How many poles does the Earth have? Poles of the Earth. How many are there really? (7 photos) Magnetic North Pole

It would seem a strange hobby to travel to the poles of our planet. However, for Swedish entrepreneur Frederik Paulsen, it became a real passion. It took him thirteen years to visit all eight poles of the Earth, becoming the first and so far only person to do so.
Achieving each of them is a real adventure!

The geographic South Pole is marked with a small sign on a pole driven into the ice, which is moved annually to compensate for the movement of the ice sheet. During the ceremonial event, held on January 1, a new South Pole sign, made by polar explorers last year, is installed, and the old one is placed at the station. The sign contains the inscription “Geographic south pole”, NSF, date and latitude of installation. The sign, installed in 2006, featured the date when Roald Amundsen and Robert F. Scott reached the pole, and small quotes from these polar explorers. The flag of the United States is installed nearby.
Near the geographic South Pole there is the so-called ceremonial South Pole - a special area set aside for photography by the Amundsen-Scott station. It is a mirrored metal sphere standing on a stand, surrounded on all sides by the flags of the Antarctic Treaty countries.

June 1903. Roald Amundsen (left, wearing a hat) makes an expedition on a small sailboat

"Gjoa" to find the Northwest Passage and simultaneously establish the exact location of the north magnetic pole.

It was first opened in 1831. In 1904, when scientists took measurements again, it was discovered that the pole had moved 31 miles. The compass needle points to the magnetic pole, not the geographic pole. The study showed that over the last thousand years, the magnetic pole has moved significant distances from Canada to Siberia, but sometimes in other directions.

The geographic coordinates of the North Pole are 90°00′00″ north latitude. The pole has no longitude, since it is the intersection point of all meridians. The North Pole also does not belong to any time zone. The polar day, like the polar night, lasts here for approximately six months. The depth of the ocean at the North Pole is 4,261 meters (according to measurements by the Mir deep-sea submersible in 2007). The average temperature at the North Pole in winter is about −40 °C, in summer it is mostly about 0 °C.

This is the north pole of the dipole moment of the Earth's geomagnetic field. It is now located at 78° 30" N, 69° W, near Toul (Greenland). The Earth is a giant magnet, like a bar magnet. The geomagnetic North and South poles are the ends of this magnet. The geomagnetic North Pole is located in the Canadian Arctic and continues move in a northwest direction.

The North Pole of Inaccessibility is the northernmost point in the Arctic Ocean and the farthest from land on all sides.

The North Pole of Inaccessibility is located in the pack ice of the Arctic Ocean at the greatest distance from any land. The distance to the North Geographic Pole is 661 km, to Cape Barrow in Alaska - 1453 km and at an equal distance of 1094 km from the nearest islands - Ellesmere and Franz Josef Land. The first attempt to reach the point was made by Sir Hubert Wilkins in an airplane in 1927. In 1941, the first expedition to the Pole of Inaccessibility by plane was carried out under the leadership of Ivan Ivanovich Cherevichny. The Soviet expedition landed 350 km north of Wilkins, thereby being the first to directly visit the northern pole of inaccessibility.

People first visited the South Magnetic Pole on January 16, 1909 (British Antarctic expedition, Douglas Mawson determined the location of the pole).
At the magnetic pole itself, the inclination of the magnetic needle, that is, the angle between the freely rotating needle and the earth's surface, is 90º. From a physical point of view, the Earth's magnetic south pole is actually the north pole of the magnet that is our planet. The north pole of a magnet is the pole from which the magnetic field lines emerge. But to avoid confusion, this pole is called the south pole, since it is close to the South Pole of the Earth. The magnetic pole shifts several kilometers per year.

At the South Geomagnetic Pole, which was first reached by the sleigh-and-tractor train of the Second Soviet Antarctic Expedition led by A.F. Treshnikov on December 16, 1957, the Vostok scientific station was created. The south geomagnetic pole turned out to be at an altitude of 3500 m above sea level, at a point 1410 km away from the Mirny station located on the coast. This is one of the harshest places on Earth. Here, the air temperature remains below -60° C for more than six months of the year. In August 1960, the air temperature at the South Geomagnetic Pole was 88.3° C, and in July 1984, a new record low temperature was 89.2° C.

This is the point in Antarctica that is furthest from the Southern Ocean coast. There is no general consensus about the specific coordinates of this place. The problem is how to understand the word "coast". Either draw the coastline along the border of land and water, or along the border of the ocean and ice shelves of Antarctica. Difficulties in determining the boundaries of land, the movement of ice shelves, the constant flow of new data and possible topographic errors all make it difficult to accurately determine the coordinates of the pole. The Pole of Inaccessibility is often associated with the Soviet Antarctic station of the same name, located at 82°06′ S. w. 54°58′ E. This point is located at a distance of 878 km from the south pole and 3718 m above sea level. Currently, the building is still located in this place, and there is a statue of Lenin on it, looking towards Moscow. The place is protected as historical. Inside the building there is a visitor's book that can be signed by the person who reaches the station. By 2007, the station was covered with snow, and only the statue of Lenin on the roof of the building was still visible. It can be seen from many kilometers away.

