Lorentz force, definition, formula, physical meaning. Lorentz force and its effect on electric charge Relationship between Lorentz force and ampere

The emergence of a force acting on electric charge, moving in an external electromagnetic field

Animation

Description

The Lorentz force is the force acting on a charged particle moving in an external electromagnetic field.

The formula for the Lorentz force (F) was first obtained by generalizing the experimental facts of H.A. Lorentz in 1892 and presented in the work “Maxwell’s Electromagnetic Theory and Its Application to Moving Bodies.” It looks like:

F = qE + q, (1)

where q is a charged particle;

E - electric field strength;

B is the magnetic induction vector, independent of the size of the charge and the speed of its movement;

V is the velocity vector of a charged particle relative to the coordinate system in which the values ​​of F and B are calculated.

The first term on the right side of equation (1) is the force acting on a charged particle in an electric field F E =qE, the second term is the force acting in a magnetic field:

F m = q. (2)

Formula (1) is universal. It is valid for both constant and variable force fields, as well as for any values ​​of the velocity of a charged particle. It is an important relation of electrodynamics, since it allows us to relate the equations electro magnetic field with the equations of motion of charged particles.

In the nonrelativistic approximation, the force F, like any other force, does not depend on the choice of the inertial frame of reference. At the same time, the magnetic component of the Lorentz force F m changes when moving from one reference system to another due to a change in speed, so the electrical component F E will also change. In this regard, dividing the force F into magnetic and electric makes sense only with an indication of the reference system.

In scalar form, expression (2) looks like:

Fm = qVBsina, (3)

where a is the angle between the velocity and magnetic induction vectors.

Thus, the magnetic part of the Lorentz force is maximum if the direction of motion of the particle is perpendicular to the magnetic field (a =p /2), and is equal to zero if the particle moves along the direction of field B (a =0).

The magnetic force F m is proportional to the vector product, i.e. it is perpendicular to the velocity vector of the charged particle and therefore does not do work on the charge. This means that in a constant magnetic field, under the influence of magnetic force, only the trajectory of a moving charged particle is bent, but its energy always remains the same, no matter how the particle moves.

Direction of magnetic force for positive charge is determined according to the vector product (Fig. 1).

Direction of force acting on a positive charge in a magnetic field

Rice. 1

For a negative charge (electron), the magnetic force is directed towards the opposite side(Fig. 2).

Direction of the Lorentz force acting on an electron in a magnetic field

Rice. 2

Magnetic field B is directed towards the reader perpendicular to the drawing. There is no electric field.

If the magnetic field is uniform and directed perpendicular to the speed, a charge of mass m moves in a circle. The radius of the circle R is determined by the formula:

where is the specific charge of the particle.

The period of revolution of a particle (the time of one revolution) does not depend on the speed if the speed of the particle is much less than the speed of light in vacuum. Otherwise, the particle's orbital period increases due to the increase in relativistic mass.

In the case of a non-relativistic particle:

where is the specific charge of the particle.

In a vacuum in a uniform magnetic field, if the velocity vector is not perpendicular to the magnetic induction vector (a№p /2), a charged particle under the influence of the Lorentz force (its magnetic part) moves along a helical line with a constant velocity V. In this case, its movement consists of a uniform rectilinear movement along the direction of the magnetic field B with speed and uniform rotational movement in a plane perpendicular to field B with speed (Fig. 2).

The projection of the trajectory of a particle onto a plane perpendicular to B is a circle of radius:

period of revolution of the particle:

The distance h that the particle travels in time T along the magnetic field B (step of the helical trajectory) is determined by the formula:

h = Vcos a T . (6)

The axis of the helix coincides with the direction of the field B, the center of the circle moves along the field line (Fig. 3).

Movement of a charged particle flying in at an angle a№p /2 in magnetic field B

Rice. 3

There is no electric field.

If the electric field E No. 0, the movement is more complex.

In the particular case, if the vectors E and B are parallel, during the movement the velocity component V 11, parallel to the magnetic field, changes, as a result of which the pitch of the helical trajectory (6) changes.

In the event that E and B are not parallel, the center of rotation of the particle moves, called drift, perpendicular to the field B. The drift direction is determined by the vector product and does not depend on the sign of the charge.

The influence of a magnetic field on moving charged particles leads to a redistribution of current over the cross section of the conductor, which is manifested in thermomagnetic and galvanomagnetic phenomena.

The effect was discovered by the Dutch physicist H.A. Lorenz (1853-1928).

Timing characteristics

Initiation time (log to -15 to -15);

Lifetime (log tc from 15 to 15);

Degradation time (log td from -15 to -15);

Time of optimal development (log tk from -12 to 3).

