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Semyon Lavochkin aircraft designer. Lavochkin Semyon Alekseevich

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On September 11, 1900, Semyon Alekseevich Lavochkin (Aizikovich) was born - an outstanding Soviet aircraft designer. Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences, Major General of the Aviation Engineering Service, four times laureate of the Stalin Prize, twice Hero of Socialist Labor (1943, 1956).

Born in Smolensk (some documents indicate a different place of birth - the town of Petrovichi, Roslavl district, Smolensk province). Son of a high school teacher. Jew. He graduated from the city school in the city of Roslavl and the gymnasium in Kursk.

Since 1918 - in Workers' and Peasants'. Fought as a Red Army soldier in Civil War, in 1920 he served in the border guard. At the end of 1920 he was demobilized and sent to study in Moscow. Graduated from the Moscow Higher Technical School. N.E. Bauman in 1927. He completed his pre-graduation internship at the design bureau of A.N. Tupolev, participating in the development of the first Soviet bomber ANT-4 (TB-1). Since 1929, he worked in a number of aviation design bureaus (Richard Design Bureau, Bureau of New Designs and Central Design Bureau). In 1935 - 1938 - chief designer of the LL fighter project (did not go into production). In 1938 - 1939 he worked in the Main Directorate of the Aviation Industry.

Since 1939, chief aircraft designer, head of the design bureau at aircraft plant No. 301 in the city of Khimki, Moscow region. Under his leadership, the LaGG-3 fighter was created there (together with M.I. Gudkov and V.P. Gorbunov). Since 1940 - chief designer of the design bureau at aircraft plant No. 21 in the city of Gorky.

During the Great Patriotic War, the LaGG-3 was significantly redesigned, which initially had a high accident rate and insufficient flight characteristics (it replaced the engine and significantly strengthened the wing plane, which sharply increased the combat capabilities of the aircraft). At the same time he created 10 serial and experimental fighters, including La-5, La-5F, La-5FN, La-7, which were widely used in battles. When developing them, Lavochkin rationally combined the wooden structure of the airframe (using a particularly durable material - delta wood) with a reliable engine that had high specifications over a wide range of flight altitudes. The layout of the La-5 and La-7 provided reliable protection for the pilot in the forward hemisphere of fire. On fighters designed by I.N. Lavochkin. Kozhedub shot down 62 German aircraft. In total, 22,500 Lavochkin aircraft were built between 1941 and 1945, which played a huge role in the conquest of air supremacy by Soviet aviation. Over the years, Lavochkin fighters with jet boosters installed on them have been tested.

For outstanding services in the creation aviation technology in difficult wartime conditions, by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of June 21, 1943, Semyon Alekseevich Lavochkin was awarded the title of Socialist Labor with the presentation of the Order of Lenin and the Hammer and Sickle gold medal.

In the first post-war years, Lavochkin's design bureau (in 1945 it was transferred to Khimki) created his last piston fighters - the all-metal La-9 aircraft, the La-180 trainer and the La-11 long-range fighter. Then the Lavochkin Design Bureau was transferred to the creation of serial and experimental jet fighters, although it began to work closely on the problems of jet engines and their use in aviation since 1944. In 1947, the La-160 was developed - the first domestic aircraft with a swept wing, the La-15. In December 1948, on the La-176 with a wing sweep of 45 degrees, flight speed was achieved for the first time in the USSR, equal to speed sound. The designer created the supersonic fighter La-190, an all-weather two-seat fighter with a powerful radar on board the La-200.

Under Lavochkin’s leadership, a number of rocket technology samples were created. In 1950, OKB S.A. Lavochkin was instructed to design, build, test and introduce into series the latest models of surface-to-air missiles, and the tactical and technical data were set to extremely high levels, not achieved in any country in the world. On the initiative of I.V. Stalin, who realized the danger of a very real nuclear strike on the industrial centers of the country in those years, decided to create the first domestic air defense system (S-25 air defense) with anti-aircraft guided missiles (SAM) in service.