Based on materials from the magazine “My Planet”

"The probability of a change in the Earth's magnetic poles in the near future. Research into the detailed physical reasons for this process.

I once watched a popular science film on this issue, filmed 6-7 years ago.
It provided data on the appearance of an anomalous area in the southern part of the Atlantic Ocean - a change in polarity and weak tension. It seems that when satellites fly over this territory, they have to be turned off so that the electronics do not deteriorate.

And in terms of time, it seems like this process should happen.It also talked about the European Space Agency's plans to launch a series of satellites to study in detail the strength of the Earth's magnetic field. Maybe they have already published the data from this study, if they managed to launch satellites on this matter?”

The Earth's magnetic poles are part of our planet's magnetic (geomagnetic) field, which is generated by flows of molten iron and nickel surrounding the Earth's inner core (in other words, turbulent convection in the Earth's outer core generates the geomagnetic field). The behavior of the Earth's magnetic field is explained by the flow of liquid metals at the boundary of the earth's core and the mantle.

In 1600, the English scientist William Gilbert in his book “On the Magnet, Magnetic Bodies and the Great Magnet - the Earth”. presented the Earth as a giant permanent magnet, the axis of which does not coincide with the axis of rotation of the Earth (the angle between these axes is called magnetic declination).

In 1702, E. Halley created the first magnetic maps of the Earth. The main reason for the presence of the Earth's magnetic field is that the Earth's core consists of hot iron (a good conductor of electrical currents arising within the Earth).

The Earth's magnetic field forms a magnetosphere, extending 70-80 thousand km in the direction of the Sun. It shields the Earth's surface, protects against the harmful effects of charged particles, high energies and cosmic rays, and determines the nature of the weather.

Back in 1635, Gellibrand established that the Earth's magnetic field was changing. It was later discovered that there are permanent and short-term changes in the Earth's magnetic field.

The reason for the constant changes is the presence of mineral deposits. There are areas on Earth where its own magnetic field is greatly distorted by the occurrence of iron ores. For example, the Kursk magnetic anomaly, located in the Kursk region.

The reason for short-term changes in the Earth's magnetic field is the action of the "solar wind", i.e. the action of a stream of charged particles emitted by the Sun. The magnetic field of this flow interacts with the Earth's magnetic field, and "magnetic storms" arise. The frequency and strength of magnetic storms is affected by solar activity.

During the years of maximum solar activity (once every 11.5 years), such magnetic storms occur that radio communications are disrupted, and compass needles begin to “dance” unpredictably.

The result of the interaction of charged particles of the “solar wind” with the Earth’s atmosphere in northern latitudes is the phenomenon of “aurora.”

The change of the Earth's magnetic poles (magnetic field inversion, English geomagnetic reversal) occurs every 11.5-12.5 thousand years. Other figures are also mentioned - 13,000 years and even 500 thousand years or more, and the last inversion occurred 780,000 years ago. Apparently, the reversal of the Earth's Magnetic Field is a non-periodic phenomenon. Throughout the geological history of our planet, the Earth's magnetic field has changed its polarity more than 100 times.

The cycle of changing the Earth's poles (associated with planet Earth itself) can be classified as a global cycle (along with, for example, the cycle of fluctuation of the precession axis), which influences everything that happens on Earth...

A legitimate question arises: when to expect a change in the Earth’s magnetic poles (inversion of the planet’s magnetic field), or a shift of the poles to a “critical” angle (according to some theories to the equator)?..

The process of shifting magnetic poles has been recorded for more than a century. The North and South Magnetic Poles (NSM and SMP) are constantly “migrating”, moving away from the geographic poles of the Earth (the “error” angle is now about 8 degrees in latitude for the NMP and 27 degrees for the SMP). By the way, it was found that the Earth's geographic poles also move: the planet's axis deviates at a speed of about 10 cm per year.

The magnetic north pole was first discovered in 1831. In 1904, when scientists took measurements again, it was discovered that the pole had moved 31 miles. The compass needle points to the magnetic pole, not the geographic pole. The study showed that over the last thousand years, the magnetic pole has moved significant distances from Canada to Siberia, but sometimes in other directions.

The Earth's magnetic north pole does not sit still. However, like the south. The northern one “wandered” around Arctic Canada for a long time, but since the 70s of the last century its movement has acquired a clear direction. With an increasing speed, now reaching 46 km per year, the pole is rushing almost in a straight line into the Russian Arctic. According to the Canadian Geomagnetic Survey, by 2050 it will be located in the Severnaya Zemlya archipelago.

The rapid reversal of the poles is indicated by the weakening of the Earth's magnetic field near the poles, which was established in 2002 by the French professor of geophysics Gauthier Hulot. By the way, the Earth's magnetic field has weakened by almost 10% since it was first measured in the 30s of the 19th century. Fact: In 1989, residents of Quebec (Canada) were left without power for 9 hours when solar winds broke through a weak magnetic shield and caused severe breakdowns in electrical networks.

From a school physics course we know that electric current heats the conductor through which it flows. In this case, the movement of charges will heat the ionosphere. Particles will penetrate into the neutral atmosphere, this will affect the wind system at an altitude of 200-400 km, and therefore the climate as a whole. The displacement of the magnetic pole will also affect the operation of equipment. For example, in mid-latitudes during the summer months it will be impossible to use shortwave radio communications. The operation of satellite navigation systems will also be disrupted, since they use ionospheric models that will not be applicable in the new conditions. Geophysicists also warn that induced currents in Russian power lines and grids will increase as the magnetic north pole approaches.