Diagram:

Technical implementations of the effect

Technical implementation of the Lorentz force

The technical implementation of an experiment to directly observe the effect of the Lorentz force on a moving charge is usually quite complex, since the corresponding charged particles have a characteristic molecular size. Therefore, observing their trajectory in a magnetic field requires evacuating the working volume to avoid collisions that distort the trajectory. So, as a rule, such demonstration installations are not created specifically. The easiest way to demonstrate this is to use a standard Nier sector magnetic mass analyzer, see Effect 409005, the action of which is entirely based on the Lorentz force.

Applying an effect

A typical use in technology is the Hall sensor, widely used in measurement technology.

A plate of metal or semiconductor is placed in a magnetic field B. When an electric current of density j is passed through it in a direction perpendicular to the magnetic field, a transverse electric field arises in the plate, the intensity of which E is perpendicular to both vectors j and B. According to the measurement data, B is found.

This effect is explained by the action of the Lorentz force on a moving charge.

Galvanomagnetic magnetometers. Mass spectrometers. Charged particle accelerators. Magnetohydrodynamic generators.

Literature

1. Sivukhin D.V. General course physics.- M.: Nauka, 1977.- T.3. Electricity.

2. Physical encyclopedic dictionary. - M., 1983.

3. Detlaf A.A., Yavorsky B.M. Physics course.- M.: graduate School, 1989.

Keywords

• electric charge
• magnetic induction
• a magnetic field
• electric field strength
• Lorentz force
• particle speed
• circle radius
• circulation period
• helical path pitch
• electron
• proton
• positron

Sections of natural sciences:

« Physics - 11th grade"

A magnetic field acts with force on moving charged particles, including current-carrying conductors.
What is the force acting on one particle?

1.
The force acting on a moving charged particle from a magnetic field is called Lorentz force in honor of the great Dutch physicist H. Lorentz, who created the electronic theory of the structure of matter.
The Lorentz force can be found using Ampere's law.

Lorentz force modulus is equal to the ratio of the modulus of force F acting on a section of a conductor of length Δl to the number N of charged particles moving in an orderly manner in this section of the conductor:

Since the force (Ampere force) acting on a section of a conductor from the magnetic field
equal to F = | I | BΔl sin α,
and the current strength in the conductor is equal to I = qnvS
Where
q - particle charge
n - particle concentration (i.e. the number of charges per unit volume)
v - particle speed
S is the cross section of the conductor.

Then we get:
Each moving charge is affected by the magnetic field Lorentz force, equal to:

where α is the angle between the velocity vector and the magnetic induction vector.

The Lorentz force is perpendicular to the vectors and.

2.
Lorentz force direction

The direction of the Lorentz force is determined using the same left hand rules, which is the same as the direction of the Ampere force:

If the left hand is positioned so that the component of magnetic induction, perpendicular to the speed of the charge, enters the palm, and the four extended fingers are directed along the movement of the positive charge (against the movement of the negative), then bent by 90° thumb will indicate the direction of the Lorentz force F l acting on the charge

3.
If in the space where a charged particle is moving, there is both an electric field and a magnetic field at the same time, then the total force acting on the charge is equal to: = el + l where the force with which the electric field acts on charge q is equal to F el = q .

4.
The Lorentz force does no work, because it is perpendicular to the particle velocity vector.
This means that the Lorentz force does not change kinetic energy particle and, therefore, its velocity modulus.
Under the influence of the Lorentz force, only the direction of the particle's velocity changes.

5.
Motion of a charged particle in a uniform magnetic field

Eat homogeneous magnetic field directed perpendicular to the initial velocity of the particle.

The Lorentz force depends on the absolute values ​​of the particle velocity vectors and the magnetic field induction.
The magnetic field does not change the modulus of the velocity of a moving particle, which means that the modulus of the Lorentz force also remains unchanged.
The Lorentz force is perpendicular to the speed and, therefore, determines the centripetal acceleration of the particle.
The invariance in absolute value of the centripetal acceleration of a particle moving with a constant velocity in absolute value means that

In a uniform magnetic field, a charged particle moves uniformly in a circle of radius r.

According to Newton's second law

Then the radius of the circle along which the particle moves is equal to:

The time it takes the particle to make full turn(circulation period), equals:

6.
Using the action of a magnetic field on a moving charge.

The effect of a magnetic field on a moving charge is used in television picture tubes, in which electrons flying towards the screen are deflected using a magnetic field created by special coils.

The Lorentz force is used in a cyclotron - a charged particle accelerator to produce particles with high energies.

