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Syntax as a branch of the science of language briefly. Syntax as a branch of linguistics

Syntax (from the Greek structure, order), in the traditional sense, a set of grammatical rules of a language related to the construction of units that are more extensive than a word: phrases and sentences. There are also more expansive understandings of syntax, which go back to the terminological tradition of semiotics. In accordance with the first of them, the concept of syntax includes the rules for constructing any more complex linguistic units from the simpler ones; At the same time, it becomes possible to talk about intraword syntax or the syntax of the text. In an even more broad sense, syntax refers to the rules for constructing expressions of any sign systems, and not just verbal (verbal) language. With all existing understandings of the subject of syntax, the section of the corresponding theory (linguistics, semiotics) that deals with the study of syntactic units and rules is also called syntax.

Syntax as a section of grammar that studies the structure of coherent speech includes two main parts:

1) the doctrine of phrases and
2) the doctrine of supply.

Like grammar in general, syntax deals with the expression in language of some of the most frequently occurring meanings, such as “subject”, “feature”, “question”, “negation”, etc., and the way in which these meanings are expressed in syntax are hierarchically organized structures.

The boundaries of syntax and morphology cannot always be outlined with sufficient confidence: a word (subject of morphology), like a sentence, has a certain hierarchical structure, and morphological categories, like syntactic ones, are associated with the expression of some of the most frequent meanings. This explains the appearance of the general term “morphosyntax”. However, the structure of the word is much simpler than the structure of syntactic units in the proper sense. In addition, a sentence is capable of theoretically infinite complication: as a rule, a certain number of units can be included in its composition, and at the same time the sentence will not lose grammatical correctness, while words capable of potentially infinite complication are rare and far from common. all languages.

The peculiarity of syntax also lies in the fact that in the process of speech the speaker constantly creates new sentences, but extremely rarely new words. Thus, the creative aspect of language is clearly manifested in syntax, and therefore syntax is often defined as a section of grammar that studies the generation of speech - the formation of a theoretically unlimited set of sentences and texts from a limited set of words.

The study of syntax includes two large groups of problems: descriptive and theoretical. The purpose of a syntactic description is to formulate with the greatest completeness and accuracy the rules that distinguish correctly constructed sentences of a certain language from incorrect ones. The theoretical syntax is part general theory grammar; its task is to highlight the universal, i.e. a component of syntactic rules inherent in all languages and to establish the limits of the diversity that languages exhibit in the field of syntax.

Descriptive syntax includes techniques and methods of syntactic analysis, which matches a sentence to its grammatical structure, as well as the rules by which grammatically correct sentences of a language can be distinguished from incorrect ones. These rules can be recognition rules, i.e. allowing you to answer the question of whether some arbitrary expression is a correct or incorrect expression of this language, or generating, i.e. carrying out synthesis correct proposals of a given language based on elementary units and rules for their connection.

1. Syntax as a branch of the science of language.

Syntax- this is a section of grammar that studies the laws and rules for constructing meaningful statements, the laws for constructing coherent speech.

Scientists: Lomonosov, Vostokov, Ovsyanniko-Kulikovsky, Potebnya, Fortunatov, Buslaev, Peshkovsky, Shakhmatov. Modern: Salganik, Valgina, Rosenthal, Lekant, Sirotinina, Zolotova, Ilyenko

Syntax Objectives:

1) study of connections and relationships of words in their various combinations that form meaningful statements;

2) study of sentences in their structural integrity and qualitative originality.

Syntax sections:

1) syntax of the phrase; 2) syntax simple sentence; 3) syntax of a complicated sentence; 4) syntax of a complex sentence; 5) text syntax.

A sentence is studied by syntax in 4 main aspects:

1) from the point of view of its essence as a special unit of language, different from a sound, word, morpheme, phrase, i.e. the sentence is studied in its structural integrity and semantic

originality; 2) from the point of view of its internal structure, i.e. syntactic connections and relationships implemented in the sentence are identified, and minimal paired connections of words, called phrases, are calculated; 3) from the point of view of systematizations, i.e. it becomes clear which classification categories the proposal belongs to; 4) from the point of view of the transformations that a sentence undergoes in changing conditions of communication, for example, transformations according to actual division.

Basic syntax concepts

Syntactic units are a phrase, a simple sentence, difficult sentence, complex syntactic whole, text.