In the shortest possible time, the path was covered from the formulation of the very idea of an air defense system to the creation of the system. In 1951 - 1955, under the leadership of S.A. Lavochkin developed and tested ground-based missiles-205 and missiles-215, as well as air-to-air missiles. In 1955, the famous protective “rings” appeared around Moscow - the Berkut air defense system. Rockets designed by S.A. Lavochkin were on combat duty until the early 80s (these were SAM-217M and SAM-218). Member of the CPSU since 1953.

For outstanding services in the creation of new aviation equipment and the labor heroism shown at the same time, by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of April 20, 1956, Semyon Alekseevich Lavochkin was re-awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor with the presentation of the second gold medal “Hammer and Sickle” (No. 33/II) .

In parallel with the missile theme, S.A. Lavochkin in 1950 - 1954 developed an unmanned target aircraft La-17, which was produced for almost 40 years - until 1993. In addition, its reconnaissance version was created and used as an unmanned front-line photo reconnaissance vehicle (the prototype of modern unmanned aerial reconnaissance vehicles).

Since 1956 S.A. Lavochkin is the general designer of the OKB. In this post, he completed two major works: firstly, the creation of the Burya intercontinental supersonic cruise missile and, secondly, the design of the new Dal anti-aircraft air defense system, which was based on long-range surface-to-air missiles (up to 500 km) for hitting high-speed air targets.

At the end of the Buri tests on June 9, 1960, Semyon Alekseevich Lavochkin died of a heart attack at the Sary-Shagan training ground in the area of Lake Balkhash (Kazakh SSR). Due to the ineradicable Soviet habit of classifying everything in a row, the newspapers reported that the designer had died in Moscow. He was buried at the Novodevichy Cemetery of the Hero City of Moscow (section 1).

Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1958). Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR 3-5 convocations (from 1950 to 1960).

Winner of four USSR Stalin Prizes (1941, 1943, 1946, 1948).

Major General of the Aviation Engineering Service (08/19/1944). Awarded three Orders of Lenin (October 31, 1941, June 21, 1943, August 30, 1950), the Order of the Red Banner (07/02/1945), the Order of Suvorov 1st (09/16/1945) and 2nd (08/19/1944) degrees, medals, including "For Military Merit" (11/5/1944).

The research and production association formed on the basis of the Design Bureau, which he led, bears Lavochkin’s name. A bronze bust was installed in the Hero’s homeland in the hero city of Smolensk.

Streets in Moscow and Smolensk are named after him, and bronze busts are installed there. In Moscow, a memorial plaque was installed on the house where the Hero lived.

The factories built over 6,500 LaGG-3 fighters in 1940 - 1944, and approximately another 16,000 La-5 and La-7 in 1942 - 1945, on which the liquid-cooled engine was replaced by a more powerful and durable air-cooled engine. Lavochkin fruitfully collaborated with scientific aviation organizations of the USSR, actively introduced modern methods continuous production.

Biography

Born on September 11, 1900 in the family of a Jewish teacher. He graduated from the city school in Roslavl, and then from the Kursk gymnasium with a gold medal. In 1918 - 1920 served in the Red Army. After demobilization, he continued his studies in Moscow, receiving the qualification of an aeromechanical engineer at the Moscow Higher Technical School (now Bauman Moscow State Technical University).

Who was

In 1939, together with V.P. Gorbunov and M.I. Gudkov was the initiator of the design and construction of a high-speed all-wood single-engine fighter with extensive use of delta wood to increase structural strength. The LaGG-3 fighter turned out to be successful; at the end of 1940 it was put into production at five aircraft factories at once. In 1942-1943. it was replaced by La-5, then La-7. After the war, he developed the La-15 jet fighter, which was put into production, created the first anti-aircraft missiles in the USSR for the Moscow Berkut air defense system, and since 1954 he worked on the intercontinental supersonic cruise missile “Burya” and the “Dal” anti-aircraft air defense system. His untimely death prevented the completion of the work.

What is he famous for?

The LaGG-3 fighter was created collectively, but in the process of fine-tuning, during the development and modification of the aircraft, and the elimination of its defects, the talent, deep knowledge, and erudition of Lavochkin, who became the true leader of the team, were fully revealed. Under his leadership, the La-5 (autumn 1942) and La-7 (summer 1944) were built and introduced, which became one of the best fighters of World War II.