The device of mass spectrographs, which make it possible to accurately determine the masses of particles, is also based on the action of a magnetic field.

The force exerted by a magnetic field on a moving electrically charged particle.

where q is the charge of the particle;

V - charge speed;

a is the angle between the charge velocity vector and the magnetic induction vector.

The direction of the Lorentz force is determined according to the left hand rule:

If you place your left hand so that the component of the induction vector perpendicular to the speed enters the palm, and the four fingers are located in the direction of the speed of movement of the positive charge (or against the direction of the speed of the negative charge), then the bent thumb will indicate the direction of the Lorentz force:

Since the Lorentz force is always perpendicular to the speed of the charge, it does not do work (that is, it does not change the value of the charge speed and its kinetic energy).

If a charged particle moves parallel to the magnetic field lines, then Fl = 0, and the charge in the magnetic field moves uniformly and rectilinearly.

If a charged particle moves perpendicular to the magnetic field lines, then the Lorentz force is centripetal:

and creates a centripetal acceleration equal to:

In this case, the particle moves in a circle.

According to Newton's second law: the Lorentz force is equal to the product of the mass of the particle and the centripetal acceleration:

then the radius of the circle:

and the period of charge revolution in a magnetic field:

Because electricity represents the ordered movement of charges, then the action of a magnetic field on a current-carrying conductor is the result of its action on individual moving charges. If we introduce a current-carrying conductor into a magnetic field (Fig. 96a), we will see that as a result of the addition of the magnetic fields of the magnet and the conductor, the resulting magnetic field will increase on one side of the conductor (in the drawing above) and the magnetic field will weaken on the other side conductor (in the drawing below). As a result of the action of two magnetic fields, the magnetic lines will bend and, trying to contract, they will push the conductor down (Fig. 96, b).

The direction of the force acting on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field can be determined by the “left-hand rule.” If the left hand is placed in a magnetic field so that magnetic lines, coming out of north pole, as if they entered the palm, and the four extended fingers coincided with the direction of the current in the conductor, then the bent thumb will show the direction of the force. Ampere force acting on an element of the length of the conductor depends on: the magnitude of the magnetic induction B, the magnitude of the current in the conductor I, the element of the length of the conductor and the sine of the angle a between the direction of the element of the length of the conductor and the direction of the magnetic field.

This dependence can be expressed by the formula:

For straight conductor of finite length placed perpendicular to the direction of a uniform magnetic field, the force acting on the conductor will be equal to:

From the last formula we determine the dimension of magnetic induction.

Since the dimension of force is:

i.e., the dimension of induction is the same as what we obtained from Biot and Savart’s law.

Tesla (unit of magnetic induction)

Tesla, unit of magnetic induction International System of Units, equal magnetic induction, at which the magnetic flux through a cross section of area 1 m 2 equals 1 Weber. Named after N. Tesla. Designations: Russian tl, international T. 1 tl = 104 gs(gauss).

Magnetic torque, magnetic dipole moment- the main quantity characterizing magnetic properties substances. The magnetic moment is measured in A⋅m 2 or J/T (SI), or erg/Gs (SGS), 1 erg/Gs = 10 -3 J/T. The specific unit of elementary magnetic moment is the Bohr magneton. In the case of a flat circuit with electric current magnetic moment calculated as

where is the current strength in the circuit, is the area of ​​the circuit, - unit vector normal to the contour plane. The direction of the magnetic moment is usually found according to the gimlet rule: if you rotate the handle of the gimlet in the direction of the current, then the direction of the magnetic moment will coincide with the direction forward motion gimlet.

For an arbitrary closed loop, the magnetic moment is found from:

where is the radius vector drawn from the origin to the contour length element

In the general case of arbitrary current distribution in a medium:

where is the current density in the volume element.

So, a torque acts on a current-carrying circuit in a magnetic field. The contour is oriented at a given point in the field in only one way. Let's take the positive direction of the normal to be the direction of the magnetic field at a given point. Torque is directly proportional to current I, contour area S and the sine of the angle between the direction of the magnetic field and the normal.

Here M - torque , or moment of power , - magnetic moment circuit (similarly - the electric moment of the dipole).

In an inhomogeneous field (), the formula is valid if the outline size is quite small(then the field can be considered approximately uniform within the contour). Consequently, the circuit with current still tends to turn around so that its magnetic moment is directed along the lines of the vector.

But, in addition, a resultant force acts on the circuit (in the case of a uniform field and . This force acts on a circuit with current or on a permanent magnet with a moment and draws them into a region of a stronger magnetic field.
Work on moving a circuit with current in a magnetic field.