As part of syntactic units, modified words are used in one of their forms ( word forms), which together form the morphological paradigm of the word.

For example, in sentence The Ivanovs drove up to the house in a brand new car 7 words for 5 word forms, because preposition is an element of form words and is part of the members of the sentence.

As part of a phrase or sentence, the word form acts in a syntactic function and is a structural and semantic component

syntactic unit - syntaxeme.

Syntaxeme- (morphological form of a word, sometimes with a function word) – a unit with a certain syntactic semantics.

For example, in the garden, by the river– location semantics; beyond recognition, beyond exhaustion– the meaning of degree and consequence.

Syntactic connections and relations

Syntactic connections and relationships between elements of syntactic units are the main feature of syntactic constructions.

Syntactic connection is an expression of the relationship of elements in syntactic unities. Main types syntactic connection– this is composition and submission.

At essay syntactically equal components are combined, when subordination– syntactically unequal: one acts as the main one, the other as the dependent one.

A coordinating connection connects homogeneous members and parts of complex sentences, a subordinating connection connects word forms within phrases and sentences, as well as parts of complex sentences

proposals.

Coordinating connection It happens open, i.e. combines a different number of components, for example, Sergei, Vanya and Kolya were not at school today(you can also add Viti), And closed, i.e. combines only two components that are in a relationship of opposition or connection, but not a simple enumeration, for example I was bored, and I went for a walk.

Syntactic relations are divided into predicative and non-predicative. Predicative relations are characteristic of the grammatical basis of a sentence - subject and predicate.

Non-predicative relations, in turn, are divided into coordinating and subordinating (attributive, objective and adverbial). They can occur between components of phrases and sentences, both simple and complex.

5. The concept of free and bound phrases. Stylistically marked phrases.

Among the syntactic phrases, the following phrases stand out: free And unfree. Available consist of 2 words, which are different members of a sentence and perform different syntactic functions, and are decomposed into their constituent parts. necessary book, lecture on literature, run headlong;

Related consist of 2 words that are either phraseologically or syntactically indecomposable; the components perform the function of one member of a sentence. two students, several books, kicking ass, advanced exam

Stylistically marked phrases -

Wallpaper glue, Atlantic herring, grade book.

7. Types of simple sentences (sentences of real and unreal modality; affirmative and negative; by type of statement; common and non-common; simple and complex sentences).

Depending on the attribute underlying the classification, the proposals differ:

Depending on the number of predicative units

Simple - consisting of one predicative unit (divisible, having secondary members, undividable, not having minor members)

Complex - consisting of two or more predicative units (two-component and multi-component)

According to the correlation between the object of thought and its attribute

Affirmative - the presence of a connection between objects and their characteristics in reality

Negative - denying the existence of a connection between objects and their characteristics in reality. In general negative sentences, the predicate is negated (with the help of particles NOT and NI or with the help of intonation - Where should you bargain? I won't say another word to you. BUT THEY ARE NOT A DENIAL! Sentences with a repeating particle NOT in a compound verb predicate: The breadth of his views could not help but surprise. - strengthened statement. Interrogative or exclamatory sentences with the meaning of a generalized statement: Who hasn’t cursed the stationmasters?). In partial negative sentences, any minor member of the sentence is denied: I don't write the laws. Contextual cases are structurally negative sentences, but semantically affirmative: Alas, he does not seek happiness and does not run from happiness!

3.According to the type of relationship with objective reality

Sentences highlighting real modality - a statement about the existence of a fact in the present, past, future ( I'll get straight to what I still have to say).

Sentences of unreal modality - express shades of subjective meanings - assumption, doubt, confidence, possibility, impossibility, order. Expressed by the subjunctive and imperative mood (“Come to me, Pavel Romanovich,” I said in my most crystalline tone.).

4. According to the purpose of the statement:

Narrative - sentences contain a message or description, express a relatively complete thought, which is based on a judgment: The owner came out.

- Interrogatives - contain a question about something unknown to the speaker: How far away do you live? There are pronominal (contain a pronoun or name) and non-pronominal (do not contain). There are: proper interrogative, interrogative-affirmative, interrogative-negative, interrogative incentive, interrogative-rhetorical.

- Incentive sentences express the desire to force other people to act: Turn it back, turn it back!