Battle sites

LaGG-3 fighters first participated in the defense of Moscow and Leningrad, and then appeared on other fronts. They were gradually replaced by the more advanced La-5 and La-7, which took part in all major battles of the Great Patriotic War until the Victory.

Cases of manifestation of the highest degree of heroism

Soviet pilots loved Lavochkin's aircraft, and many considered the La to be the best fighter aircraft of the end of World War II. Aces like I.N. Kozhedub, K.A. Evstigneev, N.M. Skomorokhov, the three of them who shot down 162 enemy planes, won all their victories on the Lavochkin planes.

Circumstances of death

He died at the Kazakh Sary-Shagan training ground from a heart attack on June 9, 1960, before his 60th birthday.

State awards and regalia

Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Major General of the Aviation Engineering Service, four times laureate of the Stalin Prize, twice Hero of Socialist Labor. He became a Knight of the Order of Lenin three times and was awarded other orders. Streets in Moscow, Smolensk, Lipetsk, Krasnodar, Khimki bear Lavochkin’s name, and is immortalized in the name of the Scientific and Production Association (formerly OKB-301 in Khimki), where he worked as chief designer for more than 20 years.

He graduated from the aeromechanical department of the Moscow Higher Technical School (now Moscow State Technical University named after N.E. Bauman) and received the qualification of an aeromechanical engineer.

Since 1927, he worked in a number of aviation design bureaus. He completed his pre-graduation internship at the design bureau (KB) of Andrei Tupolev in the team preparing for serial production of the first Soviet bomber ANT-4 (TB-1). After defending his diploma, he was sent to work in a design bureau headed by the French engineer Paul Aimé Richard.

Then he worked at the Bureau of New Designs, where the two-seat fighter DI-4 was designed and built.

After the bureau was closed, Lavochkin was transferred to the Central Design Bureau under the leadership of Vladimir Chizhevsky, where he worked on the design of a stratospheric aircraft with a pressurized cabin, rising to high altitudes.

Having then come under the leadership of Dmitry Grigorovich, he was engaged in the design of a fighter.

In 1935-1938, Semyon Lavochkin was the chief designer of the LL fighter project (Lavochkin, Lyushin) with two guns and a lowered seat (did not go into production).

In 1938-1939 he worked in the Main Directorate of the Aviation Industry of the People's Commissariat of Heavy Industry, where he coordinated the deployment of new aircraft factories. At the same time, Semyon Lavochkin, together with colleagues Vladimir Gorbunov and Mikhail Gudkov, developed a fighter project (LaGG) and submitted it to a competition announced by the USSR government in 1939.

The project was recognized as one of the best.

Since 1939, Lavochkin was the chief designer for aircraft construction, the head of the design bureau at aircraft plant No. 301 in the city of Khimki, Moscow region, where work began on the creation of the LaGG-1 fighter.

Since 1940, Semyon Lavochkin was the chief designer of the design bureau at aircraft plant No. 21 in the city of Gorky (now Nizhny Novgorod), where he established serial production of the LaGG-3 fighter (modernized LaGG-1).

During the Great Patriotic War, the Lavochkin Design Bureau developed more than 10 experimental and several production fighters - La-5, La-5FN and La-7.

Since 1945, Semyon Lavochkin has been the chief designer and responsible director of aircraft factories No. 81 in Moscow and No. 801 in Khimki.

In the first post-war years, the Lavochkin design bureau created the all-metal La-9 aircraft, the La-180 trainer and the La-11 long-range fighter. Then the Lavochkin Design Bureau was transferred to the creation of jet serial and experimental fighters. In 1947, the La-160 was developed, which became the first domestic aircraft with a swept wing, and in 1948, on the La-176 fighter developed at the Lavochkin Design Bureau, for the first time in the USSR a flight speed equal to the speed of sound was achieved. In the late 1940s - early 1950s, the design bureau created the L-200 all-weather interceptor fighter with a radar station.

Since 1950, Lavochkin's design bureau was entrusted with the development of the latest types of surface-to-air missiles for the first domestic air defense system.

Since 1951, Semyon Lavochkin has been the chief designer and responsible manager of plant No. 301. In 1951-1955, under his leadership, ground-based anti-aircraft guided missiles ZUR-205 and ZUR-215, as well as air-to-air missiles, were developed and tested. air".