However, all this may not happen. The north magnetic pole can change direction or stop at any moment, and this cannot be foreseen. And for the South Pole there is no forecast at all for 2050. Until 1986, he moved very vigorously, but then his speed dropped.

So, here are four facts that indicate an approaching or already begun geomagnetic field reversal:
1. A decrease in geomagnetic field strength over the past 2.5 thousand years;
2. Acceleration of the decline in field strength in recent decades;
3. Sharp acceleration of the magnetic pole displacement;
4. Features of the distribution of magnetic field lines, which becomes similar to the picture corresponding to the stage of inversion preparation.

There is a wide debate about the possible consequences of the change in geomagnetic poles. There are a variety of points of view - from quite optimistic to extremely alarming. Optimists point to the fact that hundreds of reversals have occurred in Earth's geological history, but mass extinctions and natural disasters have not been linked to these events. In addition, the biosphere has significant adaptability, and the inversion process can last quite a long time, so there is more than enough time to prepare for the changes.

The opposite point of view does not exclude the possibility that an inversion may occur within the lifetime of the next generations and will prove to be a disaster for human civilization. It must be said that this point of view is largely compromised by a large number of unscientific and simply anti-scientific statements. As an example, it is believed that during the inversion, human brains will experience a reboot, similar to what happens with computers, and the information contained in them will be completely erased. Despite such statements, the optimistic point of view is very superficial.

The modern world is far from what it was hundreds of thousands of years ago: man has created many problems that have made this world fragile, easily vulnerable and extremely unstable. There is reason to believe that the consequences of the inversion will indeed be truly catastrophic for world civilization. And the complete loss of functionality of the World Wide Web due to the destruction of radio communication systems (and this will certainly occur at the time of the loss of radiation belts) is just one example of a global catastrophe. For example, due to the destruction of radio communication systems, all satellites will fail.

An interesting aspect of the impact of geomagnetic inversion on our planet, associated with a change in the configuration of the magnetosphere, is considered in his recent works by Professor V.P. Shcherbakov from the Borok Geophysical Observatory. In the normal state, due to the fact that the axis of the geomagnetic dipole is oriented approximately along the Earth's rotation axis, the magnetosphere serves as an effective screen for high-energy flows of charged particles moving from the Sun. During an inversion, it is quite possible that a funnel will form in the frontal subsolar part of the magnetosphere in the region of low latitudes, through which solar plasma can reach the Earth’s surface. Due to the rotation of the Earth in each specific place of low and partly moderate latitudes, this situation will repeat every day for several hours. That is, a significant part of the planet’s surface will experience a strong radiation impact every 24 hours.

However, NASA scientists suggest that the pole reversal could briefly deprive Earth of the magnetic field that protects us from solar flares and other cosmic hazards. However, the magnetic field may weaken or strengthen over time, but there is no indication that it will disappear completely. A weaker field will of course lead to a slight increase in solar radiation on Earth, as well as the observation of beautiful auroras at lower latitudes. But nothing fatal will happen, and the dense atmosphere perfectly protects the Earth from dangerous solar particles.

Science proves that pole reversal is, from the point of view of the geological history of the Earth, a common phenomenon that occurs gradually over millennia.

The geographic poles are also constantly shifting across the Earth's surface. But these shifts occur slowly and are natural. The axis of our planet, rotating like a top, describes a cone around the pole of the ecliptic with a period of about 26 thousand years; in accordance with the migration of geographical poles, gradual climate changes occur. They are caused mainly by the displacement of ocean currents that transfer heat to the continents. Another thing is unexpected, sharp “somersaults” of the poles. But the rotating Earth is a gyroscope with a very impressive angular momentum, in other words, it is an inertial object. resisting attempts to change the characteristics of its movement. A sudden change in the tilt of the Earth’s axis, and especially its “somersault,” cannot be caused by internal slow movements of magma or gravitational interaction with any passing cosmic body.

Such an overturning moment can only occur with a tangential impact from an asteroid with a size of at least 1000 kilometers in diameter, approaching the Earth at a speed of 100 km/sec. A more real threat to the life of mankind and the entire living world of the Earth appears to be a change in the geomagnetic poles. The magnetic field of our planet that is observed today is very similar to that which would be created by a giant bar magnet placed in the center of the Earth, oriented along a north-south line. More precisely, it must be installed so that its North magnetic pole is directed to the South geographic pole, and the South magnetic pole is directed to the North geographic pole.

However, this situation is not permanent. Research over the last four hundred years has shown that the magnetic poles rotate around their geographic counterparts, shifting about twelve degrees every century. This value corresponds to current speeds in the upper core of ten to thirty kilometers per year. In addition to gradual shifts of the magnetic poles approximately every five hundred thousand years, the Earth’s magnetic poles change places. The study of paleomagnetic characteristics of rocks of different ages allowed scientists to conclude that the time of such magnetic pole reversals took at least five thousand years. A complete surprise for scientists studying life on Earth were the results of an analysis of the magnetic properties of a kilometer-thick lava flow that erupted 16.2 million years ago and was recently found in the eastern Oregon Desert.