5. Exclamation and non-exclamation

Exclamatory sentences are sentences in which the content is accompanied by an expression of the speaker’s feelings. Any sentence based on the purpose of the statement can be an exclamation point.

Non-exclamation - do not contain.

6. Common and non-common

Common - contains minor members

Undistributed - do not contain

7. Complete and incomplete

Complete - contain all the necessary members of a given sentence structure

Incomplete - do not contain

8. Two-piece and one-piece

Two-part - subject + predicate

Single-member – one main member

Syntax as a science is a section of grammar that covers the syntactic structure of a language, the structure and meaning of syntactic units.

Syntax as the science of the syntactic structure of language makes it possible to construct and show a system of syntactic units, connections and relationships between them, what and how they are composed of, and by what means components are connected into syntactic units.

Basic syntax concepts:

Syntactic position. In a sentence there is only one specific syntactic position for a specific form. (Sasha saw Katya, incompatibility).

Syntactic relations are relations of coordination (correlation). Subject and predicate - there is no main thing, they coordinate.

· Relationships of composition (equality).

· Relationships of subordination (dependence).

· Hierarchy as a type of relationship, a relationship of inclusion, one level is included in another, more complex one. + relationships of subordination (relationships of unity of command), vertex node and dependent node.

Syntactic. addiction

4 aspects of syntax.

1) Formal-structural (refers to the plane of expression). Categories of syntactic forms (simple/complex, types of subordinate clauses, etc.).

2) Semantic aspect. From a content point of view, a syntactic page is divided into a surface structure (form structure) and a deep structure (subtextual meaning, author's intentions). From the point of view of semantic syntax, the preposition performs a naming function and is also a name. Proposition constitutes the structure and meaning of a situation. In every sentence - 2 types of nominative meaning: proposition (that part of the meaning that conveys the state of affairs in the world, the objective content of the sentence) and mode (that part of the meaning that shows the speaker’s attitude to what is being communicated, the subjective principle). Mode: explicit (verbalized) + unexplicit (non-verbalized).

Elements of the semantic structure of the sentence: agent-producer of the action; predicate – what is communicated about the subject of speech; object - an element of an action, a situation, what the action is directed at; instrumental - an instrument of action; mediativ - by means of which, means; destination; counterparty is a participant in a symmetrical relationship.

3) Communication aspect. Implied actual division speech, theme-rhematic division.

4) Pragmatic aspect. Item characteristics - communicative the purpose for which we pronounce. Basis - theory speech acts, the idea of John Austin, Sirle’s monograph - 2Speech acts”, Arutyunova, Zvegintsev.

The syntax addresses the following main issues:

1. connection of words in phrases and sentences;

2. consideration of types of syntactic connections;

3. identification of types of phrases and sentences;

4. determining the meaning of phrases and sentences;

5. connecting simple sentences into complex ones.

Every language has many words, but without the correct form they mean little. The word is just the Russian language. The Russian language is especially rich in them. Syntax native language- the main assistant in the design of grammatical connections between words in sentences and phrases. Knowing the basic rules of this part of linguistics helps people build both written and spoken language.

Concept

Syntax in the Russian language is a particularly important section that studies the construction of sentences and phrases and, in addition, the relationship between the parts of speech in them. This branch of linguistics is part of grammar and is closely connected with morphology.

Linguists distinguish several types of syntax:

Communicative. Shows the relationship between word combinations in a sentence, explores different ways division of sentences, considers the typology of statements, and so on.
Static. Considers individual and unrelated proposals. The object of study of this type of grammar section is syntactic norms relationships between parts of speech in a sentence or phrase.
Text syntax. Explores simple and combination constructions. Its goal is linguistic analysis of the text.

All of the above types are studied by the modern Russian language. Syntax examines in detail the following units of linguistics: sentence, phrase, text.

Collocation

A phrase is a minimal syntactic unit. These are several words connected by semantic, grammatical and intonation load. In this unit, one word will be the main word, and the others will be dependent. You can ask a question about dependent words from the main one.

There are three types of connections in phrases:

Adjacency ( lie trembling, sing beautifully).
Agreement ( about a sad story, a beautiful dress).
Management ( read a book, hate the enemy).

The morphological properties of the main word are the main classification of phrases that the Russian language offers. The syntax in this case divides phrases into:

adverbial (shortly before the concert);
personalized (trees in the forest);
verbal (read a book).