In parallel with the missile theme, Lavochkin in 1950-1954 developed an unmanned target aircraft La-17, which was produced until 1993. In addition, its reconnaissance version was created and used as an unmanned front-line photo reconnaissance vehicle (the prototype of modern unmanned aerial reconnaissance vehicles).

Since 1956, Semyon Lavochkin has been the general designer of the Experimental Design Bureau.

Under the leadership of Lavochkin in 1954-1960, the supersonic strategic cruise missile "Burya" was developed and tested, and since 1955, a long-range surface-to-air missile (up to 500 kilometers) was designed for the new anti-aircraft air defense system "Dal" to destroy high-speed air targets (the missile was tested, but was not put into service).

On June 9, 1960, Semyon Lavochkin died suddenly at one of the southern training grounds from a heart attack. He was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery in Moscow.

He was a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR for 3-5 convocations (from 1950 to 1960).

Semyon Lavochkin - Major General of the Aviation Engineering Service (1944), twice Hero of Socialist Labor (1943, 1956), laureate of the USSR State Prize (1941, 1943, 1946, 1948). Awarded three Orders of Lenin, Orders of the Red Banner, Orders of Suvorov 1st and 2nd degrees, and medals.

The research and production association formed on the basis of the Design Bureau, which he led, bears Lavochkin’s name. His bronze busts were installed in Smolensk and Moscow. Streets in Moscow, Smolensk, and Khimki in the Moscow region are named after the aircraft designer. In Moscow, a memorial plaque was installed on the house where he lived.

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Photo: Semyon Lavochkin

Private bussiness

Semyon Alekseevich (Simon Alterovich) Lavochkin (1900 - 1960) was born in Smolensk into a Jewish family. He spent part of his childhood in the county town of Roslavl, where he graduated from the city school. Then he studied at the gymnasium in Kursk, graduating in 1917 with a gold medal. Since 1918 he served in the Red Army, in the border division.

At the end of 1920, Semyon Lavochkin was demobilized and sent to study at the Bauman Moscow Higher Technical School. At the school, Lavochkin chose the aeromechanical department, where his teacher was Andrei Tupolev. Lavochkin completed his pre-graduation internship at the Tupolev design bureau, participating in the development of the first Soviet bomber ANT-4 (TB-1). He graduated from his studies in 1927, receiving the qualification of an aeromechanical engineer.

His first place of work was an aircraft plant in Fili. Since 1929, Lavochkin worked in Moscow at the Richard design bureau, where a torpedo bomber seaplane was created. open sea VOLUME-1. In subsequent years, Lavochkin worked in several more Moscow design bureaus on aircraft of various types, working his way up to lead designer. In 1938, at the invitation of Tupolev, Lavochkin went to work at the Main Directorate of Aviation Industry (GUAP) of the USSR People's Commissariat of Defense.

Since then, fighter aircraft have become the main specialization of designer Lavochkin. In 1939, Lavochkin, together with Vladimir Gorbunov and Mikhail Gudkov, developed the LaGG-3 fighter. The aircraft was submitted to a competition announced that year by the USSR government, and was recognized as one of the best. Three designers were assigned plant No. 301 in Khimki as a production base for the construction of a new aircraft. The fighter passed tests and was accepted for mass production.

Since 1940, Lavochkin, Gudkov and Gorbunov each headed their own design bureau. Semyon Lavochkin and some of his employees were transferred as chief designer to serial plant No. 21 in Gorky with the task of launching the production of the LaGG-3 fighter. During the war years, Lavochkin significantly redesigned the LaGG-3. The fighter's engine was replaced and the wing plane was significantly strengthened, which dramatically increased the aircraft's combat capabilities.

Also during the war years, Lavochkin created ten serial and experimental fighters, including La-5, La-5F, La-5FN, La-7, which were widely used in battles. A total of 22,500 Lavochkin-designed aircraft were built between 1941 and 1945. On June 21, 1943, the aircraft designer was awarded the Order of Lenin and received the title of Hero of Socialist Labor.