Her research, conducted by Rob Cowie of the University of California, Santa Cruz, and Michel Privota of the University of Montpelier, created a sensation in geophysics. The obtained results of the magnetic properties of volcanic rock objectively showed that the lower layer froze when the pole was in one position, the core of the flow - when the pole moved, and, finally, the upper layer - at the opposite pole. And all this happened in thirteen days. The Oregon discovery suggests that the Earth's magnetic poles may change places not within several thousand years, but in just two weeks. The last time this happened was about seven hundred and eighty thousand years ago. But how can this threaten us all? Now the magnetosphere envelops the Earth at an altitude of sixty thousand kilometers and serves as a kind of shield in the path of the solar wind. If a pole change occurs, the magnetic field during the inversion will decrease by 80-90%. Such a drastic change will certainly affect various technical devices, the animal world and, of course, humans.

True, the inhabitants of the Earth should be somewhat reassured by the fact that during the reversal of the Sun’s poles, which occurred in March 2001, no disappearance of the magnetic field was recorded.

Consequently, the complete disappearance of the Earth's protective layer will most likely not occur. A reversal of the magnetic poles cannot become a global catastrophe. The very presence of life on Earth, which has experienced inversion many times, confirms this, although the absence of a magnetic field is an unfavorable factor for the animal world. This was clearly demonstrated by the experiments of American scientists, who built two experimental chambers back in the sixties. One of them was surrounded by a powerful metal screen, which reduced the strength of the earth's magnetic field hundreds of times. In another chamber, earthly conditions were preserved. Mice and seeds of clover and wheat were placed in them. A few months later, it turned out that the mice in the screened chamber lost hair faster and died earlier than the control ones. Their skin was thicker than that of animals of the other group. And when it swells, it displaces the root sacs of the hair, which causes early baldness. Changes were also noted in plants in the magnetic-free chamber.

It will also be difficult for those representatives of the animal kingdom, for example, migratory birds, which have a kind of built-in compass and use magnetic poles for orientation. But, judging by the deposits, mass extinction of species during the reversal of magnetic poles has not occurred before. It will not happen, apparently, in the future. After all, even despite the enormous speed of movement of the poles, birds cannot keep up with them. Moreover, many animals, such as bees, orient themselves by the Sun, and migrating marine animals use more of the magnetic field of rocks on the ocean floor than the global one. Navigation systems and communication systems created by people will be subjected to serious tests that could render them inoperable. It will be very bad for many compasses - they will simply have to be thrown away. But when the poles change, there may also be “positive” effects - huge northern lights will be observed throughout the Earth - however, for only two weeks.

Well, now some theories about the mysteries of civilizations :-) Some people take this quite seriously...

According to another hypothesis, we live in a unique time: a change of poles on Earth is taking place and a quantum transition of our planet to its twin, located in a parallel world of four-dimensional space, is taking place. To reduce the consequences of a planetary catastrophe, Higher Civilizations (HCs) carry out this transition smoothly in order to create favorable conditions for the emergence of a new branch of the Supercivilization of God-Humanity. Representatives of the EC believe that the old branch of Humanity is not intelligent, since over the past decades, at least five times, it could have destroyed all life on the planet if not for the timely intervention of the EC.

Today, among scientists, there is no consensus as to how long the process of pole reversal may last. According to one version, this will take several thousand years, during which the Earth will be defenseless against solar radiation. According to another, it will take only a few weeks to change the poles. But the date of the Apocalypse, according to some scientists, is suggested to us by the ancient Mayan and Atlantean peoples - 2050.

In 1996, the American popularizer of science S. Runcorn concluded that the axis of rotation has moved more than once in the geological history of the Earth along with the magnetic field. He suggests that the last geomagnetic reversal occurred around 10,450 BC. e. This is precisely what the Atlanteans who survived the flood told us about, sending their message to the future. They knew about the regular periodic reversal of the polarity of the Earth's poles approximately every 12,500 years. If by 10450 BC. e. add 12,500 years, then again you get 2050 AD. e. - the year of the next giant natural disaster. Experts calculated this date while solving the location of three Egyptian pyramids in the Nile Valley - Cheops, Khafre and Mikerin.

Russian scientists believe that the wisest Atlanteans led us to knowledge about the periodic change in the polarity of the Earth's poles through knowledge of the laws of precession, which are inherent in the location of these three pyramids. The Atlanteans, apparently, were completely confident that someday in their distant future a new highly developed civilization would appear on Earth, and its representatives would rediscover the laws of precession.

According to one hypothesis, it was the Atlanteans who most likely led the construction of the three largest pyramids in the Nile Valley. All of them are built at 30 degrees north latitude and oriented to the cardinal points. Each face of the structure is aimed north, south, west or east. There is no other structure on Earth known that would be so accurately oriented to the cardinal directions with an error of only 0.015 degrees. Since the ancient builders achieved their goal, it means that they had the appropriate qualifications, knowledge, first-class equipment and instruments.