Simple sentences

The Russian language is very diverse. Syntax as a special section has a main unit - a simple sentence.

A sentence is called simple if it has one grammatical basis and consists of one or more words expressing a complete thought.

A simple sentence can be one-part or two-part. This fact is revealed by the grammatical basis. A one-part sentence is represented by one of the main members of the sentence. Two-part, respectively, subject and predicate. If the sentence is one-part, then it can be divided into:

Definitely personal. (I wish you love!)
Vaguely personal. (They brought flowers in the morning.)
Generalized-personal. (You can’t cook porridge with them.)
Impersonal. (It's getting evening!)
Nominal. (Night. Street. Lantern. Pharmacy.)

Two-part can be:

Common or uncommon. The secondary members of the sentence are responsible for this characteristic. If they are not there, then (The birds are singing.) If yes - common (Cats love the strong scent of valerian.)
Complete or incomplete. Sentences are called complete if all members of the sentence are present. (The sun was setting towards the horizon.) Incomplete - where at least one syntactic unit is missing. Basically, they are characteristic of oral speech, where the meaning cannot be understood without previous statements. (Will you eat? - I will!)
Complicated. A simple sentence can be complicated by isolated and secondary members, homogeneous constructions, introductory words, appeals. (In winter in our city, especially in February, it can be very cold.)

Complex sentences

Complex sentences are those constructed from several grammatical stems.

The Russian language, the syntax of which is difficult to imagine without complex sentences, offers several types of them:

Complex. The parts of such a sentence are connected by coordinating conjunctions and coordinating connections. This connection gives simple sentences within a complex sentence some independence. (The parents went on vacation, and the children stayed with their grandmother.)
Complex. The sentence parts are connected subordinating conjunctions And subordinating connection. Here one simple sentence is the subordinate clause, and the other is the main clause. (She said she would come home late.)
Non-Union. The parts of such a sentence are related in meaning, order of arrangement and intonation. (He went to the cinema, she went home.)

The term “syntax” is used primarily to designate the syntactic structure of a language, which, together with the morphological structure, constitutes the grammar of the language. At the same time, “syntax” as a term is also applicable to the doctrine of syntactic structure; in this case, syntax is a branch of linguistics, the subject of study of which is the syntactic structure of language, i.e.

E. its syntactic units and connections and relationships between them.

Syntax (Greek σύνταξις - composition).

1. Section of grammar and semiotics, which includes questions about the structure of coherent speech (sign structures) and which includes two main parts:

The doctrine of phrases,

The doctrine of the sentence (correctly constructed statement). Syntax of the phrase. Sentence syntax.

2. The doctrine of the functioning in speech of various lexical and grammatical classes of words (parts of speech). Noun syntax. Verb syntax.

Dynamic aspect of syntax. Syntax, the object of study of which is a sentence as a communicative unit associated with a speech situation, possessing a certain intonation characteristic and word order as a means of expressing actual division.

Static aspect of syntax. Syntax, the object of study of which are structures not related to the context and situation of speech: sentence (as a predicative unit) and phrase (non-predicative unit).

The syntax is communicative. Syntax, the object of study of which is such problems as the actual and syntagmatic division of a sentence, the functioning of phrases in a sentence, the communicative paradigm of sentences, the typology of utterances, etc.

The syntax of a phrase reveals the syntactic properties of individual words and establishes the rules for their compatibility with other words, and these rules are determined by the grammatical features of the word as a certain part of speech.

Text syntax. Syntax, the object of study of which is not the structural patterns of phrases, simple and complex sentences, complex syntactic wholes, but various kinds of statements associated with the speech situation, as well as the structure of the text that goes beyond the boundaries of the complex syntactic whole. The study of these phenomena has great importance for linguistic-stylistic and psycholinguistic analysis of text.

The syntax is functional. Syntax, the object of study of which is to clarify the role (function) of all syntactic means(units, constructions) in the construction of coherent speech. Syntax that uses the “from function to means” approach as a research method, that is, finding out by what grammatical means spatial, temporal, causal, target relationships, etc. are expressed (cf. the traditional “from means to function” approach, that is, finding out what functions a certain grammatical unit performs).

Syntax as a branch of the science of language briefly. Syntax as a branch of linguistics

Concept

Collocation

Simple sentences

Complex sentences

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