Since 1945, Lavochkin became the chief designer of aircraft factories No. 81 in Moscow and No. 801 in Khimki. In the first post-war years, Lavochkin's design bureau created his last piston fighters - the all-metal La-9 aircraft, the La-180 trainer and the La-11 long-range fighter. In the late 40s and early 50s, the La-9 and La-11 formed the backbone of the USSR fighter aviation.

Meanwhile, the Lavochkin Design Bureau moved on to developing jet fighters. The La-160 aircraft, created in 1947, became the first aircraft in our country with a swept wing. Thanks to a new design solution, on December 26, 1948, for the first time in the USSR on the La-176 fighter, pilot Sokolovsky reached the speed of sound in flight with a descent.

In 1950, the Semyon Lavochkin Design Bureau was tasked with designing, building, testing and introducing into series the latest models of surface-to-air missiles. As a result, he developed ground-based anti-aircraft guided missiles, as well as air-to-air missiles. In 1955, the Berkut air defense system protecting Moscow was equipped with Lavochkin missiles. For the creation of the first domestic anti-aircraft guided missiles, Lavochkin's design bureau was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor in 1956, and the designer himself received the second star of the Hero of Socialist Labor. In the second half of the 1950s, Semyon Lavochkin and the design bureau he headed were engaged in the creation of the Burya intercontinental supersonic cruise missile and the new Dal anti-aircraft air defense system, equipped with long-range surface-to-air missiles.

Semyon Lavochki died during testing at the Sary-Shagan training ground in Kazakhstan on the night of June 9-10, 1960.

What is he famous for?

Since the late 1930s, Semyon Lavochkin has been working on the creation of fighter aircraft. Many of the models he designed (LaGG-3, La-5, La-7) played a huge role in the air battles of World War II. Already during the first use of the La-5 in combat conditions, from August 14 to 24, 1942, 19 fighters flew 180 sorties and in 27 air battles, the regiment pilots shot down 16 enemy aircraft. In air battles, when climbing at high speeds, the German Me-109F did not break away from the La-5, but at low speeds due to more weight La-5 lagged behind at the first moment, and then compared with it in terms of climb rate. On turns, our fighter came into the tail of the Messer, since the latter’s turn radius was larger. The horizontal speeds of our and the German aircraft were the same, but in a dive the La-5 flew faster.

What you need to know

Lavochkin’s project of the second half of the 1950s is not so well known - the world’s first supersonic two-stage intercontinental ground-based cruise missile “Storm” (product “350”, V-350, La-350, La-X). It was intended for flights over a distance of up to 8,000 kilometers, at altitudes of up to 25 kilometers, and reached a speed of 3,700 kilometers per hour. The launch weight of the rocket was 95 tons, the weight of the sustainer stage was 33 tons, and the weight of the warhead was 2.35 tons.

The Burya launched from the launcher vertically, gradually transitioned into horizontal flight, and at an altitude of 17,500 m accelerated to a speed three times the speed of sound. At this moment the first stage separated. Then the missile followed at an altitude of 17 - 18 km according to the commands of the celestial navigation control system, when approaching the target it performed an anti-aircraft maneuver, gaining an altitude of 25 km, and dived onto the target. The flight to maximum range, including ascent and acceleration, lasted about 2.5 hours. During the development of the Buri, for the first time in the USSR, a supersonic ramjet engine was created, an automatic astronavigation flight control system was designed, and machining and welding of titanium alloys were used.

Direct speech

“Wherever I was, whatever I did, I always thought about the plane. Not about the one that is already flying, but about the one that is not yet, which should still be. Sometimes you sit, watch a performance and suddenly catch yourself thinking about an airplane. The performance has moved somewhere far away, and the plane is in front of my eyes again... I still don’t know what it will be like. Individual details are still emerging vaguely. I think. Another person might say: it’s a rather strange task to pace your office from morning to evening. Is this a job? But everyone works differently. So, as I walk, I change my mind and refine my idea. This is work. It's tedious, hard work. And when it finally becomes clear to me what this new machine should be like, I call my workmates to join me. “Here’s what I came up with,” I tell them, “how do you like it?” They listen carefully, write something down, and draw something. The discussion begins. Sometimes I feel like they like my idea too much and I can't help myself. “Criticize, damn it!” - I shout to them. They get excited, and there is such a noise in the office that visitors sitting in the reception area might think that sworn enemies have gathered here. But our common cause is dear to all of us, that’s why we all get so excited and lose our temper. The discussion ends. We are glad. Now, at least, it is clear to each of us what he is right and what he is wrong. Now we can begin. And now the first line appears on the drawings. Dozens of people are working on the future aircraft. My slender machine seems to fall into separate parts: the engine, the propeller group, the weapons - specialists are working on each part. And everyone is in a hurry - quickly, quickly!”