Let's move on. The pyramids are installed on the cardinal points with a deviation of three minutes and six seconds from the meridian. And the numbers 30 and 36 are signs of the precession code! 30 degrees of the celestial horizon correspond to one sign of the Zodiac, 36 is the number of years during which the sky picture shifts by half a degree.

Scientists also established certain patterns and coincidences associated with the size of the pyramid, the angles of inclination of their internal galleries, the angle of increase of the spiral staircase of the DNA molecule, a twisted spiral, etc., etc. Therefore, the scientists decided, the Atlanteans had everything available to them ways they pointed us to a strictly defined date, which coincided with an extremely rare astronomical phenomenon. It repeats once every 25,921 years. At that moment, the three stars of Orion's Belt were at their lowest precessional position above the horizon on the day of the vernal equinox. This was in 10,450 BC. e. This is how the ancient sages intensively led humanity to this date through mythological codes, through a map of the starry sky drawn in the Nile Valley with the help of three pyramids.

And so in 1993, the Belgian scientist R. Beauval used the laws of precession. Through computer analysis, he revealed that the three largest Egyptian pyramids were installed on the ground in the same way as the three stars of Orion’s Belt were located in the sky in 10,450 BC. e., when they were at the lower, that is, the starting point of their precessional movement across the sky.

Modern geomagnetic studies have shown that around 10450 BC. e. There was an instant change in the polarity of the Earth's poles and the eye shifted 30 degrees relative to its axis of rotation. As a result, a planet-wide global instant cataclysm occurred. Geomagnetic studies conducted in the late 1980s by American, British and Japanese scientists showed something else. These nightmarish cataclysms have occurred continuously throughout the geological history of the Earth with a regularity of approximately 12,500 years! It was they who, obviously, destroyed the dinosaurs, the mammoths, and Atlantis.

Survivors of the previous flood in 10,450 BC. e. and the Atlanteans who sent us their message through the pyramids really hoped that a new highly developed civilization would appear on Earth long before total horror and the end of the world. And maybe he will have time to prepare to meet the disaster fully armed. According to one of the hypotheses, their science failed to make a discovery about the obligatory “somersault” of the planet by 30 degrees at the moment of polarity reversal. As a result, all continents of the Earth shifted by exactly 30 degrees and Atlantis found itself at the South Pole. And then its entire population instantly froze, just as the mammoths froze instantly at the same moment on the other side of the planet. Only those representatives of the highly developed Atlantic civilization who were at that time on other continents of the planet in the highlands survived. They were lucky to escape the Great Flood. And so they decided to warn us, people of the distant future for them, that each change of poles is accompanied by a “somersault” of the planet and irreparable consequences.

In 1995, new additional studies were carried out using modern instruments created specifically for research of this kind. Scientists managed to make the most important clarification in the forecast of the upcoming polarity reversal and more accurately indicate the date of the terrible event - 2030.

The American scientist G. Hancock calls the date of the universal end of the world even closer - 2012. He bases his assumption on one of the calendars of the South American Mayan civilization. According to the scientist, the calendar may have been inherited by the Indians from the Atlanteans.

So, according to the Mayan Long Count, our world is cyclically created and destroyed with a period of 13 baktuns (or approximately 5120 years). The current cycle began on August 11, 3113 BC. e. (0.0.0.0.0) and will end on December 21, 2012. e. (13.0.0.0.0). The Mayans believed that the world would end on this day. And after this, if you believe them, there will come the beginning of a new cycle and the beginning of a new World.

According to other paleomagnetologists, a change in the Earth's magnetic poles is about to occur. But not in the common sense - tomorrow, the day after tomorrow. Some researchers call one thousand years, others - two thousand. Then the End of the World, the Last Judgment, the Great Flood, which is described in the Apocalypse, will come.

But humanity was already predicted to end the world in 2000. But life still goes on - and it is beautiful!

sources
http://2012god.ru/forum/forum-37/topic-338/page-1/
http://www.planet-x.net.ua/earth/earth_priroda_polusa.html
http://paranormal-news.ru/news/2008-11-01-991
http://kosmosnov.blogspot.ru/2011/12/blog-post_07.html
http://kopilka-erudita.ru

In the circumpolar regions of the Earth there are magnetic poles, in the Arctic - the North Pole, and in the Antarctic - the South Pole.

The Earth's North Magnetic Pole was discovered by the English polar explorer John Ross in 1831 in the Canadian archipelago, where the magnetic compass needle assumed a vertical position. Ten years later, in 1841, his nephew James Ross reached the other magnetic pole of the Earth, which is located in Antarctica.

The North Magnetic Pole is the conventional point of intersection of the Earth's imaginary axis of rotation with its surface in the Northern Hemisphere, in which the Earth's magnetic field is directed at an angle of 90 ° to its surface.

The North Pole of the Earth, although called the North Magnetic Pole, is not one. Because from the point of view of physics, this pole is the “south” (plus) pole, since it attracts the compass needle of the north (minus) pole.

In addition, the magnetic poles do not coincide with the geographic ones, because they shift and drift all the time.

Academic science explains the presence of magnetic poles on the Earth by the fact that the Earth has a solid body, the substance of which contains particles of magnetic metals and inside which there is a red-hot iron core.

