocabulary and grammatical forms. In addition, there are Central Russian dialects, which reflect the features of both dialects.
The modern Russian literary language is the language of interethnic communication of the peoples of the Russian Federation. The Russian literary language introduces all the peoples of Russia to the culture of the great Russian people. Since 1945, the UN Charter has recognized the Russian language as one of the official languages peace. There are numerous statements by great Russian writers and public figures, as well as many progressive foreign writers, about the strength, wealth and artistic expressiveness of the Russian language. Derzhavin G. R. Derzhavin and Karamzin N. A. Karamzin, Pushkin A. S. Pushkin and Gogol N. V. Gogol, Belinsky V. G. Belinsky and Chernyshevsky N. G. Chernyshevsky, Turgenev I. spoke enthusiastically about the Russian language. S. Turgenev and Tolstoy L. N. Tolstoy.
The Russian language is the national language of the Russian people. This is the language of science and culture. For centuries, masters of words (A. Pushkin, M. Lermontov, N. Gogol, I. Turgenev, L. Tolstoy, A. Chekhov, M. Gorky, A. Tvardovsky, K. Paustovsky, etc.) and philologists (F. Buslaev, I. Sreznevsky, L. Shcherba, V. Vinogradov, etc.) improved the Russian language, brought it to the point of subtlety, creating for us a grammar, a dictionary, and model texts.
The arrangement of words, their meanings, the meaning of their connections contains that information about the world and people that brings to spiritual wealth created by many generations of ancestors. Konstantin Dmitrievich Ushinsky wrote that “every word of the language, every form of it is the result of human thoughts and feelings, through which the nature of the country and the history of the people are reflected in the word.” The history of the Russian language, according to V. Kuchelbecker, “will reveal... the character of the people who speak it.” That is why all means of language help to most accurately, clearly and figuratively express the most complex thoughts and feelings of people, all the diversity of the surrounding world. The national language includes not only the standardized literary language, but also folk dialects, vernacular forms of the language, and professionalisms.
The education and development of a national language is a complex, lengthy process. The history of the Russian national language begins in the 17th century, when the Russian nation finally took shape. The further development of the Russian national language is directly related to the development of the history and culture of the people. The Russian national language was formed on the basis of the dialects of Moscow and its environs. Literary language forms the basis of the national language and is obliged to maintain its internal unity despite the differences in the means of expression used. The norm of a language is the generally accepted use of linguistic means, the rules that determine the exemplary use of linguistic means. The creator of the Russian literary language is A. Pushkin, who combined the literary Russian language of previous eras with the national language spoken language. The language of Pushkin's era has essentially been preserved to this day.
The Russian language is the national language of the Russian people, the language of the Russian nation. The Russian language is part of the Slavic group of languages, which also includes Ukrainian, Belarusian, Bulgarian, Czech, Slovak, Macedonian, Slovenian and other languages. All of these languages originated from the Common Slavic language.
Russian language refers to Slavic group Indo-European family of languages. Within the Slavic group, in turn, three groups - branches are distinguished: eastern(languages Belarusian, Russian and Ukrainian), southern(languages Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbo-Croatian and Slovenian) and western(Polish, Slovak, Czech and others).
Russian language is one of the richest languages in the world. He has a large vocabulary, has developed expressive means, used to denote all necessary concepts in any field of human activity.
On the territory of the Russian Federation, Russian is the state language. The state language of the Russian Federation can be considered as a system-forming factor in preserving the integrity of the Russian Federation, as an instrument for expressing the will of the people and every citizen of the country, as a necessary element for achieving uniformity government controlled and understanding of state will as a mechanism for realizing the rights and obligations of the population of Russia, as a national characteristic in international legal relations. Due to the fact that people of different nationalities live in the Russian Federation, the Russian language serves for productive interethnic communication. With the help of the Russian language as a means of communication, many problems of national importance are solved. In addition, the Russian language helps to become familiar with the riches of Russian and world scientific thought and culture. The Russian language is one of the generally recognized world languages and one of the most developed languages in the world.