From the memoirs of S. A. Lavochkin

“Semyon Alekseevich never confined himself to the circle of purely professional interests. At that time, during his student years, the versatility of his aspirations was felt especially clearly. We managed to do a lot - went to theaters, concerts, listened to futurist poets and imagists. Semyon Alekseevich did not miss the opportunity to attend an interesting lecture at the Polytechnic Museum, to attend performances by Shershenevich, Mariengof, Yesenin, Mayakovsky. Semyon Alekseevich loved the Bat Theater very much. Poets often performed there and sometimes storms broke out. They applauded and whistled, rejoiced and hissed. In later years, coming to the theater, Semyon Alekseevich often looked up and said: “And how good it was in the gallery...”.”

From the memoirs of R. G. Lavochkina

“La-5, especially La-5FN, and La-7 have become machines of a qualitatively different level. At operating altitudes they could fight on equal terms with Messers and Fokkers. With the advent of these fighters, the need to echelon battle formations in height disappeared. The Lavochkins were superior to German planes in their rate of climb and could easily catch up with them on the hill. Compared to the most maneuverable version of the Messerschmitt - the Bf.109G - the La5F fighter had superiority in vertical and horizontal maneuver up to an altitude of 3500 m, above the advantage went to the Messer, but the FW 190 was superior in maneuverability to the Lavochkin throughout the entire altitude range . The La-5FN was superior to the Gustav already up to altitudes of about 5000 m. On the La-7, the pilots easily caught up with the FW 190 both in horizontal and vertical flight, and its superior maneuverability allowed it to get behind the Fokker on the third or fourth turn. The FW 190 was superior to the La-7 only in dive speed, due to which the Germans were able to “run away” from the battle site in time.”

8 facts about Semyon Lavochkin

Semyon Lavochkin's father was a melamed - a teacher at a Jewish school.

The body of the LaGG-3 aircraft was made of delta wood - a new, durable material at that time made from wood veneer impregnated with formaldehyde resins and pressed under high pressure. According to legend, Stalin, when he was first shown delta wood to test its non-flammability, tried to set it on fire with coals from his pipe, and then tried in vain to scratch it with a knife.

Such famous pilots as Ivan Kozhedub and Alexey Maresyev flew on Lavochkin’s planes during the war.

Semyon Lavochkin became a laureate of the Stalin Prize four times (1941, 1943, 1946, 1948) and was awarded many orders.

In 1958, Lavochkin became a corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences in the department of technical sciences.

Semyon Lavochkin's military rank is Major General of the Engineering and Technical Service (since 1942).

The plane of the American pilot Powers was shot down over the Urals by a missile created at the Lavochkin Design Bureau.

In the first half of the 1950s, Lavochkin developed the La-17 unmanned target aircraft, the prototype of modern unmanned aerial vehicles. The La-17 was produced until 1993; a reconnaissance version was created as an unmanned front-line photo reconnaissance aircraft.

Vasily Alekseenko, Mikhail Nikolsky “Lavochkin’s Fighters in the Great Patriotic War»

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Lavochkin Semyon Alekseevich- S. A. Lavochkin Lavochkin Semyon Alekseevich (1900–1960) Soviet aircraft designer, corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, (1958), major general of the aviation engineering service (1944), twice Hero of Socialist Labor (1943, 1956). Graduated... ... Encyclopedia "Aviation"

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- (1900, Smolensk 1960, Moscow), aircraft designer, corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1958), major general of the aviation engineering service (1944), Hero of Socialist Labor (1943, 1956). In Moscow since 1920. Graduated from Moscow Higher Technical School (1927). Worked in a number of... Moscow (encyclopedia)