And one of the reasons for the movement of the poles, according to scientists, is the Sun. Streams of charged particles from the Sun entering the Earth's magnetosphere generate electric currents in the ionosphere, which in turn generate secondary magnetic fields that excite the Earth's magnetic field. Due to this, daily elliptical movements of the magnetic poles take place.

Also, according to scientists, the movement of magnetic poles is influenced by local magnetic fields generated by the magnetization of rocks in the earth’s crust. Therefore, there is no exact location within 1 km of the magnetic pole.

The most dramatic shift of the North Magnetic Pole up to 15 km per year took place in the 70s (before 1971 it was 9 km per year). The South Pole behaves more calmly; the magnetic pole shifts within 4-5 km per year.

If we consider the Earth to be integral, filled with matter, with an iron hot core inside, then a contradiction arises. Because hot iron loses magnetism. Therefore, such a core cannot form terrestrial magnetism.

And no magnetic substance was discovered at the earth's poles that would create a magnetic anomaly. And if in Antarctica magnetic substance may still lie under the ice, then at the North Pole there is no such thing. Because it is covered by ocean, water that has no magnetic properties.

The movement of the magnetic poles cannot be explained at all by the scientific theory of the integral material Earth, because magnetic matter cannot change its position inside the Earth so quickly.

The scientific theory about the influence of the Sun on the movement of the poles also has contradictions. How can solar charged matter get into the ionosphere and onto the Earth if there are several radiation belts behind the ionosphere (now 7 belts are open).

As is known from the properties of radiation belts, they do not release any particles of matter or energy from the Earth into space and do not allow any particles of matter or energy to reach the Earth from space. Therefore, talking about the influence of the solar wind on the earth’s magnetic poles is absurd, since this wind does not reach them.

What can create a magnetic field? It is known from physics that a magnetic field is formed around a conductor through which an electric current flows, or around a permanent magnet, or by the spins of charged particles having a magnetic moment.

The spin theory is suitable for the listed reasons for the formation of a magnetic field. Because, as has already been said, there is no permanent magnet at the poles, nor is there any electric current. But the spin origin of the magnetism of the earth's poles is possible.

The spin origin of magnetism is based on the fact that elementary particles with non-zero spin such as protons, neutrons and electrons are elementary magnets. Taking the same angular orientation, such elementary particles create an ordered spin (or torsion) and magnetic field.

The source of an ordered torsion field may be located inside the hollow Earth. And it could be plasma.

In this case, at the North Pole there is an exit to the earth's surface of an ordered positive (right-sided) torsion field, and at the South Pole - an ordered negative (left-sided) torsion field.

In addition, these fields are also dynamic torsion fields. This proves that the Earth generates information, that is, it thinks, thinks and feels.

Now the question arises, why has the climate changed so dramatically at the earth's poles - from a subtropical climate to a polar climate - and ice is constantly forming? Although recently there has been a slight acceleration in ice melting.

Huge icebergs appear from nowhere. The sea does not give birth to them: the water in it is salty, and icebergs, without exception, consist of fresh water. If we assume that they appeared as a result of rain, then the question arises: “How can insignificant precipitation - less than five centimeters of precipitation per year - form such ice giants as are found, for example, in Antarctica?

The formation of ice at the earth's poles once again proves the theory of the Hollow Earth, because ice is a continuation of the process of crystallization and coating of the earth's surface with matter.

Natural ice is a crystalline state of water with a hexagonal lattice, where each molecule is surrounded by its four nearest molecules, which are equidistant from it and arranged at the vertices of a regular tetrahedron.

Natural ice is of sedimentary-metamorphic origin and is formed from solid atmospheric precipitation as a result of their further compaction and recrystallization. That is, the formation of ice does not come from the middle of the Earth, but from the surrounding space - the crystalline earth's frame that envelops it.

In addition, everything that is located at the poles increases weight. Although the weight increase is not that great, for example, 1 ton weighs 5 kg more. That is, everything that is at the poles undergoes crystallization.

Let's return to the question that the magnetic poles do not coincide with the geographical poles. The geographic pole is the location where the earth's axis is located - an imaginary axis of rotation that passes through the center of the Earth and intersects the earth's surface with coordinates of 0° north and south longitude and 0° north and south latitude. The Earth's axis is tilted 23°30" to its own orbit.

Obviously, at the beginning, the earth's axis coincided with the earth's magnetic pole and at this point an ordered torsion field emerged on the earth's surface. But along with the ordered torsion field, gradual crystallization of the surface layer occurred, which led to the formation of a substance and its gradual accumulation.

The formed substance tried to cover the intersection point of the earth's axis, but its rotation did not allow this to happen. Therefore, a trench was formed around the intersection point, which increased in diameter and depth. And along the edge of the trench, at a certain point, an ordered torsion field and, at the same time, a magnetic field were concentrated.

This point with an ordered torsion field and magnetic field crystallized a certain space and increased its weight. Therefore, it began to act as a flywheel or pendulum, which ensured and now provides continuous rotation of the earth's axis. As soon as slight disruptions in the rotation of the axis occur, the magnetic pole changes its position - either approaching the axis of rotation, or moving away.