Language, in its specificity and social significance, is a unique phenomenon: it is a means of communication and influence, a means of storing and assimilating knowledge, and the focus of the spiritual culture of the people.
The Russian language is the language of culture, science and technology. The Russian language is the primary element of great Russian literature. Works of outstanding Russian writers were created in Russian - A.S. Pushkina, M.Yu. Lermontova, N.V. Gogol, F.I. Tyutcheva, I.S. Turgeneva, S.A. Yesenina, M.I. Tsvetaeva, L.N. Tolstoy, A.P. Chekhova, I.A. Bunin, M. Gorky, V.V. Mayakovsky, B.L. Pasternak, M.A. Bulgakov and other writers. Literature is unthinkable without language. Literature is the art of depiction in words, and Russian literature is the art of depiction in Russian words.
The connection of language with national character, mentality, with national self-awareness and its expression in literature was an obvious truth for all Russian writers. I.A. Goncharov wrote that “...what connects us with our nation, most of all, is language.” Impact on the reader from the author work of art It is connected, first of all, with the imagery and emotional richness of the word.
The Russian language is a huge element that maintains relative, but still ecological purity. The ocean of words is boundless, it conceals both unpredictable processes and stability thanks to the immunity of colossal strength, the unique property of self-purification. Famous philologist and literary critic M.M. Bakhtin said: “Man is first of all a word, and then everything else. The word is an instrument for a person’s fulfillment; it provides him with vital energy.” Mastery of words - an instrument of communication and thinking - is the fundamental basis of human intelligence. A person who has few words in his stock is lost, complex, and cannot find common language with the people around you. Academician D.S. Likhachev wrote about language: “...Our language is the most important part of our general behavior in life. And by the way a person speaks, we can immediately and easily judge who we are dealing with... You need to learn good intelligent speech for a long time and carefully - listening, remembering, noticing, reading and studying. But even though it’s difficult, it’s necessary.”
The national Russian language means a linguistic system of phonetic, lexical and grammatical units and rules that has evolved over the centuries and which distinguishes the language of the Russian nation from any other language.
The Russian national language is heterogeneous. It includes individual varieties, each of which has its own scope of application. As part of the national Russian language, one can distinguish a core, a center - the literary language, and a periphery, which is formed by territorial and social dialects (jargons, professionalisms, slang, argot), various sublanguages, and the area of vernacular. The proportion of these components may vary, for example, for current state The Russian language is characterized by a decrease in the proportion of dialectisms, but an expansion of the vocabulary and scope of use of slang vocabulary. All these forms of existence differ from each other, but are united - at their core - by a common grammatical system and a common vocabulary.
The Russian national language, like many other languages, has gone through a long evolutionary path and continues to develop.
The national Russian language is beginning to take shape XVII century parallel to the formation of the Moscow State. The formation of a nation and a national language is associated with the formation of a state, the strengthening of its borders, economic and political ties between separate territories. Slavic tribes in Kievan Rus XV - XVI centuries, although they represented one nationality, were not yet a nation. Nations arise during the period of overcoming economic fragmentation, the development of commodity circulation and the emergence of a single market.
For different peoples, the process of formation of a nation and language occurred at different times and followed different paths. The Russian national language developed on the basis of the Moscow dialect, which already by the 15th - 16th centuries. lost its territorial limitations. Its features, such as akanye, hiccups, pronunciation of a back-lingual plosive sound and some others, are still preserved in the modern Russian language. In addition, the Old Church Slavonic language played a significant role in the formation of the Russian national language. There is a noticeable influence on the Russian language and many other languages, for example, French and English.
K.D. Ushinsky wrote: “Language is the most living, the most abundant and lasting connection, connecting the obsolete, living and future generations of the people into one great, historical living whole...” And indeed, language, like a chronicle, tells us about how our ancestors lived, what peoples they met, and with whom they entered into communication. All events are preserved in folk memory and passed on from generation to generation using words and stable combinations. Proverbs and sayings can tell us a lot about the history of the Russian people.
Language is the most important tool human communication, knowledge and creative development of the surrounding reality.