It is easy to prove that the work of moving a circuit with current in a magnetic field is equal to , where and are the magnetic fluxes through the area of ​​the circuit in the final and initial positions. This formula is valid if the current in the circuit is constant, i.e. When moving the circuit, the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction is not taken into account.

The formula is also valid for large circuits in a highly inhomogeneous magnetic field (provided I= const).

Finally, if the circuit with current is not displaced, but the magnetic field is changed, i.e. change the magnetic flux through the surface covered by the circuit from value to then for this you need to do the same work. This work is called the work of changing the magnetic flux associated with the circuit. Magnetic induction vector flux (magnetic flux) through the area dS is a scalar physical quantity that is equal to

where B n =Вcosα is the projection of the vector IN to the direction of the normal to the site dS (α is the angle between the vectors n And IN), d S= dS n- a vector whose module is equal to dS, and its direction coincides with the direction of the normal n to the site. Flow vector IN can be either positive or negative depending on the sign of cosα (set by choosing the positive direction of the normal n). Flow vector IN usually associated with a circuit through which current flows. In this case, we specified the positive direction of the normal to the contour: it is associated with the current by the rule of the right screw. This means that the magnetic flux that is created by the circuit through the surface limited by itself is always positive.

The flux of the magnetic induction vector Ф B through an arbitrary given surface S is equal to

For a uniform field and a flat surface, which is located perpendicular to the vector IN, B n =B=const and

This formula gives the unit of magnetic flux weber(Wb): 1 Wb is a magnetic flux that passes through a flat surface with an area of ​​1 m 2, which is located perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field and whose induction is 1 T (1 Wb = 1 T.m 2).

Gauss's theorem for field B: the flux of the magnetic induction vector through any closed surface is zero:

This theorem is a reflection of the fact that no magnetic charges, as a result of which the lines of magnetic induction have neither beginning nor end and are closed.

Therefore, for streams of vectors IN And E through a closed surface in the vortex and potential fields, different formulas are obtained.

As an example, let's find the vector flow IN through the solenoid. The magnetic induction of a uniform field inside a solenoid with a core with magnetic permeability μ is equal to

The magnetic flux through one turn of the solenoid with area S is equal to

and the total magnetic flux, which is linked to all turns of the solenoid and is called flux linkage,

Dutch physicist H. A. Lorenz in late XIX V. established that the force exerted by a magnetic field on a moving charged particle is always perpendicular to the direction of motion of the particle and the lines of force of the magnetic field in which this particle moves. The direction of the Lorentz force can be determined using the left-hand rule. If you position the palm of your left hand so that the four extended fingers indicate the direction of movement of the charge, and the vector of the magnetic induction field enters the outstretched thumb, it will indicate the direction of the Lorentz force acting on the positive charge.

If the charge of the particle is negative, then the Lorentz force will be directed in the opposite direction.

The modulus of the Lorentz force is easily determined from Ampere's law and is:

F = | q| vB sin?,

Where q- particle charge, v- the speed of its movement, ? - the angle between the vectors of speed and magnetic field induction.

If, in addition to the magnetic field, there is also an electric field, which acts on the charge with a force , then the total force acting on the charge is equal to:

.

This force is often called the Lorentz force, and the force expressed by the formula (F = | q| vB sin?) are called magnetic part of the Lorentz force.

Since the Lorentz force is perpendicular to the direction of motion of the particle, it cannot change its speed (it does not do work), but can only change the direction of its motion, i.e. bend the trajectory.

Such a curvature of the trajectory of electrons in a TV picture tube is easy to observe if you bring a permanent magnet to its screen - the image will be distorted.

Motion of a charged particle in a uniform magnetic field. Let a charged particle fly in at a speed v into a uniform magnetic field perpendicular to the tension lines.

The force exerted by the magnetic field on the particle will cause it to rotate uniformly in a circle of radius r, which is easy to find using Newton's second law, the expression for purposeful acceleration and the formula ( F = | q| vB sin?):

.

From here we get

.

Where m- particle mass.

Application of the Lorentz force.

The action of a magnetic field on moving charges is used, for example, in mass spectrographs, which make it possible to separate charged particles by their specific charges, i.e., by the ratio of the charge of a particle to its mass, and from the results obtained to accurately determine the masses of the particles.

The vacuum chamber of the device is placed in the field (the induction vector is perpendicular to the figure). Charged particles (electrons or ions) accelerated by an electric field, having described an arc, fall on the photographic plate, where they leave a trace that allows the radius of the trajectory to be measured with great accuracy r. This radius determines the specific charge of the ion. Knowing the charge of an ion, you can easily calculate its mass.