And this process of ensuring continuous rotation of the earth's axis is not the same at the earth's magnetic poles, so they cannot be connected by a straight line through the center of the earth. To make it clear, let’s take as an example the coordinates of the earth’s magnetic poles over several years.

North Magnetic Pole - Arctic
2004 - 82.3° N. w. and 113.4° W. d.
2007 - 83.95° N. w. and 120.72° W. d.
2015 - 86.29° N. w. and 160.06° W. d.

South Magnetic Pole - Antarctica
2004 - 63.5° S. w. and 138.0° E. d.
2007 - 64.497° S. w. and 137.684° east. d.
2015 - 64.28° S. w. and 136.59° east. d.

Ecology

The polar regions of the Earth are the harshest places on our planet.

For centuries, people have tried at the cost of life and health to reach and explore the Northern and Southern Arctic Circle.

So what have we learned about the two opposite poles of the Earth?

1. Where is the North and South Pole: 4 types of poles

There are actually 4 types of North Pole from a scientific point of view:

North magnetic pole- a point on the earth's surface to which magnetic compasses are directed

North geographic pole– located directly above the geographic axis of the Earth

North geomagnetic pole– connected to the Earth’s magnetic axis

North Pole of Inaccessibility– the northernmost point in the Arctic Ocean and the farthest from land on all sides

There were also 4 types of South Pole:

South magnetic pole- a point on the earth's surface at which the earth's magnetic field is directed upward

South geographic pole- a point located above the geographic axis of rotation of the Earth

South geomagnetic pole- connected to the Earth's magnetic axis in the southern hemisphere

South Pole of Inaccessibility- the point in Antarctica that is farthest from the coast of the Southern Ocean.

In addition there is ceremonial south pole– area designated for photography at Amundsen-Scott Station. It is located a few meters from the geographic south pole, but since the ice sheet is constantly moving, the mark shifts every year by 10 meters.

2. Geographic North and South Pole: ocean versus continent

The North Pole is essentially a frozen ocean surrounded by continents. In contrast, the South Pole is a continent surrounded by oceans.

In addition to the Arctic Ocean, the Arctic region (North Pole) includes parts of Canada, Greenland, Russia, the USA, Iceland, Norway, Sweden and Finland.

The southernmost point of the earth, Antarctica is the fifth and largest continent, with an area of ​​14 million square kilometers. km, 98 percent of which is covered by glaciers. It is surrounded by the South Pacific Ocean, the South Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean.

Geographic coordinates of the North Pole: 90 degrees north latitude.

Geographic coordinates of the South Pole: 90 degrees south latitude.

All lines of longitude converge at both poles.

3. The South Pole is colder than the North Pole

The South Pole is much colder than the North Pole. The temperature in Antarctica (South Pole) is so low that in some places on this continent the snow never melts.

The average annual temperature in this area is -58 degrees Celsius in winter, and the highest temperature was recorded here in 2011 and was -12.3 degrees Celsius.

In contrast, the average annual temperature in the Arctic region (North Pole) is – 43 degrees Celsius in winter and about 0 degrees in summer.

There are several reasons why the South Pole is colder than the North Pole. Since Antarctica is a huge landmass, it receives little heat from the ocean. In contrast, the ice in the Arctic region is relatively thin and there is an entire ocean underneath, which moderates the temperature. In addition, Antarctica is located at an altitude of 2.3 km and the air here is colder than in the Arctic Ocean, which is at sea level.

4. There is no time at the poles

Time is determined by longitude. So, for example, when the Sun is directly above us, local time shows noon. However, at the poles all lines of longitude intersect, and the Sun rises and sets only once a year on the equinoxes.

For this reason, scientists and explorers at the poles use time from any time zone whichever they like best. Typically, they refer to Greenwich Mean Time or the time zone of the country they are coming from.

Scientists at Amundsen-Scott Station in Antarctica can take a quick run around the world by walking 24 time zones in a few minutes.

5. Animals of the North and South Pole

Many people have the misconception that polar bears and penguins share the same habitat.

In fact, penguins live only in the southern hemisphere - in Antarctica where they have no natural enemies. If polar bears and penguins lived in the same area, the polar bears would not have to worry about their food source.

Marine animals at the South Pole include whales, porpoises and seals.

Polar bears, in turn, are the largest predators in the northern hemisphere. They live in the northern part of the Arctic Ocean and feed on seals, walruses and sometimes even beached whales.

In addition, the North Pole is home to animals such as reindeer, lemmings, foxes, wolves, as well as marine animals: beluga whales, killer whales, sea otters, seals, walruses and more than 400 known species of fish.

6. No Man's Land

Although many flags of different countries can be seen at the South Pole in Antarctica, this the only place on earth that belongs to no one, and where there is no indigenous population.

The Antarctic Treaty is in force here, according to which the territory and its resources must be used exclusively for peaceful and scientific purposes. Scientists, explorers and geologists are the only people who set foot on Antarctica from time to time.

Against, More than 4 million people live in the Arctic Circle in Alaska, Canada, Greenland, Scandinavia and Russia.

7. Polar night and polar day

The Earth's poles are unique places where the longest day, which lasts 178 days, and the longest night, which lasts 187 days.