Russian language is the national language of the Russian people. The Russian national language developed in the 16th-17th centuries. in connection with the formation of the Moscow State. It was based on Moscow and adjacent local dialects. The further development of the Russian national language is associated with its normalization and formation in the 18th-19th centuries. literary language. The literary language combined the features of northern and southern dialects: in the phonetic system, the consonants corresponded to the consonants of the northern dialects, and the vowels were closer to the pronunciation in the southern dialects; the vocabulary has more overlaps with northern dialects (for example, rooster, but not roars, wolf, but not Biryuk).
Old Church Slavonic had a significant influence on the formation of the Russian national language. His influence on the Russian language was undoubtedly beneficial: this is how borrowings entered the Russian literary language temper, drag out, ignoramus, head, etc., Russian participles with suffixes -ach (-yach) were replaced by Old Slavonic participles with suffixes -ash (-box) (burning instead of hot).
In the course of its formation and development, the Russian national language borrowed and continues to borrow elements from other, unrelated languages, such as, for example, French, German, English, etc.
The national Russian language is a complex phenomenon, heterogeneous in its composition. And this is understandable: after all, it is used by people who differ in their social status, occupation, place of birth and residence, age, gender, level of culture, etc. All these differences between people are reflected in language. Therefore, language exists in several varieties:
· Territorial dialects, as a local variety of language, exist in oral form and serve mainly for everyday communication (for example, bustle, instead of drizzle, rukoternik, instead of towel and etc.).
· Vernacular- a variety of language used in the speech of poorly educated native speakers (for example, TV set, instead of TV, play instead of play, you bake, instead of you bake and etc.).
· Professional jargons is a type of language that is used in the speech of people of the same profession (for example, spark, instead of spark from the drivers, batten down the hatches, instead of close the sailors say, training aircraft called ladybug pilots, etc.).
· Social jargons use socially isolated groups of people in their speech (for example, spur, stepyokha- from student jargon, ancestors, horse racing- from youth slang, etc.).
· Territorial dialects, professional and social jargons, colloquialisms are included as component into the national Russian language, but the basis, the highest form of existence of the national language is literary language. He serves various areas human activity: politics, legislation, culture, art, office work, everyday communication.
One of the main signs of literary language - normalization. The normalization of a literary language lies in the fact that the meaning and use of words, pronunciation, spelling and the formation of grammatical forms are subject to a generally accepted pattern - the norm. Along with normalization, the literary language has the following characteristics:
Resilience (stability);
Mandatory for all native speakers;
Processing;
Availability of functional styles;
Availability of oral and written forms.
In accordance with the “Law on the Languages of the Peoples of Russia”, the Russian language, which is the main means of interethnic communication of the peoples of the Russian Federation, in accordance with established historical and cultural traditions, has the status state language throughout Russia.
Functions of the Russian language as the state language:
1. Russian is the language in which the highest legislative bodies of the Russian Federation work.
2. The texts of laws and other legal acts are published in Russian.
3. Russian as a state language is studied in secondary, secondary vocational and higher educational institutions.
4. Russian is the language of the media.
5. Russian is the language of communication in the fields of industry, transport, communications, services and commercial activities.
On the territory of Russia with its multinational population, the “Law on the Languages of the Peoples of Russia” guarantees and ensures, along with the functioning of the Russian language as the state language, the creation of conditions for the development of the state languages of the republics of the Russian Federation, for the preservation and development of the languages of small peoples and ethnic groups.
The Russian language is not only the language of interethnic communication between the peoples of Russia, but also the peoples of the former CIS.
The functions of the Russian language are not limited to life within the nation and Russian state, but also cover international spheres of communication, since Russian is one of the world languages. World languages are those that are means of interstate and international communication.
The Russian language has become one of the world languages since the middle of the 20th century. The number of people who speak Russian to one degree or another now exceeds half a billion people. The Russian language meets all the requirements for world languages:
- The Russian language is a means of communication among scientists, one of the languages of science.
- Russian is studied as a foreign language in many countries around the world.
- Russian is the working language of such international organizations as the UN, UNESCO, etc.
The Russian language is the language of the richest fiction, the global significance of which is exceptionally great.