At the poles there is only one sunrise and one sunset per year. At the North Pole, the Sun begins to rise in March on the vernal equinox and descends in September on the autumn equinox. At the South Pole, on the contrary, sunrise is during the autumn equinox, and sunset is on the day of the spring equinox.

In summer, the Sun is always above the horizon here, and the South Pole receives sunlight around the clock. In winter, the Sun is below the horizon, when there is 24-hour darkness.

8. Conquerors of the North and South Pole

Many travelers tried to reach the poles of the Earth, losing their lives on the way to these extreme points of our planet.

Who was the first to reach the North Pole?

There have been several expeditions to the North Pole since the 18th century. There is disagreement over who was the first to reach the North Pole. In 1908, American explorer Frederick Cook became the first to claim to have reached the North Pole. But his compatriot Robert Peary refuted this statement, and on April 6, 1909, he officially began to be considered the first conqueror of the North Pole.

First flight over the North Pole: Norwegian traveler Roald Amundsen and Umberto Nobile on May 12, 1926 on the airship "Norway"

First submarine at the North Pole: nuclear submarine "Nautilus" 3 August 1956

First trip to the North Pole alone: Japanese Naomi Uemura, April 29, 1978, sledding 725 km in 57 days

First ski expedition: expedition of Dmitry Shparo, May 31, 1979. Participants covered 1,500 km in 77 days.

First to swim across the North Pole: Lewis Gordon Pugh walked 1 km in -2 degrees Celsius water in July 2007.

Who was the first to reach the South Pole?

A Norwegian explorer became the first to conquer the South Pole Roald Amundsen and British explorer Robert Scott, after whom the first station at the South Pole, the Amundsen-Scott station, was named. Both teams took different routes and reached the South Pole within a few weeks of each other, first by Amundsen on December 14, 1911, and then by R. Scott on January 17, 1912.

First flight over the South Pole: American Richard Byrd, in 1928

First to cross Antarctica without the use of animals or mechanical transport: Arvid Fuchs and Reinold Meissner, December 30, 1989

9. North and South magnetic poles of the Earth

The Earth's magnetic poles are associated with the Earth's magnetic field. They are in the north and south, but do not coincide with geographic poles, since the magnetic field of our planet is changing. Unlike geographic poles, magnetic poles shift.

The North Magnetic Pole is not located exactly in the Arctic region, but shifts east at a speed of 10-40 km per year, since the magnetic field is influenced by underground molten metals and charged particles from the Sun. The south magnetic pole is still in Antarctica, but it is also moving west at a speed of 10-15 km per year.

Some scientists believe that one day the magnetic poles may change, and this could lead to the destruction of the Earth. However, the change of magnetic poles has already occurred, hundreds of times over the past 3 billion years, and this did not lead to any dire consequences.

10. Melting ice at the poles

Arctic ice in the North Pole region typically melts in the summer and freezes again in the winter. However, in recent years, the ice cap has begun to melt at a very rapid pace.

Many researchers believe that already by the end of the century, and maybe in a few decades, the Arctic zone will remain ice-free.

On the other hand, the Antarctic region at the South Pole contains 90 percent of the world's ice. The ice thickness in Antarctica averages 2.1 km. If all the ice in Antarctica melted, sea ​​levels around the world would rise by 61 meters.

Fortunately, this will not happen in the near future.

Some fun facts about the North and South Pole:

1. There is an annual tradition at Amundsen-Scott Station at the South Pole. After the last food plane leaves, researchers watch two horror films: the film "The Thing" (about an alien creature that kills the inhabitants of a polar station in Antarctica) and the film "The Shining" (about a writer who is in an empty remote hotel in winter)

2. Arctic tern bird makes a record flight from the Arctic to Antarctica every year, flying more than 70,000 km.

3. Kaffeklubben Island - a small island in the north of Greenland is considered a piece of land that is located closest to the North Pole 707 km from it.

Information about the Earth's poles should be known to many. To do this, we recommend reading the article below! Here you will find basic information about what the poles are, how they change, as well as interesting facts about who and how the North Pole was discovered.

Basic information

What is a pole? By generally accepted standards, the geographic pole is a point located on the surface of the Earth and the axis of rotation of the planet intersecting with it. There are two geographic earth poles. The North Pole is located in the Arctic, it is located in the central part of the Arctic Ocean. The second, but the South Pole, is located in Antarctica.

But what is a pole? The geographic pole has no longitude, because all meridians converge at it. The North Pole is located at a latitude of +90 degrees, the south pole, in contrast, is -90 degrees. Geographic poles also do not have cardinal directions. In these areas of the globe there is neither day nor night, that is, there is no change of day. This is explained by their lack of participation in the daily rotation of the Earth.

Geographic data and what is a pole?

The poles have a very low temperature, because the Sun cannot fully reach those edges and its elevation angle is no more than 23.5 degrees. The location of the poles is not exact (it is considered to be conditional), because the Earth’s axis is constantly in motion, therefore a certain movement occurs at the poles by a certain number of meters annually.

How was the pole found?

Frederick Cook and claimed that they were the first among those who managed to reach this point - the North Pole. This happened in 1909. The public and the US Congress recognized the primacy of Robert Peary. But these data remained officially and scientifically confirmed. After these travelers and scientists there were many more trips and explorations that have already been recorded in world history.